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1
Weiß, Norman. "Martin H. W. Möllers ; Robert Chr. van Ooyen (Hrsg.): Jahrbuch Öffentliche Sichterheit 2004/2005 / [rezensiert von] Norman Weiß." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5642/.
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Keller, Derek Lawrence Baraka Imamu Amiri. "Fear ego love : (2002-2004) for amplified mixed quartet, rock band, and chamber choir /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3166409.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2004.Amplified quartet consists of flute, guitar, violoncello, and percussion; chamber choir for a minumum of 16 performers, SSSSAAAATTTTBBBB. Text fragments taken from Black magic by Amiri Baraka. Includes performance instructions preceding score. Vita.
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Baimatova, Nasiba. "Die Kunst des Wölbens in Mittelasien Lehmziegelgewölbe (4.-3. Jt. v. Chr. - 8. Jh. n. Chr.) /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2004/148/index.html.
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Ndem, Imo F. "Trend Analysis of Automobile Collision Amongst 15-19 year olds in Virginia, 2000-2004." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1624.
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Ess, Hans van. "Politik und Gelehrsamkeit in der Zeit der Han (202 v. Chr.-220 n. Chr.) : die Alttext/Neutext-Kontroverse /." Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz Verlag, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40112040k.
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Ragones, Timothy. "A content analysis of the on-air language of CNN election night coverage in 2000 and 2002 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422957.
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Gonçalves, Thais Souza. "Monetarização de gases poluentes de veículos do ciclo Otto no Brasil de 2000 a 2009." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/581.
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O agravamento de inúmeros problemas ambientais nas últimas décadas – contaminação do ar e da água, epidemias, secas prolongadas, enchentes, incêndios florestais, perdas da qualidade do solo, desastres nucleares e químicos, o crescimento do buraco na camada de ozônio e a atual escassez de água – têm emitido alertas a gestores e sociedade sobre a devida responsabilidade acerca dos recursos naturais. Nesse sentido, a valoração ou monetarização da emissão dos principais poluentes veiculares é fundamental para a formulação de políticas públicas ambientais, de gestão de transporte e trânsito que busquem resultados mais efetivos no controle das emissões. Esse trabalho apresenta uma breve discussão sobre as emissões veiculares de poluentes e as principais políticas públicas adotadas no setor e das emissões evitadas pelo uso do álcool carburante. Apresentou uma metodologia de cálculo baseada no quantitativo da frota de veículos, da intensidade de uso, dos fatores de emissão e dos valores monetários de referência de monóxido de carbono, óxido de nitrogênio, hidrocarbonetos e material particulado. Como resultado, apresenta-se as análises com seus respectivos valores das emissões referentes ao quantitativo monetário dos gases selecionados. Com o aumento do carro com tecnologia flex-fuel, observou-se a redução das emissões totais dos gases poluentes, embora a frota tenha aumentado em valores absolutos. Os valores monetários calculados por meio dos Indicadores de Monetarização de Emissões demonstraram que o monóxido de carbono é o principal responsável das emissões por automóveis que utilizam o ciclo Otto no Brasil, representando 45,7% das emissões e o valor monetário foi de R$ 4.736.386.753,28. Os hidrocarbonetos são o segundo gás mais emitido pela frota de automóveis, sendo responsável por 27,3% das emissões, e valor monetário de R$ 2.835.304.578,20. Em seguida surgem as emissões de óxido de nitrogênio, que em teve suas emissões reduzidas em 26,8% e foi responsável por R$ 2.785.548.815,02. Já as emissões de material particulado, em 2000 foram de R$ 705.307,57. Com a redução de 23%, foram responsáveis por R$ 545.752,13. Pode-se verificar, também, que o custo ambiental do período de 2000 a 2009, provocado pela frota de automóveis do ciclo Otto, dedicados ou de tecnologia flex-fuel, movidos à gasolina C e etanol hidratado, foi de R$ 10.363.277.869,40.The worsening of numerous environmental problems in recent decades - contamination of air and water, epidemics, prolonged droughts, floods, forest fires, loss of soil quality, nuclear and chemical disasters, the hole growth in the ozone layer and the current shortage water - have issued alerts to managers and society on the proper responsibility about natural resources. In this sense, the valuation or monetization of emission of key vehicle pollutants is essential for the formulation of environmental policies, transportation management and traffic that seek more effective results in controlling emissions. This paper presents a brief discussion on vehicle emissions of pollutants and major public policies adopted in the industry and emissions avoided by the use of fuel ethanol. Presented a calculation method based on the amount of the vehicle fleet, the intensity of use, emission and monetary values of carbon monoxide reference factors, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and particulate matter. As a result, the analysis is presented with the respective emission values for the quantitative currency of selected gases. With increasing car with flex-fuel technology, there was a reduction of total emissions of greenhouse gases, although the fleet has increased in absolute terms. The monetary values calculated using the emissions of monetization indicators showed that carbon monoxide is primarily responsible for emissions from motor vehicles the Otto cycle in Brazil, representing 45.7% of the emissions and the monetary value was R $ 4,736 .386.753,28. Hydrocarbons are the second most gas emitted by the car fleet, accounting for 27.3% of emissions, and monetary value of R $ 2,835,304,578.20. Then come the emissions of nitrogen oxide, which had its emission reductions of 26.8% and accounted for R $ 2,785,548,815.02. While emissions of particulate matter in 2000 were R $ 705,307.57. With the reduction of 23%, accounted for R $ 545,752.13. You can also check that the environmental cost for the period 2000-2009, caused by the fleet of vehicles of the Otto cycle, dedicated or flex-fuel technology, moved to C gasoline and hydrous ethanol was R $ 10,363,277,869 40.
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Reid, Jennifer Lea. "Obesity and associated cardiovascular disease risk factors the impact on American Indians residing in Southern California, 2002-2006 /." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3352690.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 16, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Moura, Luciana. "An empirical study of the impact of Opec announcements on stock returns of selected sector indexes of the Stockholm stock market 2005-2007." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-11552.
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This study presents an observation of the impact of Opec announcements on the behavior of sector indexes returns of the Stockholm stock market. It looks at the effects of the announcements on the stock returns of three sectors indices of theStockholm stock market: Energy, Telecommunications and Financial using the general market index return (OMX Stockholm 30) as the explanatory variable. The time period analyzed is limited to the years of 2005 to 2007 when markets worldwide were taken by euphoria and panic caused by the anticipation of the upcoming financial crisis given that it has been well proved that such events do cause a substantial effect on stock prices. In order to estimate the reaction of the sector index returns over Opec announcements, the author uses the event studies and constructs an extended version of the CAPM model by introducing dummy variables for each day of the set of announcements over the event window. It is used stationary time series data and the returns on the three sector indices were subdivided in an event window of 5 days around the announcement dates in continuous intervals of 3 years according to the Stockholm stock market trading days. As to improve the results obtained with the CAPM model, the author uses the Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CAR) which adds all the coefficients of the dummy variables which are the returns in excess of what is expected. The empirical findings for the event study reveal that none of the dummy variable coefficients were significant which indicate that none of the sector indexes is sensitive to the announcements. For the CAR results, the Telecommunication was the only sector that responded to news. Most likely because the general market index OMXST30 has proved to create extra returns around these dates. That is probably the reason that the three sector indexes could not produce significant additional response.
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Weiss, Martin. "Politik im Vorfeld von Irak-Krieg und Zweitem Makedonischen Krieg : ein historischer Vergleich zwischen den USA und der Römischen Republik /." Hamburg : Diplomica-Verl, 2007. http://d-nb.info/98655622X/04.
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Garland, Nicole L. "Media coverage of the electoral process and voting. Presidential elections 2000 and 2004: Lessons learned?" Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p1428736.
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Saiya, Nilay John. "American fundamentalism domestic determinants of United States Middle East policy under the Bush administration, 2000-2006 /." Click here for download, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/villanova/fullcit?p1432846.
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Bylund, Nicklas. "Models methods and tools for car body development /." Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2002/15.
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Chang, Gordon C. "The politics of representation and the social order in the War on Terror /." Diss., View abstract only; access to full text of dissertation for UC campuses will be available after December 1, 2010, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3337189.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 6, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Embargoed until 12/1/2010. Includes bibliographical references (p. 278-292).
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Goulart, Dickson C. "J/PSI production via chi sub C decays in fixed target proton-nucleus collisions." Cincinnati, Ohio University of Cincinnati, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1100189506.
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Amendola, Amalia Maria. "L'isola che sorprende : la narrativa sarda in italiano (1974-2006) /." Cagliari : CUEC, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40992043n.
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Kulemann-Ossen, Sabina. "Dörfliche Gemeinschaften in der 1. Hälfte des 3. Jt. v. Chr. am Unteren Ḫābūr, Nordost-Syrien." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2004/133/index.html.
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Miry, Erwan. "Similarité statistique pour le CBR textuel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24972/24972.pdf.
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Les courriers électroniques sont devenus au cours des dernières années un moyen de communication privilégié. Leur nombre atteint des niveaux si élevés que leur manipulation par les entreprises devient difficile manuellement et requiert des méthodes automatiques. Les systèmes de suivi automatique permettent un traitement des messages et une augmentation de la facilité pour les utilisateurs qui désirent créer un courriel en réponse à une requête, à partir de messages archivés dans la bibliothèque de l’entreprise. Un des problèmes majeurs dans ce type d’application est la sélection de courriers électroniques archivés pertinents à la requête nouvellement soumise : il est nécessaire que le texte retourné par le système qui servira de base à la rédaction d’une réponse, soit en corrélation avec le sujet de la question posée. La recherche de la similarité entre les textes est donc une des principales tâches de ce système. L’objectif de nos travaux se situe toutefois à un niveau supérieur à la simple recherche de similarité entre courriers électroniques; nous avons comme objectif d’évaluer la similarité entre des textes comportant peu de mots. Pour cela, notre étude comporte deux parties distinctes: la recherche de similarités entre des mots afin d’élargir le vocabulaire d’un texte, e le calcul de la similarité entre les documents.
Notre question de recherche consiste à identifier les techniques les plus pertinentes pour évaluer la similarité textuelle, et déterminer s’il est possible d’améliorer ces techniques par des combinaisons de méthodes de calcul de la similarité sémantique et de détection des cooccurrences de mots.
Lors de nos expérimentations, nous avons cherché à améliorer la similarité sémantique entre les mots. Nous avons aussi proposé plusieurs méthodes pour élargir le vocabulaire des documents basées sur les résultats de la première partie de nos travaux. Nous avons enfin mesuré la similarité sémantique entre les documents modifiés, afin de les utiliser comme base à la rédaction d’une réponse à la nouvelle requête.
Notre bilan nous indique que, grâce à nos calculs, il est possible d’améliorer les résultats de calcul de la similarité entre les mots (cosinus) en filtrant les cooccurrences. Cependant, une méthode de filtrage ne garantit pas nécessairement des améliorations, et peut même dégrader la capacité de détection de similarité textuelle. Une comparaison avec la technique du tf*idf nous a permis de constater que les résultats améliorés du cosinus, que nous avons obtenus, égalent pratiquement cette technique, sans pour autant la dépasser.E-mails have recently become a popular mean of communication for exchanges between companies and their customers. However the increasing volume of messages makes manual processing difficult to achieve and automatic methods are foreseen as a more efficient solution. Automatic management systems help users in the processing of the messages and in the creation of a response from the messages kept in the company databases. One important question in this type of application is how to select existing e-mails to respond to a new request. The creation of new response messages requires texts pertaining to the new request topics. Finding similarity between documents is also an important task. Our goal for this research effort was to study how to detect similarity between small documents. To accomplish it, we followed a two-pronged approach: - finding similarity between words in order to augment a document’s vocabulary; - estimating similarity between documents, using all the similar words resulting from the previous step. We dedicated our work to determine the most interesting techniques to detect textual similarity between documents, and to improve those techniques using cooccurrences detection and lexical semantic similarity. During our experimentations, we tried different combinations, using cooccurrences detection and lexical similarity. We proposed techniques to augment the vocabulary of each message, based on different kind of reasoning to improve the estimation of similarity between documents. Our results indicate that the proposed augmentation techniques improve significantly the estimation of document similarity. The best results were obtained when using a combination of cooccurrences filter and cosine metric. However our experiments clearly indicate these results do not overcome the performance of similarity techniques based on tf*idf weights.
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Sabel, Jimmy, and Xinrong Wu. "The Role of Lockups in Venture Capital Backed IPOs : An empirical study on the London Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2012." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-91036.
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There are plenty of things said about the financial industry, an always ongoing debate, to say the least. We have identified a complex situation with three dimensions: Initial public offerings, Venture capital, and Lockup agreements. IPOs are generally difficult to put a price on because the market is not united yet, which creates uncertainties. Venture capital firms invest into startups, often with the incentive of bringing them to an IPO and then make a fast cash out exit. Lockup agreements are contracts that prevent insiders from dumping their shares during a set period in the beginning of the IPO. Additionally, based on the market efficiency theory, a market should always be efficient. But does it play out when these characteristics are affecting each other? The purpose of this research was to investigate whether there are abnormal returns in the financial performance for publicly listed companies on the London Stock Exchange at the end of their lockup period. We sorted on venture capital backed companies and sought to explore differences between VC backed, Non-VC backed firms, and the entire market. The research question for this study is: ‘Does The theoretical aspects of this research’s ontological and epistemological views were set in positivism and objectivism with a deductive approach. The financial performance was key in this research, and it was essential to get ample and appropriate data, therefore a quantitative research method was used with an archival research strategy and explanatory research design. We explored a big research gap in this area after the financial crisis 2008, which made us look at IPOs from 2009 to 2012 with an event window as our time horizon. To answer the research question and fulfill our purpose, four hypotheses were developed with focus on VC backed firms, Non-VC backed firms, the entire market, and one shorter event window. Our results prove that the market efficiency theory does not hold. To answer the research question, we found negative abnormal returns after the lockup expiration date for both Non- VC backed firms and the entire market. However, we were unable to provide a statistically significant result for VC backed firms. There was an extra clear trend during the middle 20 days, and we suggest and encourage to further research with a longer time horizon than [- 20, +20] days.
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Garcelon, Stephane. "CH4 measurements using a near-infrared TDLAS during the THESEO 2000 and EGRETT campaigns : O3/CH4 relationships." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619867.
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Ta, Lynn M. "Citizens without borders American identity and the cultural politics of globalization /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3259361.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 26, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-181).
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Hinze, Kerstin. "Untersuchungen zur mRNA-Expression des Coxsackie-Adenovirus-Rezeptors (CAR) der Ratte während der Organogenese und in Rattenkardiomyozytenkulturen sowie zur Bedeutung der CAR-Expression für den adenoviralen Gentransfer in Rattenkardiomyozytenkulturen." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2002/231/index.html.
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Smith, Thomas William. "Sustainability analysis of a transport system : the UK car fleet, 1995-2005." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05aab08a-6fac-4ccf-bc9d-21a2af7136bd.
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A sustainability analysis was performed on the UK car fleet in 1995 and 2005, which showed that the sustainability of the car fleet improved by 13% over the time period. The Process Analysis Method was applied to generate a reliable, consistent, and sufficient indicator set describing the sustainability impact of a transport system. As well as identifying conventional impacts, this analysis identified that the quality of the mobility produced has an important impact on sustainability. Quality affects how well mobility meets human needs, but also influences user choices, which drive system change. It is suggested that the indicator set that was produced should form the basis for future sustainability assessments. A study was carried out on the UK car fleet in 1995 and 2005 to test the indicator set and to investigate changes in environmental, human/social and economic sustainability over the period. Distance travelled increased, driven by a 28% increase in fleet size, which counteracted increases in fuel efficiency. Weight also increased, driven by increasing vehicle size, and additional safety and comfort-related features, increasing embodied energy and emissions. However, direct emissions of non- CO2 pollutants reduced due to increasingly stringent regulation, as did waste to landfill. CO2 emissions increased by 11% overall. The reduction in emissions had a positive impact on health, with emission related mortality reducing by 27%. Casualties from collisions involving cars reduced by 13%. Road accidents were found to represent an impact on mortality three times greater than emissions. The indicators of service quality showed a drop in average speed and reliability (from both the network and vehicle perspectives) but an increase in comfort and vehicle safety. The increase in fleet size and new registrations drove growth in the retail and maintenance sector, which saw growth of 25% in gross value added. The opposite happened to the manufacturing sector, which shrank by 26%, due to stagnant domestic production and an increasingly competitive market affecting profit margins. An indicator aggregation was performed to summarise changes in the sustainability of car-based mobility. The indicators were normalised to a percentage change, and weighted according to their monetary value.
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Pouzol, Camille. "Ernesto Che Guevara et le Neuvième art (1968-2012) : l’étoffe d’un héros." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040167.
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Cette thèse de doctorat a pour but d’étudier l’image d’Ernesto Che Guevara construite par le Neuvième art révélant ainsi les perceptions des auteurs, mais aussi celle de leur société. Notre corpus principal se compose de neuf œuvres provenant de divers horizons, Vida del Che de H. G. Oesterheld, A. et E. Breccia (1968) ; la trilogie de P. Muriana : CHE – Génesis, CHE – Cenit (1977) et CHE – Ocaso (1978) ; ABChé de Rius (1978) ; Libertad ! Che Guevara (2006) de M., J. F. Charles et Wozniak ; CHE de K. Yong-Hwe (2006) ; LE CHE – Une icône révolutionnaire de S. Rodriguez (2008) et EL CHE – La victoire ou la mort de G. Ramella et S. Cattaneo (2012). Notre travail d’analyse se divise en trois parties et postule que les bandes dessinées contribuent à l’élaboration d’un imaginaire guévariste en partageant plusieurs similitudes narratives et visuelles. Une première partie est consacrée à la présentation du corpus large et du sous-corpus afin de saisir les spécificités de chaque bande dessinée. Nous nous attachons ensuite à l’étude de la première phase ascendante du schéma actantiel héroïque de la naissance du guérillero à l’épiphanie héroïque. Enfin, notre dernière partie revient sur la phase descendante du schéma actantiel depuis la rupture jusqu’au devenir post mortem d’Ernesto Che Guevara. Les spécificités de chaque album apparaissent dans l’analyse du langage bédéïque qui modernise, de par son hybridité iconique et linguistique, la représentation d’Ernesto Che Guevara. Le Neuvième art s’inscrit ainsi dans la tradition de l’écriture de la vie du héros héritée de l’Antiquité et de la chrétienté, mais il interroge également l’écriture de l’HistoireThis dissertation considers the representation of Ernesto Che Guevara as constructed by the Ninth Art, thus revealing the perceptions of the authors and the perception of their respective societies. Our main corpus is composed of nine works originating from diverse backgrounds, Vida del Che by H. G. Oesterheld, A. and E. Breccia (1968); P. Muriana’s trilogy : CHE – Génesis, CHE – Cenit (1977) and CHE – Ocaso (1978) ; ABChé by Rius (1978) ; Libertad ! Che Guevara (2006) by M., J. F. Charles and Wozniak ; CHE by K. Yong-Hwe (2006) ; LE CHE – Une icône révolutionnaire by S. Rodriguez (2008) and EL CHE – La victoire ou la mort by G. Ramella and S. Cattaneo (2012). Our analysis is divided into three parts and postulates that graphic novels contribute to the elaboration of a Guevarist imaginary by sharing several narrative and visual similarities. A first part is dedicated to the presentation of the large corpus and the secondary corpus in order to grasp the specificities of each graphic novel. Then we address the first phase of the upward heroic actantial model from the birth of the guerrillero to the heroic epiphany. To finish with, our last part tackles the downward phase of the actantial model from the break up to the post mortem process of becoming of Ernesto Che Guevara. Each album’s specificities appear in an analysis of the specific language at stake in the graphic novel, a language which, through its iconic and linguistic hybridity, modernizes the representation of Ernesto Che Guevara. Therefore, the Ninth Art is in line with the tradition of the writing of heroic lives, inherited from Antiquity and Christianity; the Ninth Art also delves into the writing of History
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Thonnerieux, Stéphanie Debreuille Jean-Yves. ""La connaissance productive du Réel" étude stylistique de la poésie de René Char /." Lyon : université Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2000/thonnerieux_s.
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Miranda, Rodolfo Santos de. "Programa Nacional de Educa??o na Reforma Agr?ria e seu suposto car?ter contra-hegem?nico: an?lise da implementa??o do programa na UEFS ? 2005 a 2008." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2017. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/617.
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This essay?s research subject is the project developed by the National Program of Education in Agrarian Reform (PRONERA), which is into the public politics for rural education, through a partnership with the State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Foundation for Research, Education and Culture (FAPEC), Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA), Regional Superintendence of the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA), Federation of Agricultural Workers in Bahia State (FETAG-BA) and the Rural Pastoral of Paulo Afonso Diocese in the modality of youth and adult literacy from 2005 to 2008. This research discussed the process of construction and development of the project, pursuing the understanding of how the program counter-hegemonic proposal was concretized. Based on the critical theory, the references used were Gramsci (1989, 2007), Ribeiro (2010) and Caldart (2004, 2009), that supported the analysis categories Counter-hegemony and Rural Education, establishing the research profile. Based on the qualitative methodology, a documentary research was used from the content analysis, which served as documents produced by the partners from PRONERA/UEFS, such as the project main text, the institution and supporting team evaluation reports, the text of interinstitutionally established agreement, the PRONERA study modules, in addition to the Program Operational Manuals. Among other findings, it was verified that the PRONERA/UEFS project, when guided in a conception of constructivist education (related to international guidelines for education in the twenty-first century, created by ONU and UNESCO), stood apart from the rural educational political principles. It denied, in a contrasting way, the origin of the educational proposal brought up from the rural social struggles in the last decades of the twentieth century. It was also verified a great number of contradictions related to the participation and role of the representatives in the triad of social movements, Incra and university on the process of implementation and proposal development, which brought implications for a satisfactory proposal implementation in its essence. These conditions risked the concept of rural education on the learning proposal, as well as the emancipatory potential, which PRONERA defends as a counter-hegemonic project from/to the social rural struggles.
O presente trabalho tem como objeto de pesquisa o projeto desenvolvido por meio Programa Nacional de Educa??o na Reforma Agr?ria (PRONERA), que se encontra dentro das pol?ticas p?blicas para a Educa??o do Campo, atrav?s da parceria entre a Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), a Funda??o de Apoio ? Pesquisa, Ensino e Cultura (FAPEC), o Minist?rio do Desenvolvimento Agr?rio (MDA), a Superintend?ncia Regional do Instituto Nacional de Coloniza??o e Reforma Agr?ria (INCRA), Federa??o dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura no Estado da Bahia (FETAG-BA) e a Pastoral Rural da Diocese de Paulo Afonso, na modalidade de alfabetiza??o de Jovens e Adultos, no per?odo de 2005 a 2008. A pesquisa problematizou o processo de constru??o e desenvolvimento do projeto, buscando compreender em que medida se concretizou a suposta proposta contra-hegem?nica do programa. A partir da teoria cr?tica, foram utilizadas refer?ncias como Gramsci (1989, 2007), Ribeiro (2010) e Caldart (2004, 2009), que respaldaram as categorias de an?lise Contra-hegemonia e Educa??o do Campo, demarcando o recorte de classe da pesquisa. Baseando-se na metodologia qualitativa, foi utilizada a pesquisa documental a partir da an?lise de conte?do, servindo-se de documentos produzidos pelos parceiros do PRONERA/UEFS como por exemplo, o texto base do Projeto, os relat?rios avaliativos das institui??es e equipes envolvidas ao longo do percurso, o texto do conv?nio estabelecido interinstitucionalmente, os m?dulos de estudo do PRONERA, al?m das Manuais de Opera??es do programa. Constatou-se entre outras coisas, que o projeto do PRONERA/UEFS, ao pautar-se em uma concep??o de educa??o construtivista (relacionada ?s diretrizes internacionais para a educa??o do s?culo XXI criadas pela ONU e UNESCO), distanciou-se dos princ?pios pol?ticos pedag?gicos da educa??o do campo, negando de forma contradit?ria, a g?nese da proposta educacional nascida com as lutas sociais do campo nas ?ltimas d?cadas do s?culo XX. Constatou-se tamb?m in?meras contradi??es na participa??o e papel dos representantes da tr?ade movimentos sociais, Incra e universidade no processo de implementa??o e desenvolvimento da proposta, que trouxeram implica??es para uma satisfat?ria execu??o da proposta em sua ess?ncia. Tais contradi??es colocaram sob risco a concep??o de educa??o do campo na proposta educacional, assim como o potencial emancipat?rio que o PRONERA defende enquanto projeto contra hegem?nico de/para as lutas sociais no/do campo.
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Toro, Rueda María Isabel. "Das Herz in der ägyptischen Literatur des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr. Untersuchungen zur Idiomatik und Metaphorik von Ausdrücken mit jb und h3tj /." Full text available at, 2003. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2004/toro%5Frueda/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Universität Göttingen, 2003.Title translated: The heart in Egyptian literature from the IIth century B.C. : A research into the idiomatic and metaphoric of the expressions with jb and h3tj. Description based on web page; title from title screen (viewed 23 January 2005). Includes bibliographical references.
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Toro, Rueda María Isabel. "Das Herz in der Ägyptischen Literatur des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr. Untersuchungen zur Idiomatik und Metaphorik von Ausdrücken mit jb und HAtj /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2004/toro%5Frueda/index.html.
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Michel, Laure Debreuille Jean-Yves. "Le poème et la crise de l'histoire dans l'oeuvre de René Char." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2005/michel_l.
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Zuber, Jacques. "Un test chi-carré d'adéquation de modèles paramétriques en régression /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1999. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=2001.
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Beaulieu, Emily Ann. "Protesting the contest election boycotts around the world, 1990-2002 /." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3212022.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 11, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-226).
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Von, Der Sump Aimee Beth. "The effects of the car sales profession on relationships." Online version, 2001. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2001/2001vondersumpa.pdf.
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Dey, Sanjoy Namuduri Kameswara. "Performance analysis of CCR based distributed sensor network based on optical wireless communication." A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2007.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering.Copyright 2008 by Sanjoy Dey. All Rights Reserved. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 16-18).
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Hong, Shihyi Alley Kelly D. "Xi-Chi as root metaphor in Taiwanese weddings." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/master's/HONG_SHIHYI_17.pdf.
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Hsu, Yungtai Alexander. "From the cradle to the craze : a study on China's indigenous automobile industry, 1953-2007." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:08fd9bc0-380d-4e8b-b510-6e7919a879c5.
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The Chinese automotive industry has evolved substantially over the last 55 years, in spite of multiple historical and economic hurdles. The change in the governmental policy during 1980s regarding ownership of private automobiles, from prohibition to encouragement, initiated rapid growth in the Chinese automobile industry. In the last two decades, China progressed from being nearly a truck-only producer to becoming a major producer of passenger and commercial cars. Economists consider the time between 2001 and 2007 to be a period of ‘blowout’ in the Chinese automobile industry. To date, little is known regarding this emerging automobile industry: What are the features of Chinese automobile industry? Has the Chinese automobile industry become a global player in its industry and reached economy of scale? How is the indigenous automobile sector different from international joint ventures in China? Have Chinese companies gained full transfer of technology and come to possess the capacity to develop their own designs? The subject is complicated, with many contradictory facts and interpretations. This thesis intends to address these questions by focusing on the Chinese indigenous automobile sector, through its three stages of development, using it as a model to examine the validity of various interpretations. I hope the historical appraisal of the industry’s initial development, its difficulty in transition and the internal-external factors affecting the later growth will help us understand the industrial and technological development of China’s emerging economy.
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Lindgren, Eva. "Samhällsförändring på väg : Perspektiv på den svenska bilismens utveckling mellan 1950 och 2007." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-33469.
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The aim of this thesis is to give a perspective on the development of the Swedish automobility between 1950 and 2007. New knowledge on automobility’s role for economic historical development will be achieved by studying the interaction between the diffusion of the private car on the national and the regional level, and the households’ preferences and the government’s regulations of car ownership. The first paper, Two Sides of the Same Coin?, compares car diffusion in Norway and Sweden to find explanations for the national and regional patterns. We ask whether the slower diffusion in Norway can be explained with national differences in income, institutions, infrastructure and population settlements; or if regional differences in income and population density have affected the outcome? Our conclusion is that car diffusion in Norway and Sweden displays two sides of the same coin; the national levels converged, but the process did not follow the same regional pattern. Regional differences in income and population density have in general been a significant explanation for car density in Sweden, but not in Norway. The second paper, Driving from the Centre to the Periphery?, examines whether the diffusion of private cars followed the over-all socio-economic and geographical changes in Sweden from 1960 to 1975. In particular, it studies if ownership per capita followed changes in income or changes in population density (urbanisation). The analysis is based on unique Swedish parish-scale census material that includes all private car owners for the years 1960, 1970 and 1975. Our conclusion is that income levels were more important than other explanations for the diffusion of private cars in Sweden between 1960 and 1975. The third paper, ‘En ledande och samordnande funktion’, contributes with new knowledge on how the Swedish government has organised traffic safety in certain ways since the 1950s. The emphasis is on the establishment and closing down of the National Road Safety Office (TSV) and how the changing forms of organisations before, during and after TSV have been reflected in the road plans from 1958, 1970 and 1990. Our conclusion is that the motives for both establishment and closing down of the TSV were the same; to create a more efficient organisation regarding traffic safety. These changes have been reflected in the road plans where an increased control over the infrastructure can be recognised, especially during the last two decades. The fourth paper, A Dark Side of Car Ownership, examines whether improved technical performance with respect to fuel consumption have been counterbalanced through increasing engine power and weight, how such properties are valued by the consumers, and in what way political instruments have affected this development. The analysis is based on historical data covering all car models within the 50 percentiles of new registrations. Our conclusion is that a vehicle purchase rebound effect can be identified since the fuel consumption has decreased over time, while the engine effect has increased. Also, the Swedish car fleet has developed in a setting of political instruments and regulations working in favour of larger and more fuel consuming cars.
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Bernackaitė, Emilija. "Modifikuotas chi kvadrato suderinamumo kriterijus." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20101125_190750-79946.
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Šiame baigiamajame magistro darbe analizuojamos kriterijaus suderinamumo hipotezėms tikrinti savybės. Siekiama jį patikslinti, įvedant kriterijaus statistikos korekciją . Atlikus klasikinio ir modifikuoto kriterijų tikslumo palyginamąją analizę, naudojant modeliuotas reikšmes, padaryta keletas išvadų. Kriterijus, kuris remiasi statistika , šiek tiek patikslina hipotezių tikrinimo rezultatus, tačiau, kai imtis yra pakankamai didelė, kriterijų tikslumas beveik nesiskiria. Be to, kriterijus, kuris remiasi modeliuotomis reikšmėmis taip pat yra pakankamai tikslus. Taigi, naudojantis šiuolaikinėmis pažangiomis technologijomis, ir, modeliuojant pakankamai didelę a.d. imtį, šio kriterijaus galėtų pakakti, kad patikrinti suderinamumo hipotezę. Skaičiavimų palengvinimui sukurtos makroprogramos a.d. momentams skaičiuoti ir a.d. realizacijoms modeliuoti.The main purpose of this master thesis is to improve the clasical chi square goodness of fit test so that it would depend less on the rule, according to which the data is divided into intervals, and on the hypothetical probabilities. The tasks of the paper are the following: • To examine (according to the literature ([1], [2], [3])) theoretical and applied aspects of constructing chi square test; • To analyse the methods of graphic representation of the empirical characteristics of the data and graphic comparison with their theoretical equivalents. Altogether to look through the ways of dividing the data into intervals (determining their number and length); • To calculate the mean, variance and third central moment of chi square test statistics and to analyse their properties; • To create a macro for counting the previously mentioned three moments using SAS software; • To create a macro for modeling statistics and to construct goodness of fit test according to the modeled values using SAS software; • To construct an aproximate modified chi square goodness of fit test based on a new statistics; • To perform comparison of the clasical and modified goodness of fit tests, having the modeled values; Analysis of graphing the empirical data and comparison with the theoretical equivalents has showed that the distribution (density) is recognised easier when the probabilities of values to be prescribed to certain intervals are equal. This way the execution of computations is easier as... [to full text]
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Bylund, Nicklas. "Simulation driven product development applied to car body design /." Luleå, 2004. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2004/33/index.html.
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Walfridsson, Julian. "The CHD chromatin remodeling factors in schizosaccharomyces pombe /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-106-7/.
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Lindgren, Eva. "Bilism för regional utjämning? : Studier av privatbilismens geografiska och socioekonomiska spridningsmönster 1950-2000." Licentiate thesis, Umeå University, Department of Economic History, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1517.
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This licentiate thesis, with the English title Automobility towards Regional Equality? Studies of the geographical and socioeconomic diffusion of the private automobility in Sweden 1950-2000, has the overall aim to investigate the interaction between the private automobility and the Swedish socio-economical development in general. Firstly, the diffusion of private car ownership in Sweden is mapped both geographically and economically at the national level covering all citizens above the age of 18. Secondly, a comparison with the Norwegian diffusion pattern shows how automobility has interacted with two partly different national contexts. This aim will be dealt with in two articles.
Since the diffusion of private cars in Sweden has not yet been examined in a long run and national perspective covering all individuals, the first article, Driving from the Centre to the Periphery? The Diffusion of Private Cars in Sweden 1950-2000 with focus on 1960-1975, investigates how the diffusion of private cars followed the over all socio-economic and geographical changes from 1960 to 1975; did changes in car ownership per capita primarily follow changes in incomes or changes in population density (urbanisation)? Swedish traffic and regional policies in the 1960s aimed at making the car an instrument for national integration and regional equality, and make it available throughout the country. In the article the effect of that policy is tested. The analysis is based on Swedish census material that includes all car owners for the years 1960, 1970 and 1975. Our conclusion is that income levels were more important than other explanations to the diffusion of private cars in Sweden between 1960 and 1975.
Since Norwegian private car density has lagged behind the Swedish and did not reach the same national levels until the late 1980s, despite the same GDP per capita levels, the second article, Two Sides of the same Coin? Private Car Ownership in Sweden and Norway since 1950, compares car diffusion in Norway and Sweden in both historical time and model time in order to find specific explanations for the national and regional patterns of car diffusion. Can both the time lag and the diffusion process be explained with national differences in income, institutions, infrastructure, and population settlements? Or have regional differences in income and population density affected the outcome? Our conclusion is that car diffusion in Norway and Sweden displays two sides of same coin; the national levels converged, but the process did not follow the same regional pattern. Regional differences in income and population density have in general been a significant explanation for car density in Sweden but not in Norway.
Thus, the licentiate thesis shows how private car ownership in Sweden from the 1950s has interacted with increasing regional equality, especially concerning geographical diffusion.
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Vasconcelos, Jean Rubens. "EstimaÃÃo da eficiÃncia tÃcnica dos Cursos de PÃs-GraduaÃÃo Stricto Sensu da Universidade Federal do CearÃ: triÃnio 2010 â 2012." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11380.
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nÃo hÃEste trabalho analisarà a eficiÃncia tÃcnica dos cursos de mestrado acadÃmico e de doutorado ofertados pela Universidade Federal do Cearà durante os anos de 2010, 2011 e 2012, tendo como base de dados os indicadores adotados pela CAPES para a consolidaÃÃo de sua avaliaÃÃo periÃdica dos cursos de pÃs-graduaÃÃo prescrita em lei. Como ferramenta de decisÃo, optou-se pelo uso da tÃcnica matemÃtica da AnÃlise EnvoltÃria de Dados â DEA, com orientaÃÃo ao produto e sob a perspectiva dos mÃtodos CCR e BCC, onde cada curso ou programa de pÃs-graduaÃÃo foi considerado uma DMU. No comparativo das inferÃncias apresentadas pelos dois modelos, pode-se observar uma tendÃncia de queda na eficiÃncia dos cursos ao longo do perÃodo investigado, apesar da alavancagem na quantidade de insumos durante esse mesmo tempo, evidenciando, pois, algumas desproporÃÃes entre as variÃveis, sobretudo no que concerne Ãs especificidades acadÃmicas inerentes a cada DMU, somadas ainda à ausÃncia de oferta para os cursos de doutorado em alguns programas.
This research will analyze the technical efficiency on academic master and doctorate courses offered by the Cearà Federal University in the years of 2010, 2011 and 2012, having as data base the indicators adopted by CAPES for the consolidation of its periodic evaluation prescribed by laws on post-graduate courses. As decision making tool, was chosen the mathematic technique of Data Envelopment Analysis â DEA, output oriented and under the perspectives of CCR and BBC models where every post-graduate program / course was considered a DMU. Comparing the inferences presented by both models, it could be observed a decreasing tendency of efficiency on courses throughout the investigation period, despite the input growth during this very same period, evidencing therefore, some discrepancies between the variants, mainly concerning academic specifications related to each DMU, also adding the lack of provision for doctoral courses in some study programs.
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Fletcher, Mark Andrew. "The nuts and bolts of the UK kit car movement, 1949-2009 : an ecological analysis." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4928/.
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The one qualitative and two empirical chapters of this thesis addresses the following theory fragments of organizational ecology: (1) the theoretical construction and empirical evidence in support of a frequency code, (2) organizational vital rates with respect to multiple category membership (3) measuring population dynamics: diversity and the engagement niche. (1) the theoretical construction and empirical evidence in support of a frequency code. The theory of the code (Polos et al, 2002; Hannan et al., 2007) is a relatively novel theoretical construction in ecology, with little - if any - explicit empirical/qualitative research conducted in this area. This chapter highlights how the present construction of a code is unsuited in its application to a specific sub - set of the audience: critics. General audience members are unable to dedicate time and effort in understanding all aspects of an offering or organization; they look at only a small set of feature values. Should an object satisfy this schema, the object takes on a taken for granted character. The fewer the feature values assessed by an audience member, the higher the taken for grantedness of the object. By devising a frequency code, the role of the critic - reducing uncertainty to audience members by assessing all aspects of an object - can be fully appreciated. Although all aspects of the objects are scrutinized, some feature values might come under more scrutiny than others. It is this aspect of the frequency code that determines an object’s taken for granted character. Should all of the features be subjected to low scrutiny, the taken for granted character of the object is high; should the feature values be subjected to higher scrutiny, the taken for granted character of the object is lower. Restating aspects of the theory leads to insights that can be qualitatively assessed with respect to critical reviews of kit cars. By using content analysis to support the theory development, it is hoped the issue of defining and measuring codes is progressed further by researchers, and the insight garnered from qualitative data analysis can be applied more often to studies assessing codes. (2) organizational vital rates with respect to multiple category membership. Category generalism (those which claim membership of more than one labeled category) and category specialism (those which claim membership of a single labeled category) have focussed on audience appeal, whether it be via critical attention of securities (Zuckerman, 1999; 2000), film reviews (Zuckerman and Kim, 2003; Zuckerman, Kim, Ukanwa, and von Rittman, 2003; Hsu, 2006) or wine reviews (Negro et al, 2010). Category specialists have higher audience appeal and fitness at a given position than category generalists. Such appeal might manifest itself in the form of greater coverage by critics (Hsu, 2006) and more favorable reviews (Hsu, 2006; Negro et al., 2010), to a higher probability of selling a product at online auction (Hsu et al., 2009). One of the limitations of these studies is that they do not have sufficient temporal length to investigate core ecological and evolutionary dynamics of entry and exit rates. By having the complete history of the UK kit car movement from its inception in 1949 to 2009, attempts can be made at applying multiple category membership to a long term evolutionary perspective. Empirical evidence supports the hypotheses that the interaction of density of category generalists (those organizations which produce both type authentic and craft authentic product offerings) inhibits the legitimation of the category specialist identities (type authentic category specialists and craft authentic category specialists). This interaction between density of category generalists and category specialists lowers the founding rate and increases the failure rate of category specialists. Although the lower appeal of category generalists has been documented, the deleterious effect of increasing category generalist density on the vital rates (and legitimation) of category specialist identities has not been assessed. (3) measuring population dynamics: diversity and the engagement niche. Measuring the engagement niche (Hannan et al., 2007) of an organization is a complex task, with different ways in which a variable can be constructed (Hannan et al., 2007; Hsu et al., 2009). This chapter examines the effect of constructing variables that capture the engagement niche of an organizationin a competitive environment. It starts with a relatively basic construction, then builds up to one that considers competition within a product category, and then one within the population. The merits or otherwise of each variable and their implications to researchers are discussed in detail. It concludes with comparing the Simpson Index of diversity against the Shannon entropy measure with the intention of analyzing the particular strengths of each diversity measure. The differing variables capturing the engagement niche illustrate the attention required by the analyst when deciding on how to conceptualize the engagement niche. .
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Ataide, Antonio Marcio. "\'Più famoso che conosciuto\': panorama da recepção de I promessi sposi no Brasil (1843-2012)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8148/tde-10082016-105016/.
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A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo principal organizar a recepção do romance I Promessi Sposi (Os Noivos), de autoria de Alessandro Manzoni (1785-1873), no Brasil. A narrativa tem como protagonistas os jovens Renzo e Lucia que enfrentam as maiores dificuldades de seu tempo (a carestia, a fome, o domínio estrangeiro, as guerras e a peste no norte da Itália durante o século XVII) para realizar seu matrimonio e é uma das obras-primas da literatura italiana e mundial. Este trabalho estuda as maneiras pelas quais o romance manzoniano aporta em terras brasileiras, é acolhido e permanece como argumento de debates críticos, desde o primeiro registro encontrado por esta investigação até o ano de 2012, data da publicação da última tradução brasileira. Neste sentido, estudaram-se as diversas traduções, edições e adaptações publicadas deste romance no Brasil, atentando seja para a forma como se dá o transporte do texto original italiano para a língua portuguesa, seja para as questões relacionadas ao paratexto, isto é, o cuidado editorial empregado nesses textos. Organizou-se a também a recepção da crítica brasileira a I Promessi Sposi que se deu em forma de livros, capítulos, artigos em jornais, revistas e periódicos científicos, verbetes de enciclopédias e nos Boletins do Instituto Brasileiro Estudos Manzonianos. Da coleta e análise desse material buscou-se traçar o perfil que a recepção a I Promessi Sposi conferiu a Manzoni e sua obra-prima no Brasil.The present research has as the main objective of organizing the reception of the novel The Betrothed, from Alessandro Manzonis authorship (1785-1873), in Brazil. The narrative presents as protagonists the young Renzo and Lucia who encounter the greatest difficulties of their time (inflation, hunger, the foreigner domination, the wars and the plague in the north of Italy during the XVII century) to make their wedding happen and it is one of the masterpieces of the world and Italian Literature. This thesis studies the manners by which the Manzonian novel arrives in Brazilian lands, is accepted and remains as argument of critic debates, since the first record found by this investigation until the year 2012, the publishing date of the last Brazilian translation. In this sense, diverse translations, editions and adaptations published of this novel in Brazil were studied, noticing the way the original Italian text was transferred into the Portuguese language, and the issue related to the paratext, namely, the editorial care used in these texts. The Brazilian critic reception of the Betrothed that happened in book form, chapters, newspaper articles, magazines and scientific journals, encyclopedia entries and the newsletters of the Manzonian Studies Brazilian Institute were also organized. From the gathering and analysis of these materials we searched to outline the profile that the reception of The Betrothed granted Manzoni and his masterpiece in Brazil.
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Ghaffari, Nik Omid. "Novel Functionalized Fillers for Mixed Matrix Membranes for C02/CH4 Separation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29044/29044.pdf.
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Andera, Jan. "Driving under the influence : strategic trade policy and market integration in the European car industry /." Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/541562681.pdf.
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Wieneke, Nadine. "Ursachen und Folgen vermehrter Expression des nukleären Rezeptors Constitutiver-Androstan-Rezeptor (NR1I3) durch Agonisten des nukleären Rezeptors Peroxisomenproliferator-aktivierter-Rezeptor-alpha (NR1C1)." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1916/.
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Der Fettsäurestoffwechsel unterliegt vielfältigen Kontrollmechanismen. So wird der Fettsäureabbau über die Induktion und Aktivität spezifischer Enzyme reguliert. Ein zentraler Regulator ist dabei der nukleäre Rezeptor Peroxisomenproliferator-aktivierter-Rezeptor-α (PPARα). PPARα wird durch freie Fettsäuren in der Zelle aktiviert und fördert über die Induktion von Zielgenen den Fettsäuretransport und -abbau sowie die Gluconeogenese und Ketogenese. Der Anstieg an freien Fettsäuren beim Fasten, aber auch im Diabetes aktiviert PPARα. Unabhängig davon wurde in beiden Stoffwechsellagen auch eine erhöhte Expression des nukleären Rezeptors Constitutiver-Androstan-Rezeptor (CAR) und einiger CAR-Zielgene, vorrangig Enzyme des Fremdstoffmetabolismus wie Cytochrom P450 2B (CYP2B), festgestellt. Bei der Adaption an eine Fastensituation scheinen PPARα- und CAR-Signalwege über einen bisher unbekannten Mechanismus miteinander verschaltet zu sein.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte der der Verschaltung zugrunde liegende Mechanismus anhand eines Modelsystems, der PPARα-Agonisten-vermittelten Verstärkung der Phenobarbital (PB)-abhängigen Induktion des CAR-Zielgens CYP2B, in vitro untersucht werden. Zudem sollte die physiologische Relevanz einer durch PPARα-Agonisten vermittelten Modulierung der CYP2B-Aktivität in einer Ganztierstudie in vivo belegt werden.
Die verwendeten synthetischen PPARα-Agonisten steigerten in primären Hepatozyten der Ratte signifikant die Phenobarbital (PB)-abhängige mRNA- und Protein-Expression sowie die Aktivität von CYP2B. Ohne vorherige PB-Behandlung induzierten PPARα-Agonisten CYP2B nicht. In Gegenwart von PB war die Steigerung der CYP2B-Aktivität durch PPARα-Agonisten dosisabhängig. In einem Luciferase-Reportergenassay wurde gezeigt, dass die Induktion durch PB unter der Kontrolle des CYP2B1-Promotors von einem distalen PBREM (PB-responsive-enhancer-module), an welches CAR binden kann, abhängig war. PPARα-Agonisten steigerten diese PB- und PBREM-abhängige Reportergentranskription und induzierten die CAR-mRNA und CAR-Proteinexpression. Sie aktivierten die Transkription eines Reportergens unter der Kontrolle eines Promotorfragments von bis zu 4,4 kb oberhalb des mutmaßlichen CAR-Transkriptionsstarts. Mit Hilfe von Deletionskonstrukten konnte ein potentielles Peroxisomenproliferator-aktivierter-Rezeptor-responsives Element (PPRE) im CAR-Promotorbereich von -942 bp bis -930 bp identifiziert werden, welches essentiell für die Initiation der Transkription durch PPARα-Agonisten ist. In band shift Experimenten akkumulierte verstärkt Kernprotein mit diesem PPRE. Ein Überschuss an unmarkiertem Wildtyp-CAR-Reportergenvektor, nicht aber an CAR-Reportergenvektor mit PPRE-Deletion, konnte mit dem markierten PPRE um die Bindung von Kernprotein konkurrieren. Nach Chromatin-Immunpräzipitation mit einem PPARα-Antikörper wiederum wurde das betreffende PPRE amplifiziert.
Bei in vivo Experimenten an männlichen Ratten resultierte die Behandlung mit PPARα-Agonisten in einer signifikanten Induktion der CAR-mRNA-Expression und signifikant erhöhter PB-abhängiger CYP2B-Aktivität. Die physiologisch Relevanz wurde durch weiterführenden Experimente unterstrichen, in denen gezeigt wurde, dass die Fasten-abhängige Induktion von CAR in PPARα-defizienten Mäusen unterdrückt war.
Diese Experimente legen nahe, dass durch PPARα-Agonisten aktiviertes PPARα an das PPRE im CAR-Promotorbereich von -942 bp bis -930 bp bindet und dadurch die CAR-Transkription induziert. Somit kann CAR als PPARα-Zielgen betrachtet werden, was die Schlussfolgerung zulässt, dass die PPARα- und CAR-Signalwege über die direkte Bindung von PPARα an den CAR-Promotor unmittelbar miteinander verknüpft sind. Allerdings ist davon unabhängig eine Aktivierung von CAR, etwa durch PB, für die vermehrte Induktion von CAR-Zielgenen notwendig .
Die physiologische Relevanz der PPARα-abhängige CAR-Expression zeigt sich in den Ganztierexperimenten, bei denen die Wirksamkeit der PPARα-Agonisten bestätigt werden konnte. CAR-abhängig induzierte Enzyme sind nicht nur in großem Umfang am Fremdstoffmetabolismus beteiligt, sondern auch am Abbau von Schilddrüsenhormonen und Glucocorticoiden. Sie können damit direkt Einfluss auf den Kohlenhydrat- und Energiestoffwechsel sowie die Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme nehmen. Über eine PPARα-abhängige Induktion von CAR im Rahmen der Fastenadaption könnten die CAR-Zielgene UDP-Glucuronyltransferase 1A1 und Sulfotransferase N beispielsweise verstärkt Schilddrüsenhormone abbauen und in der Folge den Grundumsatz senken. Der in dieser Arbeit erstmals beschriebene Mechanismus ist dafür von zentraler Bedeutung.Fatty acid metabolism is tightly regulated. Thus the activity and expression level of specific enzymes involved in fatty acid turnover are controlling fatty acid catabolism. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) acts as the key regulator of these pathways. PPARα is activated by intracellular free fatty acids and promotes the fatty acid transport and break down, as well as gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis, via induction of target genes. An increase in free fatty acids as seen in fasting and diabetes activates PPARα. Under these conditions, an elevated expression of another nuclear receptor, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and its target genes, mainly enzymes catalysing biotransformation such as cytochrome P450 2B (CYP2B1), was also observed. It is therefore likely that as yet unidentified modes of interaction between PPARα and CAR signalling exist. The object of the present work was to discover these underlying mechanisms utilising an in vitro model, the PPARα-agonist induced increase of the phenobarbital (PB)-dependent induction of the CAR target gene CYP2B1. Furthermore, an in vivo study would serve to demonstrate the physiological relevance of a PPARα-agonist induced modulation of the CYP2B activity. The synthetic PPARα agonists under investigation significantly enhanced the PB-dependent mRNA and protein expression as well as activity of CYP2B in primary rat hepatocytes. Without prior treatment with PB, PPARα agonists did not induce CYP2B activity. In the presence of PB, PPARα agonists increased the CYP2B activity dose-dependently. Luciferase reporter gene assays showed that the PB-dependent induction of the CY2B1 promoter relied on a distal PBREM (PB-responsive enhancer module), a well-known CAR binding site. PPARα agonists enhanced this PB- and PBREM-dependent reporter gene transcription and induced the upregulation of CAR mRNA and CAR protein expression. The PPARα agonists also activated the transcription of a reporter gene controlled by up to 4.4 kb upstream of the putative CAR-transcription start site. A potential peroxisome proliferator activated receptor responsive element (PPRE), essential for the initiation of transcription by PPARα agonists, could be identified between -942 bp to -930 bp upstream of the transcription start site using CAR promoter deletion constructs. In subsequent band shift experiments, enhanced nuclear protein accumulation with this specific promoter region was observed. In contrast to unlabelled wild-type CAR reporter gene vector, an excess of unlabelled CAR reporter gene vector with PPRE deletion did not compete with the binding of nuclear protein. Furthermore, this PPRE could be amplified with specific primers after chromatin immunoprecipitation with a PPARα antibody. Treatment of rats with a PPARα agonist resulted in a significant induction of CAR mRNA expression and significantly increased PB-dependent CYP2B activity. A physiological relevance of this newly-discovered mechanism is confirmed by the observation that PPARα-deficient mice, unlike wild-type mice, do not respond to fasting with an increase of CAR mRNA expression. The results of these experiments suggest that activated PPARα binds to the PPRE of the CAR promoter to initiate transcription of the CAR gene. CAR therefore could be regarded as a PPARα target gene, which implicates that PPARα- and CAR-signalling are directly linked through binding of PPARα to the CAR promoter. For subsequent enhanced induction of CAR target genes, activation of CAR, for instance using PB, is required. In vivo studies with PPARα agonists in rats support the relevance of the PPARα-dependent CAR expression. CAR target genes code for enzymes that metabolise not only a wide range of xenobiotics, but also thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids. CAR target genes could therefore directly interfere with carbohydrate and energy metabolism, as well as with food intake. PPARα-dependent induction of CAR upon fasting could lead to an increased expression of the CAR target genes UDP-glucuronyl transferase 1A1 and sulfotransferase N, resulting in an enhanced degradation of thyroid hormones, and decreased resting energy expenditure. The findings of this present study are of primary importance since it is the first time that this mechanism has been described.
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Adams, Amanda Gayle. "Between Auto(mobile) and Building: A Study of Pedestrian Oriented Parking Lots." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34478.
Full textAbstract:
The automobile is undeniably an icon of our modern era. Decades of accommodating the automobile have dramatically transformed the shape and the quality of our physical environment. The typical suburban retail parking lot is one symptom of our automobile dependence.
Frequently the proposed solutions to sprawl development tend to minimize the economic and marketing appeal of a large surface parking lot. For many communities, the anticipated economic benefit and convenience of a suburban retail development overcomes any reservations about the appearance and effect of the associated sea of asphalt. A more achievable design goal might be a pedestrian-oriented parking lot. Is that feasible? What present and future advantages might be gained? What would it be like?
This thesis studies the typical commercial surface parking lot through observation and analysis, leading to the design of an infrastructural system of elements to develop pedestrian-oriented parking lots.Master of Architecture
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Fang, Ying. "Living arrangements and care provision among the oldest old people in China, 1998-2002." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Pires, Elize Huegel. "A trilogia do ga?cho a p?, de Cyro Martins, na contemporaneidade : uma obra al?m do seu tempo." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/2002.
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Previous issue date: 2011-01-06A disserta??o prop?e uma leitura contempor?nea da Trilogia do Ga?cho a P?, que ? composta pelos romances Sem rumo (1937), Porteira fechada (1944) e Estrada nova (1954). Para examinar a obra de Cyro Martins, que, no in?cio do s?culo XX, antecipou a problematiza??o de aspectos inerentes ao contexto atual, permitindo uma leitura com base em teorias que explicam a contemporaneidade, evidenciam-se quest?es relacionadas ? constru??o da identidade cultural, a fronteiras e territ?rios e a processos de globaliza??es. Assim, o estudo pretende estabelecer a possibilidade de novas leituras e interpreta??es da trilogia, observando a presen?a do passado na compreens?o do presente, a fim de contribuir para a expans?o e continuidade dos estudos e pesquisas acerca da produ??o liter?ria de Cyro Martins
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Küster, Katrin. "Die funktionelle Bedeutung des Coxsackie- und Adenovirus Rezeptors (CAR) im kolorektalen Karzinom." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3161/.
Full textAbstract:
Der Coxsackie- und Adenovirus Rezeptor (CAR) ist als Bestandteil von Tight Junctions (TJ) an interzellulären Adhäsionsprozessen beteiligt und scheint eine wichtige Rolle in der Karzinogenese zu spielen. Diese ist jedoch insbesondere bei Entstehung von Darmkrebs weitgehend unklar. Ziel der Arbeit war es daher, die funktionelle Bedeutung, mögliche Interaktionspartner sowie die Expressionsregulation von CAR im kolorektalen Karzinom zu analysieren.
In den Zelllinien CaCo2, Colo205, DLD1, HCT116, HT29, SW480 und T84 konnte die Expression von CAR (mRNA und Protein) nachgewiesen werden. Nach stabiler CAR-Überexpression durch Transfektion von CARcDNA in DLD1, HCT116 und SW480 wurde das Zellwachstum gehemmt und eine Abnahme von Migration und Invasion induziert. Eine stabile CAR-Inhibition nach Transfektion von CARsiRNA führte in diesen Zelllinien zum Anstieg der Proliferation sowie zu verstärkter Migrations- und Invasionsaktivität, die in DLD1 mit morphologischen Änderungen einhergingen.
Eine Genexpressionsanalyse der Zelllinie DLD1 mit CAR-Inhibition identifizierte α-Catenin als das am stärksten regulierte Gen. Obwohl keine direkte Interaktion beider Proteine detektiert werden konnte, führte eine stabile Re-Expression von α-Catenin in DLD1 mit stabiler CAR-Inhibition zu einer deutlichen Reduktion von Proliferation, Migration und Invasion sowie zu einem Rückgang der zellmorphologischen Änderungen.
Um den Einfluss von Differenzierung auf die Regulation der CAR-Expression zu untersuchen, erfolgte eine Behandlung aller Zelllinien mit Natriumbutyrat. Dies führte in fünf der sieben Zelllinien zu einer Aktivierung des CAR-Promotors sowie zu einer gesteigerten Expression und Immunoreaktivität von CAR an der Zelloberfläche. Die Zelllinie CaCo2 zeigte nach spontaner Differenzierung durch 21-tägiges Wachstum post Konfluenz ebenfalls eine verstärkte CAR-mRNA-Expression sowie eine erhöhte CAR-Präsenz an der Zelloberfläche.
Die gewonnenen Daten konnten die funktionelle Bedeutung von CAR für die Kolonkarzinogenese sowie den Einfluss von α-Catenin auf diese Funktion deutlich machen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Expressionsregulation sowie die subzelluläre Verteilung von CAR durch den zellulären Differenzierungsstatus beeinflusst werden kann.The Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) is a transmembrane compound of the tight junctions in polarized epithelial cells mediating cellular adhesion. CAR was suggested to play a functional role in the development of epithelial malignomas but detailed knowledge is still lacking, especially for the colorectal carcinoma. Therefore, the functional impact and regulation of CAR expression in human colorectal carcinoma cell models were investigated. CAR protein and mRNA was detectable in the cell lines CaCo2, Colo205, DLD1, HCT116, HT29, SW480 and T84. Stable CAR over expression by transfection of CARcDNA in DLD1, HCT116 and SW480 led to reduced proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Also reduced migration and invasion were observed. Stable CAR inhibition by transfection of CARsiRNA in the same cell lines resulted in increased migration and invasion. In DLD1 morphological changes were found after CAR inhibition. Differential gene expression was detected in DLD1 cells with stable CAR inhibition revealing an 18-fold decrease in α-Catenin gene expression. Loss of α-Catenin was obtained on protein level, too. Although no direct interaction between CAR and α-Catenin could be proven ectopic re-expression of α-Catenin in DLD1 with CAR inhibition reversed the determined functional and morphological effects of a CAR knock down. Then, the impact of differentiation on regulation of CAR expression was investigated. Sodium butyrate treatment induced differentiation in all cell lines (determined by alkaline phosphatase activity), which was paralleled by an increase of CAR immunoreactivity at the plasma membrane in all cell lines but CaCo2. However, CAR protein and mRNA expression, as well as CAR gene promoter activity increased in 5 cell lines only, whereas in SW480 and CaCo2 a down regulation was observed. Spontaneous differentiation of CaCo2 after a growth period of 21 days post confluence resulted in up regulation of CAR mRNA expression as well as increased CAR presence at the plasma membrane. The data suggest that CAR plays a crucial role in the carcinogenesis of colorectal carcinoma which could be influenced by α-Catenin interaction. Differentiation determines the regulation of CAR expression and the subcellular distribution of CAR in colon cancer cells.