Journal articles: 'CHR 2003-<2007>'

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Iovine, Maria, Giuseppe Monaco, Mario Troiano, and Antonio Abbadessa. "Complete Molecular Response due to nilotinib as III line treatment in a patient with CML and F317L point mutation of the Bcr-Abl kinase domain." Clinical Management Issues 5, no. 5S (2015): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/cmi.v5i5s.1129.

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In 1997, a forty-three years old woman was diagnosed with CML and treated with alfa-Interferon, achieving complete haematological response (CHR). Three years later, patient was switched to hydroxiurea due to thyroid toxicity. For logistic reasons, therapy with imatinib 400 mg/die was initiated only in 2003, obtaining complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) and suboptimal molecular response in twelve months. CCyR and CHR were then lost three years later. Doubling imatinib dose to 800 mg/die gave no positive results. Mutational analysis performed in September 2007 showed F317L point mutation of the Bcr-Abl kinase domain. In October 2007 dasatinib was started and in April 2008 CCyR was reached with suboptimal molecular response. In March 2009 Bcr-Abl transcript progressively increased, and in August 2009 cytogenetic analysis showed loss of CCyR. Therapy with nilotinib 800 mg/die was started, and in October 2009 the patient obtained complete molecular response (CMR). Bcr-Abl kinase-domain point mutations, acquired during first line therapy, are a common cause of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. While several Bcr-Abl mutations have been identified, involvement of codon 317 has been reported in the literature following treatment with imatinib and dasatinib.

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Shan, LeeAnn, Zachary B. Millman, Joseph DeLuca, et al. "S27. EXAMINING DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN SELF-REPORT AND CLINICIAN-RATED ASSESSMENTS OF PSYCHOSIS RISK: DOES INTERNALIZED STIGMA MATTER?" Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (2020): S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.093.

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Abstract Background Psychosis is one of the most highly stigmatized mental health conditions (Thornicroft et al., 2009). Compared to those with other mental health concerns, people diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders are more likely to be perceived by others as dangerous, violent, and unpredictable. As a result, they are often socially marginalized and discriminated against (Crisp et al., 2000; Martin et al., 2007). Individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis may be at lower risk for experiencing public stigma, given that their symptoms are often less outwardly visible at this early stage of illness. However, evidence suggests that those at CHR experience high levels of self-stigma, as they may internalize negative stereotypes related to psychosis (Yang et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2015). Internalized stigma can negatively impact help-seeking behavior and has been associated with lower self-esteem and the underreporting of mental health symptoms (Corrigan, 2004; Corrigan, 2007; Saporito, Ryan, & Teachman, 2011; Rüsch, Angermeyer, & Corrigan, 2005). Despite these findings, no studies to-date have examined how internalized stigma may impact reporting of attenuated psychosis symptoms in the CHR population. The current study aims to examine whether discrepancies between self-report and clinician-rated measures of psychosis risk are associated with internalized stigma in a sample of help-seeking adolescents and young adults. We hypothesized that higher levels of self-stigma will predict inconsistencies between self-reported symptom severity and clinician-obtained diagnoses of psychosis risk. Methods Participants will include youth classified as either non-psychosis-related help-seeking controls or at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, as determined by the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS; Miller et al., 2003). The SIPS is administered by trained raters and is currently considered the gold standard tool for diagnosing clinical high-risk syndromes (Thompson et al., 2018). In addition to SIPS diagnoses, psychosis risk will also be assessed using the Prime Screen – Revised (PS-R; Miller et al., 2004), a brief, 12-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure attenuated positive symptoms. Lastly, internalized stigma will be assessed using the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Inventory (ISMI; Ritsher, Otilingam, & Grajales, 2003), a 29-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure subjective experiences of stigma in adolescents (e.g., endorsement of negative stereotypes, social withdrawal and feelings of alienation due to mental health problems, etc.). Results Preliminary analyses demonstrate a significant interaction between Prime scores and internalized stigma in predicting SIPS diagnoses. Specifically, higher scores on the Prime were associated with increased odds of being diagnosed as CHR on the SIPS, but only for those participants who endorsed low and mean levels of stigma. For participants who endorsed high levels of stigma, there did not appear to be any relation between Prime scores and SIPS diagnoses. Discussion At the time of submission, participant recruitment is ongoing, and results and discussion will be presented on the final sample. Findings may inform efforts to improve detection and accurate diagnosis of psychosis risk syndromes in individuals at early stages of illness.

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Joshi, Durga Datt. "Study of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in Children of Nepal." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 29, no. 2 (2009): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2041.

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Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a potentially fatal vector-borne (sand fly phlebotomies spp) zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani. In Nepal, the disease is restricted to the Eastern Terai region which lies adjacent to the Bihar state of India. Although leishmaniasis is regarded as a significant health problem in Nepal by the Ministry of Health, there is no active case detection programme in the country. Objective: Objectives of this study were to determine the up-to-date morbidity and mortality trend for VL in children of Nepal. Method: The epidemiological surveillance team from the NZFHRC visited to eight zonal hospitals in Terai region during the month from September to December of each year 2003 to 2007. The morbidity and mortality data up to the year 2007 were collected every year. The team has also collected 66 blood serum samples of which 18 samples from children were collected for the diagnosis. Results: A total 25890 cases with 599 deaths were reported during the year 1980-2006. The case fatality rate (CFR) varied from 0.23% to 13.2%. Districtwise analysis showed that, during 2003, highest incidence was in Mahottari district (184/100,000), followed by Sarlahi (100/100,000) and Sunsari (96/100,000). The highest CFR was in Dhanusha (2.9%) followed by Bara (2.4%) and Saptari (2.0%). Majority (70.9%) of persons affected by VL were aged 15 years and above, followed by 10-14 years (13.9%), 5-9 years (11.9%) and 1-4 years (3.3%). VL cases recorded from different district of Nepal for the year 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 are recorded. CFR for the year 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 were 3.2%, 3.7%, 16.67% and 11.42% respectively. Conclusions: There should be regular surveillance research work to be carried out in endemic area. Mass public health education, to make the people aware about preventive aspects of the disease is important. The possibility of the existence of animal reservoirs as zoonotic disease should also be considered. This disease is very much serious in children below 15 years of age both in male and female, therefore it is essential to have paediatrician post at least in all VL six endemic districts. Key words: Epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Kala-azar, Sandfly doi: 10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2041 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 29, No. 2, pp.67-73

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Liu, Shuo, Shuangxi Fang, Peng Liu, Miao Liang, Minrui Guo, and Zhaozhong Feng. "Measurement report: Changing characteristics of atmospheric CH4 in the Tibetan Plateau: records from 1994 to 2019 at the Mount Waliguan station." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 1 (2021): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-393-2021.

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Abstract. A 26-year, long-term record of atmospheric methane (CH4) measured in situ at the Mount Waliguan (WLG) station, the only World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) global station in inland Eurasia, is presented. Overall, a nearly continuous increase in atmospheric CH4 was observed at WLG, with a yearly growth rate of 5.1±0.1 parts per billion (ppb) per year during 1994–2019, except for some particular periods with near-zero or negative values, e.g., 1999–2000 and 2004–2006. The average CH4 mole fraction was only 1799.0±0.4 ppb in 1994 but increased to about 133 ppb and reached a historic level of 1932.0±0.1 ppb in 2019. The case study in the Tibetan Plateau showed that the atmospheric CH4 increased rapidly. During some special periods, it is even larger than that of city regions (e.g., 6.7±0.2 ppb yr−1 in 2003–2007). Generally, the characteristics of CH4 varied in different observing periods as follows: (i) the diurnal cycle has become apparent and the amplitudes of the diurnal or seasonal cycles increased over time; (ii) the wind sectors with elevated CH4 mole fractions switched from ENE-E-ESE-SE-SSE sectors (wind directions) in early periods to NNE-NE-ENE-E sectors in later years; (iii) the area of source regions increased as the years progressed, and strong sources shifted from northeast (city regions) to southwest (northern India); and (iv) the annual growth rates in recent years (e.g., 2008–2019) were significantly larger than those in the early periods (e.g., 1994–2007).

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Lemos Junior, Wilson. "O Canto Orfeônico na escola republicana brasileira e suas influências europeias (1890 – 1931)." Cadernos de História da Educação 19, no. 3 (2020): 1069–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/che-v19n3-2020-24.

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Este artigo tem por objetivo discorrer sobre o ensino do Canto Orfeônico na legislação brasileira entre 1890 e 1931 e sua relação com o ensino de Canto Orfeônico surgido na Europa ainda no século XVIII. Utiliza-se como fontes, as legislações escolares como as reformas de ensino de Benjamin Constant (1890) e de Francisco Campos (1931), assim como alguns artigos publicados por educadores como Veríssimo de Souza (1907; 1910) e Chasteau (1899). Somam-se às fontes, pesquisas de autores como Contier (1998), Souza (2000), Jardim (2003; 2006; 2009) e Gilioli (2008). O artigo está dividido em duas partes. A primeira parte investiga as relações entre a prática orfeônica brasileira e a europeia. A segunda aborda as características do Canto Orfeônico. A influência do orfeonismo praticado na Europa tornou-se definitiva para a realidade brasileira.

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Sassim, Paulo Vitor de Souza, Tereza Cristina dos Reis Ferreira, Júlio César Veiga Pena, et al. "PERFIL DOS PACIENTES INTERNADOS POR ACIDENTES AUTOMOBILÍSTICOS NO HOSPITAL METROPOLITANO DE URGÊNCIA E EMERGÊNCIA DE ANANINDEUA NO PERÍODO DE 2006 À 2012." Centro de Pesquisas Avançadas em Qualidade de Vida, v12n3 (July 13, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36692/v12n3-4.

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Methods: A retrospective observational descriptive obtained through secondary data, carried out at the statistics of the Metropolitan Hospital Emergency and Emergency. We recorded 10,476 admissions due to traffic accidents from March 2006 to September 2012. Objective: To evaluate the profile of patients hospitalized for traffic accidents at the Metropolitan Hospital for Urgency and Emergency in Belém from 2006 to 2012. Results: Of 10,476 patients, 7179 were men, 1839 are women, mean age 30 years, coming from interior of the state 8034 cases, and motorcycle accidents over the incidents with 3514 of admissions, followed roadkill with 2395 cases, car accidents with 2050 and bicycle accidents with 173 cases. The CID was prevalent S06 with 2238 cases. The incident was over Belém municipality with 2102 cases and the months were more incidents in August in 2007 (10.02%) and 2009 (9.68%), September in the years 2010 (10.28%) and 2012 (14.03%) and October 2006 (13.44%) and 2008 (10.20%). Conclusion: We observed that victims of car accidents in HMUE hospitalized between 2006 to 2012 are men aged 30 years from the interior, and the motorcycle accidents the leading cause of hospitalization highlighting the CID S06 as most incident. The municipality with the highest accident record was Belém and months were more incidents in August in 2007 and 2009, the years 2010 and September 2012 and October 2006 and 2008.

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van der Werf, G. R., J. T. Randerson, L. Giglio, et al. "Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 6 (2010): 16153–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-16153-2010.

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Abstract. New burned area datasets and top-down constraints from atmospheric concentration measurements of pyrogenic gases have decreased the large uncertainty in fire emissions estimates. However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural waste, and peat fires to total global fire emissions. Here we used a revised version of the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model and improved satellite-derived estimates of area burned, fire activity, and plant productivity to calculate fire emissions for the 1997–2009 period on a 0.5° spatial resolution with a monthly time step. For November 2000 onwards, estimates were based on burned area, active fire detections, and plant productivity from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. For the partitioning we focused on the MODIS era. We used burned area estimates based on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) and Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) active fire data prior to MODIS (1997–2000) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) derived estimates of plant productivity during the same period. Average global fire carbon emissions were 2.0 Pg yr−1 with significant interannual variability during 1997–2001 (2.8 Pg yr−1 in 1998 and 1.6 Pg yr−1 in 2001). Emissions during 2002–2007 were relatively constant (around 2.1 Pg yr−1) before declining in 2008 (1.7 Pg yr−1) and 2009 (1.5 Pg yr−1) partly due to lower deforestation fire emissions in South America and tropical Asia. During 2002–2007, emissions were highly variable from year-to-year in many regions, including in boreal Asia, South America, and Indonesia, but these regional differences cancelled out at a global level. During the MODIS era (2001–2009), most fire carbon emissions were from fires in grasslands and savannas (44%) with smaller contributions from tropical deforestation and degradation fires (20%), woodland fires (mostly confined to the tropics, 16%), forest fires (mostly in the extratropics, 15%), agricultural waste burning (3%), and tropical peat fires (3%). The contribution from agricultural waste fires was likely a lower bound because our approach for measuring burned area could not detect all of these relatively small fires. For reduced trace gases such as CO and CH4, deforestation, degradation, and peat fires were more important contributors because of higher emissions of reduced trace gases per unit carbon combusted compared to savanna fires. Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation, degradation, and peatland fires were on average 0.5 Pg C yr−1. The carbon emissions from these fires may not be balanced by regrowth following fire. Our results provide the first global assessment of the contribution of different sources to total global fire emissions for the past decade, and supply the community with an improved 13-year fire emissions time series.

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Rosenberg, Aaron S., Ann M. Brunson, Theresa HM Keegan, Brian Jonas, Joseph Tuscano, and Ted Wun. "The Effect of Autologous Stem Cell Transplant (ASCT) on Survival in Californians with Multiple Myeloma (MM) in the Era of Modern Treatment." Blood 126, no. 23 (2015): 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.1991.1991.

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Abstract Background: The use and timing of ASCT on survival after MM in the era of modern therapy remain topics of debate. Using population based data, we evaluated factors associated with the receipt of ASCT and the effect of ASCT on overall survival (OS). Methods: Patients diagnosed with MM during 2000 - 2012 were identified in the California Cancer Registry (CCR) (n=12,714). CCR data were linked to the California Patient Discharge Database (PDD). Logistic regression estimated the odds ratio (OR) of having an early (< 1 year from diagnosis) or late (> 1 year) ASCT (vs. no ASCT). OS was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method. To determine the effect of ASCT on OS from diagnosis date, Cox regression models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of death treating ASCT as a time dependent covariate. OS time was compared after matching ASCT to no ASCT patients on age, sex, race/ethnicity, neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), comorbidity at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, and accounting for time to transplant. Results: The majority of MM patients were male (54%) and of non-Hispanic white (58%) race/ethnicity; 19% Hispanic, 12% African American, and 9% Asian. Median age at diagnosis was 67 (range 18 - 104). African Americans and Hispanics were younger than non-Hispanic whites (median age 64 and 65 vs 69). Comorbidity data from the PDD was available in 59% of the patients in the 2 years prior to MM diagnosis: 7.5% had 0, 21% had 1-2, and 31% had ≥3 comorbidities. A total of 2136 (17%) patients underwent ASCT: 1347 < 1 year from and 789 ≥1 year after diagnosis. Time to ASCT did not change over time: among patients diagnosed 2000 - 2003 median time to transplant was 9.2 mo, 10 mo among those diagnosed 2004 - 2007 and 9.7 in those diagnosed 2008 - 2012. Patients who underwent ASCT were younger than those who did not (median age 56 vs 70 respectively). African Americans were less likely to undergo early ASCT (OR 0.7, P<0.001), but not late ASCT (OR 0.8, P=0.07). Patients with ≥3 comorbidities (vs. 0) at diagnosis were less likely to have ASCT (OR 0.42 P<0.001 and OR 0.28 P<0.001 for early and late, respectively), while patients with 1-2 comorbidities were less likely to have late ASCT (OR 0.59 P<0.001). The lowest 2 quintiles of SES was associated with less use of early ASCT (OR 0.62 p<0.001 and 0.65 p<0.001 respectively), but not late ASCT (OR 0.89 p=0.4 and 0.96 p=0.7 respectively). The likelihood of receiving ASCT increased over time: compared to 2000-2003, the ORs for patients diagnosed in 2004 - 2007 were 1.36 for early (P<0.001) and 1.64 (P<0.001) for late ASCT and were 2.64 (P<0.001) for early and 1.80 (P<0.001) for late for those diagnosed in 2008-2012. The median follow-up was 32 months. Median OS from diagnosis for the entire cohort, unadjusted for age, comorbidities, and SES was 37 months. Adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, age at diagnosis, SES, comorbidities, insurance status and year of diagnosis, OS improved over time: compared to patients diagnosed in 2008 - 2012, aHR of death of those diagnosed 2000-2003 was 1.58 (P<0.001), and 1.35 (P<0.001) for those diagnosed 2004-2007. ASCT at any point was associated with a 23% reduction in the risk of death from all causes (aHR 0.77 P<0.001). Patients who received early ASCT had a 27% reduction (aHR 0.73 P<0.001), while those receiving late ASCT had an 11% decrease (aHR 0.89 P<0.001) in risk of all cause death. In the matched analysis, the median OS from date of transplant, or matched date in the no ASCT cohort, were: no ASCT = 49 mo, early ASCT = 83 mo, and late ASCT 65 mo (P<0.001 Figure 1). The effect of aSCT on OS differed by date of diagnosis (P for interaction <0.001). Improvements in OS due to ASCT were more pronounced in later time periods: aHR for early and late ASCT in 2000-2003 were 0.9 (P = 0.12) and 0.98 (P 0.86) compared with those in 2004-2007 (0.63 P<0.001 and 0.85 P = 0.06) and in 2008-2012 (0.55 P<0.001 and 0.74 P=0.08). Conclusions :ASCT was utilized in 17% of Californians with MM during 2000-2012, and its use increased over time. The use of ASCT, whether within a year of diagnosis or later in the disease course, is associated with improved OS and this effect may be more pronounced in the era of novel agents. Despite the inherent limitations of analyses of administrative databases, the large number of patients and established robust nature of CCR and PDD data makes accurate depiction of results in the community probable. These data support the continued role of ASCT in the management of patients with MM. Disclosures Jonas: Celgene: Honoraria; Incyte: Honoraria; Onyx: Honoraria; GlycoMimetics: Consultancy.

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Brunke, E. G., R. Ebinghaus, H. H. Kock, C. Labuschagne, and F. Slemr. "Emissions of mercury in southern Africa derived from long-term observations at Cape Point, South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 16 (2012): 7465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7465-2012.

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Abstract. Mercury emissions in South Africa have so far been estimated only by a bottom-up approach from activities and emission factors for different processes. In this paper we derive GEM/CO (GEM being gaseous elemental mercury, Hg0), GEM/CO2, GEM/CH4, CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios from plumes observed during long-term monitoring of these species at Cape Point between March 2007 and December 2009. The average observed GEM/CO, GEM/CO2, GEM/CH4, CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios were 2.40 ± 2.65 pg m−3 ppb−1 (n = 47), 62.7 ± 80.2 pg m−3 ppm−1 (n = 44), 3.61 ± 4.66 pg m−3 ppb−1 (n = 46), 35.6 ± 25.4 ppb ppm−1 (n = 52), 20.2 ± 15.5 ppb ppm−1 (n = 48), and 0.876 ± 1.106 ppb ppb−1 (n = 42), respectively. The observed CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios agree within the combined uncertainties of the observations and emissions with the ratios calculated from EDGAR (version 4.2) CO2, CO, and CH4 inventories for South Africa and southern Africa (South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique) in 2007 and 2008 (inventories for 2009 are not available yet). Total elemental mercury emission of 13.1, 15.2, and 16.1 t Hg yr−1 are estimated independently using the GEM/CO, GEM/CO2, and GEM/CH4 emission ratios and the annual mean CO, CO2, and CH4 emissions, respectively, of South Africa in 2007 and 2008. The average of these independent estimates of 14.8 t GEM yr−1 is much less than the total emission of 257 t Hg yr−1 shown by older inventories which are now considered to be wrong. Considering the uncertainties of our emission estimate, of the emission inventories, and the fact that emission of GEM represents 50–78 % of all mercury emissions, our estimate is comparable to the currently cited GEM emissions in 2004 and somewhat smaller than emissions in 2006. A further increase of mercury emissions due to increasing electricity consumption will lead to a more pronounced difference. A quantitative assessment of the difference and its significance, however, will require emission inventories for the years of observations (2007–2009) as well as better data on the speciation of the total mercury emissions in South Africa.

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Miller, B. R., M. Rigby, L. J. M. Kuijpers, et al. "HFC-23 (CHF3) emission trend response to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production and recent HFC-23 emission abatement measures." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 16 (2010): 7875–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7875-2010.

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Abstract. HFC-23 (also known as CHF3, fluoroform or trifluoromethane) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), with a global warming potential (GWP) of 14 800 for a 100-year time horizon. It is an unavoidable by-product of HCFC-22 (CHClF2, chlorodifluoromethane) production. HCFC-22, an ozone depleting substance (ODS), is used extensively in commercial refrigeration and air conditioning, in the extruded polystyrene (XPS) foam industries (dispersive applications) and also as a feedstock in fluoropolymer manufacture (a non-dispersive use). Aside from small markets in specialty uses, HFC-23 has historically been considered a waste gas that was, and often still is, simply vented to the atmosphere. Efforts have been made in the past two decades to reduce HFC-23 emissions, including destruction (incineration) in facilities in developing countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change's (UNFCCC) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and by process optimization and/or voluntary incineration by most producers in developed countries. We present observations of lower-tropospheric mole fractions of HFC-23 measured by "Medusa" GC/MSD instruments from ambient air sampled in situ at the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network of five remote sites (2007–2009) and in Cape Grim air archive (CGAA) samples (1978–2009) from Tasmania, Australia. These observations are used with the AGAGE 2-D atmospheric 12-box model and an inverse method to produce model mole fractions and a "top-down" HFC-23 emission history. The model 2009 annual mean global lower-tropospheric background abundance is 22.6 (±0.2) pmol mol−1. The derived HFC-23 emissions show a "plateau" during 1997–2003, followed by a rapid ~50% increase to a peak of 15.0 (+1.3/−1.2) Gg/yr in 2006. Following this peak, emissions of HFC-23 declined rapidly to 8.6 (+0.9/−1.0) Gg/yr in 2009, the lowest annual emission of the past 15 years. We derive a 1990–2008 "bottom-up" HFC-23 emission history using data from the United Nations Environment Programme and the UNFCCC. Comparison with the top-down HFC-23 emission history shows agreement within the stated uncertainties. In the 1990s, HFC-23 emissions from developed countries dominated all other sources, then began to decline and eventually became fairly constant during 2003–2008. By this point, with developed countries' emissions essentially at a plateau, the major factor controlling the annual dynamics of global HFC-23 emissions became the historical rise of developing countries' HCFC-22 dispersive use production, which peaked in 2007. Thereafter in 2007–2009, incineration through CDM projects became a larger factor, reducing global HFC-23 emissions despite rapidly rising HCFC-22 feedstock production in developing countries.

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van der Werf, G. R., J. T. Randerson, L. Giglio, et al. "Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 23 (2010): 11707–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010.

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Abstract. New burned area datasets and top-down constraints from atmospheric concentration measurements of pyrogenic gases have decreased the large uncertainty in fire emissions estimates. However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural waste, and peat fires to total global fire emissions. Here we used a revised version of the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model and improved satellite-derived estimates of area burned, fire activity, and plant productivity to calculate fire emissions for the 1997–2009 period on a 0.5° spatial resolution with a monthly time step. For November 2000 onwards, estimates were based on burned area, active fire detections, and plant productivity from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. For the partitioning we focused on the MODIS era. We used maps of burned area derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) and Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) active fire data prior to MODIS (1997–2000) and estimates of plant productivity derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) observations during the same period. Average global fire carbon emissions according to this version 3 of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED3) were 2.0 Pg C year−1 with significant interannual variability during 1997–2001 (2.8 Pg C year−1 in 1998 and 1.6 Pg C year−1 in 2001). Globally, emissions during 2002–2007 were relatively constant (around 2.1 Pg C year−1) before declining in 2008 (1.7 Pg C year−1) and 2009 (1.5 Pg C year−1) partly due to lower deforestation fire emissions in South America and tropical Asia. On a regional basis, emissions were highly variable during 2002–2007 (e.g., boreal Asia, South America, and Indonesia), but these regional differences canceled out at a global level. During the MODIS era (2001–2009), most carbon emissions were from fires in grasslands and savannas (44%) with smaller contributions from tropical deforestation and degradation fires (20%), woodland fires (mostly confined to the tropics, 16%), forest fires (mostly in the extratropics, 15%), agricultural waste burning (3%), and tropical peat fires (3%). The contribution from agricultural waste fires was likely a lower bound because our approach for measuring burned area could not detect all of these relatively small fires. Total carbon emissions were on average 13% lower than in our previous (GFED2) work. For reduced trace gases such as CO and CH4, deforestation, degradation, and peat fires were more important contributors because of higher emissions of reduced trace gases per unit carbon combusted compared to savanna fires. Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation, degradation, and peatland fires were on average 0.5 Pg C year−1. The carbon emissions from these fires may not be balanced by regrowth following fire. Our results provide the first global assessment of the contribution of different sources to total global fire emissions for the past decade, and supply the community with an improved 13-year fire emissions time series.

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Tohjima, Y., M. Kubo, C. Minejima, et al. "Temporal changes in the emissions of CH4 and CO from China estimated from CH4 / CO2 and CO / CO2 correlations observed at Hateruma Island." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 8 (2013): 22893–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-22893-2013.

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Abstract. In-situ observation of the atmospheric CO2, CH4, and CO mixing ratios at Hateruma Island (HAT, 24.05° N, 123.80° E) often show synoptic-scale variations with correlative elevations during winter, associated with air transport from the East Asian countries. We examine winter (November–March) trends in ΔCH4 / ΔCO2, ΔCO / ΔCO2, and ΔCO / ΔCH4 observed at Hateruma over the period 1999 to 2010. Although the ratios ΔCH4 / ΔCO2 and ΔCO / ΔCO2 both show an overall gradual decrease over the study period due to a recent rapid increase in fossil fuel consumption in China, we note that ΔCH4 / ΔCO2 and ΔCO / ΔCO2 remains relatively flat (no trend) during 2005–2010 and 1999–2004, respectively. The CO/CH4 slope on the other hand shows an increasing trend during 1999–2004 but a decrease during 2005–2010. Calculation of the concentration footprint for the atmospheric observation at HAT by using the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model indicates that most of the short-term variations are caused by emission variations from North and East China. Combined with a set of reported emission maps, we have estimated the temporal changes in the annual CH4 and CO emissions from China under the assumption that the estimate of the fossil fuel-derived CO2 emissions based on the energy statistics is accurate. The estimated annual CH4 emissions, corresponding to non-seasonal sources or anthropogenic sources without rice fields, show a nearly constant value of 39 ± 6 TgCH4 yr−1 during 1998–2002, and then gradually increases to 46 ± 7 TgCH4 yr−1 in 2009/2010. The estimated annual CO emissions increase from 134 ± 26 TgCO yr−1 in 1998/1999 to 182 ± 33 TgCO yr−1 in 2004/2005, level off after 2005, and then slightly decrease to less than 160 TgCO yr−1 in 2008–2010.

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Sussmann, R., F. Forster, M. Rettinger, and P. Bousquet. "Renewed methane increase for five years (2007–2011) observed by solar FTIR spectrometry." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 11 (2011): 30757–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-30757-2011.

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Abstract. Trends of column-averaged methane for the time period [1996, September 2011] are derived from the mid-infrared (mid-IR) solar FTIR time series at the Zugspitze (47.42° N, 10.98° E, 2964 m a.s.l.) and Garmisch (47.48° N, 11.06° E, 743 m a.s.l.). Trend analysis comprises a fit to the de-seasonalized time series along with bootstrap resampling for quantifying trend uncertainties. We find a positive trend during [1996, 1998] (9.0 [3.2, 14.7] ppb yr−1, Zugspitze, 95 % confidence interval), a non-significant growth during [1999, mid 2006] (0.8 [−0.1, 1.7] ppb yr−1, Zugspitze), and a significant renewed increase during [mid 2006, September 2011] of 5.1 [4.2, 6.0] ppb yr−1 for Garmisch, which is in agreement with 4.8 [3.8, 5.9] ppb yr−1 for Zugspitze. The agreement of methane trends at the two closely neighboring FTIR sites with strongly differing levels of integrated water vapor (min/max = 0.2 mm/12.7 mm for Zugspitze, 1.9 mm/34.9 mm for Garmisch) proves that potentially significant water-vapor-methane interference errors do not affect the trend results, if the updated mid-IR retrieval strategy MIR-GBM v1.0 is used. Furthermore, agreement of the trend of 6.6 ppb yr−1 derived from SCIAMACHY (WFMD v2.0) data for the time period [mid 2006, mid 2009] is found within the 95 % confidence interval of the ground-based FTIR result. While earlier studies using surface network data revealed changes of 8.0±0.6 ppb in 2007 and 6.4±0.6 ppb in 2008 (update from Dlugokencky et al., 2009), our updated result proves that meanwhile, the renewed methane increase has been persisting for >5 yr [mid 2006, September 2011]. This is either the longest and largest positive trend anomaly since >25 yr when systematic observations began or the onset of a new period of strongly increasing CH4 levels in the atmosphere. The 2007–2008 part of the anomaly was previously attributed to increased natural wetland emissions. For the full period from 2007 to 2011, our analysis of ECMWF ERA-INTERIM precipitations and 2-m temperatures shows that precipitations above tropical wetland areas increased in 2007–2008, decreased in 2009, and have been increasing again since 2010, while tropical land temperatures increased only slightly. As recent estimates of anthropogenic emissions are not yet available, it is not possible to finally conclude that the 2009–2011 period of methane increase was dominated by natural wetland emissions, although they probably play a significant role.

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Чорній, Анастасія. "Комунікативний аспект критерію "нейтральність" під час переговорів (на матеріалі сучасного англомовного конфліктного дискурсу)". East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 5, № 1 (2018): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2018.5.1.cho.

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У статті проаналізовано підходи до визначення і тлумачення поняття «нейтральність», а також практичні підходи його реалізації в межах процесу медіації. Психолінгвістика тлумачить медіативний дискурс як розгортання перемикань від внутрішнього коду до зовнішньої вербалізації у процесах породження мовлення та її інтерпретації з урахуванням соціально-психологічних типів мовних особистостей, рольових установок і приписів. За допомогою загальнонаукових методів вдалося спрямувати концептуальне значення слова «нейтральність» у комунікативну площину, а схеми комунікативних стратегій у реалізацію принципу «нейтральність». Принцип нейтральності є основоположним принципом процесу медіації, який закладений не лише у визначальних критеріях реалізації процесу, але є визначальним елементом статусу посередника. На прикладі англомовної художньої літератури виокремлено та проаналізовано низку комунікативних технік (техніки ігнорування, техніки нейтральних запитань, техніки однакових запитань), які виступають основними інструментами дотримання принципу нейтральності. Окремо звернено увагу і на мотиви введення тактик (оптимального контр реагування, рефлексії) у процес медіативного діалогу у форматі бесіди із залученням сторін та індивідуальних бесід із кожною із сторін окремо (у форматі кокус). Принцип нейтральності є плюралістичним і може розглядатись як синонімічна пара терміну «неупередженість» або ж терміну «справедливість». Ці поняття є близькими за значеннями, проте в межах лінгвістики тактики їх реалізації різняться. На прикладі англомовної художньої літератури, виокремлено не лише комунікативні техніки медіатора, вживання яких слугуватиме дотриманню принципу нейтральності, але й проаналізовано тенденції та умови їх застосування. Важливими аспектами в межах художньої літератури зокрема, є можливість передання ролі посередника іншому учаснику діалогу, а впродовж медіації загалом можна говорити про комбінаторний тип застосування технік. Література References  Astor, H. (2000). Rethinking Neutrality: A Theory to Inform Practice. Australian Dispute Resolution Journal, 11(1), 73-83. Astor, H. (2000). Rethinking Neutrality: A Theory to Inform Practice. Australian Dispute Resolution Journal, 11(2), 145-154. Astor, H. (2002). Dispute Resolution in Australia. Sydney: LexisNexis Butterworths. Boulle, L. (2005). Mediation: Principles, Process, Practice. Chatswood: LexisNexis Butterworths. Cobb, S. (1991) Practice and Paradox: Deconstructing Neutrality in Mediation. Law and Social Inquiry, 16(1), 35-62. Cohen, O. (1999). The Limits of Mediator’s Neutrality. Mediation Quarterly, 16(4), 341-438. Douglas, S. (2008). Neutrality in Mediation: A Study of Mediator Perceptions. Retrieved from https://lr.law.qut.edu.au/article/view/88 European Code of Conduct for Mediators. Retrieved from: http://www.mediacia.com/documents.htm. Field, R. (2000). Neutrality and power: Myths and reality. The ADR Bulletin, 3(1), 16-19. Карасик В. И. Языковой круг: личность, концепты, дискурс: монография. [Электронный ресурс]. Волгоград: Перемена, 2002. Режим доступа: https://www.scribd.com/doc/52113602/ Lederach, J. (1995). Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Culture. Syracuse University Press. Peterson N. (2007). The Mediation Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.mediation dictionary.com/pdf/mediationdictionary.pdf Романишина І. М. Медіація як ефективний метод вирішення конфліктів у шкільній практиці / І. М. Романишина // Таврійський вісник освіти. 2014. № 3 (47). С. 248-255. The European Code of Conduct for Mediators. Retrieved from http://www.mediacia.com/ documents.htm.  References (translated and transliterated)  Astor, H. (2000). Rethinking Neutrality: A Theory to Inform Practice. Australian Dispute Resolution Journal, 11(1), 73-83. Astor, H. (2000). Rethinking Neutrality: A Theory to Inform Practice. Australian Dispute Resolution Journal, 11(2), 145-154. Astor, H. (2002). Dispute Resolution in Australia. Sydney: LexisNexis Butterworths. Boulle, L. (2005). Mediation: Principles, Process, Practice. Chatswood: LexisNexis Butterworths. Cobb, S. (1991) Practice and Paradox: Deconstructing Neutrality in Mediation. Law and Social Inquiry, 16(1), 35-62. Cohen, O. (1999). The Limits of Mediator’s Neutrality. Mediation Quarterly, 16(4), 341-438. Douglas, S. (2008). Neutrality in Mediation: A Study of Mediator Perceptions. Retrieved from https://lr.law.qut.edu.au/article/view/88 European Code of Conduct for Mediators. Retrieved from: http://www.mediacia.com/documents.htm. Field, R. (2000). Neutrality and Power: Myths and Reality. The ADR Bulletin, 3(1), 16-19. Karasik, V. (2002). Yazykovoi Krug: Lichnost, Kontsepty, Diskurs. [Language circle: Personality, Concepts, Discourse]. Retrieved from: https://www.scribd.com/doc/52113602/ Lederach, J. (1995). Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Culture. Syracuse University Press. Peterson N. (2007). The Mediation Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.mediation dictionary.com/pdf/mediationdictionary.pdf Romanyshyna, I. (2014). Mediatsiia yak Efectyvnyi Metod Vyrishennia Konfliktiv u Shkilnii Practytsi [Mediation as Effective Method in Conflict Resolution at School Practice]. Tavriiskyi Visnyk Osvity, 3 (47), 248-255.  Sources  Draper S. (1994). Teas of a Tiger. (Simon Pulse). Retrieved from: http://lgnavigators.weebly.com/uploads/5/8/5/2/58521739/tears_of_a_tiger__hazelwood_hig_-_sharon_m__draper.pdf Stockett K. (2009). The Help. (Penguin Group) Retrieved from: https://gelleresol.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/1/6/30164729/the_help_-_kathryn_stockett.pdf

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Hafez, Hassan M., and Osama A. El-Ansary. "Determinants of capital adequacy ratio: an empirical study on Egyptian banks." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 1 (2015): 1166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i1c10p4.

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Capital adequacy rules are safety valve for regulators and banks’ clients/shareholders to reduce expected risks faced by commercial banks especially for cross border transactions as these rules are applied compulsory by all banks internationally. Applying these rules will achieve rational management and governance. This paper examines explanatory victors that influence capital adequacy ratio (CAR) in the Egyptian commercial banks. The study covers 36 banks during the period from 2003-2013. We examined the relationship between CAR as dependent variable and the following independent variables: earning assets ratio, profitability, and liquidity, Loan loss provision as measure of credit risk, net interest margin growth, size, loans assets ratio and deposits assets ratio. Furthermore, we investigate determinants of CAR before and after the 2007-2008 international financial crises. Results vary according to the period understudy. For the whole period 2003 to 2013 results show that liquidity, size and management quality are the most significant variables. Before the period 2008 results show that asset quality, size and profitability are the most significant variables. After the period 2009 results show that asset quality, size, liquidity, management quality and credit risk are the most significant variable that explain the variance of Egyptian banks’ CAR.

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Lewis, Sarah A., Andrew T. Hudak, Peter R. Robichaud, et al. "Indicators of burn severity at extended temporal scales: a decade of ecosystem response in mixed-conifer forests of western Montana." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 9 (2017): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17019.

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We collected field and remotely sensed data spanning 10 years after three 2003 Montana wildfires to monitor ecological change across multiple temporal and spatial scales. Multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis was used to create post-fire maps of: char, soil, green (GV) and non-photosynthetic (NPV) vegetation from high-resolution 2003 hyperspectral (HS) and 2007 QuickBird (QB) imagery, and from Landsat 5 and 8 imagery collected on anniversary dates in 2002, 2003 (post fire), 2004, 2007 and 2013. Initial estimates of char and NPV from the HS images were significantly correlated with their ground-measured counterparts (ρ=0.60 (P=0.03) and 0.68 (P=0.01) respectively), whereas HS GV and Landsat GV were correlated with canopy GV (ρ=0.75 and 0.70 (P=0.003) respectively). HS imagery had stronger direct correlations with all classes of fine-scale ground data than Landsat and also had stronger predictive correlations with 10-year canopy data (ρ=0.65 (P=0.02) to 0.84 (P=0.0003)). There was less than 5% understorey GV cover on the sites initially, but by 2013, it had increased to nearly 60% regardless of initial condition. The data suggest it took twice as long for understorey GV and NPV to replace char and soil as primary ground cover components on the high-burn-severity sites compared with other sites.

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Kovács, Zoltán, and Sándor Kovács. "Contributions to the knowledge of the Depressariidae, Peleopodidae, Ethmiidae and Fuchsiini (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea) of Romania, with an annotated checklist." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 63, no. 2 (2020): 203–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/travaux.63.e55319.

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In Romania 102 species of Depressariidae, Peleopodidae, Ethmiidae and Fuchsiini were recorded in the last checklist and its supplement (R&aacute;kosy et al. 2003; R&aacute;kosy and Goia 2007). The present study deals with a total of 117 species ever recorded from Romania including voucher material studied in this overview: 101 Depressariidae, 2 Peleopodidae, 13 Ethmiidae and 1 Fuchsiini. As a result of the analysis of the studied material the Romanian fauna is currently considered to consist of 114 species, 90 of them are confirmed and 24 requiring confirmation. 13 species are recorded for the first time from Romania: Agonopterix bipunctosa (Curtis, 1850), A. coenosella (Zerny, 1940), A. ferocella (Chr&eacute;tien, 1910), A. irrorata (Staudinger, 1870), A. lessini Buchner, 2017, A. ligusticella (Chr&eacute;tien, 1908), A. multiplicella&nbsp;(Erschoff, 1877), A. quadripunctata (Wocke, 1857), Depressaria badiella (H&uuml;bner, 1796), D. daucella ([Denis &amp; Schifferm&uuml;ller], 1775), D. sordidatella Tengstr&ouml;m, 1848, Exaeretia ledereri (Zeller, 1854) and Anchinia laureolella Herrich-Sch&auml;ffer, 1854. 2 species are found with unclear taxonomic status:&nbsp;Agonopterix banatica Georgesco, 1965 and Agonopterix dumitrescui Georgesco, 1965. 3 species are formally excluded from the Romanian fauna: Agonopterix agyrella (Rebel, 1917), A. comitella (Lederer, 1855) and Depressaria halophilella (Chr&eacute;tien, 1908). Additionally, 28 species are first records for different regions of the country and further 15 corrections are made to their distribution within Romania. The examined voucher material is concisely presented by each species, collecting data are presented in detail only in the case of the first records, and a few rarely recorded species, by which the adults, male and occasionally female genitalia are figured.

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Miller, B. R., M. Rigby, L. J. M. Kuijpers, et al. "HFC-23 (CHF3) emission trend response to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production and recent HFC-23 emission abatement measures." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 5 (2010): 13179–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-13179-2010.

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Abstract. HFC-23 (also known as CHF3, fluoroform or trifluoromethane) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), with a global warming potential (GWP) of 14 800 for a 100-year time horizon. It is an unavoidable by-product of HCFC-22 (CHClF2, chlorodifluoromethane) production. HCFC-22, an ozone depleting substance (ODS), is used extensively in commercial refrigeration and air conditioning, in the extruded polystyrene (XPS) foam industries (dispersive applications) and also as a feedstock in fluoropolymer manufacture (a non-dispersive use). Aside from small markets in specialty uses, HFC-23 has historically been considered a waste gas that was, and often still is, simply vented to the atmosphere. Efforts have been made in the past two decades to reduce HFC-23 emissions, including destruction (incineration) in facilities in developing countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change's (UNFCCC) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and by process optimization and/or voluntary incineration by most producers in developed countries. We present observations of lower-tropospheric mole fractions of HFC-23 measured by "Medusa" GC/MSD instruments from ambient air sampled in situ at the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network of five remote sites and in Cape Grim air archive (CGAA) samples (1978–2009) from Tasmania, Australia. These observations are used with the AGAGE 2-D atmospheric 12-box model and an inverse method to produce model mole fractions and a "top-down" HFC-23 emission history. The model 2009 annual mean global lower-tropospheric background abundance is 22.8 (±0.2) pmol mol−1. The derived HFC-23 emissions show a "plateau" during 1997–2003, followed by a rapid ~50% increase to a peak of 15.0 (+1.3/−1.2) Gg/yr in 2006. Following this peak, emissions of HFC-23 declined rapidly to 8.6 (+0.9/−1.0) Gg/yr in 2009, the lowest annual emission of the past 15 years. We derive a 1990–2008 "bottom-up" HFC-23 emission history using data from the United Nations Environment Programme and the UNFCCC. Comparison with the top-down HFC-23 emission history shows agreement within the stated uncertainties. In the 1990s, HFC-23 emissions from developed countries dominated all other sources, then began to decline and eventually became fairly constant during 2003–2008. From the beginning of that plateau, the major factor determining the annual dynamics of global HFC-23 emissions became the historical rise of HCFC-22 production for dispersive uses in developing countries to a peak in 2007. Thereafter in 2007–2009, incineration through CDM projects became a larger factor, reducing global HFC-23 emissions despite rapidly rising HCFC-22 feedstock production in developing countries.

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Montero Herrero, Santiago. "La mujer romana y la expiación de los andróginos." Vínculos de Historia. Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 8 (June 20, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2019.08.02.

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RESUMENEl nacimiento en la Antigua Roma de niños con rasgos sexuales masculinos y femeninos a la vez, los llamados andróginos o hermafroditas, eran considerados como un gravísimo prodigio. Su expiación, necesaria para el restablecimiento de las buenas relaciones entre los hombres y los dioses, quedó en manos exclusivamente de mujeres: ancianas, matronas y virgines.PALABRAS CLAVE: Antigua Roma, Matrona, prodigio, expiación, andróginoABSTRACTThe birth in ancient Rome of children with both male and female sexual features, so-called androgynes or hermaphrodites, was regarded as a an extraordinary phenomenon. Their expiation, necessary for the restoration of good relations between men and gods, remained exclusively in the hands of women: old women, midwives and virgines.KEY WORDS: Ancient Rome, midwife, prodigy, expiation, androgynus BIBLIOGRAFÍAAbaecherly Boyce, A. (1937), “The expiatory rites of 207 B. C.”, TAPhA, 68, 157-171.Allély, A. (2003), “Les enfants malformés et considerés comme prodigia à Rome et en Italie sous la République”, REA, 105, 1, 127-156.Allély, A. (2004), “Les enfants malformés et handicapés à Rome sous le Principat”, REA, 106, 1, 73-101.Androutsos, G. (2006), “Hermaphroditism in Greek and Roman antiquity”, Hormones, 5, 214-217.Berthelet, Y. (2010), “Expiation, par les autorités romaines, de prodiges survenus en terre alliée: Quelques réflexions sur le statut juridique des territoires et des communautés alliés, et sur le processus de romanisation”, Hypothèses, 13, 1, 169-178.Berthelet, Y. (2013), “Expiation, par Rome, de prodiges survenus dans les cités alliées du nomen latinum ou des cités alliées italiennes non latines”, L´Antiquité Classique 82, 91-109.Breglia Pulci Doria, L. (1983), Oracoli Sibillini tra rituali e propaganda (Studi su Flegonte di Tralles), Napoli, Liguori Editori.Brisson, L. (1986), “Neutrum utrumque. La bisexualité dans l´antiquité gréco-romaine”, en L´Androgyne, Paris, Albin Michel, 31-61.Brisson, L. (1997), Le sex incertain. Androgynie et hermaphroditisme dans l´Antiquité gréco-romaine, Paris, Les Belles Lettres.Caerols, J. J. (1991), Los Libros Sibilinos en la historiografía latina, Madrid, Editorial Complutense.Cantarella, E. (2002), Bisexuality in the Ancient World, New Haven CT, Yale University Press.Cantarella, E. (2005), “The Androgynous and Bisexuality in Ancient Legal Codes”, Diogenes, 52, 5, 5-14.Cid López, R. M. (2007), “Las matronas y los prodigios. Prácticas religiosas femeninas en los ‘márgenes’ de la religión romana”, Norba, 20, 11-29.Cousin, J. (1942-1943), “La crise religieuse de 207 av. J.-C.”, RHR, 126, 15-41.Crifò, G. (1999), Prodigium e diritto: il caso dell’ermafrodita, Index, 27, 113-120.Champeaux, J. (1996), “Pontifes, haruspices et décemvirs. L´expiation des prodiges de 207”, REL, 74, 67-91.Dasen, V. (2005), “Blessing or portents? Multiple births in ancient Rome”, en K. Mustakallio, J. Hanska, H.-L. Sainio, V. Vuolanto (éds.), Hoping for continuity.Childhood, education and death in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae XXXIII), Rome, 72-83.Delcourt, M. (1958), Hermaphrodite. Mythes et rites de la bisexualité dans l´antiquité classique, Paris, PUF.Delcourt, M. (1966), Hermaphroditea. Recherches sur l´être double promoteur de la fertilité dans le monde classique (Coll. Latomus 86), Bruxelles, Latomus.Doroszewska, J. (2013), “Between the monstrous and the Divine: Hermaphrodites in Phlegon of Tralles´Mirabilia”, Acta Ant. Hung, 53, 379–392.Freyburger, G. (1977), “La supplication d´actions de grâces dans la religion romaine archaïque”, Latomus, 36, 283-315.Freyburger, G. (1988), “Supplication grecque et supplication romaine”, Latomus, 47, 3, 501-525.Garland, R. (1995), The Eye of the Beholder. Deformity and Disability in the Graeco-Roman World, London, Duckworth.Graumann, L. A. (2013), “Monstrous Births and Retrospective diagnosis: the case of Hermafrodites in Antiquity”, en Chr. Laes, C.F. Goodey, M. Lynn Rose (eds.), Disabilities in Roman antiquity: disparate bodies, a capite ad calcem (Mnemosyne, supplements. History and archaeology of classical antiquity, 356), Leiden-Boston, Brill, 181-210.Guittard, Ch. (2004), “Les prodiges dans le livre XXVII de Tite-Live”, Vita Latina, 170, 56-81.Halkin, L. (1953), La supplication d´action de grâces chez les Romains, Paris, Les Belles Lettres.Lake, A. K. M. (1937), “The Supplicatio and Graecus Ritus”, en R.P. Casey, S. Lake- A.K. Lake (eds.), Quantulacumque: Studies Presented to Kirsopp Lake, London, Christophers, 243-251.Louis, P. (1975), Monstres et monstruosites dans la biologie d’Aristote, en J. Bingen, G. Cambier, G. Nachtergael (éd.), Le monde grec: pensée, litterature, histoire, documents. Hommages à Claire Préaux, Bruxelles, Éditions de l´Université de Bruxelles, 277-284.Mac Bain, B. (1982), Prodigy and expiation: a study in Religion and Politics in Republican Rome (Coll. Latomus 117), Bruxelles, Latomus.Maiuri, A. (2012), “Deformità e difformità nel mondo greco-romano”, en M. Passalacqua, M. De Nonno, A. M. Morelli (a cura di), Venuste noster. Scritti offerti a Leopoldo Gamberale (Spudasmata 147), Zurich, Georg Olms Verlag, 526-547.Maiuri, A. (2013), “Il lessico latino del mostruoso”, en I. Baglioni (a cura di), Monstra. Costruzione e Percezione delle Entità Ibride e Mostruose nel Mediterraneo Antico (Religio Collana di Studi del Museo delle Religioni “Rafaele Pettazzoni”), Roma, Quasar, Vol.II, 167-177.Mazurek, T. (2004), “The decemviri sacris faciundis: supplication and prediction”, en C.F. Konrad (ed.), Augusto augurio. Rerum humanarum et divinarum commentationes in honorem Jerzy Linderski, Stuttgart, Steiner Verlag, 151-168.Mineo, B. (2000), “L´anneé 207 dans le récit livien”, Latomus, 52, 512-540.Monaca, M. (2005), La Sibilla a Roma. I libri sibillini fra religione e politica, Cosenza, Giordano.Montero, S. (1993), “Los harúspices y la moralidad de la mujer romana”, Athenaeum. 81, 647-658.Montero, S. (1994), Diosas y adivinas. Mujer y adivinación en la Roma antigua, Madrid, Trotta.Montero, S. (2008), “La supplicatio expiatoria como factor de cohesión social”, en N. Spineto (a cura di), La religione come fattore di integrazione: modelli di convivenza e di scambio religioso nel mondo antico. Atti del IV Convegno Internazionale del Gruppo di Ricerca Italo-Spagnolo di Storia delle Religioni Università degli Studi di Torino (29-30 sept. 2006), Alessandria, Edizioni dell´Orso.Moussy, C. (1977), “Esquisse de l’histoire de monstrum”, RÉL, 55, 345-369.Péter, O. M. (2001), “Olim in prodigiis nunc in deliciis. Lo status giuridico dei monstra nel diritto romano”, en G. Hamza, F. Benedek (hrsg.), Iura antiqua-Iura moderna. Festschrift für Ferenc Benedek zum 75. Geburtstag, Pecs, Dialóg Campus Kiadó, 207-216.Sandoz, L. Ch. (2008), “La survie des monstres: ethnographie fantastique et handicap à Rome, la force de l´imagination”, Latomus, 68, 21-36.Scheid, J. (1988), “Les livres Sibyllins et les archives des quindecémvirs”, en C. Moatti (ed.), La mémoire perdue. Recherches sur l´administration romaine, Paris, École Française de Rome, 11-26.Schulz, C. E. (2006), Women´s Religious Activity in the Roman Republic, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.Segarra, D. (2005), “La arboricultura y el orden del mundo: de Vertumnus al ‘Dios’ que planta e injerta”, en R. Olmos, P. Cabrera, S. Montero (eds.), Paraíso cerrado, jardín abierto: el reino vegetal en el imaginario del Mediterráneo, Madrid, Polifemo, 207-232.Segarra, D. (2006), “‘Arboricoltori sacri’. L’operato degli aruspici nella sfera vegetale”, en M. Rocchi, P. Xella, J. A. Zamora (a cura di), Gli operatori cultuali, Atti del II Incontro di studio organizzato dal “Gruppo di contatto per lo studio delle religioni mediterranee” (Roma, 10 - 11 maggio 2005), Verona, Essedue.Trentin, L. (2011), “Deformity in the Roman Imperial Court”, G&R, II S., 58, 195-208.Vallar, S. (2013), “Les hermaphrodites l’approche de la Rome antique”, RIDA, 60, 201-217.

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Griffin, Debora, Kaley A. Walker, Ingo Wohltmann, et al. "Stratospheric ozone loss in the Arctic winters between 2005 and 2013 derived with ACE-FTS measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 1 (2019): 577–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-577-2019.

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Abstract. Stratospheric ozone loss inside the Arctic polar vortex for the winters between 2004–2005 and 2012–2013 has been quantified using measurements from the space-borne Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). For the first time, an evaluation has been performed of six different ozone loss estimation methods based on the same single observational dataset to determine the Arctic ozone loss (mixing ratio loss profiles and the partial-column ozone losses between 380 and 550 K). The methods used are the tracer-tracer correlation, the artificial tracer correlation, the average vortex profile descent, and the passive subtraction with model output from both Lagrangian and Eulerian chemical transport models (CTMs). For the tracer-tracer, the artificial tracer, and the average vortex profile descent approaches, various tracers have been used that are also measured by ACE-FTS. From these seven tracers investigated (CH4, N2O, HF, OCS, CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113), we found that CH4, N2O, HF, and CFC-12 are the most suitable tracers for investigating polar stratospheric ozone depletion with ACE-FTS v3.5. The ozone loss estimates (in terms of the mixing ratio as well as total column ozone) are generally in good agreement between the different methods and among the different tracers. However, using the average vortex profile descent technique typically leads to smaller maximum losses (by approximately 15–30 DU) compared to all other methods. The passive subtraction method using output from CTMs generally results in slightly larger losses compared to the techniques that use ACE-FTS measurements only. The ozone loss computed, using both measurements and models, shows the greatest loss during the 2010–2011 Arctic winter. For that year, our results show that maximum ozone loss (2.1–2.7 ppmv) occurred at 460 K. The estimated partial-column ozone loss inside the polar vortex (between 380 and 550 K) using the different methods is 66–103, 61–95, 59–96, 41–89, and 85–122 DU for March 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Ozone loss is difficult to diagnose for the Arctic winters during 2005–2006, 2008–2009, 2011–2012, and 2012–2013, because strong polar vortex disturbance or major sudden stratospheric warming events significantly perturbed the polar vortex, thereby limiting the number of measurements available for the analysis of ozone loss.

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Shvedovskaya, A. A. "Developing the Ideas of the Scientific School of L.S. Vygotsky: Scientific Publications of the Journal “Cultural-Historical Psychology” (2005—2016)." Cultural-Historical Psychology 12, no. 3 (2016): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2016120304.

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The article presents the analysis of the development of the ideas of L.S. Vygotsky’s school using the example of the publications in the international scientific journal “Cultural-Historical Psychology” (for the period 2005 through 2016). Over the period from 2005 to the end of 2016, 595 articles of 524 authors from 32 countries have been published in the journal “Cultural-Historical Psychology.” The study of the subjects of the articles published in the journal was held within the framework of the following criteria: scientometric publication indicators; group of authors; themes of the publications; relevance of the articles for their readers. The research uses the following sources: Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI); repository data of the psychological editions of PsyJournals.ru; report data on the activities of the journal “Cultural-Historical Psychology.” The citation frequency of the journal’s publications peaks in 2007, 2009 and 2006. Empirical findings comprise major part of the publications. The most developed areas are the studies of speech and thinking, personality, and communication.

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Sasakawa, M., A. Ito, T. Machida, et al. "Annual variation of methane emissions from forested bogs in West Siberia (2005–2009): a case of high CH4 and precipitation rate in the summer of 2007." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 11 (2010): 27759–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-27759-2010.

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Abstract. We have been conducting continuous measurements of CH4 and CO2 on a network of towers (JR-STATION: Japan–Russia Siberian Tall Tower Inland Observation Network) located in taiga, steppe, and wetland biomes of Siberia. Here we describe measurements from two forested bog sites, Karasevoe (KRS; 58°15′ N, 82°25′ E) and Demyanskoe (DEM; 59°47′ N, 70°52′ E), in West Siberia from 2005 to 2009. Although both CH4 and CO2 accumulation (ΔCH4 and ΔCO2) during nighttime (duration of 7 h beginning 21:30 LST) at KRS in July 2007 showed an anomalously high concentration, the higher ratios of ΔCH4/ΔCO2 compared with those in other years indicate that a considerably more CH4 flux occurred relative to the CO2 flux in response to large precipitation recorded in 2007 (~2.7 mm d−1 higher than the climatological 1979–1998 base). Estimated seasonal CH4 fluxes based on the ratio of ΔCH4/ΔCO2 and the CASA 3-hourly CO2 flux for the 2005–2009 period exhibited a seasonal variation with a maximum in July at both sites. Annual values of the CH4 emission from the forested bogs around KRS (approx. 7.8×104 km2) calculated from a process-based ecosystem model, Vegetation Integrative Simulator for Trace gases (VISIT), showed inter-annual variation of 0.54, 0.31, 0.94, 0.44, and 0.41 Tg CH4 yr−1 from 2005 to 2009, respectively, with the highest values in 2007. It was assumed in the model that the area flooded with water is proportional to the cumulative anomaly in monthly precipitation rate.

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Tohjima, Y., M. Kubo, C. Minejima, et al. "Temporal changes in the emissions of CH4 and CO from China estimated from CH4 / CO2 and CO / CO2 correlations observed at Hateruma Island." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 3 (2014): 1663–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1663-2014.

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Abstract. In situ observation of the atmospheric CO2, CH4, and CO mixing ratios at Hateruma Island (HAT, 24.05° N, 123.80° E) often show synoptic-scale variations with correlative elevations during winter, associated with air transport from the East Asian countries. We examine winter (November– March) trends in ΔCH4 / ΔCO2, ΔCO / ΔCO2, and ΔCO / ΔCH4 observed at Hateruma over the period 1999 to 2010. To investigate the relationship between the East Asian emissions and the short-term variations in the atmospheric mixing ratios, we use the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM). The observed ratios ΔCH4 / ΔCO2 and ΔCO / ΔCO2 both show an overall gradual decrease over the study period due to a recent rapid increase in fossil fuel consumption in China. We note, however, that the decreasing rates of ΔCH4 / ΔCO2 and ΔCO / ΔCO2 show gradual decrease and increase, respectively, during the entire observation periods used in this study. The ΔCO / ΔCH4 slope, on the other hand, shows an increasing trend during 1999–2004 but a decrease during 2005–2010. Calculation of the concentration footprint for the atmospheric observation at HAT by using the FLEXPART LPDM indicates that most of the short-term variations are caused by emission variations from northern and eastern China. Combined with a set of reported emission maps, we have estimated the temporal changes in the annual CH4 and CO emissions from China under the assumption that the estimate of the fossil-fuel-derived CO2 emissions based on the energy statistics are accurate. The estimated annual CH4 emissions, corresponding to nonseasonal sources or anthropogenic sources without rice fields, show a nearly constant value of 39 ± 7 TgCH4 yr−1 during 1998–2002, and then gradually increase to 46 ± 8 TgCH4 yr−1 in 2009/2010. The estimated annual CO emissions increase from 134 ± 32 TgCO yr−1 in 1998/1999 to 182 ± 42 TgCO yr−1 in 2004/2005, level off after 2005, and then slightly decrease to less than 160 TgCO yr−1 in 2008–2010.

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Haug, Jeffrey S., Xi C. He, Justin C. Grindley, et al. "N-cadherin Expression Level Distinguishes Reserved Versus Primed States of Hematopoietic Stem Cells." Blood 110, no. 11 (2007): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1268.1268.

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Abstract Within the bone marrow, three hematopoietic stem cell niches have been identified; the osteoblastic niche (Arai et al., 2004; Calvi et al., 2003; Nilsson et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2003), the vascular niche (Kiel et al., 2005), and the CAR cell niche (Sugiyama et al., 2006). The adhesion molecule N-cadherin has been found associated with the osteoblastic and CAR cell niches, implicating N-cadherin’s function for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) anchoring and signaling (Arai et al., 2004; Muguruma et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2003). However, as of yet, a HSC population expressing N-cadherin has not been fully characterized. Therefore, we examined how N-cadherin expression in HSCs relates to their function and lifecycle. Unexpectedly, we found that doses of 5000 bone marrow cells expressing the highest level of N-cadherin (N-cadherinhi) failed to reconstitute hematopoietic lineages in irradiated recipient mice. An explanation for this engraftment failure came with detailed cell surface phenotyping which revealed that these N-cadherinhi cells were primarily Lineage+ and devoid of the characteristic hematopoietic stem pool, Lineage-Sca+cKit+ (LSK) cells. Instead, we found that Flk2-LSK HSCs express a gradient of N-cadherin which could be described as low (N-cadherinlo) to intermediate (N-cadherinint) levels (Figure1). FACS applications were used to isolate pure populations of these N-cadherinlo and N-cadherinint Flk2-LSK HSCs. Real time RT-PCR (N-cadherin primers crossed the intron between Exon 2 and 3). (Figure 2), microarray studies, and competitive reconstitution transplantation assays revealed that this N-cadherin division of Flk2- LSK HSCs formed two populations with very distinct properties. In transplantation assays the N-cadherinlo population more robustly reconstituted the hematopoietic system. Principle Component Analysis and gene ontology analysis of microarray data revealed that the N-cadherinlo cells expressed genes that may prime them to respond to signals and to mobilize. This data was confirmed with mobilization studies which showed that HSCs mobilized from bone marrow to spleen were predominantly N-cadherinlo. In contrast, the expression profile of N-cadherinint cells suggests they are more ‘reserved’ and this population was also maintained with HSCs spared by 5-fluouracil (5FU) treatment. Our results suggest that differential N-cadherin expression reflects important functional distinctions between HSC subpopulations. N-cadherinlo HSCs, with their robust reconstitution efficiency and properties similar to mobilized HSCs, may have clinical relevance. Figure Figure Figure Figure

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 160, no. 1 (2004): 124–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003737.

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-Barbara Watson Andaya, Susan Blackburn, Love, sex and power; Women in Southeast Asia. Clayton VIC: Monash Asia Institute, 2001, iv + 144 pp. [Monash papers on Southeast Asia 55.] -Kathryn Gay Anderson, Juliette Koning ,Women and households in Indonesia; Cultural notions and social practices. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2000, xiii + 354 pp. [Nordic Institute of Asian studies, studies in Asian topics 27.], Marleen Nolten, Janet Rodenburg (eds) -Greg Bankoff, Takeshi Kawanaka, Power in a Philippine city. Chiba: Institute of developing economies, 2002, 118 pp. [IDE Occasional papers series 38.] -René van den Berg, John Lynch ,The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2002, xvii + 924 pp., Malcolm Ross, Terry Crowley (eds) -H.J.M. Claessen, Douglas Oliver, Polynesia in early historic times. Honolulu: Bess Press, 2002, 305 pp. -Harold Crouch, Andrew Rosser, The politics of economic liberalisation in Indonesia; State, market and power. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2002, xv + 232 pp. -Hans Hägerdal, Arend de Roever, De jacht op sandelhout; De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw. Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 2002, 383 pp. -Fiona Harris, Lorraine V. Aragon ,Structuralism's transformations; Order and revision in Indonesian and Malaysian societies; Paper written in honor of Clark E. Cunningham. Tempe AZ: Arizona State University Press, 1999, lxii + 402 pp., Susan D. Russell (eds) -David Henley, Christiaan Heersink, Dependence on green gold: A socio-economic history of the Indonesian coconut island Selayar. Leiden: KITlV Press, 1999, xviii + 371 pp. [Verhandelingen 184.] -David Hicks, James T. Siegel ,Southeast Asia over three generations; Essays presented to Benedict R.O'G. Anderson 2003, 398 pp. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Southeast Asia program. [Studies on Southeast Asia 36.], Audrey R. Kahin (eds) -Janny de Jong, L. de Jong, The collapse of a colonial society; The Dutch in Indonesia during the second world war. With an introduction by Jeroen Kemperman. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2002, 570 pp. [Verhandelingen 206.] -Gerry van Klinken, Grayson Lloyd ,Indonesia today; Challenges of history. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 2001, 359 pp., Shannon Smith (eds) -Johanna van Reenen, Frédéric Durand, Timor Lorosa'e, pays au carrefour de l'Asie et du Pacifique; Un atlas géo-historique. Marne-la-Vallée: Presses Universitaires de Marne-la-Vallée, 2002, 208 pp. -William R. Roff, Mona Abaza, Debates on Islam and knowledge in Malaysia and Egypt; Shifting worlds. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, xix + 304 pp. -Mariëtte van Selm, Chr. van Fraassen ,G.E. Rumphius, De Ambonse eilanden onder de VOC, zoals opgetekend in 'De Ambonse landbeschrijving'. Utrecht: Landelijk Steunpunt Educatie Molukkers, 2002, 254 pp., H. Straver (eds) -K. Thirumaran, Prema-Chandra Athukorala, Crisis and recovery in Malaysia; The role of capital controls. Cheltenham: Elgar, 2001, xii + 159 pp. -K. Thirumaran, John Hilley, Malaysia; Mahathirism, hegemony and the new opposition. London: Zed books, 2001, xiii + 305 pp. -Reina van der Wiel, Damien Kingsbury ,Foreign devils and other journalists. Clayton VIC: Monash Asia Institute, 2000, vi + 277 pp. [Monash papers on Southeast Asia 52.], Eric Loo, Patricia Payne (eds) -Jennifer Fraser, Philip Yampolsky, Music of Indonesia. Washington DC: Smithsonian Folkways recordings, 1991-2000, 20 compact discs plus a CD of selections from the series, Discover Indonesia. All with accompanying booklets. -Robert Wessing, Nicola Tannenbaum ,Founders' cults in Southeast Asia; Ancestors, polity, and identity. New Haven CT: Yale University Southeast Asian studies, 2003, xi + 373 pp. [Yale Southeast Asia studies Monograph 52.], Cornelia Ann Kammerer (eds) -Robert Wessing, Henri Chambert-Loir ,The potent dead; Ancestors, saints and heroes in contemporary Indonesia. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002, xxvi + 243 pp. [Southeast Asia publications series.], Anthony Reid (eds)

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Gontier, Arthur, J. Marae-Djouda, R. Caputo, et al. "Optical properties of gold nanorods macro-structure: a numerical study." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 1 (2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i1.714.

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In this contribution, a numerical study of the optical properties of closely-packed gold nanorods was performed. The studied nano-objects are experimentally grown on a tilted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate by using physical vapor deposition (PVD). This method creates nanorods tilted to a certain angle with respect to the substrate normal. This geometry allows exciting both transverse and longitudinal modes of the rods. As demonstrated in a previous experimental work, such PVD-grown nano-objects show promising possibilities both as strain gauges or strain-tunable metamaterials if fabricated on a stretchable dielectric substrate. This numerical study is based on experimental data from previous work and pushes further the subject by approaching an optimized nano-structure allowing better strain-sensitivity (particularly by changing the auto-organization of the said nanorods). Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ.W.M. Chon, C. Bullen, P. Zijlstra, M. Gu, "Spectral encoding on Gold Nanorods Doped in a Silica Sol?Gel Matrix and Its Application to High-Density Optical Data Storage", Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 875 (2007). CrossRef C.-C. Chen, Y.-P. Lin, C.-W. Wang, H.-C. Tzeng, C.-H. Wu, Y.-C. Chen, C.-P. Chen, L.-C. Chen, Y.-C. Wu, "DNA?Gold Nanorod Conjugates for Remote Control of Localized Gene Expression by near Infrared Irradiation", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 3709 (2006). CrossRef J.N. Anker, W.P. Hall, O. Lyandres, N.C. Shah, J. Zhao, R.P. Van Duyne, "Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors", Nat. Mater 7, 442 (2008). CrossRef B. Sepulveda, P.C. Angelome, L.M. Lechuga, L.M. Liz-Marzan?, "LSPR-based nanobiosensors", Nano Today 4, 244 (2009). CrossRef A. Haes, R.P. Van Duyne, "A Nanoscale Optical Biosensor: Sensitivity and Selectivity of an Approach Based on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy of Triangular Silver Nanoparticles", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 10596 (2002). CrossRef J.C. Riboh, A.J. Haes, A.D. McFarland, C.R. Yonzon, R.P. Van Duyne, "A Nanoscale Optical Biosensor: Real-Time Immunoassay in Physiological Buffer Enabled by Improved Nanoparticle Adhesion", J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 1772 (2003). CrossRef C.R. Yonzon, E. Jeoung, S. Zou, G.C. Schatz, M. Mrksich, R.P. Van Duyne, "A Comparative Analysis of Localized and Propagating Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors: The Binding of Concanavalin A to a Monosaccharide Functionalized Self-Assembled Monolayer", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 12669 (2004). CrossRef A.J. Haes, L. Chang, W.L. Klein, R.P. Van Duyne, "Detection of a Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease from Synthetic and Clinical Samples Using a Nanoscale Optical Biosensor", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 2264 (2005). CrossRef R. Caputo, G. Palermo, M.Infusino L. De Sio, "Liquid Crystals as an Active Medium: Novel Possibilities in Plasmonics", Nanospectroscopy 1, 40 (2015). CrossRef T. Maurer, J. Marae-Djouda, U. Cataldi, A. Gontier, G. Montay, Y. Madi, B. Panicaud, D. Macias, P.-M. Adam, G. Lév?que, T. Bürgi, R. Caputo, "The beginnings of plasmomechanics: towards plasmonic strain sensors", Frontiers of Materials Science 9, 170 (2015). CrossRef X. Niu, S. P. Stagon, H. Huang, J.K. Baldwin, A. Misra, "Smallest Metallic Nanorods Using Physical Vapor Deposition", Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 136102 (2013). CrossRef Lumerical Solutions, Inc. DirectLink P.K. Jain, W. Huang, M.A.El-Sayed, "On the Universal Scaling Behavior of the Distance Decay of Plasmon Coupling in Metal Nanoparticle Pairs: A Plasmon Ruler Equation", Nanoletters 7, 2080 (2007). CrossRef P.K. Jain, M.A. El-Sayed, "Plasmonic coupling in noble metal nanostructures", Chem. Phys. Letters 487, 153 (2010). CrossRef

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Carbone, Paola, Elisa Casini, and Anna Ferrari. "Young people, alcohol and accidents: a prevention proposal." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 3 (November 2010): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2010-su3014-ing.

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The study of the relationship between car accidents by young people and alcohol use is very interesting. The national statistics highlight that if numbers are small - about 3% of total - car accidents related to alcohol or other psychoactive substances abuse have the most serious consequences, especially for the youngest people (Higson e Winter, 2003; Sweedler, Biecheler e Laurel, 2004; ISTAT, 2008). From reading statistics two observations appear: the phenomenon is probably underestimated and there are not enough studies about psychological causes inducing young people to driving after drinking. It is to improve the knowledge about this phenomenon, both from the epidemiologic and psychological view, that the "Sportello per i Giovani" in the P.S. of Hospital S. Eugenio in Roma has been created. The Sportello in P.S. is a prevention model - Active Prevention (Carbone, 2003; 2009) - which, on the one hand, wants to know how many youngsters go to P.S. because of accident traumas and with which psychological characteristics, on the other hand, wants to offer a prevention space for each type.

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Millard, A., C. Guthrie, C. Fischbacher, and J. Jamieson. "Pilot ethnic analysis of routine hospital admissions data and comparison with census linked data: CHD rates remain high in Pakistanis." Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care 5, no. 3 (2012): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17570981211319393.

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PurposeRoutine data are needed to monitor ethnic health inequalities. The proportion of hospital discharge records with ethnicity information has been improving in Scotland. The aim of this paper is to assess whether routine data can provide valid comparisons of admission rates by ethnic group.Design/methodology/approachRoutine hospital admissions data in four NHS Boards were analysed by ethnic group and sex to compare incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary heart disease (CHD). A previous study linking health and census ethnicity information for 2001‐2003 provided the comparison standard.FindingsThere was a similar risk of AMI for South Asian compared to non‐South Asian people in 2009‐2011 and 2001‐2003. South Asian people and Pakistani women had higher risk of CHD than White Scottish people. The Other White group had higher and the White Irish lower risk of AMI admission in comparison to 2001‐2003 data.Research limitations/implicationsThe comparison used a different age range, did not include community deaths, covered a part of Scotland rather than the whole, and may have been affected by changes to denominators, which were based on the UK census 2001.Originality/valueThe similar IRRs for AMI from census linkage in 2001‐2003 and NHS data from 2009‐2011 suggest routine ethnicity data are valid in some NHS Boards. Analyses can reveal previously unknown variations to justify health improvement action. To maximise the precision of analyses, data completeness needs to be increased and sustained.

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Bousquet, P., B. Ringeval, I. Pison, et al. "Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006–2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 11 (2010): 27603–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-27603-2010.

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Abstract. The recent increase of atmospheric methane is investigated by using two atmospheric inversions to quantify the global distribution of sources and sinks for the 2006–2008 period, and a process-based model of CH4 emissions by natural wetland ecosystems. Global emissions derived from inversions are found to have increased by 19 Tg on average in 2007 (16 to 21 Tg) and by 13 Tg in 2008 (6 to 20 Tg), as compared to the 1999–2006 period. A positive anomaly of tropical emissions is found to be the main contributor to the global emission anomaly of 2007 (~60–75%), with a dominant share attributed to natural wetlands (~66%). Abnormally high wetlands emissions from high latitudes are also detected by both inversions in 2007, contributing 15–30% of the global anomaly. Good agreement is found between the results of the wetland ecosystem model and the inversions for 2007. The inferred distribution of the source anomaly in 2007 is shown to be consistent with the observation of a more pronounced increase in near surface methane atmospheric growth rate at high latitudes, because the dilution of surface fluxes by convection is strong in the tropics and weak at high latitudes. The source anomaly in 2008 is found to be much larger in the wetland ecosystem model than in the inversions, suggesting a too strong sensitivity of bottom-up modeled emissions to precipitation. Changes in OH radicals during 2006–2008 are found to be less than 1% in inversions, with only a small impact on the inferred methane emissions.

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Saunois, Marielle, Philippe Bousquet, Ben Poulter, et al. "Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000–2012." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 18 (2017): 11135–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11135-2017.

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Abstract. Following the recent Global Carbon Project (GCP) synthesis of the decadal methane (CH4) budget over 2000–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016), we analyse here the same dataset with a focus on quasi-decadal and inter-annual variability in CH4 emissions. The GCP dataset integrates results from top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry), inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven approaches. The annual global methane emissions from top-down studies, which by construction match the observed methane growth rate within their uncertainties, all show an increase in total methane emissions over the period 2000–2012, but this increase is not linear over the 13 years. Despite differences between individual studies, the mean emission anomaly of the top-down ensemble shows no significant trend in total methane emissions over the period 2000–2006, during the plateau of atmospheric methane mole fractions, and also over the period 2008–2012, during the renewed atmospheric methane increase. However, the top-down ensemble mean produces an emission shift between 2006 and 2008, leading to 22 [16–32] Tg CH4 yr−1 higher methane emissions over the period 2008–2012 compared to 2002–2006. This emission increase mostly originated from the tropics, with a smaller contribution from mid-latitudes and no significant change from boreal regions. The regional contributions remain uncertain in top-down studies. Tropical South America and South and East Asia seem to contribute the most to the emission increase in the tropics. However, these two regions have only limited atmospheric measurements and remain therefore poorly constrained. The sectorial partitioning of this emission increase between the periods 2002–2006 and 2008–2012 differs from one atmospheric inversion study to another. However, all top-down studies suggest smaller changes in fossil fuel emissions (from oil, gas, and coal industries) compared to the mean of the bottom-up inventories included in this study. This difference is partly driven by a smaller emission change in China from the top-down studies compared to the estimate in the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv4.2) inventory, which should be revised to smaller values in a near future. We apply isotopic signatures to the emission changes estimated for individual studies based on five emission sectors and find that for six individual top-down studies (out of eight) the average isotopic signature of the emission changes is not consistent with the observed change in atmospheric 13CH4. However, the partitioning in emission change derived from the ensemble mean is consistent with this isotopic constraint. At the global scale, the top-down ensemble mean suggests that the dominant contribution to the resumed atmospheric CH4 growth after 2006 comes from microbial sources (more from agriculture and waste sectors than from natural wetlands), with an uncertain but smaller contribution from fossil CH4 emissions. In addition, a decrease in biomass burning emissions (in agreement with the biomass burning emission databases) makes the balance of sources consistent with atmospheric 13CH4 observations. In most of the top-down studies included here, OH concentrations are considered constant over the years (seasonal variations but without any inter-annual variability). As a result, the methane loss (in particular through OH oxidation) varies mainly through the change in methane concentrations and not its oxidants. For these reasons, changes in the methane loss could not be properly investigated in this study, although it may play a significant role in the recent atmospheric methane changes as briefly discussed at the end of the paper.

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Peichl, M., A. M. Arain, T. R. Moore, et al. "Carbon and greenhouse gas balances in an age sequence of temperate pine plantations." Biogeosciences 11, no. 19 (2014): 5399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5399-2014.

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Abstract. This study investigated differences in the magnitude and partitioning of the carbon (C) and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances in an age sequence of four white pine (Pinus strobus L.) afforestation stands (7, 20, 35 and 70 years old as of 2009) in southern Ontario, Canada. The 4-year (2004–2008) mean annual carbon dioxide (CO2) exchanges, based on biometric and eddy covariance data, were combined with the 2-year means of static chamber measurements of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes (2006–2007) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export below 1 m soil depth (2004–2005). The total ecosystem C pool increased with age from 46 to 197 t C ha−1 across the four stands. Rates of organic matter cycling (i.e. litterfall and decomposition) were similar among the three older stands. In contrast, considerable differences related to stand age and site quality were observed in the magnitude and partitioning of individual CO2 fluxes, showing a peak in production and respiration rates in the middle-age (20-year-old) stand growing on fertile post-agricultural soil. The DOC export accounted for 10% of net ecosystem production (NEP) at the 7-year-old stand but <2% at the three older stands. The GHG balance from the combined exchanges of CO2, CH4 and N2O was 2.6, 21.6, 13.5 and 4.8 t CO2 equivalent ha−1 year−1 for the 7-, 20-, 35- and 70-year-old stands, respectively. The maximum annual contribution from the combined exchanges of CH4 and N2O to the GHG balance was 13 and 8% in the 7- and 70-year-old stands, respectively, but <1% in the two highly productive middle-age (20- and 35-year-old) stands. Averaged over the entire age sequence, the CO2 exchange was the main driver of the GHG balance in these forests. The cumulative CO2 sequestration over the 70 years was estimated at 129 t C and 297 t C ha−1 year−1 for stands growing on low- and high-productivity sites, respectively. This study highlights the importance of accounting for age and site quality effects on forest C and GHG balances. It further demonstrates a large potential for net C sequestration and climate benefits gained through afforestation of marginal agricultural and fallow lands in temperate regions.

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Peichl, M., A. M. Arain, T. R. Moore, et al. "Carbon and greenhouse gas balances in an age-sequence of temperate pine plantations." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (2014): 8227–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-8227-2014.

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Abstract. This study investigated differences in the magnitude and partitioning of the carbon (C) and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances in an age-sequence of four white pine (Pinus strobus L.) afforestation stands (7, 20, 35 and 70 years old as of 2009) in southern Ontario, Canada. The 4 year (2004–2008) mean annual carbon dioxide (CO2) exchanges, based on biometric and eddy covariance data, were combined with the 2-year means of static chamber measurements of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes (2006–2007) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export below 1 m soil depth (2004–2005). The total ecosystem C pool increased with age from 9 to 160 t C ha−1 across the four stands. Rates of organic matter cycling (i.e. litter-fall and decomposition) were similar among the three older stands. In contrast, considerable differences related to stand age and site quality were observed in the magnitude and partitioning of individual CO2 fluxes showing a peak in production and respiration rates in the middle-age (20 year-old) stand growing on fertile post-agricultural soil. The DOC export accounted for 10% of net ecosystem production (NEP) at the 7 year old stand but < 2% at the three older stands. The GHG balance from the combined exchanges of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes was 2.6, 21.6, 13.5 and 4.8 t CO2 eq ha−1 yr−1 for the 7, 20, 35, and 70 year-old stands, respectively. The maximum annual contribution from the combined exchanges of CH4, N2O and DOC to the GHG balance was 8% and 15% in the 7 and 70 year-old stands, respectively, but < 1% in the two highly productive middle-age (20 and 35 year-old) stands. Averaged over the entire age-sequence, the CO2 exchange was the main driver of the GHG balance in these forests. The cumulative CO2 sequestration over the 70 years was estimated at 129 \\unit{t} C and 297 t C ha−1 yr−1 for stands growing on low and high productive sites, respectively. This study highlights the importance of accounting for age and site quality effects on forest C and GHG balances. It further demonstrates a large potential for C sequestration and climate benefits (i.e. cooling effect) gained through afforestation of marginal agricultural and fallow lands in temperate regions.

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Lewis, Delyth, Glynis Tranter, and Alan T. Axford. "Use of videoconferencing in Wales to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, travel costs and time." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 15, no. 3 (2009): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jtt.2009.003010.

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In September 2005 a telemedicine service was started to assist multidisciplinary teams in Wales to improve cancer services. In October 2006 and October 2007 users of videoconferencing equipment at one site completed questionnaires. During October 2006 a total of 18,000 km of car travel were avoided, equivalent to 1696 kg of CO2 emission. During October 2007 a total of 20,800 km of car travel were avoided, equivalent to 2590 kg of CO2 emission. We estimate that 48 trees would take a year to absorb that quantity of CO2. The results of the surveys show that exploiting telemedicine makes better use of staff time, reduces the time spent travelling and assists in reducing climate change by limiting the emissions of CO2.

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Tovares, Alla V. "All in the family." Narrative Inquiry 20, no. 1 (2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.20.1.01tov.

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In recent years, narrative analysis has experienced what can be identified as a small stories turn. Specifically, some researchers, especially Bamberg (2004, 2006), Georgakopoulou (2006, 2007), Bamberg and Georgakopoulou (2008), have argued that the analysis of small stories that have been previously overlooked in favor of large-scale autobiographical narratives presents a valuable contribution to our understanding of identity construction and display. This paper builds on and extends the discussion of small stories as sites for identity construction by demonstrating how various small stories — retellings, hypothetical narratives, near-narrative structures as well as short past-oriented narratives — all construct a coherent family identity that includes pets as members. While a number of previous studies considered narrative as a key site for exploring how family members construct social identities, they primarily focused on individual family members and centered their analyses on traditional past-oriented narratives often limiting their settings to dinner-table conversations or interviews. In contrast, this study, drawing on prior studies of discursive construction of a shared family identity (Gordon, 2007) and pets as family members (Tannen, 2004), demonstrates how a shared family identity that includes pets emerges in diverse small stories that are embedded in on-going conversations and occur in a variety of places: a car, a dining room, a living room. This paper also shows how small stories about pets simultaneously create a shared family identity that includes pets and situate this family within a larger social discourse, or Discourse (Gee, 1996, 1999), of treating pets as family members.

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Alemu, Aklilu, K. H. Ominski, and E. Kebreab. "Estimation of enteric methane emissions trends (1990–2008) from Manitoba beef cattle using empirical and mechanistic models." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, no. 2 (2011): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2010-009.

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Alemu, A. W., Ominski, K. H. and Kebreab, E. 2011. Estimation of enteric methane emissions trends (1990–2008) from Manitoba beef cattle using empirical and mechanistic models. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 305–321. The objective of this study was to estimate and assess trends in enteric methane (CH4) emissions from the Manitoba beef cattle population from the base year of 1990 to 2008 using mathematical models. Two empirical (statistical) models: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 and a nonlinear equation (Ellis), and two dynamic mechanistic models: MOLLY (v3) and COWPOLL were used. Beef cattle in Manitoba were categorized in to 29 distinct subcategories based on management practice, physiological status, gender, age and production environment. Data on animal performance, feeding and management practices and feed composition were collected from the literature as well as from provincial and national sources. Estimates of total enteric CH4 production from the Manitoba beef cattle population varied between 0.9 and 2.4 Mt CO2 eq. from 1990 to 2008. Regardless of the type of models used, average CH4 emissions for 2008 were estimated to be 45.2% higher than 1990 levels. More specifically, CH4 emissions tended to increase between 1990 and 1996. Emissions were relatively stable between 1996 and 2002, increased between 2003 and 2005, but declined by 13.2% between 2005 and 2008, following the same trend as that observed in the beef cattle population. Models varied in their estimates of CH4 conversion rate (Ym, percent gross energy intake), emission factor (kg CH4 head−1 yr−1) and CH4 production. Total CH4 production estimates ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 Mt CO2 eq. for IPCC Tier 2, from 0.9 to 1.5 Mt CO2 eq. for Ellis, from 1.3 to 2.1 Mt CO2 eq. for COWPOLL and from 1.5 to 2.4 Mt CO2 eq. for MOLLY. The results indicate that enteric CH4 estimates and emission trends in Manitoba were influenced by the type of model and beef cattle population. As such, it is necessary to use appropriate models for reliable estimates for enteric CH4 inventory. A more robust approach may be to integrate different models by using mechanistic models to estimate regional Ym values, which may then be used as input for the IPCC Tier 2 model.

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Wunch, D., G. C. Toon, P. O. Wennberg, et al. "Calibration of the total carbon column observing network using aircraft profile data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 3 (2010): 2603–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-2603-2010.

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Abstract. The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) produces precise measurements of the column average dry-air mole fractions of CO2, CO, CH4, N2O and H2O at a variety of sites worldwide. These observations rely on spectroscopic parameters that are not known with sufficient accuracy to compute total columns that can be used in combination with in situ measurements. The TCCON must therefore be calibrated to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in situ trace gas measurement scales. We present a calibration of TCCON data using WMO-scale instrumentation aboard aircraft that measured profiles over four TCCON stations during 2008 and 2009. The aircraft campaigns are the Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 (START-08), which included a profile over the Park Falls site, the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO-1) campaign, which included profiles over the Lamont and Lauder sites, a series of Learjet profiles over the Lamont site, and a Beechcraft King Air profile over the Tsukuba site. These calibrations are compared with similar observations made during the INTEX-NA (2004), COBRA-ME (2004) and TWP-ICE (2006) campaigns. A single, global calibration factor for each gas accurately captures the TCCON total column data within error.

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Chevalier, A., F. Gheusi, J. L. Attié, et al. "Carbon monoxide observations from ground stations in France and Europe and long trends in the free troposphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (2008): 3313–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-3313-2008.

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Abstract. Continuous CO measurements performed at 3 high-altitude stations in France are analyzed for the first time. Data are provided by the new PAES (Pollution Atmospherique à l'Echelle Synoptique) network since 2002 for the Puy de Dôme and 2004 for the Pic du Midi and the Donon. CO measurements of 5 another European stations have been analysed to put the PAES stations in an European perspective. The January 2002–April 2005 CO mean levels of surface stations capture the stratification revealed by climatological CO profiles from the airborne observation system MOZAIC (Measurement of OZone and water vapour by Airbus In-service Aircraft). The deviation between the free tropospheric reference MOZAIC and surface data above 2000 m is less than 10% and this deviation can be explained in term of spatial variability, as evidenced by MOPITT CO retrievals at 700 hPa. This suggests that, averaged at a seasonal time scale (4 months), surface data at stations above 2000 m are representative of background CO concentration. This paper focuses then on trends since the 1980s–1990s. The comparison between old (1982–1983) and recent CO mixing ratio (2005) at the Pic du Midi leads to a 10% decrease, consistent with the continuous data series at Zugspitze (ZSP) from 1991 to 2004. This decrease was found to be mainly due to a negative trend of January–April mean levels. The decrease in CO sources over France and Europe appears to be responsible for that trend. The stable values of June–September mean levels suggest that the summertime oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere related to OH radicals is important enough to counterbalance any CO inputs into the troposphere. Our study shows a recent change in CO evolution since 2000 over Western Europe, with a slowed down decrease in CO concentration. Studying specifically the interactions between CO, CH4 and OH turns out to be needed, however, to find definitive explanations to those observations.

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Wang, Di. "CHUS and CHR in 2003 and 2004: A personal memory." Chinese Historical Review 15, no. 1 (2008): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tcr.2008.15.1.123.

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Gloudemans, A. M. S., A. T. J. de Laat, H. Schrijver, I. Aben, J. F. Meirink, and G. R. van der Werf. "SCIAMACHY CO over the oceans: 2003–2007 interannual variability." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 2 (2009): 5583–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-5583-2009.

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Abstract. We present a new method to obtain accurate SCIAMACHY CO columns over clouded ocean scenes. Based on an improved version of the Iterative Maximum Likelihood Method (IMLM) retrieval algorithm, we now have retrieved five years of data over both land and clouded ocean scenes between 2003 and 2007. The ocean-cloud method uses the CH4 columns retrieved simultaneously with the CO columns to determine the cloud top height. The CH4 cloud top height is in good agreement with the FRESCO+ cloud top height determined from UV-VIS oxygen-A band measurements, providing confidence that the CH4 cloud top height is a good diagnostic of the cloud top height over (partially) clouded ocean scenes. The CO measurements over clouded ocean scenes have been compared with collocated modeled CO columns over the same clouds and agree well. Using clouded ocean scenes quadruples the number of useful CO measurements compared to land-only measurements. The five-year CO data set over land and clouded ocean scenes presented here is based on an improved version of the IMLM algorithm which includes a more accurate determination of the random instrument-noise error for CO. This leads to a smaller spread in the differences between single CO measurements and the corresponding model values. The new version, IMLM version 7.4, also uses updated spectroscopic parameters for H2O and CH4 but this has only a minor impact on the retrieved CO columns. The five-year data set shows significant interannual variability over land and over clouded ocean scenes. Three examples are highlighted: the Asian outflow of pollution over the northern Pacific, the biomass-burning outflow over the Indian Ocean originating from Indonesia, and biomass burning in Brazil. In general there is good agreement between observed and modeled seasonal cycles and interannual variability.

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Wunch, D., G. C. Toon, P. O. Wennberg, et al. "Calibration of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network using aircraft profile data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 5 (2010): 1351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1351-2010.

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Abstract. The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) produces precise measurements of the column average dry-air mole fractions of CO2, CO, CH4, N2O and H2O at a variety of sites worldwide. These observations rely on spectroscopic parameters that are not known with sufficient accuracy to compute total columns that can be used in combination with in situ measurements. The TCCON must therefore be calibrated to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in situ trace gas measurement scales. We present a calibration of TCCON data using WMO-scale instrumentation aboard aircraft that measured profiles over four TCCON stations during 2008 and 2009. These calibrations are compared with similar observations made in 2004 and 2006. The results indicate that a single, global calibration factor for each gas accurately captures the TCCON total column data within error.

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Chang, D., and Y. Song. "Estimates of biomass burning emissions in tropical Asia based on satellite-derived data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 5 (2010): 2335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2335-2010.

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Abstract. Biomass burning in tropical Asia emits large amounts of trace gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere, which has significant implications for atmospheric chemistry and climatic change. In this study, emissions from open biomass burning over tropical Asia were evaluated during seven fire years from 2000 to 2006 (1 March 2000–31 February 2007). The size of the burned areas was estimated from newly published 1-km L3JRC and 500-m MODIS burned area products (MCD45A1). Available fuel loads and emission factors were assigned to each vegetation type in a GlobCover characterisation map, and fuel moisture content was taken into account when calculating combustion factors. Over the whole period, both burned areas and fire emissions showed clear spatial and seasonal variations. The size of the L3JRC burned areas ranged from 36 031 km2 in fire year 2005 to 52 303 km2 in 2001, and the MCD45A1 burned areas ranged from 54 790 km2 in fire year 2001 to 148 967 km2 in 2004. Comparisons of L3JRC and MCD45A1 burned areas using ground-based measurements and other satellite data were made in several major burning regions, and the results suggest that MCD45A1 generally performed better than L3JRC, although with a certain degree of underestimation in forest areas. The average annual L3JRC-based emissions were 123 (102–152), 12 (9–15), 1.0 (0.7–1.3), 1.9 (1.4–2.6), 0.11 (0.09–0.12), 0.89 (0.63–1.21), 0.043 (0.036–0.053), 0.021 (0.021–0.023), 0.41 (0.34–0.52), 3.4 (2.6–4.3), and 3.6 (2.8–4.7) Tg yr−1 for CO2, CO, CH4, NMHCs, NOx, NH3, SO2, BC, OC, PM2.5, and PM10, respectively, whereas MCD45A1-based emissions were 122 (108–144), 9.3 (7.7–11.7), 0.63 (0.46–0.86), 1.1 (0.8–1.6), 0.11 (0.10–0.13), 0.54 (0.38–0.76), 0.043 (0.038–0.051), 0.033 (0.032–0.037), 0.39 (0.34–0.47), 3.0 (2.6–3.7), and 3.3 (2.8–4.0) Tg yr−1. Forest burning was identified as the major source of the fire emissions due to its high carbon density. Although agricultural burning was the second highest contributor, it is possible that some crop residue combustion was missed by satellite observations. This possibility is supported by comparisons with previously published data, and this result may be due to the small size of the field crop residue burning. Fire emissions were mainly concentrated in Indonesia, India, Myanmar, and Cambodia. Furthermore, the peak in the size of the burned area was generally found in the early fire season, whereas the maximum fire emissions often occurred in the late fire season.

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Bruhwiler, L., E. Dlugokencky, K. Masarie, et al. "CarbonTracker-CH4: an assimilation system for estimating emissions of atmospheric methane." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 16 (2014): 8269–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8269-2014.

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Abstract. We describe an assimilation system for atmospheric methane (CH4), CarbonTracker-CH4, and demonstrate the diagnostic value of global or zonally averaged CH4 abundances for evaluating the results. We show that CarbonTracker-CH4 is able to simulate the observed zonal average mole fractions and capture inter-annual variability in emissions quite well at high northern latitudes (53–90° N). In contrast, CarbonTracker-CH4 is less successful in the tropics where there are few observations and therefore misses significant variability and is more influenced by prior flux estimates. CarbonTracker-CH4 estimates of total fluxes at high northern latitudes are about 81 ± 7 Tg CH4 yr−1, about 12 Tg CH4 yr−1 (13%) lower than prior estimates, a result that is consistent with other atmospheric inversions. Emissions from European wetlands are decreased by 30%, a result consistent with previous work by Bergamaschi et al. (2005); however, unlike their results, emissions from wetlands in boreal Eurasia are increased relative to the prior estimate. Although CarbonTracker-CH4 does not estimate an increasing trend in emissions from high northern latitudes for 2000 through 2010, significant inter-annual variability in high northern latitude fluxes is recovered. Exceptionally warm growing season temperatures in the Arctic occurred in 2007, a year that was also anonymously wet. Estimated emissions from natural sources were greater than the decadal average by 4.4 ± 3.8 Tg CH4 yr−1 in 2007. CarbonTracker-CH4 estimates for temperate latitudes are only slightly increased over prior estimates, but about 10 Tg CH4 yr−1 is redistributed from Asia to North America. This difference exceeds the estimated uncertainty for North America (±3.5 Tg CH4 yr−1). We used time invariant prior flux estimates, so for the period from 2000 to 2006, when the growth rate of global atmospheric CH4 was very small, the assimilation does not produce increases in natural or anthropogenic emissions in contrast to bottom-up emission data sets. After 2006, when atmospheric CH4 began its recent increases, CarbonTracker-CH4 allocates some of the increases to anthropogenic emissions at temperate latitudes, and some to tropical wetland emissions. For temperate North America the prior flux increases by about 4 Tg CH4 yr−1 during winter when biogenic emissions are small. Examination of the residuals at some North American observation sites suggests that increased gas and oil exploration may play a role since sites near fossil fuel production are particularly hard for the inversion to fit and the prior flux estimates at these sites are apparently lower and lower over time than what the atmospheric measurements imply. The tropics are not currently well resolved by CarbonTracker-CH4 due to sparse observational coverage and a short assimilation window. However, there is a small uncertainty reduction and posterior emissions are about 18% higher than prior estimates. Most of this increase is allocated to tropical South America rather than being distributed among the global tropics. Our estimates for this source region are about 32 ± 4 Tg CH4 yr−1, in good agreement with the analysis of Melack et al. (2004) who obtained 29 Tg CH4 yr−1 for the most productive region, the Amazon Basin.

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Nurambia, Nurambia. "MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL ROLE PLAYING PADA MATERI SENI RUPA DUA DIMENSI DI SMAN 1 LABUHAN DELI." Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa 10, no. 1 (2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/gr.v10i1.23751.

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Arts and Culture Education develops students' sense of taste, creativity, and aesthetic tastes in art, develops ethics, social awareness and cultural awareness of students in social life, and a love of Indonesian culture. One of the cultural art materials learned for the Upper Middle School level about two-dimensional art. But students in class X IIS 1 of SMA Negeri 1 Labuhan Deli increased the difficulty of learning two-dimensional art results to be low. Therefore this research was conducted which was intended to improve student learning outcomes using the Role Playing model. This research is a classroom action research (CAR) conducted in two cycles. The data collection technique used is a test of learning outcomes. Analysis of the data used is the equation of individual absorption and the percentage of classical absorption. The results of the study prove that an increase in student learning outcomes using role playing models in two-dimensional art material at SMAN 1 Labuhan Deli. This study suggests that teachers use learning models that support student learning outcomes, one of which is role playing models that has various advantages and uniqueness.Keywords: fine art, role playing.AbstrakPendidikan Seni Budaya berfungsi mengembangkan kepekaan rasa, kreativitas,dan cita rasa estetis siswa dalam berkesenian, mengembangkan etika, kesadaran sosial dan kesadaran kultural siswa dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, serta rasa cinta terhadap kebudayaan Indonesia. Salah satu materi Seni Budaya yang dpelajari untuk tingkat Sekolah Menengah Atas adalah tentang seni rupa dua dimensi. Namun siswa di kelas X IIS 1 SMA Negeri 1 Labuhan Deli mengalami kesulitan sehingga hasil belajar seni rupa dua dimensi menjadi rendah. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian ini yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa menggunakan model Role Playing. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah tes hasil belajar. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah rumus daya serap individu dan persentase daya serap klasikal. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa terjadi peningkatkan hasil belajar siswa menggunakan model role playing pada materi seni rupa dua dimensi di SMAN 1 Labuhan Deli. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar guru menggunakan model pembelajaran yang mendukung hasil belajar siswa, salah satunya yaitu model role playing yang mempunyai berbagai kelebihan dan keunikan.Kata Kunci: seni rupa, role playing. Author:Nurambia : Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Labuhan Deli References:A’la, M. (2011). Quantum Teaching. Yogyakarta: Diva Press.Anderson, H., & Britton, T. (2000). Stochastics Epidemic Models and their Statistical Analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag.Angkowo, R., & Kosasih, A. (2007). Optimalisasi Media Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Grasindo.Arikunto, Suharsimi. (2010). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.Dewi, T. A. (2017). Efektivitas Model Role Playing dalam Meningkatkan Kompetensi Mahasiswa Pada Mata Kuliah Manajemen Keuangan. JURNAL PROMOSI: Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi UM Metro, 5(1), 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/ja.v5i1.850.Fauzi, H. D. (2015). Buku Guru Seni Budaya. Bandung: Yrama Widiya.Istarani. (2012). Model Pembelajaran Inovatif. Medan: Media Persada.Joyce, & Weil. (1992). Models of Teaching. USA: Allyn and Bacon.Tetty Khairiyah, D. (2013). Pengaruh Model Role Playing pada Pembelajaran Seni Rupa Terhadap Hasil Belajar Menggambar Siswa Kelas IV SDN 01 Baso. Serupa The Journal of Art Education, 2(1), ___ .Komaruddin. (2000). Model Pembelajaran Aktif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.Mulyasa, E. (2005). Menjadi Guru Profesional. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.Ngalimun. (2014). Strategi dan Model Pembelajaran. Yogyakarta: Aswaja Pressindo.Rahmat. (2008). Model Pembelajaran Aktif. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.Reigeluth, C. M. . (1983). Instructional Design Theories and Models: An Overview of Their Curent Status. London: Lawren Erlbaum Associates Publisher.Richey, R. C. (1986). The Theoretical and Conceptual Bases of Instructional Design. London: Kogan Page Ltd.Rohani, A. (2004). Pengelolaan Pengajaran. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.Sagala, S. (2011). Konsep dan Makna Pembelajaran. Bandung: Alfabeta.Sanjaya, W. H. (2008). Strategi Pembelajaran Berorientasi Standar Proses Pendidikan. Jakarta: Kencana.Sapriya. (2002). Studi Sosial: Konsep dan Model Pembelajaran. Bandung: Buana Nusantara.Sari, J., Tarigan, N., Erdansyah, F., & Sumarsono. (2020). Pengaruh Penguasaan Prinsip Dan Unsur Seni Rupa Terhadap Hasil Belajar Menggambar Flora Di Smp Swasta Al-Ulum Medan. Gorga : Jurnal Seri Rupa, 9(1), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v9i1.18308.Shoimin, A. (2014). 68 Model Pembelajaran Inovatif dalam Kurikulum 2013. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media.Slameto. (2003). Belajar dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhinya. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.Suprijono, A. (2010). Cooperatif Learning Teori dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar.Uno, H. B. (2003). Model Pembelajaran Menciptakan Proses Belajar Mengajar yang Kreatif dan Efektif. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.Uno, H. B. (2009). Perencanaan Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.Wahyuni, S., Mering, A., & Isti, W. (2016). Penerapan Metode Role Playing pada Pembelajaran Seni Tari untuk Meningkatkan Kreativitas Siswa di SMP. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa, 5(11), ____ .Yoyok, R. M. (2008). Seni Budaya 3. Bogor: Yudhistira Ghalia Indonesia.

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M.K.D. "Acknowledgment: The Journal Thanks Our 2006-2007* Reviewers." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 46, no. 12 (2007): 1686–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31815b6660.

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Brunke, E. G., R. Ebinghaus, H. H. Kock, C. Labuschagne, and F. Slemr. "Emissions of mercury in Southern Africa derived from long-term observations at Cape Point, South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 5 (2012): 11079–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-11079-2012.

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Abstract. Mercury emissions in South Africa have so far been estimated only by a bottom-up approach from activities and emission factors for different processes. In this paper we derive GEM/CO (GEM being gaseous elemental mercury, Hg0), GEM/CO2, GEM/CH4, CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios from plumes observed during long-term monitoring of these species at Cape Point between March 2007 and December 2009. The average observed GEM/CO, GEM/CO2, GEM/CH4, CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios were 2.40 ± 2.65 pg m−3 ppb−1 (n = 47), 62.7 ± 80.2 pg m−3 ppb−1 (n = 44), 3.61 ± 4.66 pg m−3 ppb−1 (n = 46), 35.6 ± 25.4 ppb ppm−1 (n = 52), 20.2 ± 15.5 ppb ppm−1 (n=48), and 0.876 ± 1.106 ppb ppm−1 (n=42), respectively. The observed CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios agree within the combined uncertainties of the observations and emissions with the ratios calculated from EDGAR (version 4.2) CO2, CO, and CH4 inventories for South Africa and Southern Africa (South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique) in 2007 and 2008 (inventories for 2009 are not available yet). Total elemental mercury emission of 13.1, 15.2, and 16.1 t Hg yr−1 are estimated independently using the GEM/CO, GEM/CO2, and GEM/CH4 emission ratios and the annual mean CO, CO2, and CH4 emissions, respectively, of South Africa in 2007 and 2008. The average of these independent estimates of 14.8 ± 1.5 t GEM yr−1 is much less than the total emission of 257 t Hg yr−1 from older inventories. Considering that emission of GEM represents only 50–78% of all mercury emissions, our estimates come close to the total mercury emission estimates ranging between 40–50 t Hg yr−1 from more recent inventories.

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Spahni, R., R. Wania, L. Neef, et al. "Constraining global methane emissions and uptake by ecosystems." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (2011): 221–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-221-2011.

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Abstract. Natural methane (CH4) emissions from wet ecosystems are an important part of today's global CH4 budget. Climate affects the exchange of CH4 between ecosystems and the atmosphere by influencing CH4 production, oxidation, and transport in the soil. The net CH4 exchange depends on ecosystem hydrology, soil and vegetation characteristics. Here, the LPJ-WHyMe global dynamical vegetation model is used to simulate global net CH4 emissions for different ecosystems: northern peatlands (45°–90° N), naturally inundated wetlands (60° S–45° N), rice agriculture and wet mineral soils. Mineral soils are a potential CH4 sink, but can also be a source with the direction of the net exchange depending on soil moisture content. The geographical and seasonal distributions are evaluated against multi-dimensional atmospheric inversions for 2003–2005, using two independent four-dimensional variational assimilation systems. The atmospheric inversions are constrained by the atmospheric CH4 observations of the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument and global surface networks. Compared to LPJ-WHyMe the inversions result in a significant reduction in the emissions from northern peatlands and suggest that LPJ-WHyMe maximum annual emissions peak about one month late. The inversions do not put strong constraints on the division of sources between inundated wetlands and wet mineral soils in the tropics. Based on the inversion results we adapt model parameters in LPJ-WHyMe and simulate the surface exchange of CH4 over the period 1990–2008. Over the whole period we infer an increase of global ecosystem CH4 emissions of +1.11 Tg CH4 yr−1, not considering potential additional changes in wetland extent. The increase in simulated CH4 emissions is attributed to enhanced soil respiration resulting from the observed rise in land temperature and in atmospheric carbon dioxide that were used as input. The long-term decline of the atmospheric CH4 growth rate from 1990 to 2006 cannot be fully explained with the simulated ecosystem emissions. However, these emissions show an increasing trend of +3.62 Tg CH4 yr−1 over 2005–2008 which can partly explain the renewed increase in atmospheric CH4 concentration during recent years.

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Spahni, R., R. Wania, L. Neef, et al. "Constraining global methane emissions and uptake by ecosystems." Biogeosciences 8, no. 6 (2011): 1643–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1643-2011.

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Abstract. Natural methane (CH4) emissions from wet ecosystems are an important part of today's global CH4 budget. Climate affects the exchange of CH4 between ecosystems and the atmosphere by influencing CH4 production, oxidation, and transport in the soil. The net CH4 exchange depends on ecosystem hydrology, soil and vegetation characteristics. Here, the LPJ-WHyMe global dynamical vegetation model is used to simulate global net CH4 emissions for different ecosystems: northern peatlands (45°–90° N), naturally inundated wetlands (60° S–45° N), rice agriculture and wet mineral soils. Mineral soils are a potential CH4 sink, but can also be a source with the direction of the net exchange depending on soil moisture content. The geographical and seasonal distributions are evaluated against multi-dimensional atmospheric inversions for 2003–2005, using two independent four-dimensional variational assimilation systems. The atmospheric inversions are constrained by the atmospheric CH4 observations of the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument and global surface networks. Compared to LPJ-WHyMe the inversions result in a~significant reduction in the emissions from northern peatlands and suggest that LPJ-WHyMe maximum annual emissions peak about one month late. The inversions do not put strong constraints on the division of sources between inundated wetlands and wet mineral soils in the tropics. Based on the inversion results we diagnose model parameters in LPJ-WHyMe and simulate the surface exchange of CH4 over the period 1990–2008. Over the whole period we infer an increase of global ecosystem CH4 emissions of +1.11 Tg CH4 yr−1, not considering potential additional changes in wetland extent. The increase in simulated CH4 emissions is attributed to enhanced soil respiration resulting from the observed rise in land temperature and in atmospheric carbon dioxide that were used as input. The long-term decline of the atmospheric CH4 growth rate from 1990 to 2006 cannot be fully explained with the simulated ecosystem emissions. However, these emissions show an increasing trend of +3.62 Tg CH4 yr−1 over 2005–2008 which can partly explain the renewed increase in atmospheric CH4 concentration during recent years.

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Gloudemans, A. M. S., A. T. J. de Laat, H. Schrijver, I. Aben, J. F. Meirink, and G. R. van der Werf. "SCIAMACHY CO over land and oceans: 2003–2007 interannual variability." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 11 (2009): 3799–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3799-2009.

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Abstract. We present a new method to obtain accurate SCIAMACHY CO columns over clouded ocean scenes. Based on an improved version of the Iterative Maximum Likelihood Method (IMLM) retrieval algorithm, we now have retrieved five years of data over both land and clouded ocean scenes between 2003 and 2007. The ocean-cloud method uses the CH4 columns retrieved simultaneously with the CO columns to determine the cloud top height. The CH4 cloud top height is in good agreement with the FRESCO+ cloud top height determined from UV-VIS oxygen-A band measurements, providing confidence that the CH4 cloud top height is a good diagnostic of the cloud top height over (partially) clouded ocean scenes. The CO measurements over clouded ocean scenes have been compared with collocated modeled CO columns over the same clouds and agree well. Using clouded ocean scenes quadruples the number of useful CO measurements compared to land-only measurements. The five-year CO data set over land and clouded ocean scenes presented here is based on an improved version of the IMLM algorithm which includes a more accurate determination of the random instrument-noise error for CO. This leads to a smaller spread in the differences between single CO measurements and the corresponding model values. The new version, IMLM version 7.4, also uses updated spectroscopic parameters for H2O and CH4 but this has only a minor impact on the retrieved CO columns. The five-year data set shows significant interannual variability over land and over clouded ocean scenes. Three examples are highlighted: the Asian outflow of pollution over the northern Pacific, the biomass-burning outflow over the Indian Ocean originating from Indonesia, and biomass burning in Brazil. In general there is good agreement between observed and modeled seasonal cycles and interannual variability.

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Martins, Helder Henrique, Pery Francisco Assis Shikida, Umberto Antonio Sesso Filho, Régio Marcio Toesca Gimenes, and Juan Carlos Ayala Calvo. "Geração de produção, emprego e remunerações nas indústrias do açúcar e do álcool em 2000 e 2009." DESAFIOS: Revista Interdisciplinar da Universidade Federal do Tocantins 2, no. 2 (2016): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2359-3652.2016v2n2p198.

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Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a evolução das Indústrias do Açúcar e do Álcool em termos de produção, emprego e remunerações de 2000 e 2009. Para isso, foi utilizado a metodologia da Matriz Insumo-Produto para estimar os geradores e os multiplicadores para ambos os anos de análise. Os resultados mostraram que a Indústria do Açúcar viu seus multiplicadores de produção, emprego e remunerações cair de 2000 para 2009. A Indústria do Álcool apresentou sensível aumento no multiplicador de produção devido ao ainda aquecido mercado de carros flex, mas viu cair os demais multiplicadores. A queda dos multiplicadores de emprego e remunerações foi ocasionada principalmente pela descoberta do pré-sal em 2007, que contribuiu para que o Brasil deixasse de realizar políticas voltadas para o mercado de etanol e focasse novamente no combustível fóssil.Palavras-chave: Matriz insumo-produto; indústria do açúcar; indústria do álcool.ABSTRACTThis research aims to analyze the evolution of Sugar and Alcohol Industries in terms of production, employment and remuneration in 2000 and 2009. For this, it was used the Input-Output Matrix methodology to estimate the generators and multipliers for both years of analysis. The results showed that the Sugar Industry saw its production, employment and remuneration multipliers fall of 2000 to 2009. The Alcohol Industry showed sensible increase in production multiplier due to the still heated flex car market, but saw falling the other multipliers. The fall of the employment and remuneration multipliers was mainly caused by the discovery of “pré-sal” in 2007, which contributed to the Brazil failed to make policies for the ethanol market, focusing again in fossil fuel.Keywords: Input-Output matrix; sugar industry; alcohol industry.

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Zhao, Haigen, and Yanfei Ma. "Evaluating the Drought-Monitoring Utility of Four Satellite-Based Quantitative Precipitation Estimation Products at Global Scale." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (2019): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11172010.

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This study simultaneously analyzed and evaluated the meteorological drought-monitoring utility of the following four satellite-based, quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) products: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis 3B43V7 (TRMM-3B43), the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS), the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique gauge-satellite blended product (CMORPH-BLD), and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR). Data from 2000 to 2016 was used at global scale. The global Climate Research Unit (CRU) Version 4.02 was used as reference data to assess QPE products. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought index was chosen as an example to evaluate the drought utility of four QPE products. The results indicate that CHIRPS has the best performance in Europe, Oceania, and Africa; the PERSIANN-CDR has the best performance in North America, South America, and Asia; the CMORPH-BLD has the worst statistical indices in all continents. Although four QPE products showed satisfactory performance for most of the world according to SPEI statistics, poor drought monitoring ability occurred in Southeast Asia, Central Africa, the Tibetan plateau, the Himalayas, and Amazonia. The PERSIANN-CDR achieves the best performance of the four QPE products in most regions except for Africa; CHIRPS and TRMM-3B43 have comparable performances. According to the spatial probability of detection (POD) and false alarm ratio (FAR) of the SPEI, more than 50% of all drought events cannot be accurately identified by QPE products in regions with sparse gauge distribution. In other regions, such as the southeastern USA, southeastern China, and South Africa, QPE products capture more than 75% of drought events. Temporally, all datasets (except for CMORPH-BLD) can detect all typical drought events, namely, in the southeastern US in 2007, western Europe in 2003, Kenya in 2006, and Central Asia in 2008. The study concludes that CHIRPS and TRMM-3B43 can be used as near-real-time drought monitoring techniques whereas PERSIANN-CDR might be more suitable for long-term historical drought analysis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'CHR 2003-<2007>'

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