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Journal articles on the topic 'Christian authors'
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1
Teitler, H. C. "Ammianus, Libanius, Chrysostomus, and the Martyrs of Antioch." Vigiliae Christianae 67, no. 3 (2013): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341129.
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Abstract Christian sources name several dozen Christian martyrs under Julian the Apostate. Six of these martyrs were according to such sources executed in Antioch during Julian’s stay in this city in 362-363 A.D. Pagan authors like Ammianus Marcellinus and Libanius are silent about their martyrdom, and about the persecution of Christians by Julian in general. It is examined in this article whether the Christian authors, among them John Chrysostom, represent historical reality more than Ammianus and Libanius do, and whether their writings can be adduced to prove that Julian was a persecutor.
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LUNEVA, ANNA A. "THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN IDENTITY IN THE 1ST - 4TH CENTURIES CE." Study of Religion, no. 1 (2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2072-8662.2021.1.15-23.
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The article considers early Christian identity development during the 1st - 4th centuries CE. Adversus Iudaeos treatises are the main sources of knowledge about many early Christian positions. Christian writers described both themselves and the nations surrounding them in terms ἔθνος γένος, natio , populus . The term “ethnos” was important for Christian authors for dealing with inner community problems and for external relations purposes. Universal Christian doctrine did not fit any criteria of that time. Describing Christians as a “new nation” allowed them to define their place in the sociocultural system of the Greco-Roman world and to put themselves next to Greeks, Jews, and Barbarians. In the absence of a clear definition of “ethnos”, Christian authors proclaimed open borders of their “nation” and through this approach engaged new followers. Comparing themselves to Jews and abandoning all Jewish “earthly” traditions, the writers showed what was truly Christian and formed the foundations of the orthodoxy, opposed heresies and asserted that faith is the main tenet of their identity.
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Mills, Ian N. "Pagan Readers of Christian Scripture: the Role of Books in Early Autobiographical Conversion Narratives." Vigiliae Christianae 73, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 481–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341396.
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Abstract Most scholars agree that “pagans” did not read Christian scripture. This critical consensus, however, places inordinate weight on a decontextualized quotation from Tertullian and neglects a body of evidence to the contrary. In particular, the role of books in early autobiographical conversion narratives suggests that early Christian authors and copyists could sometimes work with a reasonable expectation of pagan readership. Against traditional notions of the restricted appeal and circulation of Christian literature, pagan and Christian sources alike indicate that Christian writings found an audience among philo-barbarian thinkers and that certain Christians promoted their books in pagan circles.
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WAGEMAKERS, BART. "Incest, Infanticide, and Cannibalism: Anti-Christian Imputations in the Roman Empire." Greece and Rome 57, no. 2 (September 21, 2010): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383510000069.
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In the early Imperial Age, the steadily growing Christian movement was viewed with suspicion by both the authorities and the people of Rome; in the second century, the Roman rejection of Christian teachings, customs, and practices resulted in a most intriguing counter-movement. During this century, two types of negative response to the Christian faith had become established. The first encompasses the anti-Christian accusations circulating among the Roman population during most of the period, occasionally resulting in Christians being persecuted. At the end of the century, supplementary controversy arose from within the intellectual world. Those who engaged in this polemic were authors who had studied Christian customs, and who consequently targeted the substance of the Christian teachings.
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Karivieri, Arja. "Divine or Human Images? Neoplatonic and Christian Views on Works of Art and Aesthetics." NUMEN 63, no. 2-3 (March 9, 2016): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341420.
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This paper explores how Neoplatonists and Christians experienced and interpreted works of art, and how views on artists and individual works of art, such as Pheidias’ Zeus in Olympia, were expressed by the representatives of traditional Greco-Roman religions and Christians. The way the value of a work of art was expressed in Greco-Roman literature is compared with the comments and opinions of Neoplatonists and Christian authors, which show that art and its appreciation and function are closely connected to the relationship to God in ancient sources. The ideal of beauty took its place to enrich also the Christian view of aesthetics and enhanced the development of both Greco-Roman and Christian art.
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Van Slyke, Daniel G. "Sacramentum in Ancient Non-Christian Authors." Antiphon: A Journal for Liturgical Renewal 9, no. 2 (2005): 167–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/atp.2005.a921626.
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Timbers, Veronica L., and Jennifer C. Hollenberger. "Christian Mindfulness and Mental Health: Coping through Sacred Traditions and Embodied Awareness." Religions 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13010062.
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Mindfulness is increasingly implemented as a tool in mental health practice for coping and self-care. Some Christians worry that these practices might be in conflict with their own tradition, while other Christian contexts are reclaiming the contemplative aspects of the faith. Though clinicians are not trained to teach on religious topics and ethically must avoid pushing religion onto clients, conceptualization and research extend the benefits of mindfulness practices for religious clients. This paper will discuss the evidence for using mindfulness in mental health treatment and connect mindfulness to the Christian tradition. The authors explore how intentional awareness and embodiment of the present moment are supported in Christian theology through the incarnation of Jesus and God’s attention of the physical body in the Christian scriptures. The authors also discuss how sacraments and prayer naturally overlap with mindfulness practices for the dual purposes of emotional healing and spiritual growth. To bolster the benefits of mindfulness in the psychological and religious realms, the purpose of this paper is to empower therapists to address client concerns of whether mindfulness is in conflict with Christianity, support clients in expanding current Christian religious coping, and provide Christian leaders with more information about how mindfulness elements are already present in Christian rituals and beliefs.
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Kolodnyi, Anatolii M. "The Milan Edict of 313 is now 1700. The text of the Edict of Milan is translated into Ukrainian." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 67 (May 28, 2013): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2013.67.326.
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Something like this Edict is not particularly fond of mentioning Christian denominations and Christian authors. He was promulgated by the co-rulers of the Roman Empire Constantine-August and Lycin-Augustus. This is the first official document that testified to the right of Christians to freedom in the empire, but has not yet completed them, but only equaled with other religions. Probably this equality is declared by Edict and does not console the Christian apologists, because for them, only Christianity is a true religion. Below, we print the text of the Milan Edict in Ukrainian.
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Kolodnyi, Anatolii M. "Milan edict. Text of the document." Religious Freedom, no. 17-18 (December 24, 2013): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/rs.2013.17-18.985.
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Something like this Edict is not particularly fond of mentioning Christian denominations and Christian authors. He was promulgated by the co-rulers of the Roman Empire Konstantin Avgust and Litsiny-August. This is the first official document that testified to the right of Christians to freedom in the empire, but has not yet completed them, but only equaled with other religions. Probably this equality is declared by Edict and does not console the Christian apologists, because for them, only Christianity is a true religion. Below, we print the text of the Milan Edict in Ukrainian.
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Lepelley, Claude. "THE USE OF SECULARISED LATIN PAGAN CULTURE BY CHRISTIANS." Late Antique Archaeology 6, no. 1 (2010): 475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000142.
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The attitudes of educated Christians to the pagan literary culture of Late Antiquity have long attracted scholarly debate. Jerome and Augustine express the unease that many Christian men of letters felt, and Christian apologists repeatedly attacked the absurdity and immorality of pagan mythology. Yet both Jerome and Augustine nevertheless believed that classical culture could contribute to the Christian life, and mythology remained a source of inspiration for certain Christian authors. This is demonstrated vividly by the writings of two important late antique figures, Sidonius Apollinaris in 5th c. Gaul and the 6th c. African poet Corippus. In their works we can trace an evolving acceptance of classical mythology as a cultural rather than religious inheritance, moving towards the later Christian Humanism of the Renaissance.
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Wilmoth, Joe, and Muhammad Riaz. "Religious Activities, Christian Media Consumption and Marital Quality among Protestants." Religions 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10020119.
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Although associations between religiosity and marital quality have been demonstrated in previous research, mechanisms still remain unclear. Three 3-step hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether 10 individual, dyadic or family religious activities or uses of 7 forms of Christian media predicted positive relationship quality, negative interaction and intimate partner violence in a sample of North American Protestants. Joint spousal and family religious activities predicted higher levels of relationship quality. Individual activities, such as reading the Bible, and parent-child activities, such as praying with children and discussing Christians values with children, predicted lower levels of relationship quality. Listening to Christian talk radio and viewing Christian websites or blogs predicted lower levels of relationship quality. The authors inferred that individuals in low-quality relationships use activities such as reading the Bible, listening to Christian talk radio, and viewing Christian websites and blogs to seek information to improve relationships or promote healthy adaptation. Similarly, the authors speculated that praying with children and discussing spiritual values with them were seen as interventionary measures to protect children when parents were in low-quality relationships.
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Živković, Ivica. "On the Role of the Body in Christian Spirituality." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/spes-2018-0013.
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Abstract In his critique of the excessive influences of the personalistic philosophy on the theological construct that some of the most significant orthodox authors of the present are guided by, Jean‐Claude Larchet widely explains why the relation of the christian toward the body in the spiritual education of the more recent generations of the orthodox christians is vastly neglected. On another place he exposes a voluminous summary of the orthodox church tradition on the christian faith as a method of healing the passions, picturing the role of the traditional christian terms ascetism, athletics and agon (struggle) in the orthodox theology and advocating for the neccessity of their reafirmation in the christian upbringing of the modern people. The physical culture of the orthodox christians should be determined in the shape of explication of the christian endeavour as bodily discipline, considering the neccessary role of the body in bringing up the virtues, and also the importance of healing the body from the passions and other forms of attachment as the disorders of spiritual health.
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Andrey A., Ivanov. "“Early Christian Communism”: Russian Church Journalism in the Latter Half of XIX — Early XX Century About the Phenomenon of the Jerusalem Community." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 4 (October 30, 2022): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2022-0-4-75-89.
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The article considers and analyzes the views of Russian church authors in the latter half of XIX – early XX century (orthodox clergy, scholars, teachers of theological schools) toward the phenomenon of the Jerusalem community and the attempts of supporters of socialist views to treat the patterns of life and thought of Jerusalem Christians as an “early Christian”, “apostolic” or “ancient Christian” communism. Through the example of the critical scrutiny by church authors of the book “The Acts of the Apostles”, the paper shows their interpretations of property relations established in the Jerusalem community, reasons of its unique character, exegesis of the fall of Ananias and Sapphire, as well as fundamental differences of life of first Christians from the communist ideal. It testifies that notwithstanding the insignificant disparity of valuations concerning the Jerusalem community, its experience, achievements and period of existence, church authors had an undivided opinion in terms of disagreement with the fallacy of division between property relations of the community with those proclaimed by ideologists of socialism and communism.
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Berzon, Todd. "Ethnicity and Early Christianity: New Approaches to Religious Kinship and Community." Currents in Biblical Research 16, no. 2 (January 30, 2018): 191–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476993x17743454.
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This article outlines how recent scholarly interventions about notions of race, ethnicity and nation in the ancient Mediterranean world have impacted the study of early Christianity. Contrary to the long-held proposition that Christianity was supra-ethnic, a slate of recent publications has demonstrated how early Christian authors thought in explicitly ethnic terms and developed their own ethnic discourse even as they positioned Christianity as a universal religion. Universalizing ambitions and ethnic reasoning were part and parcel of a larger sacred history of Christian triumphalism. Christian thinkers were keen to make claims about kinship, descent, blood, customs and habits to enumerate what it meant to be a Christian and belong to a Christian community. The narrative that Christians developed about themselves was very much an ethnic history, one in which human difference and diversity was made to conform to the theological and ideological interests of early Christian thinkers.
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McKECHNIE, PAUL. "Christian Grave-Inscriptions from the Familia Caesaris." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 50, no. 3 (July 1999): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046999001761.
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In this article I shall republish a small corpus of epitaphs from the Roman imperial household, with apparently Christian features. These texts have not previously been published together. The dating of these inscriptions will be discussed, and inferences about the Christian community in the imperial service during the Severan period will be drawn from the points of comparison which can be made between the texts.It has long been known from literary sources that there were Christians in the emperors' service in these years. For the generation after Justin Martyr's death, Christian literature provides three references to Christianity in the familia Caesaris. Hippolytus says that Callistus, later to be bishop of Rome, was the slave of Carpophorus, a Christian ‘of the emperor's household’ during the reign of Commodus (180–92). Irenaeus, writing in that reign, refers in the course of a theological argument to ‘those in the royal palace who are believers’, without giving any hint about the number of Christians involved. Then in the 190s Tertullian's Apologeticum lists the palace along with other commanding heights of Roman life in which, he asserts, Christians have established a presence. By this time it was evidently well-known in Christian circles, including in the provinces, that there were Christians in the familia Caesaris: of these three authors, only Hippolytus was based in Rome where the imperial household was centred.
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Luneva, Anna A. "“Insiders” and “Outsiders” in Early Christianity in the Light of New Anthropological Theories." Chelovek 33, no. 1 (2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s023620070019080-5.
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The article represents the problem of the development of early Christian anti-Judaism using the methods of Cognitive Science of Religion and Social Anthropology. This approach allows us to consider the early Christians anti-Jewish writings of 2nd — 3rd CE from another angle and to explain the reasons of emerging of anti-Judaism in a new way. In the works of early Christian authors Jews were always shown as “Others” (Outsiders) opposed to “Us” (Insides) — Christians. The image of Jew was stereotyped and passed through the Christian writings. Jews were characterized as deicides and apostates with worthless rites. They also caused troubles for Christians. At the same time Christians were depicted as new, eternal Israel, their New law replaced the Old law of Jews. For Christians “Us” were those, who rejected carnal sacrifices of Jews, circumcision and Shabbat day. Cognitive Science and Social anthropology explains humiliation of “Others” and exaltation of “Us”, pointing out that inter-group conflict emerge while groups have a common goal. At the same time, fear of “Other” makes inner-group connections stronger. Stereotypes and prejudices are the result of such inter-group communication. Stereotypes transmit, develop and strengthen within the group. Jewish-Christian relations of Antiquity are one of the examples of the conflict inter-group communication. Ancient anti-Jewish treatises demonstrate the growing of antipathy to Jews by Christians under the forming stereotypes.
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Franchi, Roberta. "Greek Literature and Christian Doctrine in Early Christianity: A Difficult Co-Existence." Literature 3, no. 3 (July 5, 2023): 296–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/literature3030020.
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This paper traces the complex relationship between classical literature and Christian doctrine in the first four centuries. In the earliest period of Christianity, we can identify two attitudes of Christians towards Greek literature: the hostile attitude shown by Tatian, Theophilus, and Tertullian, and the openness to Greek culture and philosophy demonstrated by Justin the Martyr, Athenagoras of Athens, and Minucius Felix. A notable change happened in the Alexandrian milieu when Clement of Alexandria and Origen started considering Greek classics the embodiment of an authentic Christian spirit. In keeping with Origen, Basil of Caesarea realized a good synthesis between Greek thought and Christian faith. Noting germs of divine revelation in ancient Greek thought, Christian authors took the tools of Greco-Roman criticism and ancient philosophy to develop their doctrine.
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Mackey, James P. "Who are the Authors of Christian Morality?" Irish Theological Quarterly 62, no. 4 (December 1996): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002114009606200404.
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Rhee, Helen. "Philanthropy and Human Flourishing in Patristic Theology." Religions 9, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9110362.
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This article grounds early Christian theologies and practices of philanthropy in their varied complexities in a larger patristic vision of human flourishing. For patristic authors (second to fifth centuries), human flourishing is grounded in God’s creative intent for material creation, including nature and material goods, that are to be shared for common use and common good, and also to be a means of distributive justice. Based on God’s own philanthropia (“love of humanity”, compassionate generosity), when Christians practice it mainly through almsgiving to the poor and sharing, they mirror the original image (eikon) of God, undo their crime of inhumanity, retain a Christian identity and virtue, and thus restore a semblance of God’s creative intent for the common good. This fundamental social virtue, philanthropia, is, in fact, an attendant virtue of salvation (the goal of creation, including humanity), in reversing the effects of the fall and restoring human flourishing. I then examine patristic authors’ presentations of how wealth presents Christians in concrete situations with a unique challenge and opportunity to demonstrate their spiritual state and persevere in their salvation by eliminating vices (e.g., greed) and cultivating virtues (e.g., detachment), and thereby to affirm and confirm their Christian identities. Finally, I explore the institutional aspect of philanthropy in the (post-) Constantinian era as the Christian church took on the task of caring for the poor of the whole Roman society as a result.
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Gea, Leniwan Darmawati. "Book Review." THEOLOGIA INSANI (Jurnal Theologia, Pendidikan, dan Misiologia Integratif) 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58700/theologiainsani.v3i1.63.
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The book "Philosophy of Christian Education: Laying the Foundations and Philosophy of Christian Education amidst the Challenges of World Philosophy" written by Khoe Yao Tung makes an important contribution to Christian Education, because the book aims to stimulate educators to think about issues of metaphysics, epistemology and axiology to develop a philosophy based on truth from a Christian perspective. This book is needed to equip educators to understand the importance of philosophy for Christian education, which has become increasingly unrecognized recently. To fulfill this, the author outlines several schools of thought in philosophy on an ongoing basis to bring the reader to a clear understanding of the historical path of its development. Of the philosophers referred to, most of them are not Christian thinkers. Nevertheless, the authors show that their thoughts are important for the purposes of critical analysis of Christian thinkers. The goal is that by understanding their thinking, Christians can understand unbiblical thought discourse and avoid it responsibly and of course with solid and quality arguments.
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Worthen, Molly. "The Chalcedon Problem: Rousas John Rushdoony and the Origins of Christian Reconstructionism." Church History 77, no. 2 (May 12, 2008): 399–437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640708000590.
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According to the town criers of liberal American journalism, readers must wake up and do something. Hide your children—there is a movement afoot among conservative Christians to take over our country and give America a theocratic makeover. A slew of magazine articles and books—with apocalyptic titles such as American Theocracy and The Baptizing of America: The Religious Right's Plans for the Rest of Us1— announced conservative Christians' backward views on social and political issues, insidious webs of government influence, and intentions to return America to its supposedly Christian roots. Most of these authors devoted at least a few pages to an obscure religious movement and a man with a curious name: Christian reconstructionism and R. J. Rushdoony.
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Blikharskyi, Roman. "Genesis and characteristics of the Christian worldwide (based on the publications of the «Nyva» journal (Lviv, 1904—1939s) and in the works of theologists of the late 19th ― early 20th cc.)." Proceedings of Research and Scientific Institute for Periodicals, no. 9(27) (2019): 113–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0331-2019-9(27)-7.
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The Ukrainian religious Christian press, since its inception, was an important means of disseminating information necessary for the life of the Church. Besides the issues of purely Christian doctrine, the authors of religious journals outlined and criticized the ideological tendencies among the representatives of the Ukrainian secular intelligentsia. Their scientific, artistic, social and political activities greatly influenced the then social realities, and partially determined a political future of Ukraine. In the early 20th century, on the pages of the Ukrainian Galician religious periodicals, namely the «Nyva» journal (Lviv, 1904—1939s), there were published a series of articles dealing with the Christian worldview. We have elucidated the reasons why in the late 19th century—the early 20th century for the first time there emerged a necessity to discuss the Christian worldview, contrary to other non-religious worldview models of the modernity. The history of the worldview concept and variation of approaches to its meaning clarifying, the theory of the process of formation of the mindset as well as ways of classification of its different forms, specifically religious worldview, in the philosophical works of Karl Jaspers, Max Scheler and Wilhelm Dilthey, have been researched. As for the Christian-based worldview, we have determined the approaches to the systematization and unification of the ideological principles of the Christians. Those were studied in the writings of thinkers of different Christian denominations, namely Protestantism (James Orr, Abraham Kuyper), Orthodoxy (Mikhail Tareiev), and Catholicism (specifically, the authors of the «Nyva» journal). Keywords: worldview, Christianity, Christian worldview, religion, philosophy, religious periodicals, «Nyva» journal.
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Houtman, Dick. "God in Nederland 1996-2006." Religie & Samenleving 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54195/rs.13177.
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A reading of God in Nederland 1996-2006 informs a critique of some intellectual routines in sociology of religion. On the positive side, the book goes beyond a simplistic onedimensional conception of “secularization” as declining Christian affiliations. It does so by adding analyses of post-Christian spirituality and Christian religion’s social and public significance. The latter is however reduced to the mere study of attitudes, thus neglecting real-life practices that may change in different directions. (Longitudinal) survey data moreover have inherent shortcomings that seem insufficiently acknowledged. Rather than addressing theoretically vital social and public significance of post-Christian spirituality, the authors stick to reproducing conventional (yet flawed and sociologically naive) claims about contemporary spirituality as privatized, fragmented, and individualized. It is finally pointed out that with the steady decline of Christian religiosity it becomes increasingly important to study worldviews of non-Christians and perhaps even wrap up sociology of religion in less narrowly defined sociology of culture.
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Shepardson, Christine. "Paschal Politics: Deploying the Temple's Destruction against Fourth-Century Judaizers." Vigiliae Christianae 62, no. 3 (2008): 233–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007208x262866.
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AbstractThe fourth-century Syriac writings of Aphrahat and Ephrem, and Greek homilies by the Syrian John Chrysostom, warn Christian congregants against joining Jewish festival celebrations such as Passover. In light of the respected age of Judaism's scriptures and traditions, not all of these authors' church attendees were easily convinced by supersessionist claims about Judaism's invalidity. These authors surpass earlier Christian claims that the Temple's destruction revealed God's rejection of the Jews, by arguing that Jewish scripture requires ritual sacrifices that were confined to the Jerusalem Temple. us without the Temple sacrifices, fourth-century Jewish festivals, these authors claimed, defied God's biblical commands, a declaration with sharp implications for Judaizing Christians. Demonstrating the nuances of this argument, which crossed eastern linguistic and political boundaries, contributes to complex discussions regarding these texts' audiences, highlights distinctive elements that their contexts shared, and reveals an unrecognized role that the Temple's destruction played in fourth-century anti-Judaizing discourse.
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Beck, James R. "Christian Reflections on Stress Management." Journal of Psychology and Theology 14, no. 1 (March 1986): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164718601400103.
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An enormous volume of literature has emerged in the past decade regarding stress and its management. As the Christian views this literature in psychology, an immediate impression is gratefulness for the contribution these advancements have made to Christ's Church. In addition, one has some reservations regarding the almost value-free environment surrounding some of the literature as well as the tendency of a few authors in this field to expand stress management techniques into an all-embracing philosophy of life. It is helpful for Christians to understand stress and its management in the context of the more familiar death and dying spectrum of truth. Learning from stress may be more appropriate for the Christian than simply managing or reducing it.
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Witte, John, and Justin J. Latterell. "CHRISTIANITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS: PAST CONTRIBUTIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES." Journal of Law and Religion 30, no. 3 (October 2015): 353–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2015.29.
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AbstractThis article analyzes the historical sources and forms of human rights in Western legal and Christian traditions, and it identifies key questions about the intersections of Christianity and human rights in modern contexts. The authors identify nine distinctions between different conceptions of rights correlating with at least four types of jural relationships, and they argue that leading historical accounts of human rights attribute “subjective” rights too narrowly to Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment legal thought. Earlier forms of classical Roman law and medieval canon law, and legal norms developed by Protestant reformers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries shaped Western human rights regimes in historically important ways, anticipating most of the rights formulation of modern liberals. In response to contemporary scholars who criticize human rights paradigms as inadequate or incompatible with Christian faith and practice, the authors argue that rights should remain a part of Christian moral, legal, and political discourse, and that Christians should remain a part of pluralistic public debates about the appropriate scope and substance of human rights protections.
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Tondera, Adam. "Polemika Euzebiusza z Cezarei z Sossianusem Hieroklesem na temat porównania Apoloniusza z Tiany i Chrystusa jako reprezentantów kultury pogańskiej i chrześcijańskiej." Vox Patrum 64 (December 15, 2015): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3727.
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In the period of the growing importance of Christianity the pagan culture put forward Apollonius of Tyana as its eminent representative and a rival of Christ. At the beginning of the “great persecution” of the Christians Sossianus Hierocles, a high official in the administration of Diocletian, published his anti-Christian tract called The Lover of Truth, in which he drew a formal comparison between Apollonius and Christ. This way he tried to exalt Apollonius and the authors of the stories about him and the followers of the pagan culture. On the other hand he wanted to humiliate Christ and his apostles and all the Christians. Eusebius of Caesarea, the Christian historian, wrote a treatise in answer, in which he submitted the imagine of Apollonius, used by Hierocles in his anti- Christian propaganda, to a critical examination. His historical and philosophical critique reverses the objections of the adversary and shows some elements of pagan culture, represented by Apollonius, which should pass away.
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Womack, Deanna Ferree. "Syrian Christians and Arab-Islamic Identity: Expressions of Belonging in the Ottoman Empire and America." Studies in World Christianity 25, no. 1 (April 2019): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2019.0240.
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This essay examines the ways that Arab Christian immigrants in the late-nineteenth-century United States understood religious, cultural and national belonging. Focusing on migrants from Ottoman Syria (present day Lebanon and Syria) who referred to themselves as Syrians, it uses publications from the Arab renaissance in Beirut and early Arab American newspapers in New York to consider how these Christians grappled with their identities as subjects of the Ottoman Sultan, as Christians from various denominations, as citizens in an Islamic society and as newcomers to America. Defying Protestant missionaries’ simplistic depictions of Middle Eastern Christianity, such Syrian Christian authors expressed a sense of belonging in an interreligious environment and sought to inform American readers about the riches of Arab-Islamic heritage.
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Silantiev, R. A., and A. R. Krganov. "Russia. Muslim Christian dialogue. Stages of development." Minbar. Islamic Studies 12, no. 1 (June 4, 2019): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2019-12-1-208-214.
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Russia has always been a country with large Islamic population. From the Middle Ages the dialogue between Christians and Muslims has always been an integral part of the Russian culture. The article highlights the stages of the Christian-Muslim dialogue in Russia. From the point of view of its authors, this dialogue became fully developed by the middle of 19th century. In its subsequent development it has already passed the three main stages, which are labelled as the “tsarist”, the “Soviet” and the “early post-Soviet”. According to the authors the present situation can be described as the “late post-Soviet” stage. The article comprises a description and definition of this stage as well as a prognosis of its development in the future.
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Frassetto, Michael. "Augustine's Doctrine of Witness and Attitudes toward the Jews in the Eleventh Century." Church History and Religious Culture 87, no. 3 (2007): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124107x232435.
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AbstractThroughout the Middle Ages Augustine of Hippo's doctrine of witness shaped theological attitudes toward the Jews and moderated Christian behavior toward them. Despite the importance of this doctrine, Christian authors sometimes turned away from the doctrine to create a new theological image of the Jew that justified contemporary violence against them. The writings of Ademar of Chabannes (989-1034) demonstrate the temporary abandonment of Augustine's doctrine during a time of heightened apocalypticism and attacks on the Jews. Ademar's writings thus reveal an important moment in the history of relations between Christians and Jews in the Middle Ages.
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Altholz, Rachel, and Jessica Salerno. "Do people perceive juvenile sex offenders who are gay and Christian as hypocrites? The effects of shared and dual identity defendants." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 8, no. 4 (October 10, 2016): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-08-2015-0182.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how a criminal offender’s dual social identity affects judgments. Drawing from similarity-leniency and black sheep theories, the authors tested and discuss whether these effects could be explained by legal decision makers’ perceptions of hypocrisy or shared identity with the defendant. Design/methodology/approach The authors recruited 256 Christian and non-Christian adults to read a vignette about a juvenile sex offender who was either Christian or non-Christian, and heterosexual or gay. The authors measured participants’ punitiveness toward the offender. Findings Results revealed that legal decision makers were more punitive when they were Christian compared to non-Christian, and the defendant was gay compared to heterosexual. Further, legal decision makers perceived themselves as more similar to the defendant when they were non-Christian compared to Christian, and the defendant was heterosexual compared to gay. Finally, only when the defendant was Christian, legal decision makers perceived him as more hypocritical when he was gay compared to heterosexual. Originality/value This is the first study to investigate whether gay defendants might be particularly discriminated against if they are also Christian. It is also the first to test the black sheep and similarity-leniency theories in the legal context of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and Christian defendants.
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Tolan, John. "Ne De Fide Presumant Disputare: Legal Regulations of Interreligious Debate and Disputation in the Middle Ages." Medieval Encounters 24, no. 1-3 (May 29, 2018): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340015.
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Abstract On March 4th, 1233, in his bull Sufficere debuerat perfidie Iudeorum, Pope Gregory IX complains to the bishops and archbishops of Germany of the many “perfidies” of the German Jews, including their “blasphemies” against the Christian religion, which, he fears, may have an ill effect on Christians, particularly converts from Judaism. He orders the bishops to prohibit Jews from presuming to dispute with Christians and to prevent Christians from participating in such disputations through ecclesiastical censure. Gregory clearly thought that it was dangerous to allow informal discussions or debates about religion between Jews and Christian laymen. At the same time, he was instrumental in the promotion of the two new mendicant orders and in the encouragement of their missionary efforts towards Jews (and to a lesser extent Muslims). Over the course of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Dominicans in particular became specialists of religious disputation. Laymen were increasingly discouraged or prohibited from engaging in such disputation by both ecclesiastical and royal legislation. This article will examine several key texts involving the dangers of interreligious debate and discussion in the Middle Ages from the perspective of Christian authorities (ecclesiastical, royal or other). Various authors, from Tertullian to Joinville, expressed misgiving about the effects such debate could have on Christian participants and bystanders, and various medieval legal texts, civil and canon, sought to limit or prohibit such debate.
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Ehinger, Jessica Lee. "Was Anyone Listening? Christian Apologetics Against Islam as a Literary Genre." Studies in Church History 48 (2012): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400001224.
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By the middle of the eighth century, a new genre of Christian writing had developed among those Christians living within the Islamic empire, that of apologetics intended to defend Christianity against attacks from Muslims. Although the Islamic empire had come into existence a century earlier, a series of changes took place in the mid eighth century, including the rise of the Abbasid caliphal dynasty and the stabilization of the empires border with Byzantium, which led to more stable internal politics. In this new atmosphere, Christian authors began to consider, for the first time, the theological ramifications of an empire that was ruled by Muslims, but which still had a majority Christian population. The purpose of this essay is to enter into the ongoing scholarly discourse surrounding the genre of Christian apologetics produced under Islam in the eighth and ninth centuries. There are two competing perspectives on studying these works. One argues for them as historical sources authentically representing an ongoing dialogue between Christians and Muslims during a period commonly known as the Golden Age of Islam. The other argues that these texts are literary creations; at its most extreme, this school of thought asserts that these texts are purely fictional, creating a world of Christian rhetorical superiority in the face of mass conversion from Christianity to Islam.
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Gregerman, Adam. "The Desirability of Jewish Conversion to Christianity in Contemporary Catholic Thought." Horizons 45, no. 2 (October 24, 2018): 249–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hor.2018.71.
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I argue that the authors of the December 2015 Vatican statement “The Gifts and the Calling of God Are Irrevocable” both present the Jewish Old Covenant as a good covenant (rejecting traditional Christian supersessionism) and nonetheless view Jews’ conversion to the better Christian New Covenant as desirable. I challenge the assumption that post–Nostra Aetate positive views of the Jewish covenant, including the claim that Jews are already “saved,” preclude a desire for Jews to convert to Christianity. On the contrary, I show that the authors’ claim that the New Covenant is the “fulfillment” of the Old Covenant provides a motive for contemporary Christians to emulate the efforts made by those early followers of Jesus who shared the gospel with their fellow Jews. To support my argument, I first carefully study the writings of Cardinal Walter Kasper. The authors of Gifts draw almost entirely on Kasper's nuanced and complex views regarding the desirability of Jewish conversion to Christianity, adopting even his approach to and format for presenting this controversial claim.
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Lunkin, R., and S. Filatov. "Christian Churches and the Antiidentist Revolution." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 8 (2021): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-8-97-108.
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The article analyzes the ideological contradictions of liberal democracy, or neoliberalism (antiidentism), and traditionalism (identism) on the example of Christian churches. Antiindentism considers traditional religiosity to be hostile: it should be reformed to conform to neoliberal values, and it should be banished from public space. At the same time, antiidentism does not want to eliminate religion, because it is one of the identities that have to be redone like other human identites. The article examines anti-Christian movements (like the “Black Lives Matter”) as well as conservative and liberal movements within various confessions. The authors emphasize that the antiidentist demands are based on the Christian values of respect for any person, for women and men, regardless of anything, for humane methods of raising children, mercy for any categories of people, regardless of their sexual orientation, etc. On the other hand, the demands of antiidentists go far beyond Christian principles and even common sense (not to quote inconvenient passages of the Bible, to change the rules of church life and the appointment of clergy). The article proposes a classification of confessions by direction and by territorial feature, depending on specifics of divisions based on the attitude to antiidentism (American Churches, the Catholic Church, Lutherans and Anglicans as well as diversity of Orthodox churches that are also touched by the antiidentist wave). The authors conclude that the Christian churches, despite the existence of liberal factions, are primarily a traditionalist force in modern politics. Because of fundamental ideological differences, the consolidation of diverse Christian forces is a difficult task. However, there is some progress in this direction. Evangelicals, traditional Catholics, who make up the majority of the Catholic Church, as well as the majority of Orthodox Christians, are a serious political and, what perhaps more important, ideological force.
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Burgess, Regina L. "Understanding Christian Blogger Motivations: Woe Unto Me if I Blog Not the Gospel." Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture 2, no. 2 (December 6, 2013): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21659214-90000030.
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Blogger motivations in general and motivations of religious bloggers have previously been studied, but there is a lack of studies specific to the motivations of bloggers who self-proclaim their Christianity to create a blog and maintain the blog. Forty-four bloggers participated in a self-administered survey questionnaire sent via email. They answered questions about their reasons to create a blog, original goals for their blog, and reasons to blog regularly. Motivations found in previous research were garnered from 11 studies, and the participants were asked to indicate which motivations resonated with them the majority of the time they blogged. They were asked to explain why the motive resonated with them. Results, not surprisingly, suggest these Christian bloggers were not motivated by the same motivations to the same degree as bloggers from previous research who are not vocal on their blogs about Christian, faith-based themes. The motivations such as community building, expressing opinions to influence others, or pouring out feelings and emotions do not seem to resonate as acutely with Christians as the motivations seem resonate with political- or corporate-oriented bloggers. Other motives such as documenting life, sharing thoughts out loud, entertaining self, or having a place to store their writings seemingly do not resonate with Christian bloggers as they do with other types of bloggers. These 44 Christians who blog are members of online Christian social, writing, and blogging groups, and are studied to see how being Christian might influence motivations for blogging, and explores reasons Christians have for creating media. This study also raises some interesting questions for future study such as why self-proclaimed Christians seem to have greater longevity for blogging than do authors of blogs with a non-religious focus.
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Smith, Jesse, and Gary J. Adler. "What Isn’t Christian Nationalism? A Call for Conceptual and Empirical Splitting." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (January 2022): 237802312211244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221124492.
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In the years surrounding Donald Trump’s presidency, a burgeoning strand of literature has emphasized the role of Christian nationalism in American political conflict. The authors argue that this literature contains mutually reinforcing theoretical and empirical shortcomings. Theoretically, the concept of Christian nationalism is overextended and conflates multiple conceptualizations of religion in public life. Empirically, the standard scale used to measure Christian nationalism contains survey items that are too ambiguous to adequately inform (or constrain) interpretations of findings. The authors draw from cultural sociology and political science to highlight key questions current Christian nationalism scholarship does not adequately address. The authors present results from a latent class analysis to show how the same survey items allow other interpretations of how Americans think about religion, state, and public life. The authors conclude with a discussion of theoretical and empirical steps that may strengthen the contributions of this scholarship.
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Ramelli, Ilaria. "Origen, Patristic Philosophy, and Christian Platonism Re-Thinking the Christianisation of Hellenism." Vigiliae Christianae 63, no. 3 (2009): 217–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007208x377292.
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AbstractOrigen was a Christian Platonist, which his adversaries (both Christians who opposed Greek philosophy and pagan philosophers like Porphyry who saw Christianity as a non-culture) considered to be a contradictio in adiecto. His formation and teaching centred on philosophy, and his Περì αρχων in its structure was inspired not so much by earlier Christian works as by pagan philosophical works stemming from the selfsame authors as those appreciated at Ammonius' and Plotinus' schools. A close examination of all extant sources and a careful investigation of Origen's philosophical formation, readings, and works show that Origen the Neoplatonist is likely to be our Christian philosopher. The presupposition of the incompatibility between Christianity and philosophy (especially Platonism), which provoked charges against Origen as a Christian Platonist from his lifetime onward, is still at work in modern theorizations concerning the “Hellenisation of Christianity,” which are here analysed and brought into connection with the supposed necessity of distinguishing Origen the Platonist from Origen the Christian. It is not the case that a “pure” Christianity was subsequently Hellenised: the NT itself was already Hellenised to some extent, and the Christian κηρυγμα, intended for all nations and cultures, was a σκανδαλον for the Jews as well as μωρìα for the Greeks.
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Shepardson, Christine. "Defining the Boundaries of Orthodoxy: Eunomius in the Anti-Jewish Polemic of his Cappadocian Opponents." Church History 76, no. 4 (December 2007): 699–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964070050002x.
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Scholars have long recognized that the theological arguments of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa against their opponent Eunomius helped to shape the development of Christian orthodoxy, and thus Christian self-definition, in the late fourth-century Roman Empire. The cultural and theological significance of the strong anti-Judaizing rhetoric contained within these Cappadocian authors’ anti-Eunomian treatises, however, remains largely unexamined. Recent scholarship has demonstrated the critical role of anti-Judaizing rhetoric in the arguments that early Christian leaders Athanasius of Alexandria and Ephrem of Nisibis used against “Arian” Christian opponents in the middle of the fourth century, and the implications of this rhetoric for understanding early Christian-Jewish and intra-Christian relations. Scholars have yet to recognize, however, that anti-Judaizing rhetoric similarly helped to define the terms and consequences of the anti-Eunomian arguments made by Basil, Gregory, and Gregory in the decades that followed. The anti-Judaizing rhetoric of their texts attests to the continuing advantages that these leaders gained by rhetorically associating their Christian opponents with Jews. By claiming that Eunomius and his followers were too Jewish in their beliefs to be Christian, and too Christian in their behaviors to be Jewish, Basil, Gregory, and Gregory deployed anti-Judaizing rhetoric to argue that Eunomians were significantly inferior to both true Christians and Jews. The Cappadocians’ strategic comparisons with Jews and Judaism rhetorically distanced their Eunomian opponents from Christianity and thus strengthened the Cappadocians’ own claims to represent Christian orthodoxy.
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Clay, J. Eugene. "Contact, Conflict, and Crisis in Eastern Christianity." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 53, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-05303001.
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Abstract In this issue of Canadian-American Slavic Studies, eight authors explore Eastern Christian communities from the sixteenth to the twenty-first centuries. Originating as papers presented at the sixth biennial conference of the Association for the Study of Eastern Christian History and Culture (http://easternchristianity.org) at Rhodes College in 2015, these articles have been carefully selected for their original contributions and revised for publication. From disputes over monastic landholding in the sixteenth century to the vicious persecutions of the Soviet period, Eastern Christians have responded creatively to historical crises, even as they have faced both internal and external conflicts. These thought-provoking essays provide significant analyses of these responses and offer penetrating insights into Eastern Christianity.
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MEISER, MARTIN. "Neuzeitliche Mythosdiskussion und altkirchliche Schriftauslegung." New Testament Studies 52, no. 2 (April 2006): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688506000099.
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Within the current discussion of myth in New Testament theology this article reconsiders the ongoing myth debate between Greco-Roman, Jewish and Christian authors against the background not of atheism but of philosophical theology. Over against its challenges Greco–Roman authors defend the myth as exemplum within a sociologically framed accommodation theory and interpret problematic texts using allegorical exegesis. Jewish and Christian authors follow these patterns. In particular, ancient Christian commentators on the Bible use the ancient category of ‘myth as exemplum’ to understand the activities of God and Jesus Christ not only as the base but also as an exemplum for the pious life.
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Semenova, Nataliya S., Ekaterina V. Kiseleva, and Aleksandr M. Solntsev. "The Trend to Discriminate Christians: Shifting from the ‘Post-Christian’ West to the Global South." Religions 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12020108.
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To date, various international treaties have been adopted at the universal and regional levels, guaranteeing the protection of every person’s freedom of conscience and religion. Moreover, international monitoring mechanisms have been established to protect this human freedom within the framework of the UN, as well as various regional organizations (OSCE, Council of Europe, African Union). (1) In this article, the authors analyze these mechanisms and identify both positive practices and negative discriminatory practices against Christians—citizens of the states of the Global South. (2) The methodological basis of the study involves a combination of general scientific (dialectical, historical, inductive, deductive, analytical, synthetic) and particular scientific methods (formal–legal, comparative–legal, interpretative, statistical, procedural, and dynamic). (3) The use of these allowed the authors to identify a number of key problems in the indicated discourse and to draw conclusions. With regard to abortion, the authors conclude that current trend is that, in multiple and various ways, states are pressed to prioritize a woman’s right to life, a woman’s freedom of “reproductive choice” over a doctor’s right to freedom of conscience. The situation is similar with the prioritization of the so-called “rights” of LGBT persons in relation to the rights of believing Christians. Moreover, the authors pay much attention to the analysis of the situation of the prosecution and persecution of Christians in the countries of the Global South, especially in Africa. (4) In conclusion, it is noted that various instruments, both political and legal, have been established in international law which make it possible to identify facts of the violation of freedom of religion and call to account for such acts of discrimination, but they are not always effective.
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Perry, Samuel L., Andrew L. Whitehead, and Joshua T. Davis. "God’s Country in Black and Blue: How Christian Nationalism Shapes Americans’ Views about Police (Mis)treatment of Blacks." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5, no. 1 (August 2, 2018): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649218790983.
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Research shows that Americans who hold strongly to a myth about America’s Christian heritage—what is called “Christian nationalism”—tend to draw rigid boundaries around ethnic and national group membership. Incorporating theories connecting ethnic boundaries, prejudice, and perceived threat with a tendency to justify harsher penalties, bias, or excessive force against racial minorities, the authors examine how Christian nationalist ideology shapes Americans’ views about police treatment of black Americans. Analyses of 2017 data from a national probability sample show that adherence to Christian nationalism predicts that Americans will be more likely to believe that police treat blacks the same as whites and that police shoot blacks more often because blacks are more violent than whites. These effects are robust even when including controls for respondents’ religious and political characteristics, indicating that Christian nationalism influences Americans’ attitudes over and above the independent influences of political conservatism or religious parochialism. In fact, the authors find that religiosity influences policing attitudes in the opposite direction. Moreover, observed patterns do not differ by race, suggesting that Christian nationalism provides a cultural framework that can bolster antiblack prejudice among people of color as well as whites. The authors argue that Christian nationalism solidifies ethnic boundaries around national identity such that Americans are less willing to acknowledge police discrimination and more likely to victim-blame, even appealing to more overtly racist notions of blacks’ purportedly violent tendencies to justify police shootings. The authors outline the implications of these findings for understanding the current racial-political climate leading up to and during the Trump presidency.
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Cvetkovic, Vladimir. "The synthesis of ancient philosophical doctrines on movement in the thought of St Maximus the confessor." Theoria, Beograd 59, no. 2 (2016): 150–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1602106c.
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The paper aims to explore St Maximus the Confessor? teaching on movement in the light of his ancient philosophical sources. Maximus? employment of Neoplathonic terminology for the purpose of exposing his theological thought implies a direct or indirect influence of ancient thinkers on his work. In examining the themes of ancient philosophical heritage in Maximus, the paper proposes a fourfold division of his sources. The first source is pagan authors, such as Aristotle, Plotinus and Proclus, whom Maximus might know directly. The second source are ancient philosophical doctrines that through Christian authors such as Origen, St. Gregory of Nyssa, St. Nemesius of Emesa or Dionysius Areopagite already entered the Christian tradition, and which are transformed to a certain extent. The third source are the Christian Neo-Platonists of Alexandria Academy, like John Philoponus, Elias, David and Stephen of Alexandria who attempted to interprete previous philosophical tradition in conformity with certain Christian principles, and the fourth source are the Christian authors, who independently of previous philosophical traditions shaped their metaphysical views. The focus of the paper is on the first three sources.
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Bodrožić, Ivan, and Maja Rončević. "True Faith and Philosophy as a Way to Overcome Religious Prejudices according to 1st and 2nd Century Christian Sources." History in flux 5, no. 5 (December 24, 2023): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/flux.2023.5.1.
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The authors explore religious prejudices in early Christianity, Judaism, and paganism using 1st and 2nd-century sources. During that era, ethnic and religious biases affected various societal levels. The first section examines biases among Gentiles and Christians toward Jews, followed by biases between Gentiles and Jews toward Christians, and the prejudices of Christians and Jews toward Gentiles. The second section delves into prejudices between Christians and Jews, focusing on how society reacted to Christians’ distinctiveness from Jews, hindering their integration due to pagan religiosity. In response, Christians presented their faith as a bridge, emphasizing its universality for all people, not solely for the Jewish community. They offered a pathway for communion and reconciliation, asserting the superiority and broader interpretative nature of Christian faith over Judaism. Jesus Christ’s life, St. Paul’s teachings, and events from the Acts of the Apostles affirmed the faith’s universal significance. The third section centers on ‘barbarian philosophy’ as an attempt to unify Christians and pagans amid growing societal tensions in the 2nd century. Christian apologists, once pagan philosophers, aimed to alleviate prejudices by aligning their received faith with their society, employing ‘barbarian philosophy.’ This approach viewed Christianity through rationality, rooted in the universal divine Logos, appealing to all people as the creator and advocate.
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EDWARDS, M. J. "EARLY CHRISTIAN AUTHORS AND THE PROLOGUE TO PARADISE LOST." Notes and Queries 45, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/45-1-47.
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EDWARDS, M. J. "EARLY CHRISTIAN AUTHORS AND THE PROLOGUE TO PARADISE LOST." Notes and Queries 45, no. 1 (1998): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/45.1.47.
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Aurast, Anna. "What did Christian authors know about Jews and Judaism?" Millennium 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mjb.2013.10.1.331.
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Prihoancă, Constantin. "Communio und Eucharistie. Ekklesiologische Parallelen bei Dumitru Stăniloae und Joseph Ratzinger." Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 73–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ress-2014-0105.
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Abstract This article is a critical engagement with D. Stăniloae’s and J. Ratzinger’s ecclesiological thought as shaped by the description of church as the body of Christ and the Trinitarian roots of this ecclesiology. Starting from practical problems of prayer and living a Christian life, the authors argue that God’s relationship to the Christian community has primacy over God’s relationship to individual believers. When one conceives of the Christian community as being the body of Christ, one can uphold the elevated Christian ideal of Eucharist Communio without making it unattainable. The authors show that the being of the church is given to the Christian community not as a possession or property, but as a task to be fulfilled through the power of Christ and of the Holy Spirit. One can discover that in becoming the church, the Christian community is elevated to the Trinitarian life in communion. Communion ecclesiology has the potential to bridge the divide between the Orthodox and Catholic churches.
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Holmes, Michael. "Recovering a "Lost" Author: Marcion of Smyrna." Horizons in Biblical Theology 31, no. 2 (2009): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/019590809x12553238843023.
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AbstractThe Martyrdom of Polycarp, traditionally treated as an anonymous document, is not: it was composed by Marcion of Smyrna. A writer of no small ability, he argues for a particular view of martyrdom on the basis of a sophisticated interpretation of the gospel narrative; portrays Polycarp as the embodiment of both Christian and Greco-Roman virtues and values; and subverts Roman claims to power even as he affirms Christian claims of divine sovereignty. His accomplishments earn him a spot on the roster of second century Christian authors.