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1
Mairs, Rachel Ruth. "Ethnic identity in the Hellenistic Far East." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614173.
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Bradshaw, Michael Joseph. "East-West trade and the regional development of Siberia and the Soviet Far East." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26964.
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Studies of the role of East-West trade in Soviet economic development often assume that Siberia and the Far East play an important role in trading relations, but few studies have examined the extent of that role and the relationship between trade and economic development within the region. This study addresses two interrelated questions: firstly, what is the role of Siberia and the Far East in trade with the West, and secondly, what is the role of East-West trade in Siberian development.
Regional trade participation data are not available. The study therefore examines the composition of Soviet trade with the West and the industrial structure of the Siberian economy, in order to deduce the extent of regional participation in trade. Soviet exports to the West are dominated by natural resources, while imports from the West comprise machinery and equipment, manufactured goods and agricultural products. Analysis of the Siberian economy reveals a specialisation in the production and processing of natural resources. Estimates of export participation show that since the late 1970s the region has become the Soviet Union's most important source of foreign currency. Imports of Western technology are shown to play an important part in natural resource production and in the creation of Siberia's Territorial-Production Complexes. In many instances compensation agreements tie the use of imports to export production.
Overall the value of Siberian exports exceeds the cost of imports of Western technology, so that the region generates a sizeable foreign currency surplus. In conclusion, a simple model of the trade and development process is presented which relates the pattern of foreign trade participation to the process of regional development. The impact of Western imports is felt mainly in the European core region where they provide additional resources to feed the population and renovate the industrial base; the impact of exports to the West is felt mainly in Siberia and the Far East where they increase demands for natural resource production. Thus, East-West trade serves to perpetuate the existing core-periphery pattern of Soviet regional development.Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
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Alexeiko, Maria L. "Gender mainstreaming and students in the Russian Far East." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1121188015.
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Alexeiko, Maria. "Gender Mainstreaming and Students in the Russian Far East." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1121188015.
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Papastratigakis, Nicholas. "Russian naval strategy in the Far East, 1895-1904." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423097.
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Rowe, Paul Stanley. "Ancient crosses and tower-keeps : the politics of Christian minorities in the Middle East." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19477.
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The interplay of religion and politics has been a consistent theme in the comparativepolitics of identity, and more specifically with regard to Middle Eastern politics Yetcoverage of religion and politics in the region is generally focused on the Muslimmajority and neglects the existence and impact of non-Muslim religious elements inMiddle Eastern societies. The most prominent of these are the various groups ofChristian Arabs.This work begins with a reassessment of common comparative theoretical approaches tothe study of religion and politics. It introduces a critical and dynamic constructivistapproach to religion, defining it as belief'. Using belief the political environment, andrelative demographics as a guide, it creates four general types of Christian groups as ameans to understand Christian group activation. These types match up with three generalmodes of engagement with the outside political culture in Middle Eastern contexts:competitive-nationalistic systems, neo-millet systems, and secular non-sectarian systems.These analytical tools are applied to the political activity of Christian groups in threeMiddle Eastern polities: Egypt, Lebanon, and Palestine. In Egypt, a stable neo-milletsystem is the result of the dominance of a single deferential organization amongChristians: the Coptic Orthodox Church. In Lebanon, years of competitive nationalisticpolitics have given way to an emergent neo-millet system as a result of the decline inidentity-based nationalistic parties and the increasing prominence of the traditionalChurch hierarchy. Among Palestinians, nominalism, deference, and voluntaristicactivism mix to create a neo-millet system with aspects of other systems of engagement.This study concludes that neo-millet systems are the natural outcome of a stronglyidentity-focused religious belief system among Arab Christians, one the author terms"tower-keep" theology. However, the dynamics of change fostered by new styles ofbelief, the challenges of responding to an eroding population base, and the influence ofdiaspora communities and coreligionists abroad all point to new systems of engagementto come in the future.
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Luu, Dennis, and Johanna Holst. "How far east? : a study of the choice between outsourcing markets." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-11020.
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Outsourcing is an important subject in the industrial business. Most of the companies in Sweden have some sort of outsourcing relations with foreign countries. The last decade many Swedish companies have moved their production to China through outsourcing relationships. In the recent years there are signs of a shift in the outsourcing trend. The trend includes Swedish companies to move their production from China to closer markets, for example,countries in Eastern Europe.This is mainly caused by changes in external factors, such as increasing transportation cost, increasing labor costs in China and the lack of flexibility have made companies reorganize their production alternatives. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the factors that lie behind the decision to outsource and if there are any differences when it comes to the outsourcing process depending on the market.The research was conducted through interviews with companies with existing outsourcing relations in those markets. The purpose of the interviews was to obtain an insight of the outsourcing process, how factors importance vary from situation to situation and what complications that have occurred.The result shows that there often are more complications with China than with Eastern Europe. That smaller companies seems to have more difficulties when the outsourcing relations with China are established. The result also indicated that if flexibility and speed-to-market is important parts of the companies’ business model it is more likelythat an outsourcing relationship with Eastern Europe will be beneficial.The contribution of the dissertation mightbe of importance for smaller companies who are in the process of outsourcing or consider to start an outsourcing relationship with a foreign market.
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Jeschke, David. "A carbon cycle model of forestry in the Russian Far East /." Connect to materials related to title online, 2000. http://www.hps-inc.com/edu/stella/demo%5Fgate.htm.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Washington, 2000."All variants of the model, 9 scenarios and 31 sensitivity analyses are included on the CD. To run these requires Stella® software. A free runtime version of Stella® is available from the High Performance Systems website at: http://www.hps-inc.com/edu/stella/demo%5Fgate.htm"--Leaf 88. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-72).
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Chesworth, John Anthony. "The use of scripture in Swahili tracts by Muslims and Christians in East Africa." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/150/.
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This research assesses the use of scripture in tracts published in Swahili in East Africa. The use of tracts for the propagation of religion is introduced through the work of Tract Societies in Britain and the use of Christian tracts in overseas missions. Printing in Arabic and the propagation of Islam through tracts is surveyed. The historical use of tracts by Christians and Muslims in East Africa, and Swahili as a religious language, are examined. In 2000 and 2001, Christian and Muslim tracts in Swahili were purchased from particular locations in Kenya and Tanzania. Of these, sixteen tracts, eight by Christians and eight by Muslims, were selected. The tracts use passages from the Bible and/or the Qur’an mainly for outreach purposes. They are described and analysed and scriptures within them recorded. Eighteen Biblical and Qur’anic passages that appeared in more than one tract were chosen. These scriptures, together with the interpretations of them within the tracts, are translated, presented thematically, analysed and compared. The research found differences between Christian and Muslim use of the passages, noting that the approach of most tracts is polemical, thus raising concerns that they may increase misunderstandings between Christians and Muslims in East Africa.
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Jensen, Andrew. "Bridling the Black Dragon: Chinese Soft Power in the Russian Far East." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:26519856.
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This paper considers the efforts of the Russian government to counter the growth of China’s soft power in the Russian Far East in the context of the dramatic rise in trade between the two nations in the 15 years of the “Putin Era,” from 2000 to 2015. The Amur (or “Black Dragon”) River watershed forms the core of the Russian Far East, Russia’s last territorial acquisition from the former Chinese empire and the key to Moscow’s efforts to connect with the burgeoning Asia-Pacific economies. This study investigates which federal- and provincial-level policies the Russian government has implemented to counter the growth of Beijing’s influence in the Russian Far East, and analyzes the effectiveness of these policies in the area’s three most populous sub-regions: Amur Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, and Primorsky Krai. Though initially hypothesizing that the Russian government had no coordinated strategy to counter China’s soft power in the region, this study concluded that policymakers in both the Kremlin and the Russian Far East have successfully discouraged a large-scale Chinese demographic or economic footprint along the Russian side of the Amur. However, Moscow’s failure to both encourage sufficient ethnic Russian immigration to the Far East and to effectively stimulate local economies in need of Chinese labor and investment has paradoxically strengthened Beijing’s regional soft power. Russia’s citizens in the Far East increasingly look south across the Black Dragon River towards China for a brighter future.
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Kumagae, Taro. "Paleoecology of Early Triassic Bivalve Fauna from South Primorye, Russian Far East." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157792.
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Fuccaro, Nelida. "Aspects of the social and political history of the Yazidi enclave of Jabal Sinjar (Iraq) under the British mandate, 1919-1932." Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5832/.
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This thesis focuses on various aspects of the social and political history of the Yazidi Kurds of Jabal Sinjar ( Iraq)during the British mandate. When relevant to the history of mandatory Sinjarit also deals with the neighbouring Yazidicommunity of Iraqi Shaikhan. Chapters I and II are primarily concerned with the society and economy of Jabal Sinjarin theperiod under consideration with particular emphasis on the socio-economic and political organization of the Yaziditribes settled in the area. They also provide a general historical perspective of the socio-economic development ofthe region. Chapter III discusses the late Ottoman period in detail with a view to defining community-state relations andthe development of Yazidi inter- tribalaf fairs in Jabal Sinjar. Chapters IV and V examine the history of the YazidiMountain in the years of the British mandate when the emerging structures of the Iraqi state had significantrepercussions on Sinjari society, especially on the attitude of a number of Yaziditri al leaders. These developments areanalysed primarily in the context of the policies implemented in the northern Jazirah by the British and Iraqiadministrations and by the French mandatory authorities who controlled its Syrian section. Particular emphasis is placedon the dispute between Great Britain and France concerning the elimination of the Syro- Iraqi border in the Sinjar areawhich affected relations between the Yazidis, the British mandatory administration and the Iraqi authorities ChapterVI gives an account of the Sinjari Yazidis' quest f or autonomy which became increasingly associated with theAssyro-Chaldean autonomist movement in the last years of the mandate.
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Meadows, David. "Seismic analysis of silica diagenetic boundaries : the North Sakhalin Basin, Russian Far East." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1955/.
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The transformation of biogenic silica (opal-A) to cryptocrystalline opal-CT (cristobalite and tridymite) and subsequent transition of opal-CT to quartz are important diagenetic reactions that may occur in siliceous sediments within many sedimentary basins worldwide. These diagenetic transitions are basin-scale features and can have areal extents of 10⁴ -10⁵ km². These reactions can have a significant effect on the physical properties, especially porosity, seismic velocity and density, of the host sediment. The role played by silica diagenesis within sedimentary basins is poorly understood, but it is becoming apparent that these reactions could have significant implications for basin analysis in terms of the sedimentological and deformational history of the basin as well as for hydrocarbon exploration.
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Lin, Yuexin Rachel. "Among ghosts and tigers : the Chinese in the Russian Far East, 1917-1920." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6b8153ea-0f39-43cd-9c76-416f86c85d02.
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This thesis examines the experiences of the overseas Chinese in the Russian Far East during the revolutionary and Civil War period from 1917 to 1920, as well as their responses to the upheaval. Bucking the current trend towards transcultural history, the thesis argues that Chinese identity and nationalist language were of prime importance to this community. By concentrating on Chinese-language sources, the thesis re-privileges the community's internal discourses and highlights the prevalence of nationalist rhetoric across the Sino-Russian border. It also sites the Chinese community's use of nationalist language within the context of the global diaspora, for which questions of national weakness and revival were also pressing. Going further, the thesis postulates the presence of "Chinese nationalism with Russian characteristics", in which the issues surrounding Chinese nationalism as a whole were heightened. It shows that the rhetoric of 'national humiliation' and victimhood were particularly immediate to the community in the Russian Far East, since it was located at one of the epicentres of imperial contestation. In practice, this led to a modus vivendi with the Reds and a decisive turn against the Whites. Furthermore, the chaos of the revolutions and Civil War imbued this nationalism with an opportunistic quality. The collapse of Russian state power became the 'opportunity of a thousand years' for China to redress past wrongs. This allowed the overseas community to work closely with local authorities and the Beijing government to achieve shared goals. New civil society organisations with community-wide aims were formed. Beijing extended its diplomatic reach in the form of new Far Eastern consulates. Finally, common nationalist rhetoric underpinned China's successful attempt to re-establish its civilian and military presence on the Amur River. "Chinese nationalism with Russian characteristics" could be effectively harnessed to secure multi-level and cross-border cooperation.
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Sokolsky, Mark D. Sokolsky. "Taming Tiger Country: Colonization and Environment in the Russian Far East, 1860-1940." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468510951.
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Keliher, Macabe. "Americans in eastern Asia, revisited Anglo-American rivalry and the China market /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?1442231.
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Kennedy, Gregory C. "Imperial crossroad, the influence of the Far East on Anglo-American relations, 1933-1939." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0010/NQ29054.pdf.
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Hyun-soo, Kim. "The Port Hamilton affair and Russo-British rivalry in the Far East, 1876-1905." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244113.
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Yun, Yeongmi. "Setting the political agenda in the Russian Far East in the post-Soviet era." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366206.
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Archer, B. E. "A study of civilian internment by the Japanese in the Far East 1941-45." Thesis, University of Essex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310051.
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Chesworth, Andrew. "Planning and realities : the recovery of Britain's Far East prisoners of war, 1941-1945." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19262/.
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Although a great deal has been written concerning the wartime experiences of Britain’s Far East prisoners of war, less is known of Whitehall’s attempts to ameliorate the conditions the men experienced while in Japanese hands, or issues surrounding their repatriation to the United Kingdom. This study initially examines London’s diplomatic approaches to Tokyo, along with their attempts to send consignments of relief and purchase aid locally. It then focuses on the planning process for the recovery of prisoners and internees to the United Kingdom. Finally, the research examines the realities of the recovery operations, and draws distinctions between the experiences of those former prisoners who were repatriated by British-led operations in southern areas, with those who returned from American-led northern areas. The first chapter discusses Whitehall’s changing understanding of Japan’s treatment of British prisoners of war, it goes on to analyse the problems which arose from Tokyo’s failure to provide information in connection with the identities of prisoners, and discusses Britain’s diplomatic approaches to Japan. The Second Chapter explores Allied attempts to send additional aid including bulk consignments of relief, and the local purchase of additional supplies in selected areas. The remaining chapters examine both the planning and the realities of the recovery process. The third chapter discusses the ways in which the plans for the Recovery of Allied Prisoners of War and Internees (RAPWI) operations evolved over time. Finally, the fourth chapter studies the realities of the recovery operations utilising the testimony of the personnel taking part in the RAPWI operations, together with accounts from those being recovered. The thesis concludes that the reason for the failure of Allied relief efforts, lay with Tokyo’s attitudes towards the rights and needs of prisoners of war. Although Whitehall was aware of the likely shortfall in nutrition as a result of the poor rations provided by the Japanese, if the Allied governments had been successful in sending regular bulk quantities of aid, this would have potentially given prisoners a better standard of nutrition than Tokyo considered necessary for its own fighting personnel. As a consequence, London had virtually no chance of sending sufficient aid to the Far East to maintain the long-term health of its prisoners. When considering the overall understanding of the conditions the men had experienced, Whitehall claimed that it attempted to control the spread of information relating to the appalling treatment of prisoners in the Far East, in order to prevent unnecessary distress for their relatives. The study finds that this stance, when coupled with orders which aimed to prevent former prisoners speaking to the press, and advice to families relating to their treatment of returning prisoners, contributed to a lack of understanding concerning the full extent of the hardships the men had suffered. It concludes that this was compounded by the repatriation process which involved long sea voyages, which in turn allowed many to gain a great deal of their former weight, and argues that this had the effect of disguising the lack of assistance the prisoners had received during their time in Japanese hands.
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Park, Hyun-gwi. "Placed in movement : the making of the Korean diaspora in the Russian Far East." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612293.
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Takeda, Kayoko. "Sociopolitical aspects of interpreting at the international military tribunal for the far east (1946-1948)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8769.
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Este estudio se basa en la premisa de que la interpretación es una actividad social y que por tanto necesita describirse y explicarse en referencia al contexto cultural, político y social del escenario en que el intérprete opera. Se estudian los aspectos sociopolíticos de la interpretación en el Tribunal Militar Internacional para el Lejano Oriente (TMILO, 1946-1948) mediante una investigación archivística e histórica de la organización de la interpretación y un estudio de caso del comportamiento de los lingüistas (especialistas del idioma) que trabajaron en el proceso de interpretación.Tras exponer resumidamente la organización de la interpretación, este estudio analiza las características propias de interpretar en el TMILO. En primer lugar, investiga por qué el tribunal organizó la interpretación de forma que tres grupos diferentes social y étnicamente se encargaban de tres funciones diferentes: los ciudadanos japoneses actuaban de intérpretes en el procedimiento, los nisei (Japoneses- americanos de segunda generación) monitorizaban la actuación de los intérpretes, y oficiales militares caucasianos, en calidad de peritos lingüísticos, decidían las discrepancias en las traducciones e interpretaciones. Este estudio desvela que la carencia de lingüistas americanos competentes condujo al uso de ciudadanos japoneses como intérpretes; y que dicha estructura jerárquica funcionaba como una muestra de autoridad y para impedir la "mala fe" que, supuestamente, albergaban los intérpretes japoneses y los monitores nisei.
En segundo lugar, se aplica el concepto de "normas negociadas" para examinar cómo se desarrollaron los procesos de interpretación durante el primer año del TMILO en que ninguno de los lingüistas había recibido formación como intérprete profesional y los usuarios de la interpretación no estaban familiarizados con su funcionamiento. Este examen subraya el aspecto interactivo de la creación de normas y las limitaciones cognitivas del intérprete como un factor de dicho proceso.
Por último, se examina la ambigua y compleja posición de los monitores nisei. Fueron contratados por un gobierno que les había tratado injustamente como "enemigos ajenos", en un juicio contra los antiguos líderes de la patria de sus padres; y usaban habilidades arraigadas en su herencia para trabajar como monitores.
Se estudia el comportamiento de los lingüistas durante los testimonios de Hideki Tojo y otros testigos japoneses centrándonos en la naturaleza de las interjecciones de los monitores y de los intérpretes y las interacciones entre los lingüistas y otros participantes del juicio. Algunos de los resultados apoyan la hipótesis que conecta el comportamiento de los lingüistas con su posición provisional en la constelación de poder de este escenario.
En último lugar de la jerarquía, los intérpretes japoneses hablan en contadas ocasiones por cuenta propia y casi nunca ponen objeciones a las interjecciones aparentemente innecesarias o incluso erróneas de los monitores. Dada la situación intermedia de los monitores en el sistema de interpretación, sus aparentemente excesivas interjecciones en japonés pueden explicarse como una muestra de autoridad hacia los intérpretes japoneses y como un mensaje al tribunal (que no entendía japonés) de que estaban trabajando con eficacia corrigiendo errores de interpretación. La menor frecuencia de interjecciones en inglés por parte de estos monitores puede ser debida a la consideración por la preocupación de sus patrones por la falta de tiempo. El perito lingüístico no se involucraba en ninguna actividad espontánea, pero su presencia al lado de la fiscalía y sus anuncios de resoluciones de disputas lingüísticas en el tribunal debe haber reforzado la imagen de que el ejército estadounidense estaba al mando.
Los resultados de este estudio refuerzan la idea de que la interpretación es una práctica social. La influencia de los aspectos sociopolíticos del escenario se hace evidente en la organización de la interpretación. Además, la información disponible sugiere que el comportamiento de los lingüistas era consecuente con su posición relativa en la jerarquía. El autor espera que algunos de los temas tratados en este estudio, como la confianza, la ética, las relaciones de poder y las normas negociadas, sean revisados para una mayor comprensión de los temas relacionados con el idioma en nuestra sociedad actual.
This study is based on the premise that interpreting is a social activity, which therefore needs to be described and explained with reference to the social, political and cultural context of the setting in which the interpreter operates. Sociopolitical aspects of interpreting at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE, 1946-1948) are studied through historical and archival research of the interpreting arrangements and a case study on the behavior of linguists (language specialists) who worked in the interpreting process during the testimonies of Hideki Tojo and other Japanese witnesses. Three sets of concepts are applied to analyze three salient features of interpreting at the IMTFE. Based on the notions of "trust, power and control", the historical and political context of the IMTFE and the social and cultural backgrounds of each linguist group are examined to explore why the tribunal devised the interpreting arrangements in which three ethnically and socially different groups of linguists engaged in three different functions: interpreter, monitor and language arbiter. The concept of "negotiated norms" is applied to discuss the interactional aspect of how the interpreting procedures developed over the initial stage of the trial, with the interpreters' cognitive constraints as a factor in that process. Cronin's notion (2002) of "autonomous and heteronomous interpreters" is drawn on to discuss the complex position of the Japanese American linguists who worked as monitors. The nature of interjections by the monitors and interpreters and the interactions between the court and each linguist group during the interpreted testimonies of Japanese witnesses are examined. Findings of this analysis support the hypothesis which links interpreters' choices, strategies and behavior to their awareness of where they stand in the power constellation of the interpreted event.
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Khan, K. "Psychiatric morbidity amongst ex Far East prisoners of war more than thirty years after repatriation." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381265.
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Poynter, Sarah Elizabeth. "The neogene evolution of the Amur River and its delta, in the Russian Far East." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620012.
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Parker, Kenneth. "The indigenous Christians of the Arabic Middle East in an age of Crusaders, Mongols, and Mamlūks (1244-1366)." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/f1827709-a68e-90e5-c469-7fcdd6616dd4/8/.
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This thesis examines the indigenous Christians of the Arabic Middle East from 1244-1366. During this period, the Muslim world was under external threat both from the Mongol invasions and from the latter Crusades. There were also internal developments in the area such as the rise of the Baḥrī Mamlūks and the hardening of Islamic religious and popular sentiment against Christians. The impact of these events on the various Christian Communities is analysed, paying particular attention to their diverse experiences, influence and participation in the political context. Efforts to strengthen each Community and instances of continued artistic and literary expression in the midst of adverse circumstances is also explored. The thesis argues that the situations and experiences of the different confessions varied widely according to time and place depending, for example, on whether the Christians were at the heart of power in Egypt or at the periphery in northern Syria. Overall, the thesis fills a void by addressing a neglected but important period in the demographic development of the diverse medieval Near East.
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Sedgwick, James Burnham. "The trial within : negotiating justice at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 1946-1948." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42658.
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This dissertation explores the inner-workings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE). Commonly known as the Tokyo trial, Tokyo tribunal, or Tokyo IMT, the IMTFE brought Japan’s wartime leadership to justice for aggression, crimes against humanity, and war crimes committed during World War II. Using rare sources in three languages from public and private collections in eight countries, this dissertation presents a multi-perspective experiential history of the IMTFE in operation. By placing the court in a distinct international moment that produced the United Nations, the Nuremberg trial, the Genocide Convention, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, among other outgrowths of global community, this work explores the IMTFE as both a groundbreaking judicial undertaking and a pioneering multilateral institution. Other scholars use overly reductive and judgmental constructs based on outside-looking-in perspectives to assess the court’s legal or moral legitimacy without appreciating or detailing its nuance and complexity. This dissertation prefers an inside-out view to explain the trial, not judge it. It describes the IMTFE as a collective endeavour and experience behind the scenes. Chapters review the personal, emotional, administrative, logistical, legal, political, and global dimensions of internationalism in action. Justice emerged as a contested encounter inside an involute web of intimate and external factors; transitional and transnational forces. Outside pressures – including postwar idealism, decolonisation, and the Cold War – meshed with and filtered through the intrinsic elements of ‘being international’ on the ground: social interaction, personal responses, and professional engagement. This ‘trial within’ influenced every aspect of IMTFE processes and outcomes, and the complexity of its internal dynamics best explains enduring criticism and memory of the court as a political trial or manifestation of victors’ justice. Although a unique historical moment, the IMTFE reveals basic, foundational truths about the essence of all international organisations and other modes of ambitious global governance. Ultimately, this dissertation uses the IMTFE to reinterpret modern internationalism as a complex, messy, and negotiated encounter rather than a staid set of promises and ideals: a process and experience that ultimately – inevitably – compromised principles for politics, and form for function.
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Sedgwick, James Burnham. "Western reaction to Allied war crimes operations in the Far East, 1945-1951 : apathetic and insignificant?" Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of History, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2628.
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World War II was one of the most brutal conflicts in history, and conflicting
attitudes pervaded the post-war period. Feelings of profound hatred, emerging Cold War
tensions, hope for future peace and international cooperation all came to the fore. In this
context, the victorious Allied powers brought Axis war criminals to ''justice''.
Although much has been written about the ensuing trials of Nazis and their
collaborators in Europe, markedly less is known about the complement trials in Asia.
This is surprising because Allied prosecutions in the East were at least as extensive as
those in Europe and represented perhaps an even greater effort in international
cooperation. The lack of scholarly exposure given to these trials is notable, and even
during their proceedings, the Asian trials were overshadowed by their European
counterparts. This lack of attention does not, however, imply apathy. This study examines
contemporary Western reaction to Allied war crimes operations in the Far East, revealing
that the international community was in fact very aware of the trials. Contemporary
popular media covered the most dramatic and shocking trials, and academic periodicals
discussed their legal validity and legacy. Although the most widely-discussed trial of the
period was the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in Tokyo, many
other trials were also covered.
Those directly involved in the trial of Japanese war criminals were especially
vocal in discussing their work. This was particularly so with those linked to the IMTFE.
The final chapter of this thesis presents a case study of internal reaction to this trial,
examining available published and unpublished recollections of individuals involved with
the IMTFE such as the judges, prosecutors, defence counsel, and personal assistants. Like
other trials in the East, the IMTFE was not as widely discussed as its Nuremberg
contemporary. The people involved in the IMTFE were nonetheless aware of its
importance, its shortcomings and strengths, and its role in the politics and media of an
increasingly international society.
In this way, internal reaction to the IMTFE represents a microcosm of
contemporary views of Allied war crimes prosecutions in Asia. Interest in Allied trials in
the East may not have been widespread, but it was thorough, vigorous, and varied. It was
not the indifferent haphazard array that is most regularly depicted.
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Rockhill, Elena Khlinovskaya. "Lost to the state : family discontinuity, social orphanhood, and residential care in the Russian Far East." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273351.
Full textAbstract:
My thesis examines the phenomenon of 'social orphanhood' today and is based on twelve months' fieldwork in the cities of Magadan and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russian Far East. 'Social orphans' are children without parental care. By 2003 the number of these children has reached 776,000 and is increasing by about 100,000 a year, raising serious concerns over the viability of the post-Soviet family. One-third of social orphans are brought up in state residential care institutions despite having parents or close relatives. Starting from an examination of Soviet concepts of the child and of the structure and functions of residential care institutions, I explore tensions in the balance of power between parents and the State, whereby parents have been judged as good or bad, and state resources have been directed towards separating a child from a family in difficulty, rather than towards supporting the family as a whole. Building on interviews and transcripts of court hearings in which parents are deprived of parental rights, and using concepts of power, agency and voice, I analyse key terms and values (such as normal and deviant) in the discourse surrounding the process of separation. Later chapters explore the world of the child once separated from the family, as their "Rake's Progress" through successive institutions leads them into an irreversible institutional culture and onwards into a world of alienation from society and often to prison. In analysing informants' narratives I focus in particular on their experiences of intellectual and emotional deprivation, making reference to theories from child psychology. Finally I consider the striking paradox that the individualistic post-Soviet society of today seems to be continuing and even increasing the role of Soviet-style institutional structures based on classic Soviet values. By relating the earlier discussion of deviance to theories of witchcraft accusations and show trials I show how the current system of separating children from their families is sustained by a distinctive modern, post-Soviet discourse of accusation and blame. This research unites concerns from anthropology and social work, and is aimed at decision-makers, practitioners and policy-makers as well as at scholars. Having listened helplessly to so many private narratives and one-sided dialogues in the courtroom, I also hope to give voice to those parents and children whose experiences are otherwise muted.
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Purdy, Daniel M. "Russia’s 2012 Concept of Migration Policy:Are Chinese immigrants a solution to the Russian Far East’s demographic problems?" The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366104317.
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Makoveychuk, Andrey, and Leedip Boinkum Konlaan. "How can the Russian Far South-East improve itself in order to attract more international adventure tourists?" Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4330.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
Date: 2008-09-29
Course: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, EFO703
Authors: Andrey Makoveychuk; Konlaan Leedip Boinkum.
Supervisor: Leif Sanner
Title: How can the Russian Far South-East improve itself in order to attract moreinternational adventure tourists?
Problem: The region is very attractive for adventure tourism due to its unique nature sightsand wildlife. However, there are several problematical areas both when it comes to regionseconomy and marketing of its tourist sights abroad.
Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to outline why international adventure tourists decidenot to choose the Far South-East as their travel destination and to suggest possible ways ofdeveloping the region and its marketing in order to make this place more attractive forinternational adventure seekers. Given suggestions can later be used in development of a newregional marketing strategy.
Method: Way of managing content in this thesis consists of two main and two supportingprocesses, which follow the main ones. Information collection in the two main processes leadsto analysis and then further to the recommendation part. Data sources used are of two types:primary and secondary data. Both qualitative and quantitative types of data are being used.
Conclusion: After have been studying current problems with attracting potential tourists tothe region and evaluating existing possibilities for adventure tourism in the Far South-East,authors have come to a conclusion. This would be that modern marketing strategy forexpansion of international adventure tourism has to be created by travel agencies of the regionas well as some suggested practical improvements have to be done in order to make foreignadventure seeking individuals feel more convenient and comfortable.
This thesis was made with "executive speed" level.
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Lee, A. "The English Renaissance and the Far East : A study in Cross-cultural Encounters, early Modern to Postmodern." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527830.
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Tengku, Jamaluddin Tengku Mahmud Shah. "Marketing of freight liner shipping services with reference to the Far East-Europe trade : a Malaysian perspective." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412520.
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Ewins, Neil. "The impact of the Far East on the UK ceramic industry : design, marketing and consumption c1990-2010." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606825.
Full textAbstract:
The overarching focus of this thesis is to explore UK ceramic manufacturing strategy, marketing and design, in response to the impact of the Far East from c1990-201O, in a context of globalization and marketing literature. Within the period, Far Eastern ceramic imports have surged, and UK ceramic brands have increasingly utilized cheap labour abroad, known as outsourcing. However, not all UK production has been shifted abroad relating to what economists have defined as regional resilience. A limitation of economic and organizational accounts of the UK ceramic industry is that these have not recorded actual changes to ceramic marketing and design, and this has been undertaken by this thesis. Furthermore, the research explores whether the paradoxical behaviour of UK manufacturers (as evidenced by marketing and design) reflects manufacturing and design issues (summarized as design agility), and issues related to consumer perception. The UK industry is rather synonymous with a distinctive heritage and region, producing items that can still be handcrafted or intended as collectables. It was determined that UK ceramic company collapses were related to the impact of Far Eastern competition, although there has been a decline in bridal markets, and products for formal dining. However, Far Eastern competition resulted in experiments in new types of UK production, repositioning of brands, and companies offering greater bespoke services. In spite of competition, small, new companies have been established, relying on UK manufacture. Outsourcing, or continued UK production resulted in new backstamps. Surface pattern designs were also influenced by the debate about 'place of origin'. Interviews undertaken with manufacturers producing in the UK, and those who outsource abroad explored the issues of design agility and perception. A ceramic designer determined whether changes in working practices slowed down design development. Retailers engaged in different levels of the ceramic market confirmed changes in demand, and the degree to which consumers were concerned with place of origin. Outsourced historical and status tableware brands were reported as sensitive to place of production. In spite of marketing tendencies, maintaining design agility was often linked by tableware manufacturers to why UK production continues. Rarely, in this category, has UK production continued, or returned because of perception. Perception issues were linked to UK manufacturers of collectables, mirroring theoretical observations. It is concluded that whilst issues of manufacturing and design agility, and perception issues have been influential, the thesis has also revealed other reasons for maintaining production in the UK linked to company ownership, and thus the role of individual choice, and preserving the secrecy of certain manufacturing processes.
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Smyth, Terry. "The roots of remembrance : tracing the memory practices of the children of Far East prisoners of war." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20008/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is about the children of former Far East prisoners of war (FEPOWs): their memories of childhood, how they fashioned those memories in adulthood, and the relationship between the two. The FEPOW experience reverberated through postwar family life, and continued to shape the lives of participants across the intervening decades. Although a great deal is now known about the hardships suffered by the men, captivity had a deep and enduring impact on their children, but their history is rarely heard, and poorly understood. In Roots of Remembrance I investigate the lives of these children through in-depth interviews, using a psychosocial approach to both interviews and analysis. By tracing intergenerational transmission through the life course, I show that the memory practices of the children of Far East POWs had psychosocial roots in the captivity experiences of their fathers. For some, childhood was coloured by overt physical or psychological trauma; for others, what passed as a ‘normal’ upbringing led later to a pressing desire to discover more about their fathers’ wartime histories. My research demonstrates the need for a more nuanced and holistic approach to understanding intergenerational trauma transmission within this particular group. I argue that participants made creative use of memory practices across the course of their lives to revisit, review and reconstruct their relationships with their fathers, in order to reach an accommodation with their childhood memories. Findings include the value of attachment theory in understanding the associations between childhood experience and later memory practices, the role of the body and other implicit means of transmitting trauma, and the need for a greater awareness of the impact of cumulative and complex trauma within these families. Finally, I conclude that the psychosocial methodology enabled me to access areas of subjectivity and intersubjectivity that might otherwise have remained in the shadows.
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Gagle, Michael Todd. "A Bridge Across the Pacific: A Study of the Shifting Relationship Between Portland and the Far East." PDXScholar, 2016. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2655.
Full textAbstract:
After Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, both Japan and China sought the support of America. There has been a historical assumption that, starting with the hostilities in 1931, the Japanese were maligned in American public opinion. Consequently, the assumption has been made that Americans supported the Chinese without reserve during their conflict with Japan in the 1930s.
The aim of this study is to question the accuracy of that assumption in the case of Portland, Oregon. An analysis of newspapers and print material specifically focusing on Japan and China from before the conflict reveal that the general American opinion of Japan by 1931 had shifted from admiration to suspicion and fear. The American view of China, meanwhile, had shifted from contempt to pity. When Japan invaded China, both countries lobbied for support via books, articles, and public speakers. By analyzing the speeches and publications available, this study finds that the Japanese argued for security and economic benefit, while the Chinese argued for liberty and justice.
In Portland, the public opinion was strongly supportive of Japan before the 1930s, and Japan's hostilities toward China did not immediately change the opinion. Instead, an analysis of The Oregonian, the Portland City Club, and a student summit at Reed college reveal that the opinion in Portland was far more forgiving of Japan than the general American outlook. Portlanders focused on how to ease the tensions between Japan and America, even supporting Japanese calls for an Asian League of Nations headed by Japan.
Further complicating the discourse in Portland was the issue of communism. Portland -- and the Pacific Northwest in general -- had been very involved with socialism in the period before the First World War. After the war, support for socialism had diverged into support for communism, for those who remained radicals, and vehement distrust of communism, for those who did not. The tension between these two groups led to outbursts of violence that left a mark on the memories of the people of the Northwest. Those who supported communism remembered the slights, which would lead them to support the Bolsheviks in the 1930s. Those who distrusted communism remembered the real threat that communism represented.
When the Japanese began their propaganda against China, one of their strongest claims was that the Chinese could not hold back the tide of communism, and that only Japan was properly prepared to do so in East Asia. This claim brought up old fears in the Portland populace, most of whom did not support communism. Thus, Japanese claims of working to prevent the communist threat, coupled with the assertion of an economic boon, helped maintain a more favorable view of Japan in Portland. Following the 1937 attack on Nanking, however, Japanese action was deemed reprehensible and Portland began to turn against Japan.
By profiling the public opinion of Portland toward Japan in the 1930s, this study adds to the growing body of research on the complexities of the relationship between America and Japan during the twentieth century.
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Wilford, Timothy. "Canada and the Far East crisis in 1941: Intelligence, strategy and the coming of the Pacific War." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29272.
Full textAbstract:
Historians specializing in the Second World War have often characterized Canada as an Atlantic Power whilst tending to ignore its important role in the Pacific. Moreover, historians have often characterized Canada as a very minor component of the Anglo-American alliance that emerged in 1941. Canada's response to the Far East crisis may be better understood through a detailed study of the intelligence operations and strategic planning that preceded the outbreak of war in the Pacific. Several primary sources, including contemporaneous war records, internal histories, memoirs and post-war accounts from former participants in wartime intelligence operations, suggest that Canada was better prepared for the Pacific War than previously known. In 1941, Canadian intelligence staff and strategists worked closely with their Allied and American counterparts to prepare for war with Japan. Canada monitored Japan's preparations for war and participated in Allied-American conferences concerning the Far East crisis, using multiple intelligence sources to optimize strategic planning. Throughout the developing crisis in the Far East, Canada sought to avoid conflict with Japan until American participation was assured, but fully anticipated action in Southeast Asia and the North Pacific, making various preparations for national and imperial defence.
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Lin, Chih-lung. "Studies in shipping subsidies and international shipping rivalries : Case studies from the North Atlantic and the far east." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517449.
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Reader, Rachael. "Over the ditch and far away : investigating Broxmouth and the landscape of South-East Scotland during the later prehistoric period." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7347.
Full textAbstract:
Hillforts have dominated interpretations of later prehistoric society, but these have been based on an uncritical acceptance of their military or symbolic role and a ‘big is best’ mentality. Using the exceptional archive from Broxmouth hillfort in East Lothian, the research presented in this thesis had the unique opportunity to examine the boundaries of that site in detail. Drawing on ideas that sites should not just be seen in their final form, episodes of enclosure creation, maintenance and abandonment are examined. Constructing a biography of Broxmouth has highlighted the relative infrequency of these creation events and how social relationships were intimately tied to the enclosure boundaries. These events are not isolated and investigating the contemporary landscape has shown that the coastal plain would have been densely settled, yet the bleak hills of the Lammermuirs appear to have been avoided. Mapping old routeways and pit alignments shows that this landscape may have been a draw for the practice of transhumance, primarily for sheep and cattle as demonstrated in the Broxmouth evidence. Combining GIS analyses with more experiential approaches, shows how some sites took advantage of the topographical surroundings and were instrumental in the practice of transhumance. Creation events at other sites also appear to be infrequent and examining further excavated sites in East Lothian has allowed the formation of a broad chronology of changing enclosure patterns. Contextualising Broxmouth has documented changes in how people interacted with their landscape, how social relationships were enacted and how these changed from the late Bronze Age, through to the Roman Iron Age.
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Wilson, Emma Clare. "Making space for local voices : local participation in natural resource management, north-eastern Sakhalin island, the Russian far east." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/280352.
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Lee, Woosung, and Woosung Lee. "The Koreans' Migration to the Russian Far East and Their Deportation to Central Asia: From the 1860s to 1937." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12388.
Full textAbstract:
From the early 1860s Koreans appeared in the Russian Far East. Beginning in 1864, Koreans who received approval of the Russian authorities had begun to establish Korean villages in this region. During the 1860s and 1870s, the Russian government favored the Koreans' immigration into this area in order to develop the inhospitable lands in the Far East. After the 1880s, Russia's contradictory tendencies of accepting the Korean immigrants or prohibiting them coexisted. Nonetheless, Korean immigration continuously increased until the mid 1920s. The number of Korean immigrants reached approximately 200,000 in 1937. During September and November of 1937 all Koreans living in the Far East were deported to Central Asia because of the potential suspicion that they would serve as spies for Japan.
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Sato, Keiko. "Cenozoic volcanism in northern Sikhote Alin, Far East Russia and its implication for the opening of the Japan Sea." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181090.
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Quiroz, Sitna. "Relating as children of God : ruptures and continuities in kinship among pentecostal Christians in the south-east of the Republic of Benin." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/821/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis constitutes an ethnographic exploration of the ways in which conversion to Pentecostalism contributes to redefining some of the principles of kinship in a patrilineal society. It looks beyond notions of individualism often emphasised in studies on Pentecostalism, in order to focus on people’s relationships. In doing so, it explores how relational ruptures brought about by conversion are accommodated along cultural continuities. This study takes place in Pobe and Ikpinle, two semi-rural towns, in a pluri-ethnic and pluri-religious setting with a majority Yoruba population, close to the Beninese border with Nigeria. Studies of Pentecostalism in Africa have emphasised kinship and family relations as one of the areas where, upon conversion, the Pentecostal command to “break with the past” and with “tradition” is most strongly expressed. Ruptures in these areas have been explained as the result of the influence of Pentecostalism in shaping individualist modern subjectivities. However, the ethnographic material presented here reveals that, although discursively these ruptures are often articulated as radical, in practice they do not always appear as such. Converts still depend on and cultivate their social relationships with their kin. Through a process of breaking and re-making, Pentecostalism opens a space for redefining forms of relating, through a selective reappropriation of certain cultural norms and values. The thesis also looks at some of the dilemmas that Christian notions of kinship bring about in this context, and the specific ways in which Pentecostals - compared to members of other Christian denominations - deal with them. This thesis draws on anthropological studies and debates on funerals, time, descent, marriage, gender, ethics and moral dilemmas, in order to explore how the Pentecostal project of “breaking with the past” shapes different aspects of people’s kinship. It aims to contribute to the literature on the anthropology of Christianity by exploring the complexities of this form of religion, as it appears in one of its denominational variants in a pluri-religious setting.
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Zerwig, Michelle R. "Reindeer hair embroidery among the Saint Lawrence Island Alaskan Yuit, roles of museums and peoples of the Russian far east." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1995. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq22047.pdf.
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Flude, Ray. "The Axis powers' lost opportunity : the failure to develop an air service between Europe and the Far East 1942-5." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4193.
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Berggren, Michael. "SKB International in South Korea : A study about consultancy of nuclear waste system management from Northern Europe to Far East Asia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-148174.
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This essay outlines the problems in the cross-cultural communication between SKB International and the Korean market. After interviews with the vice president of SKB International and their representative in Korea I compare their strategy to cross-cultural communication theories and Korean business culture facts to see how their communication to Korea could be improved. In the results I state that the problem with getting a continuous dialogue is created by the big cultural difference between Sweden and Korea. If these differences can be tackled SKB International will be able to sell their public acceptance package to Korea to enable the project of a final repository. The biggest problems seem to be the difference of time horizons, way of building relations, hierarchy vs. flat organization and the Korean group dynamics in clash with Swedish individualism. As conclusion I state that the isolation of Korea has created a unique culture that needs special attention for successful cross-cultural communication. This calls for SKB International to develop a strategy for understanding Korean culture within the whole organization. The image of Korean culture needs to be continuously discussed through meetings or an intranet forum to get a correct image of how to communicate with Koreans. Also I find that SKB International need more staff to take care of all the Korean delegations that come on spontaneous visits. The best gateway into the Korean hierarchies was found to be through inter-governmental communication.
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Holloway, Simon, and n/a. "Survey protocols for the stream-breeding frogs of Far East Gippsland : the application of habitat modelling and an assessment of techniques." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1997. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060725.150009.
Full textAbstract:
This study developed a heirarchical approach to improve the efficiency and reliability of
surveys for stream-breeding frogs in the montane forests of south-eastern Australia.
Areas with suitable climate for some of these species were first determined by
bioclimatic modelling. Landscape and habitat preferences were then determined for the
four species commonly found in far East Gippsland, along with an assessment of survey
techniques from which effective survey protocols were developed.
The climate of localities at which five stream-breeding species had been previously
found was modelled using BIOCLIM, and maps of the predicted potential distributions
having similar climate were developed. Litoria phyllochroa was found to occur in
coastal to alpine areas from Melbourne to Nowra, and potentially further inland, in areas
with relatively low temperatures and low summer rainfall. Litoria lesueuri had a
slightly larger known and predicted distribution, covering a wide range of values for the
temperature and precipitation parameters. Both species had predicted areas inland from
Melbourne and the Blue Mountains where they had never been recorded, probably
largely due to land clearing. The rare Heleioporus australiacus had a slightly more
northerly distribution, closer to the coast and adjacent ranges from Central Gippsland to
just north of Sydney, with a generally warmer climate and large range of average annual
precipitation values. Litoria citropa occupies an even narrower area along the coast,
extending slightly further north again, with a climatic profile of few extremes but with
relatively high rainfall particularly in summer. The rare Mixophyes balbus had a more
northerly known and predicted narrow range along the NSW coast, just extending into
Victoria and Queensland, characterised by the subtropical influence of higher summer
rainfall. The southern extension into far East Gippsland appears to have an extreme
sub-climate, and is hence considered highly susceptible to climate change. Future
monitoring sites for these species can now be systematically chosen to include their full
climatic range, so that any negative effects of climate change on amphibian populations
may have a greater chance of detection.
Four species were found commonly enough in the far East Gippsland study area for
more detailed study - the three stream-breeding specialist species, L. phyllochroa,
L citropa, and L. lesueuri, along with Crinia signifera which was not restricted to
streams but commonly found along them. Three species, L. phyllochroa, L citropa and
L. lesueuri, were not found at the few higher altitudes sites on the Errinundra Plateau,
however they may have been restricted by habitat requirements other than altitude.
Litoria phyllochroa was otherwise widespread, but preferred larger in-stream pools and
backwaters for breeding with overhanging vegetation for perch and call sites. The other
three species preferred stream reaches characterised by wide bedrock outcrops and
associated wide break in the tree canopy, which may allow their preferred perch sites on
rocky substrates to retain heat after sunset. Litoria lesueuri tadpoles were found in both
unconnected and connected pools, and the common association of this species with
bedrock outcrops may explain its range being largely restricted to granitic substratum
where these outcrops mostly occurred. Litoria citropa preferred reaches with bedrock
and boulder outcrops, although frogs used both rocky and vegetative substrates as perch
sites, with tadpoles caught in both unconnected pools and backwaters. Crinia signifera
tadpoles were mostly restricted to unconnected pools, with frogs generally only detected
within or very close beside these.
Habitat models varied in their predictive ability, from 67.5% for L. phyllochroa frogs to
92.7% for L. lesueuri tadpoles. Models developed from normally-distributed habitat
variables by discriminant function analysis were generally more predictive than those
from logistic regression analysis. The occurrence of frogs and tadpoles of
L. phyllochroa, L. citropa and L. lesueuri can be predicted by the measurement of five
habitat variables along a 50m reach: average width between the banks, average channel
width, an average of the maximum depth of channel cross-sections along the reach,
channel slope, and proportion of the stream length as pools. The occurrence of
C. signifera along reaches can be predicted with the additional measurement of the
proportion of the banks covered in ferns, the maximum cross-sectional channel depth
along the reach, and the number of unconnected pools.
Several different techniques for surveying frogs were compared for the four species
commonly found along the streams. Probability of detection models were derived for
each species for each technique, which allowed calculation of the statistical confidence
of detecting a species that actually occurred at a site for any given number of surveys.
For transect-based techniques, models were also developed which allowed
determination of the minimum number of surveys required without detecting a species
to be 95 percent statistically confident that the species did not occur there, for various
transect lengths. This level of confidence can be obtained for the four common species
by four surveys using the reliable night encounter technique along 500m stream
transects, during the period from Ocotber to March, with air temperatures above 10°C.
The application of habitat models to select favourable 50m reaches for survey also
generally improved the detectability of each species.
Timer-activated tape recorders, which automatically recorded the calls of frogs for many
consecutive nights at a site, were very efficient at detecting all species except the quietcalling
L. lesueuri. Night encounter surveys along stream transects detected all species
from a reasonable effort, and dip-netting for tadpoles was also effective for most
species. Active visual encounter surveys were less reliable, and day encounter surveys
detected few frogs but provided some additional data when other activities were being
performed along the streams.
The findings of this study have important implications for future amphibian surveys and
monitoring undertaken in East Gippsland and the south coast of New South Wales. If
the standardised survey techniques recommended by this study are used in
Environmental Impact Assessments, their results can be objectively assessed and
defended. The use of habitat modelling and improvement in survey reliability can also
be used more efficiently to find sites with populations suitable for monitoring. The
likely amount of effort required by a long-term monitoring program can also be
determined so as to largely overcome daily variations in the detection of each species.
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Ismail, Ahmad. "Numerical phenetic studies of the genus Sargassum C. Agardh (Sargassaceae, fucales) from the Far East with special reference to Malaysian species." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1526.
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Anderson, Seona Margaret. "Loss and change : a social history of wild plant use in Taz, Udege and Nanai communities of the Russian Far East." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272159.
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Krishnan, Eesvan. "Land acquisition in British India, c. 1894-1927." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3ba0652b-70b0-4407-ba85-14eddebdbcb6.
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This study offers the first instalment of a general history of land acquisition in British India, c. 1894–1927. It advances eight principal theses: (i) that the first law of land acquisition was enacted in 1668, as part of a political settlement by the East India Company with the Portuguese landlords of Bombay island; (ii) that, to a remarkable degree, land acquisition law was shaped in the interest of the sterling railway companies; (iii) that the state habitually used land acquisition not so much to effect non- consensual transfers but to ‘launder’ titles free of encumbrances and other claims; (iv) that the primary beneficiaries of land acquisition were public bodies, the sterling railway companies, and elite private interests; (v) that the executive was hostile to legislative and judicial oversight of land acquisition, and successfully resisted or co-opted attempts to impose such oversight; (vi) that the courts were in any event content with the role they were assigned under the 1894 Act, and generally deferred to the executive in land acquisition cases; (vii) that the land-acquiring executive, although hostile to and unencumbered by meaningful legislative and judicial oversight, as a general rule displayed a legal fastidiousness; (viii) that, despite an appearance of impartiality, land acquisition bore the stain of imperialism. These theses are advanced in the course of explaining the failure of the forgotten Kelkar Bill (1927), an attempt by the Maharashtrian nationalist N. C. Kelkar (1872–1947) to enact far-reaching amendments to the Land Acquisition Act 1894. Kelkar’s fellow nationalists withheld their open support from the measure and thereby guaranteed its failure: a counterintuitive choice that, it is argued, exemplifies the tactical compromises of nationalism.