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Journal articles on the topic 'Chromatin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Mishra, Prashant K., Sultan Ciftci-Yilmaz, David Reynolds, et al. "Polo kinase Cdc5 associates with centromeres to facilitate the removal of centromeric cohesin during mitosis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 14 (2016): 2286–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-01-0004.

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Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for tension-sensing mechanisms that monitor bipolar attachment of replicated chromatids in metaphase. Cohesion is mediated by the association of cohesins along the length of sister chromatid arms. In contrast, centromeric cohesin generates intrastrand cohesion and sister centromeres, while highly cohesin enriched, are separated by >800 nm at metaphase in yeast. Removal of cohesin is necessary for sister chromatid separation during anaphase, and this is regulated by evolutionarily conserved polo-like kinase (Cdc5 in yeast, Plk1 in humans). Here we addre

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2

Daban, Joan-Ramon. "The energy components of stacked chromatin layers explain the morphology, dimensions and mechanical properties of metaphase chromosomes." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 92 (2014): 20131043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.1043.

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The measurement of the dimensions of metaphase chromosomes in different animal and plant karyotypes prepared in different laboratories indicates that chromatids have a great variety of sizes which are dependent on the amount of DNA that they contain. However, all chromatids are elongated cylinders that have relatively similar shape proportions (length to diameter ratio approx. 13). To explain this geometry, it is considered that chromosomes are self-organizing structures formed by stacked layers of planar chromatin and that the energy of nucleosome–nucleosome interactions between chromatin lay

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3

Chen, Yu-Fan, Chia-Ching Chou, and Marc R. Gartenberg. "Determinants of Sir2-Mediated, Silent Chromatin Cohesion." Molecular and Cellular Biology 36, no. 15 (2016): 2039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00057-16.

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Cohesin associates with distinct sites on chromosomes to mediate sister chromatid cohesion. Single cohesin complexes are thought to bind by encircling both sister chromatids in a topological embrace. Transcriptionally repressed chromosomal domains in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaerepresent specialized sites of cohesion where cohesin binds silent chromatin in a Sir2-dependent fashion. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis for Sir2-mediated cohesion. We identified a cluster of charged surface residues of Sir2, collectively termed the EKDK motif, that are required for cohesin func

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Giménez-Abián, J. F., D. J. Clarke, A. M. Mullinger, C. S. Downes, and R. T. Johnson. "A postprophase topoisomerase II-dependent chromatid core separation step in the formation of metaphase chromosomes." Journal of Cell Biology 131, no. 1 (1995): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.131.1.7.

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Metaphase chromatids are believed to consist of loops of chromatin anchored to a central scaffold, of which a major component is the decatenatory enzyme DNA topoisomerase II. Silver impregnation selectively stains an axial element of metaphase and anaphase chromatids; but we find that in earlier stages of mitosis, silver staining reveals an initially single, folded midline structure, which separates at prometaphase to form two chromatid axes. Inhibition of topoisomerase II prevents this separation, and also prevents the contraction of chromatids that occurs when metaphase is arrested. Immunolo

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Muñoz, Sofía, Francesca Passarelli, and Frank Uhlmann. "Conserved roles of chromatin remodellers in cohesin loading onto chromatin." Current Genetics 66, no. 5 (2020): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-020-01075-x.

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Abstract Cohesin is a conserved, ring-shaped protein complex that topologically entraps DNA. This ability makes this member of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complex family a central hub of chromosome dynamics regulation. Besides its essential role in sister chromatid cohesion, cohesin shapes the interphase chromatin domain architecture and plays important roles in transcriptional regulation and DNA repair. Cohesin is loaded onto chromosomes at centromeres, at the promoters of highly expressed genes, as well as at DNA replication forks and sites of DNA damage. However, the fea

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Stephens, Andrew D., Julian Haase, Leandra Vicci, Russell M. Taylor, and Kerry Bloom. "Cohesin, condensin, and the intramolecular centromere loop together generate the mitotic chromatin spring." Journal of Cell Biology 193, no. 7 (2011): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201103138.

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Sister chromatid cohesion provides the mechanistic basis, together with spindle microtubules, for generating tension between bioriented chromosomes in metaphase. Pericentric chromatin forms an intramolecular loop that protrudes bidirectionally from the sister chromatid axis. The centromere lies on the surface of the chromosome at the apex of each loop. The cohesin and condensin structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes are concentrated within the pericentric chromatin, but whether they contribute to tension-generating mechanisms is not known. To understand how pericentric c

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7

Lawrimore, Josh, Ayush Doshi, Brandon Friedman, Elaine Yeh, and Kerry Bloom. "Geometric partitioning of cohesin and condensin is a consequence of chromatin loops." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 22 (2018): 2737–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0131.

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SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) complexes condensin and cohesin are crucial for proper chromosome organization. Condensin has been reported to be a mechanochemical motor capable of forming chromatin loops, while cohesin passively diffuses along chromatin to tether sister chromatids. In budding yeast, the pericentric region is enriched in both condensin and cohesin. As in higher-eukaryotic chromosomes, condensin is localized to the axial chromatin of the pericentric region, while cohesin is enriched in the radial chromatin. Thus, the pericentric region serves as an ideal model for d

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8

Ghaddar, Nagham, Pierre Luciano, Vincent Géli, and Yves Corda. "Chromatin assembly factor-1 preserves genome stability in ctf4∆ cells by promoting sister chromatid cohesion." Cell Stress 7, no. 9 (2023): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15698/cst2023.09.289.

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Chromatin assembly and the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion are intimately connected to the progression of DNA replication forks. Here we examined the genetic interaction between the heterotrimeric chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1), a central component of chromatin assembly during replication, and the core replisome component Ctf4. We find that CAF-1 deficient cells as well as cells affected in newly-synthesized H3-H4 histones deposition during DNA replication exhibit a severe negative growth with ctf4∆ mutant. We dissected the role of CAF-1 in the maintenance of genome stability i

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9

SIMPSON, R. T. "Chromatin Research Surveyed: Chromatin." Science 243, no. 4895 (1989): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4895.1220.

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10

Stanyte, Rugile, Johannes Nuebler, Claudia Blaukopf, et al. "Dynamics of sister chromatid resolution during cell cycle progression." Journal of Cell Biology 217, no. 6 (2018): 1985–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201801157.

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Faithful genome transmission in dividing cells requires that the two copies of each chromosome’s DNA package into separate but physically linked sister chromatids. The linkage between sister chromatids is mediated by cohesin, yet where sister chromatids are linked and how they resolve during cell cycle progression has remained unclear. In this study, we investigated sister chromatid organization in live human cells using dCas9-mEGFP labeling of endogenous genomic loci. We detected substantial sister locus separation during G2 phase irrespective of the proximity to cohesin enrichment sites. Alm

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11

Novak, Ivana, Hong Wang, Ekaterina Revenkova, Rolf Jessberger, Harry Scherthan та Christer Höög. "Cohesin Smc1β determines meiotic chromatin axis loop organization". Journal of Cell Biology 180, № 1 (2008): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200706136.

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Meiotic chromosomes consist of proteinaceous axial structures from which chromatin loops emerge. Although we know that loop density along the meiotic chromosome axis is conserved in organisms with different genome sizes, the basis for the regular spacing of chromatin loops and their organization is largely unknown. We use two mouse model systems in which the postreplicative meiotic chromosome axes in the mutant oocytes are either longer or shorter than in wild-type oocytes. We observe a strict correlation between chromosome axis extension and a general and reciprocal shortening of chromatin lo

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12

Gallego-Paez, Lina Marcela, Hiroshi Tanaka, Masashige Bando, et al. "Smc5/6-mediated regulation of replication progression contributes to chromosome assembly during mitosis in human cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 2 (2014): 302–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-01-0020.

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The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins constitute the core of critical complexes involved in structural organization of chromosomes. In yeast, the Smc5/6 complex is known to mediate repair of DNA breaks and replication of repetitive genomic regions, including ribosomal DNA loci and telomeres. In mammalian cells, which have diverse genome structure and scale from yeast, the Smc5/6 complex has also been implicated in DNA damage response, but its further function in unchallenged conditions remains elusive. In this study, we addressed the behavior and function of Smc5/6 during th

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13

Palmateer, Colleen M., Shawn C. Moseley, Surjyendu Ray, Savannah G. Brovero, and Michelle N. Arbeitman. "Analysis of cell-type-specific chromatin modifications and gene expression in Drosophila neurons that direct reproductive behavior." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 4 (2021): e1009240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009240.

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Examining the role of chromatin modifications and gene expression in neurons is critical for understanding how the potential for behaviors are established and maintained. We investigate this question by examining Drosophila melanogaster fru P1 neurons that underlie reproductive behaviors in both sexes. We developed a method to purify cell-type-specific chromatin (Chromatag), using a tagged histone H2B variant that is expressed using the versatile Gal4/UAS gene expression system. Here, we use Chromatag to evaluate five chromatin modifications, at three life stages in both sexes. We find substan

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14

Sapkota, Hem, Emilia Wasiak, John R. Daum, and Gary J. Gorbsky. "Multiple determinants and consequences of cohesion fatigue in mammalian cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 15 (2018): 1811–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-05-0315.

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Cells delayed in metaphase with intact mitotic spindles undergo cohesion fatigue, where sister chromatids separate asynchronously, while cells remain in mitosis. Cohesion fatigue requires release of sister chromatid cohesion. However, the pathways that breach sister chromatid cohesion during cohesion fatigue remain unknown. Using moderate-salt buffers to remove loosely bound chromatin cohesin, we show that “cohesive” cohesin is not released during chromatid separation during cohesion fatigue. Using a regulated protein heterodimerization system to lock different cohesin ring interfaces at speci

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15

Cimini, Daniela, Marta Mattiuzzo, Liliana Torosantucci, and Francesca Degrassi. "Histone Hyperacetylation in Mitosis Prevents Sister Chromatid Separation and Produces Chromosome Segregation Defects." Molecular Biology of the Cell 14, no. 9 (2003): 3821–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e03-01-0860.

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Posttranslational modifications of core histones contribute to driving changes in chromatin conformation and compaction. Herein, we investigated the role of histone deacetylation on the mitotic process by inhibiting histone deacetylases shortly before mitosis in human primary fibroblasts. Cells entering mitosis with hyperacetylated histones displayed altered chromatin conformation associated with decreased reactivity to the anti-Ser 10 phospho H3 antibody, increased recruitment of protein phosphatase 1-δ on mitotic chromosomes, and depletion of heterochromatin protein 1 from the centromeric he

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16

FELSENFELD, G., B. BURGESS-BEUSSE, C. FARRELL, et al. "Chromatin Boundaries and Chromatin Domains." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 69 (January 1, 2004): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2004.69.245.

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17

Riedel, Christian G., Juraj Gregan, Stephan Gruber, and Kim Nasmyth. "Is chromatin remodeling required to build sister-chromatid cohesion?" Trends in Biochemical Sciences 29, no. 8 (2004): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2004.06.007.

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18

Stephens, Andrew D., Rachel A. Haggerty, Paula A. Vasquez, et al. "Pericentric chromatin loops function as a nonlinear spring in mitotic force balance." Journal of Cell Biology 200, no. 6 (2013): 757–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201208163.

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The mechanisms by which sister chromatids maintain biorientation on the metaphase spindle are critical to the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Active force interplay exists between predominantly extensional microtubule-based spindle forces and restoring forces from chromatin. These forces regulate tension at the kinetochore that silences the spindle assembly checkpoint to ensure faithful chromosome segregation. Depletion of pericentric cohesin or condensin has been shown to increase the mean and variance of spindle length, which have been attributed to a softening of the linear chromatin sp

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19

Urnov, Fyodor, and Colyn Crane-Robinson. "Chromatin." European Journal of Biochemistry 269, no. 9 (2002): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02884.x.

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20

Gross, David S., Surabhi Chowdhary, Jayamani Anandhakumar, and Amoldeep S. Kainth. "Chromatin." Current Biology 25, no. 24 (2015): R1158—R1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.059.

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21

Gross, David S., Surabhi Chowdhary, Jayamani Anandhakumar, and Amoldeep S. Kainth. "Chromatin." Current Biology 26, no. 4 (2016): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.002.

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22

Langmore, John P. "Chromatin." Cell 59, no. 2 (1989): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90284-5.

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23

Racko, Dusan, Fabrizio Benedetti, Dimos Goundaroulis, and Andrzej Stasiak. "Chromatin Loop Extrusion and Chromatin Unknotting." Polymers 10, no. 10 (2018): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101126.

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It has been a puzzle how decondensed interphase chromosomes remain essentially unknotted. The natural expectation is that in the presence of type II DNA topoisomerases that permit passages of double-stranded DNA regions through each other, all chromosomes should reach the state of topological equilibrium. The topological equilibrium in highly crowded interphase chromosomes forming chromosome territories would result in formation of highly knotted chromatin fibres. However, Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) methods revealed that the decay of contact probabilities with the genomic distance in

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Mello, MLS, AS Moraes, and BC Vidal. "Extended chromatin fibers and chromatin organization." Biotechnic & Histochemistry 86, no. 4 (2010): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10520290903549022.

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25

Ishak, Muhiddin, Rashidah Baharudin, Isa Mohamed Rose, et al. "Genome-Wide Open Chromatin Methylome Profiles in Colorectal Cancer." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (2020): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050719.

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The methylome of open chromatins was investigated in colorectal cancer (CRC) to explore cancer-specific methylation and potential biomarkers. Epigenome-wide methylome of open chromatins was studied in colorectal cancer tissues using the Infinium DNA MethylationEPIC assay. Differentially methylated regions were identified using the ChAMP Bioconductor. Our stringent analysis led to the discovery of 2187 significant differentially methylated open chromatins in CRCs. More hypomethylated probes were observed and the trend was similar across all chromosomes. The majority of hyper- and hypomethylated

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Krieger, Lisa Marie, Emil Mladenov, Aashish Soni, Marilen Demond, Martin Stuschke, and George Iliakis. "Disruption of Chromatin Dynamics by Hypotonic Stress Suppresses HR and Shifts DSB Processing to Error-Prone SSA." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (2021): 10957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010957.

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The processing of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) depends on the dynamic characteristics of chromatin. To investigate how abrupt changes in chromatin compaction alter these dynamics and affect DSB processing and repair, we exposed irradiated cells to hypotonic stress (HypoS). Densitometric and chromosome-length analyses show that HypoS transiently decompacts chromatin without inducing histone modifications known from regulated local chromatin decondensation, or changes in Micrococcal Nuclease (MNase) sensitivity. HypoS leaves undisturbed initial stages of DNA-damage-response (DDR), such as rad

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Samejima, Kumiko, Itaru Samejima, Paola Vagnarelli та ін. "Mitotic chromosomes are compacted laterally by KIF4 and condensin and axially by topoisomerase IIα". Journal of Cell Biology 199, № 5 (2012): 755–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201202155.

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Mitotic chromosome formation involves a relatively minor condensation of the chromatin volume coupled with a dramatic reorganization into the characteristic “X” shape. Here we report results of a detailed morphological analysis, which revealed that chromokinesin KIF4 cooperated in a parallel pathway with condensin complexes to promote the lateral compaction of chromatid arms. In this analysis, KIF4 and condensin were mutually dependent for their dynamic localization on the chromatid axes. Depletion of either caused sister chromatids to expand and compromised the “intrinsic structure” of the ch

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Min, Sunwoo, Ho-Soo Lee, Jae-Hoon Ji, et al. "The chromatin remodeler RSF1 coordinates epigenetic marks for transcriptional repression and DSB repair." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 21 (2021): 12268–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1093.

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Abstract DNA lesions impact on local transcription and the damage-induced transcriptional repression facilitates efficient DNA repair. However, how chromatin dynamics cooperates with these two events remained largely unknown. We here show that histone H2A acetylation at K118 is enriched in transcriptionally active regions. Under DNA damage, the RSF1 chromatin remodeling factor recruits HDAC1 to DSB sites. The RSF1-HDAC1 complex induces the deacetylation of H2A(X)-K118 and its deacetylation is indispensable for the ubiquitination of histone H2A at K119. Accordingly, the acetylation mimetic H2A-

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Sinclair, Paul, Qian Bian, Matt Plutz, Edith Heard, and Andrew S. Belmont. "Dynamic plasticity of large-scale chromatin structure revealed by self-assembly of engineered chromosome regions." Journal of Cell Biology 190, no. 5 (2010): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200912167.

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Interphase chromatin compaction well above the 30-nm fiber is well documented, but the structural motifs underlying this level of chromatin folding remain unknown. Taking a reductionist approach, we analyzed in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and ES-derived fibroblasts and erythroblasts the folding of 10–160-megabase pair engineered chromosome regions consisting of tandem repeats of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) containing ∼200 kilobases of mammalian genomic DNA tagged with lac operator (LacO) arrays. Unexpectedly, linear mitotic and interphase chromatid regions formed from noncontig

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Green, G. R., R. R. Ferlita, W. F. Walkenhorst, and D. L. Poccia. "Linker DNA destabilizes condensed chromatin." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 79, no. 3 (2001): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o01-115.

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The contribution of the linker region to maintenance of condensed chromatin was examined in two model systems, namely sea urchin sperm nuclei and chicken red blood cell nuclei. Linkerless nuclei, prepared by extensive digestion with micrococcal nuclease, were compared with Native nuclei using several assays, including microscopic appearance, nuclear turbidity, salt stability, and trypsin resistance. Chromatin in the Linkerless nuclei was highly condensed, resembling pyknotic chromatin in apoptotic cells. Linkerless nuclei were more stable in low ionic strength buffers and more resistant to try

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Hendzel, Michael J., Michael J. Kruhlak, and David P. Bazett-Jones. "Organization of Highly Acetylated Chromatin around Sites of Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA Accumulation." Molecular Biology of the Cell 9, no. 9 (1998): 2491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.9.9.2491.

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Histones found within transcriptionally competent and active regions of the genome are highly acetylated. Moreover, these highly acetylated histones have very short half-lives. Thus, both histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases must enrich within or near these euchromatic regions of the interphase chromatids. Using an antibody specific for highly acetylated histone H3, we have investigated the organization of transcriptionally active and competent chromatin as well as nuclear histone acetyltransferase and deacetylase activities. We observe an exclusion of highly acetylated chromati

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Hiraoka, Yasushi. "Chromatin Unlimited: An Evolutionary View of Chromatin." Epigenomes 6, no. 1 (2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes6010002.

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Ogiwara, Hideaki, Takemi Enomoto, and Masayuki Seki. "The INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complex Functions in Sister Chromatid Cohesion." Cell Cycle 6, no. 9 (2007): 1090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.6.9.4130.

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Tate, Shin-ichi. "Establishing a model to demonstrate physical and mathematical properties of chromatin fibres in fission yeast cells - Research in the Molecular Biophysics Lab at Hiroshima University." Impact 2018, no. 3 (2018): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2018.3.89.

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The field of molecular biology has provided great insights into the structure and function of key molecules. Thanks to this area of research, we can now grasp the biological details of DNA and have characterised an enormous number of molecules in massive data bases. These 'biological periodic tables' have allowed scientists to connect molecules to particular cellular events, furthering scientific understanding of biological processes. However, molecular biology has yet to answer questions regarding 'higher-order' molecular architecture, such as that of chromatin. Chromatin is the molecular mat

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Losada, Ana, Tomoki Yokochi, Ryuji Kobayashi, and Tatsuya Hirano. "Identification and Characterization of Sa/Scc3p Subunits in the Xenopus and Human Cohesin Complexes." Journal of Cell Biology 150, no. 3 (2000): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.150.3.405.

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A multisubunit protein complex, termed cohesin, plays an essential role in sister chromatid cohesion in yeast and in Xenopus laevis cell-free extracts. We report here that two distinct cohesin complexes exist in Xenopus egg extracts. A 14S complex (x-cohesinSA1) contains XSMC1, XSMC3, XRAD21, and a newly identified subunit, XSA1. In a second 12.5S complex (x-cohesinSA2), XSMC1, XSMC3, and XRAD21 associate with a different subunit, XSA2. Both XSA1 and XSA2 belong to the SA family of mammalian proteins and exhibit similarity to Scc3p, a recently identified component of yeast cohesin. In Xenopus

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Thrower, Douglas A., and Kerry Bloom. "Dicentric Chromosome Stretching during Anaphase Reveals Roles of Sir2/Ku in Chromatin Compaction in Budding Yeast." Molecular Biology of the Cell 12, no. 9 (2001): 2800–2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.12.9.2800.

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We have used mitotic spindle forces to examine the role of Sir2 and Ku in chromatin compaction. Escherichia coli lac operator DNA was placed between two centromeres on a conditional dicentric chromosome in budding yeast cells and made visible by expression of a lac repressor–green fluorescent fusion protein. Centromeres on the same chromatid of a dicentric chromosome attach to opposite poles ∼50% of the time, resulting in chromosome bridges during anaphase. In cells deleted for yKU70,yKU80, or SIR2, a 10-kb region of the dicentric chromosome stretched along the spindle axis to a length of 6 μm

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Moore, Susan C., Laure Jason, and Juan Ausió. "The elusive structural role of ubiquitinated histones." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80, no. 3 (2002): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o02-081.

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It is increasingly apparent that histone posttranslational modifications are important in chromatin structure and dynamics. However, histone ubiquitination has received little attention. Histones H1, H3, H2A, and H2B can be ubiquitinated in vivo, but the most prevalent are uH2A and uH2B. The size of this modification suggests some sort of structural impact. Physiological observations suggest that ubiquitinated histones may have multiple functions and structural effects. Ubiquitinated histones have been correlated with transcriptionally active DNA, implying that it may prevent chromatin folding

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Daban, Joan-Ramon. "High concentration of DNA in condensed chromatin." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 81, no. 3 (2003): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o03-037.

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The lengths of the DNA molecules of eukaryotic genomes are much greater than the dimensions of the metaphase chromosomes in which they are contained during mitosis. From this observation it has been generally assumed that the linear packing ratio of DNA is an adequate measure of the degree of DNA compaction. This review summarizes the evidence suggesting that the local concentration of DNA is more appropriate than the linear packing ratio for the study of chromatin condensation. The DNA concentrations corresponding to most of the models proposed for the 3040 nm chromatin fiber are not high en

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Ehrensberger, Andreas Hasso, and Jesper Qualmann Svejstrup. "Reprogramming chromatin." Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 47, no. 5 (2012): 464–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10409238.2012.697125.

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Schulze, Julia M., Alice Y. Wang, and Michael S. Kobor. "Reading chromatin." Epigenetics 5, no. 7 (2010): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/epi.5.7.12856.

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Black, Joshua C., and Johnathan R. Whetstine. "Chromatin landscape." Epigenetics 6, no. 1 (2011): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/epi.6.1.13331.

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G. Fuentes-Mascorro, H. Serrano, A. "SPERM CHROMATIN." Archives of Andrology 45, no. 3 (2000): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01485010050193995.

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Kornberg, Roger D., and Yahli Lorch. "Chromatin rules." Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 14, no. 11 (2007): 986–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb1107-986.

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Hübner, Michael R., and David L. Spector. "Chromatin Dynamics." Annual Review of Biophysics 39, no. 1 (2010): 471–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.093008.131348.

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Tuma, Rabiya S. "Chromatin zigzags." Journal of Cell Biology 174, no. 1 (2006): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.1741iti1.

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Tyler, Jessica K. "Chromatin assembly." European Journal of Biochemistry 269, no. 9 (2002): 2268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02890.x.

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Watanabe, Shinya, and Craig L. Peterson. "Chromatin dynamics." Cell Cycle 12, no. 15 (2013): 2337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.25704.

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Lue, N. F. "Chromatin Remodeling." Science Signaling 2005, no. 294 (2005): tr20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/stke.2942005tr20.

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Recillas-Targa, F. "Chromatin everywhere." Briefings in Functional Genomics 10, no. 1 (2011): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bfgp/elr006.

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Babbitt, Gregory. "Chromatin Evolving." American Scientist 99, no. 1 (2011): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.88.48.

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