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Journal articles on the topic 'Chromatinas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ishak, Muhiddin, Rashidah Baharudin, Isa Mohamed Rose, et al. "Genome-Wide Open Chromatin Methylome Profiles in Colorectal Cancer." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (2020): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050719.

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The methylome of open chromatins was investigated in colorectal cancer (CRC) to explore cancer-specific methylation and potential biomarkers. Epigenome-wide methylome of open chromatins was studied in colorectal cancer tissues using the Infinium DNA MethylationEPIC assay. Differentially methylated regions were identified using the ChAMP Bioconductor. Our stringent analysis led to the discovery of 2187 significant differentially methylated open chromatins in CRCs. More hypomethylated probes were observed and the trend was similar across all chromosomes. The majority of hyper- and hypomethylated

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2

Fujii, Wataru, and Hiroaki Funahashi. "In vitro development of non-enucleated rat oocytes following microinjection of a cumulus nucleus and chemical activation." Zygote 16, no. 2 (2008): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199408004632.

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SummaryThe present study examined in vitro development and the cytological status of non-enucleated rat oocytes after microinjection of cumulus nuclei and chemical activation. Oocyte–cumulus complexes were collected from gonadotropin-treated prepubertal female Wistar rats 14 h after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. Cumulus nuclei were injected into ovulated oocytes and then stimulated in the presence of 5 mM SrCl2 for 20 min at various time points (0–3.5 h) after injection. Some of the reconstituted eggs were cultured to observe the pronuclear formation, cleavage, and blastocyst f

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3

Daban, Joan-Ramon. "The energy components of stacked chromatin layers explain the morphology, dimensions and mechanical properties of metaphase chromosomes." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 92 (2014): 20131043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.1043.

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The measurement of the dimensions of metaphase chromosomes in different animal and plant karyotypes prepared in different laboratories indicates that chromatids have a great variety of sizes which are dependent on the amount of DNA that they contain. However, all chromatids are elongated cylinders that have relatively similar shape proportions (length to diameter ratio approx. 13). To explain this geometry, it is considered that chromosomes are self-organizing structures formed by stacked layers of planar chromatin and that the energy of nucleosome–nucleosome interactions between chromatin lay

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Chen, Yu-Fan, Chia-Ching Chou, and Marc R. Gartenberg. "Determinants of Sir2-Mediated, Silent Chromatin Cohesion." Molecular and Cellular Biology 36, no. 15 (2016): 2039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00057-16.

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Cohesin associates with distinct sites on chromosomes to mediate sister chromatid cohesion. Single cohesin complexes are thought to bind by encircling both sister chromatids in a topological embrace. Transcriptionally repressed chromosomal domains in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaerepresent specialized sites of cohesion where cohesin binds silent chromatin in a Sir2-dependent fashion. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis for Sir2-mediated cohesion. We identified a cluster of charged surface residues of Sir2, collectively termed the EKDK motif, that are required for cohesin func

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Pinkaew, Aeggarut, Tulaya Limpiti, and Akraphon Trirat. "Chromatin Detection in Malaria Thick Blood Film Using Automated Image Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 781 (August 2015): 616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.616.

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Malaria is a serious global health problem and rapid, accurate diagnosis is required to control the disease. An image processing algorithm to aid the diagnosis of malaria on thick blood films is developed. Morphological and automatic threshold selection techniques are applied on two color components from the HSI color model to identify chromatins of P. Falciparum and P. Vivax malaria species on the images. Chromatins are positively identified with good sensitivities for both species. After identifying the position of chromatins, the algorithm splits the image into small sub-images, each with a

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6

Oomen, Marlies E., Adam K. Hedger, Jonathan K. Watts, and Job Dekker. "Detecting chromatin interactions between and along sister chromatids with SisterC." Nature Methods 17, no. 10 (2020): 1002–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-020-0930-9.

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7

Pelzer, J., B. Bohrmann, R. Johansen, et al. "Structure and function of nonorthodox chromatins: I. aggregation sensitivity of DNA is correlated to the Protein content of chromosomal material." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (1990): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100158145.

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Aggregation insensitive eukaryotic chromatin in which DNA is associated with histones can be crosslinked by all fixatives commonly used in electron microscopy. By crosslinking it becomes protected from aggregation during dehydration with organic solvents. This is not the case with most nonorthodox chromatins, where the ratio of protein to DNA is estimated to be 5 to 10 times lower and where the basic, acid-soluble proteins are rather different from the histones. The aggregation sensitivity of different chromatins is summarized in table 1.Nonorthodox aggregation sensitive chromatins were found

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8

Lawrimore, Josh, Ayush Doshi, Brandon Friedman, Elaine Yeh, and Kerry Bloom. "Geometric partitioning of cohesin and condensin is a consequence of chromatin loops." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 22 (2018): 2737–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0131.

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SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) complexes condensin and cohesin are crucial for proper chromosome organization. Condensin has been reported to be a mechanochemical motor capable of forming chromatin loops, while cohesin passively diffuses along chromatin to tether sister chromatids. In budding yeast, the pericentric region is enriched in both condensin and cohesin. As in higher-eukaryotic chromosomes, condensin is localized to the axial chromatin of the pericentric region, while cohesin is enriched in the radial chromatin. Thus, the pericentric region serves as an ideal model for d

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9

Matioli, G. T. "Repositioning of entangled chromatin during separation of sister chromatids by eversion." Medical Hypotheses 54, no. 1 (2000): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/mehy.1998.0826.

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10

Giménez-Abián, J. F., D. J. Clarke, A. M. Mullinger, C. S. Downes, and R. T. Johnson. "A postprophase topoisomerase II-dependent chromatid core separation step in the formation of metaphase chromosomes." Journal of Cell Biology 131, no. 1 (1995): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.131.1.7.

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Metaphase chromatids are believed to consist of loops of chromatin anchored to a central scaffold, of which a major component is the decatenatory enzyme DNA topoisomerase II. Silver impregnation selectively stains an axial element of metaphase and anaphase chromatids; but we find that in earlier stages of mitosis, silver staining reveals an initially single, folded midline structure, which separates at prometaphase to form two chromatid axes. Inhibition of topoisomerase II prevents this separation, and also prevents the contraction of chromatids that occurs when metaphase is arrested. Immunolo

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11

Stephens, Andrew D., Rachel A. Haggerty, Paula A. Vasquez, et al. "Pericentric chromatin loops function as a nonlinear spring in mitotic force balance." Journal of Cell Biology 200, no. 6 (2013): 757–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201208163.

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The mechanisms by which sister chromatids maintain biorientation on the metaphase spindle are critical to the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Active force interplay exists between predominantly extensional microtubule-based spindle forces and restoring forces from chromatin. These forces regulate tension at the kinetochore that silences the spindle assembly checkpoint to ensure faithful chromosome segregation. Depletion of pericentric cohesin or condensin has been shown to increase the mean and variance of spindle length, which have been attributed to a softening of the linear chromatin sp

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12

Soltanzadeh, Ramin, Hossein Rabbani, and Ardeshir Talebi. "Extraction of Nucleolus Candidate Zone in White Blood Cells of Peripheral Blood Smear Images Using Curvelet Transform." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/574184.

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The main part of each white blood cell (WBC) is its nucleus which contains chromosomes. Although white blood cells (WBCs) with giant nuclei are the main symptom of leukemia, they are not sufficient to prove this disease and other symptoms must be investigated. For example another important symptom of leukemia is the existence of nucleolus in nucleus. The nucleus contains chromatin and a structure called the nucleolus. Chromatin is DNA in its active form while nucleolus is composed of protein and RNA, which are usually inactive. In this paper, to diagnose this symptom and in order to discrimina

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13

Tate, Shin-ichi. "Establishing a model to demonstrate physical and mathematical properties of chromatin fibres in fission yeast cells - Research in the Molecular Biophysics Lab at Hiroshima University." Impact 2018, no. 3 (2018): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2018.3.89.

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The field of molecular biology has provided great insights into the structure and function of key molecules. Thanks to this area of research, we can now grasp the biological details of DNA and have characterised an enormous number of molecules in massive data bases. These 'biological periodic tables' have allowed scientists to connect molecules to particular cellular events, furthering scientific understanding of biological processes. However, molecular biology has yet to answer questions regarding 'higher-order' molecular architecture, such as that of chromatin. Chromatin is the molecular mat

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Korfanty, Joanna, Tomasz Stokowy, Marek Chadalski, et al. "SPEN protein expression and interactions with chromatin in mouse testicular cells." Reproduction 156, no. 3 (2018): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-18-0046.

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SPEN (spen family transcription repressor) is a nucleic acid-binding protein putatively involved in repression of gene expression. We hypothesized that SPEN could be involved in general downregulation of the transcription during the heat shock response in mouse spermatogenic cells through its interactions with chromatin. We documented predominant nuclear localization of the SPEN protein in spermatocytes and round spermatids, which was retained after heat shock. Moreover, the protein was excluded from the highly condensed chromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments clearly indicated in

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15

Green, G. R., R. R. Ferlita, W. F. Walkenhorst, and D. L. Poccia. "Linker DNA destabilizes condensed chromatin." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 79, no. 3 (2001): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o01-115.

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The contribution of the linker region to maintenance of condensed chromatin was examined in two model systems, namely sea urchin sperm nuclei and chicken red blood cell nuclei. Linkerless nuclei, prepared by extensive digestion with micrococcal nuclease, were compared with Native nuclei using several assays, including microscopic appearance, nuclear turbidity, salt stability, and trypsin resistance. Chromatin in the Linkerless nuclei was highly condensed, resembling pyknotic chromatin in apoptotic cells. Linkerless nuclei were more stable in low ionic strength buffers and more resistant to try

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16

Mishra, Prashant K., Sultan Ciftci-Yilmaz, David Reynolds, et al. "Polo kinase Cdc5 associates with centromeres to facilitate the removal of centromeric cohesin during mitosis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 14 (2016): 2286–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-01-0004.

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Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for tension-sensing mechanisms that monitor bipolar attachment of replicated chromatids in metaphase. Cohesion is mediated by the association of cohesins along the length of sister chromatid arms. In contrast, centromeric cohesin generates intrastrand cohesion and sister centromeres, while highly cohesin enriched, are separated by >800 nm at metaphase in yeast. Removal of cohesin is necessary for sister chromatid separation during anaphase, and this is regulated by evolutionarily conserved polo-like kinase (Cdc5 in yeast, Plk1 in humans). Here we addre

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Kireeva, Natashe, Margot Lakonishok, Igor Kireev, Tatsuya Hirano, and Andrew S. Belmont. "Visualization of early chromosome condensation." Journal of Cell Biology 166, no. 6 (2004): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200406049.

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Current models of mitotic chromosome structure are based largely on the examination of maximally condensed metaphase chromosomes. Here, we test these models by correlating the distribution of two scaffold components with the appearance of prophase chromosome folding intermediates. We confirm an axial distribution of topoisomerase IIα and the condensin subunit, structural maintenance of chromosomes 2 (SMC2), in unextracted metaphase chromosomes, with SMC2 localizing to a 150–200-nm-diameter central core. In contrast to predictions of radial loop/scaffold models, this axial distribution does not

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18

Carmena, Mar. "Flies stretch their cells to avoid a chromatin trap." Journal of Cell Biology 199, no. 5 (2012): 719–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201210135.

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Before the final step of cytokinesis, termed abscission, dividing cells need to ensure that the cleavage plane is clear of chromatin. In this issue, Kotadia et al. (2012. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/jcb.201208041) show that in Drosophila melanogaster, larval neuroblasts elongate to allow segregation of extra-long chromatids and clearance of the midzone, thereby avoiding cytokinesis failure and aneuploidy.

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19

Hendzel, Michael J., Michael J. Kruhlak, and David P. Bazett-Jones. "Organization of Highly Acetylated Chromatin around Sites of Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA Accumulation." Molecular Biology of the Cell 9, no. 9 (1998): 2491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.9.9.2491.

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Histones found within transcriptionally competent and active regions of the genome are highly acetylated. Moreover, these highly acetylated histones have very short half-lives. Thus, both histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases must enrich within or near these euchromatic regions of the interphase chromatids. Using an antibody specific for highly acetylated histone H3, we have investigated the organization of transcriptionally active and competent chromatin as well as nuclear histone acetyltransferase and deacetylase activities. We observe an exclusion of highly acetylated chromati

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20

Stanyte, Rugile, Johannes Nuebler, Claudia Blaukopf, et al. "Dynamics of sister chromatid resolution during cell cycle progression." Journal of Cell Biology 217, no. 6 (2018): 1985–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201801157.

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Faithful genome transmission in dividing cells requires that the two copies of each chromosome’s DNA package into separate but physically linked sister chromatids. The linkage between sister chromatids is mediated by cohesin, yet where sister chromatids are linked and how they resolve during cell cycle progression has remained unclear. In this study, we investigated sister chromatid organization in live human cells using dCas9-mEGFP labeling of endogenous genomic loci. We detected substantial sister locus separation during G2 phase irrespective of the proximity to cohesin enrichment sites. Alm

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Stephens, Andrew D., Chloe E. Snider, Julian Haase, et al. "Individual pericentromeres display coordinated motion and stretching in the yeast spindle." Journal of Cell Biology 203, no. 3 (2013): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201307104.

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The mitotic segregation apparatus composed of microtubules and chromatin functions to faithfully partition a duplicated genome into two daughter cells. Microtubules exert extensional pulling force on sister chromatids toward opposite poles, whereas pericentric chromatin resists with contractile springlike properties. Tension generated from these opposing forces silences the spindle checkpoint to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. It is unknown how the cell senses tension across multiple microtubule attachment sites, considering the stochastic dynamics of microtubule growth and shortening.

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22

Moore, Susan C., Laure Jason, and Juan Ausió. "The elusive structural role of ubiquitinated histones." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80, no. 3 (2002): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o02-081.

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It is increasingly apparent that histone posttranslational modifications are important in chromatin structure and dynamics. However, histone ubiquitination has received little attention. Histones H1, H3, H2A, and H2B can be ubiquitinated in vivo, but the most prevalent are uH2A and uH2B. The size of this modification suggests some sort of structural impact. Physiological observations suggest that ubiquitinated histones may have multiple functions and structural effects. Ubiquitinated histones have been correlated with transcriptionally active DNA, implying that it may prevent chromatin folding

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23

Tremblay, Maxime, Martin Toussaint, Annie D’Amours, and Antonio Conconi. "Nucleotide excision repair and photolyase repair of UV photoproducts in nucleosomes: assessing the existence of nucleosome and non-nucleosome rDNA chromatin in vivoThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 29th Annual International Asilomar Chromatin and Chromosomes Conference, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 87, no. 1 (2009): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o08-128.

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The genome is organized into nuclear domains, which create microenvironments that favor distinct chromatin structures and functions (e.g., highly repetitive sequences, centromeres, telomeres, noncoding sequences, inactive genes, RNA polymerase II and III transcribed genes, and the nucleolus). Correlations have been drawn between gene silencing and proximity to a heterochromatic compartment. At the other end of the scale are ribosomal genes, which are transcribed at a very high rate by RNA polymerase I (~60% of total transcription), have a loose chromatin structure, and are clustered in the nuc

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Daban, Joan-Ramon. "High concentration of DNA in condensed chromatin." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 81, no. 3 (2003): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o03-037.

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The lengths of the DNA molecules of eukaryotic genomes are much greater than the dimensions of the metaphase chromosomes in which they are contained during mitosis. From this observation it has been generally assumed that the linear packing ratio of DNA is an adequate measure of the degree of DNA compaction. This review summarizes the evidence suggesting that the local concentration of DNA is more appropriate than the linear packing ratio for the study of chromatin condensation. The DNA concentrations corresponding to most of the models proposed for the 3040 nm chromatin fiber are not high en

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Lawrimore, Josh, Paula A. Vasquez, Michael R. Falvo, et al. "DNA loops generate intracentromere tension in mitosis." Journal of Cell Biology 210, no. 4 (2015): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201502046.

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The centromere is the DNA locus that dictates kinetochore formation and is visibly apparent as heterochromatin that bridges sister kinetochores in metaphase. Sister centromeres are compacted and held together by cohesin, condensin, and topoisomerase-mediated entanglements until all sister chromosomes bi-orient along the spindle apparatus. The establishment of tension between sister chromatids is essential for quenching a checkpoint kinase signal generated from kinetochores lacking microtubule attachment or tension. How the centromere chromatin spring is organized and functions as a tensiometer

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Hsu, Jing-mei, Jian Huang, Pamela B. Meluh, and Brehon C. Laurent. "The Yeast RSC Chromatin-Remodeling Complex Is Required for Kinetochore Function in Chromosome Segregation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 9 (2003): 3202–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.9.3202-3215.2003.

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ABSTRACT The accurate segregation of chromosomes requires the kinetochore, a complex protein machine that assembles onto centromeric DNA to mediate attachment of replicated sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle apparatus. This study reveals an important role for the yeast RSC ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex at the kinetochore in chromosome transmission. Mutations in genes encoding two core subunits of RSC, the ATPase Sth1p and the Snf5p homolog Sfh1p, interact genetically with mutations in genes encoding kinetochore proteins and with a mutation in centromeric DNA. RSC also intera

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27

Willingale-Theune, J., M. Schweiger, M. Hirsch-Kauffmann, A. E. Meek, M. Paulin-Levasseur, and P. Traub. "Ultrastructure of Fanconi anemia fibroblasts." Journal of Cell Science 93, no. 4 (1989): 651–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.93.4.651.

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Employing indirect immunofluorescence and conventional electron microscopy, gross nuclear aberrations were observed in cultured interphase fibroblasts derived from a patient suffering from Fanconi's anemia (FA). Such aberrations were predominantly expressed in cells at high passages between 28 and 34. The structure of the nuclei appeared compound in nature, often consisting of two to three nuclear fragments connected to each other by thin nuclear bridges containing chromatin and nuclear lamin material. In other cases, the nuclei appeared lobed or budded but the cells did not contain distinct n

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Cuvier, Olivier, and Tatsuya Hirano. "A role of topoisomerase II in linking DNA replication to chromosome condensation." Journal of Cell Biology 160, no. 5 (2003): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200209023.

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The condensin complex and topoisomerase II (topo II) have different biochemical activities in vitro, and both are required for mitotic chromosome condensation. We have used Xenopus egg extracts to investigate the functional interplay between condensin and topo II in chromosome condensation. When unreplicated chromatin is directly converted into chromosomes with single chromatids, the two proteins must function together, although they are independently targeted to chromosomes. In contrast, the requirement for topo II is temporarily separable from that of condensin when chromosome assembly is in

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Jack, E. M., C. J. Harrison, G. R. White, C. H. Ockey, and T. D. Allen. "Fine-structural aspects of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in sister chromatid differentiation and replication banding." Journal of Cell Science 94, no. 2 (1989): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.94.2.287.

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The structure of harlequin-stained chromosomes following substitution with low levels of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) over two cell cycles and high levels over the last part of one cycle (replication banding) was studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. By using correlative light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was shown that the effects of both the ultraviolet light (u.v.) and hot SSC treatment steps of the harlequin staining procedure were necessary to obtain sister-chromatid differentiation (SCD) or replication banding. u.v. treatment alone resulted in dark Giemsa stain

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30

Jin, Quan-Wen, Alison L. Pidoux, Corina Decker, Robin C. Allshire, and Ursula Fleig. "The Mal2p Protein Is an Essential Component of the Fission Yeast Centromere." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, no. 20 (2002): 7168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.20.7168-7183.2002.

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ABSTRACT Precise segregation of chromosomes requires the activity of a specialized chromatin region, the centromere, that assembles the kinetochore complex to mediate the association with spindle microtubules. We show here that Mal2p, previously identified as a protein required for genome stability, is an essential component of the fission yeast centromere. Loss of functional Mal2p leads to extreme missegregation of chromosomes due to nondisjunction of sister chromatids and results in inviable cells. Mal2p associates specifically with the central region of the complex fission yeast centromere,

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Rizzoni, Marco, Enrico Cundari, Paolo Perticone, and Bianca Gustavino. "Chromatin Bridges between Sister Chromatids Induced in Late G2 Mitosis in CHO Cells by Trimethylpsoralen + UVA." Experimental Cell Research 209, no. 1 (1993): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/excr.1993.1295.

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Sapkota, Hem, Emilia Wasiak, John R. Daum, and Gary J. Gorbsky. "Multiple determinants and consequences of cohesion fatigue in mammalian cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 15 (2018): 1811–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-05-0315.

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Cells delayed in metaphase with intact mitotic spindles undergo cohesion fatigue, where sister chromatids separate asynchronously, while cells remain in mitosis. Cohesion fatigue requires release of sister chromatid cohesion. However, the pathways that breach sister chromatid cohesion during cohesion fatigue remain unknown. Using moderate-salt buffers to remove loosely bound chromatin cohesin, we show that “cohesive” cohesin is not released during chromatid separation during cohesion fatigue. Using a regulated protein heterodimerization system to lock different cohesin ring interfaces at speci

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Gallego-Paez, Lina Marcela, Hiroshi Tanaka, Masashige Bando, et al. "Smc5/6-mediated regulation of replication progression contributes to chromosome assembly during mitosis in human cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 2 (2014): 302–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-01-0020.

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The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins constitute the core of critical complexes involved in structural organization of chromosomes. In yeast, the Smc5/6 complex is known to mediate repair of DNA breaks and replication of repetitive genomic regions, including ribosomal DNA loci and telomeres. In mammalian cells, which have diverse genome structure and scale from yeast, the Smc5/6 complex has also been implicated in DNA damage response, but its further function in unchallenged conditions remains elusive. In this study, we addressed the behavior and function of Smc5/6 during th

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Warsi, Tariq H., Michelle S. Navarro, and Jeff Bachant. "DNA Topoisomerase II Is a Determinant of the Tensile Properties of Yeast Centromeric Chromatin and the Tension Checkpoint." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 10 (2008): 4421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-05-0547.

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Centromeric (CEN) chromatin is placed under mechanical tension and stretches as kinetochores biorient on the mitotic spindle. This deformation could conceivably provide a readout of biorientation to error correction mechanisms that monitor kinetochore–spindle interactions, but whether CEN chromatin acts in a tensiometer capacity is unresolved. Here, we report observations linking yeast Topoisomerase II (Top2) to both CEN mechanics and assessment of interkinetochore tension. First, in top2-4 and sumoylation-resistant top2-SNM mutants CEN chromatin stretches extensively during biorientation, res

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Afaq, Dr Sarah. "A Comparative Study Showing Systemic Lupus Erthematosus (SLE) Autoantibody Binding to Native Calf Thymus DNA, Native Chromatin and Nitric Oxide Modified Chromatin." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (2012): 456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/155.

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Yong-Gonzalez, Vladimir, Bi-Dar Wang, Pavel Butylin, Ilia Ouspenski, and Alexander Strunnikov. "Condensin function at centromere chromatin facilitates proper kinetochore tension and ensures correct mitotic segregation of sister chromatids." Genes to Cells 12, no. 9 (2007): 1075–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01109.x.

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Jones, Keith T. "Mammalian egg activation: from Ca2+ spiking to cell cycle progression." Reproduction 130, no. 6 (2005): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00710.

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Mammalian eggs arrest at metaphase of the second meiotic division (MetII). Sperm break this arrest by inducing a series of Ca2+spikes that last for several hours. During this time cell cycle resumption is induced, sister chromatids undergo anaphase and the second polar body is extruded. This is followed by decondensation of the chromatin and the formation of pronuclei. Ca2+spiking is both the necessary and solely sufficient sperm signal to induce full egg activation. How MetII arrest is established, how the Ca2+spiking is induced and how the signal is transduced into cell cycle resumption are

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Luo, Jianjun, Xinjing Xu, Hana Hall, et al. "Histone H3 Exerts a Key Function in Mitotic Checkpoint Control." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 2 (2009): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00980-09.

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ABSTRACT It has been firmly established that many interphase nuclear functions, including transcriptional regulation, are regulated by chromatin and histones. How mitotic progression and quality control might be influenced by histones is less well characterized. We show that histone H3 plays a crucial role in activating the spindle assembly checkpoint in response to a defect in mitosis. Prior to anaphase, all chromosomes must attach to spindles emanating from the opposite spindle pole bodies. The tension between sister chromatids generated by the poleward pulling force is an integral part of c

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SIMPSON, R. T. "Chromatin Research Surveyed: Chromatin." Science 243, no. 4895 (1989): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4895.1220.

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Messier, P. E., R. Drouin, and C. L. Richer. "Electron microscopy of gold-labeled human and equine chromosomes." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 9 (1989): 1443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.9.2768813.

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We present an immunochemical technique for the detection of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporated discontinuously into the chromosomal DNA. A monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody and a protein A-gold complex were used to produce chromosome banding of human and equine chromosomes, specific for electron microscopy (EM). Well-defined bands, symmetry of sister chromatids, concordance between homologues, and band patterns similar to those observed by light microscopy facilitate chromosome identification and karyotyping. From prophase to late metaphase, chromosomes condense and bands appear to fuse.

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Eisenstein, Michael. "Finding chromatin's footprints." Nature Methods 2, no. 9 (2005): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth0905-718.

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Cain, Chris. "Chromatin's rising tide." Science-Business eXchange 7, no. 19 (2014): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scibx.2014.545.

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Kumar, G., and S. Naseem. "EMS induced intercellular chromatin transmigration in Papaver somniferum L." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 49, No. 2 (2013): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/85/2012-cjgpb.

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The phenomenon of chromatin migration was observed during microsporogenesis in an ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) treated population of poppy, which is an important medicinal plant. Cytomixis occurred through a cytoplasmic channel or by direct fusion of pollen mother cells (PMCs); the former was more recurring than the latter. The process was associated with irregular meiosis. PMCs with differing chromosome numbers from the normal diploid number (2n = 22) through cytomixis may lead to the production of aneuploid and polyploid gametes. An increase in the concentration of EMS had a positive effec

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Tseng, Li-Chuan, and Rey-Huei Chen. "Temporal control of nuclear envelope assembly by phosphorylation of lamin B receptor." Molecular Biology of the Cell 22, no. 18 (2011): 3306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e11-03-0199.

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The nuclear envelope of metazoans disassembles during mitosis and reforms in late anaphase after sister chromatids have well separated. The coordination of these mitotic events is important for genome stability, yet the temporal control of nuclear envelope reassembly is unknown. Although the steps of nuclear formation have been extensively studied in vitro using the reconstitution system from egg extracts, the temporal control can only be studied in vivo. Here, we use time-lapse microscopy to investigate this process in living HeLa cells. We demonstrate that Cdk1 activity prevents premature nu

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FELSENFELD, G., B. BURGESS-BEUSSE, C. FARRELL, et al. "Chromatin Boundaries and Chromatin Domains." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 69 (January 1, 2004): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2004.69.245.

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Kim, Yea Woon, and AeRi Kim. "3C (Chromatin Conformation Capture): A Technique to Study Chromatin Organization." Journal of Life Science 22, no. 11 (2012): 1587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2012.22.11.1587.

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Dayal, Sangeeta, and Harshal Kumar. "Assessment of Genotoxic Effects of Nux Vomica as Homeopathic Drug on Mitotic Chromosomes of Vicia Faba." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 4 (2017): 1497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2597.

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ABSTRACT: Extract of Nux vomica is used as homeopathic drug to cure various nervous disorders like mental emotion epilepsy, prolepses of the rectum, hydrophobia etc. The given dose of this drug is very small because of its poisonous effect in higher dose. In the present investigation we want to assess toxic effects of Nux vomica on somatic chromosomes of Vicia faba. Four concentrations 5%, 10%, 20% and 30%, were used for the treatment of root tips of test plant. There were number of abnormalities observed like stickiness at orientation of chromosomes, un-organization of chromosomes, fragmentat

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Balicky, Eric M., Matthew W. Endres, Cary Lai, and Sharon E. Bickel. "Meiotic Cohesion Requires Accumulation of ORD on Chromosomes before Condensation." Molecular Biology of the Cell 13, no. 11 (2002): 3890–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-06-0332.

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Cohesion between sister chromatids is a prerequisite for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. To allow chromosome condensation during prophase, the connections that hold sister chromatids together must be maintained but still permit extensive chromatin compaction. In Drosophila, null mutations in the orientation disruptor (ord) gene lead to meiotic nondisjunction in males and females because cohesion is absent by the time that sister kinetochores make stable microtubule attachments. We provide evidence that ORD is concentrated within the extrachromosomal domains of the n

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Langmore, John P. "Chromatin." Cell 59, no. 2 (1989): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90284-5.

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Urnov, Fyodor, and Colyn Crane-Robinson. "Chromatin." European Journal of Biochemistry 269, no. 9 (2002): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02884.x.

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