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Journal articles on the topic 'Chromatographie liquides'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Belaïdi, Dahbia, Saïd Sebih, Moulay-Hassane Guermouche, Jean-Pierre Bayle, and Soulimane Boudah. "Étude par chromatographie en phase gazeuse de nouveaux composés cristaux liquides nématiques à chaîne latérale." Comptes Rendus Chimie 5, no. 8-9 (August 2002): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0748(02)01423-6.

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2

Guermouche, M. H., S. Guermouche, F. Ammar-Khodja, J. P. Bayle, and M. Rogalski. "Étude thermodynamique de 4 cristaux liquides contenant des substituants dioxyethylene par analyse enthalpique differentielle et chromatographie en phase gazeuse." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 113 (January 2004): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20040005.

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3

Lu, Jing, Hong-yan Ma, Wei Zhang, Zhi-guo Ma, and Shun Yao. "Separation of Berberine Hydrochloride and Tetrahydropalmatine and Their Quantitative Analysis with Thin Layer Chromatography Involved with Ionic Liquids." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/642401.

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[BMIM]OH was used in mobile and stationary phase of thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyze berberine hydrochloride and tetrahydropalmatine for the first time. Supported imidazole ionic liquid with hydroxide ion on silica gel (SiO2·Im+·OH−) was synthesized through simple procedure and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, on the plates prepared by SiO2·Im+·OH−, the contents of the above alkaloids in the Chinese patent medicine (CPM) of “Stomacheasy” capsule were successfully determined by TLC scanner. The key conditions and chromatographic behaviors were also investigated in detail. According to similar ways, ionic liquids (ILs) also can be used in other planar chromatographies in two modes. This study is expected to be helpful in expanding the application of IL and its bonded silica gel in TLC separation field.

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4

Zhang, Lin Xia, Tao Liu, Zhen He Chen, Li Quan Sun, and Ai Qin Luo. "Synthesis and Application of Poly-Allyl-Imidazolium Ionic Liquid Stationary Phase in Capillary Gas Chromatography." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 2639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.2639.

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Two 1-allyl-3-butylimidazolium ionic liquids were synthesized and polymerized in- column as stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography. The influences of different counter ions (hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate) were studied. The results indicated that 1-allyl-3-butyl- imidazolium ionic liquids possessed good column coating properties and chromatographic separation abilities after polymerized in-column. The Grobs mixture, alcohols and alkanes and aromatic position isomers, such as xylene, nitrotoluene, dichlorobenzene and cresol were separated well. These polymeric ionic liquids gave potential to separate some complex compounds including alcohol, amine, ester etc.

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5

Zhang, Lin Xia, Tao Liu, and Ai Qin Luo. "Application of Quaternary Aminated β-Cyclodextrin Ionic Liquid Stationary Phase in Capillary Gas Chromatography." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 1936–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.1936.

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Two kinds of quaternary aminated β-cyclodextrin ionic liquids were synthesized and used as stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography. The influences of different counter ions (tetra- borofluoride, bis-trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) were studied. The results indicated that quaternary aminated β-cyclodextrin ionic liquids possessed good column coating properties and a chromatographic separation abilities. The Grobs mixture, alkanes, alcohols and aromatic position isomers, such as xylene, nitrotoluene, dichlorobenzene and cresol were separated well. These quaternary aminated β-cyclodextrin ionic liquids have potential to separate some complex compounds including alcohol, amine, ester etc.

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6

GAO, Wei, Hong YU, and Shuang ZHOU. "Applications of ionic liquids in chromatographic analysis and determination of ionic liquids by chromatography." Chinese Journal of Chromatography 28, no. 1 (August 16, 2013): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00014.

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7

Ferrari, Gérald, and Chantal Hory. "Dosage des acides aminés des vins et des moûts par chromatographie gaz-liquide sur colonne macrobore." OENO One 22, no. 4 (December 31, 1988): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1988.22.4.1266.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">La méthode d'analyse des acides aminés du vin par chromatographie gaz-liquide mise au point en 1979 par LHUGUENOT reste intéressante, bien que la tendance actuelle soit l'utilisation de la chromatographie liquide haute performance (SANDERS,1985; TRICARD, 1986). Cette technique également rapide est toutefois coûteuse.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Il nous a semblé opportun d'améliorer la méthode LHUGUENOT, en mettant à profit les développements récents en chromatographie gaz-liquide.</p>

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8

Hoffmann, Fabrice. "Chromatographie en phase liquide." Biofutur 1995, no. 149 (October 1995): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0294-3506(99)80210-5.

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9

Dubourdieu, Denis, Rose-Marie Llaubères, and Christophe Ollivier. "Estimation rapide des constituants macromoléculaires des moûts et des vins par chromatographie liquide haute pression (CLHP) de tamisage moleculaire." OENO One 20, no. 2 (June 30, 1986): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1986.20.2.1297.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">Nous proposons dans cette note une méthode originale de dosage simultané des polysaccharides et des protéines des moûts et des vins, par chromatographie liquide haute pression de tamisage moléculaire. L'application de la chromatographie liquide haute pression pour le dosage global des protéines solubles des moûts et des vins a déjà été signalé par P.-J. TYSON (1981) qui opère par chromatographie d'exclusion.</p>

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10

Cho, A.-Young, Giyoung Kim, Jongguk Lim, Changyeun Mo, Ji-Hea Moon, SaetByeol Park, Su-Hee Park, and Aeson Om. "Separation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B by Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography." Food Engineering Progress 19, no. 2 (May 31, 2015): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13050/foodengprog.2015.19.2.111.

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11

Kelkar, Anjali J., Anuja M. Patil, Amit R. Nisal, Anu Christopher, and Ravindra C. Nimbargi. "Antenatal Screening for Haemoglobinopathies by Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Indian Journal of Pathology: Research and Practice 8, no. 5 (2019): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijprp.2278.148x.8519.3.

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12

Zarzycki, Pawe K., and Magdalena B. Zarzycka. "Evaluation of the Water and Organic Liquids Extraction Efficiency of Spirulina maxima Dyes Using Thermostated Micro Thin-Layer Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 1196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.5.1196.

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Abstract Thermostated micro thin-layer chromatography was applied for separation and quantification studies of Spirulina maxima dyes isolated from pharmaceutical formulation by a simple one-step liquid extraction. The isolation process was performed using a number of liquids, including water; 10 mM water solutions of native -, -, and -cyclodextrin and their hydroxypropyl derivatives; and a number of common organic liquids characterized by different polarity, namely, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene, and n-hexane. Chromatographic studies were performed on RP18W plates working inside a small thermostated horizontal chamber allowing a development distance of 45 mm. Using a mobile phase consisting of acetonen-hexane (30 70, v/v) and 40C separation temperature, plate peak capacity of at least 15 spots/lane and developing time <5 min were obtained. Validation data indicated that under such conditions, with an office scanner used for chromatogram digitalization, spot quantification could be accurately performed within an analyte mass range of 2 factors. The raw quantitative data obtained from microchromatograms acquired under visible light conditions were explored using cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Chemometric investigations revealed that the best extraction liquids for isolation of dye mixtures from Spirulina samples were methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, and dichloromethane. Moreover, it was found that the liquids' parachor values could be used for estimation of the dye extraction efficiency from complex samples.

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13

Köster, C., J. Grotemeyer, and E. W. Schlag. "A High Pressure Pulsed Expansion Valve for Gases, Liquids, and Supercritical Fluids." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 45, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1990): 1285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1990-11-1210.

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Abstract A novel design of a pulsed valve for coupling chromatographic techniques with gaseous and liquid mobile phases to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with multiphoton ionization (MUPI) is presented. The valve can be operated in low pressure regions ( <10 bar) up to temperatures of 350 °C and at higher pressures (300 bar) up to temperatures of 200 °C. Pulse widths lower than 100 μs could be measured. First results demonstrate the ability of interfacing of liquid chromatography to MUPI-mass spectrometry. Additional coupling of CO2-laser desorption to the valve allows the interface to be used for mass spectrometric measurements of nonvolatile biomolecules.

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14

Isaacman, G., N. M. Kreisberg, D. R. Worton, S. V. Hering, and A. H. Goldstein. "A versatile and reproducible automatic injection system for liquid standard introduction: application to in-situ calibration." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 9 (September 19, 2011): 1937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1937-2011.

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Abstract. The quantitation of trace organic compounds in ambient organic aerosol is difficult due to the chemical complexity of these mixtures, but is needed to provide insight into their sources and formation processes. Compound-level characterization of organic aerosols is typically performed through sample collection followed by gas or liquid chromatography. With these methods, introduction of liquid standards has long been used as an effective means of quantifying trace compounds, but automating this technique for use with in-situ instrumentation has not previously been achieved. Here we develop an automatic injection system (AutoInject) for the introduction of liquids into a custom collection and analysis cell for improved quantitation in chromatographic measurements. The system consists of chilled reservoirs containing liquid standards from which a sample loop is loaded and then injected into the cell. The AutoInject is shown to be reproducible over 106 injections with a relative standard deviation of 1.5%, and have negligible injection-to-injection carryover. A 6-port selector allows injection of different liquid standards separately or simultaneously. Additionally, automatic injection of multiple sample loops is shown to generate a linear multi-point calibration curve. Tests conducted in this work focus on use with the Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas chromatograph (TAG), but the flexibility of the system allows it to be used for a variety of applications.

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15

Isaacman, G., N. M. Kreisberg, D. R. Worton, S. V. Hering, and A. H. Goldstein. "A versatile and reproducible automatic injection system for liquid standard introduction: application to in-situ calibration." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 3 (May 25, 2011): 3233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-3233-2011.

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Abstract. The quantitation of trace organic compounds in ambient organic aerosol is difficult due to the chemical complexity of these mixtures, but is needed to provide insight into their sources and formation processes. Compound-level characterization of organic aerosols is typically performed through sample collection followed by gas or liquid chromatography. With these methods, introduction of liquid standards has long been used as an effective means of quantifying trace compounds, but automating this technique for use with in-situ instrumentation has not previously been achieved. Here we develop an automatic injection system (AutoInject) for the introduction of liquids into a custom collection and analysis cell for improved quantitation in chromatographic measurements. The system consists of chilled reservoirs containing liquid standards from which a sample loop is loaded and then injected into the cell. The AutoInject is shown to have reproducibility over 106 injections with a relative standard deviation of 1.5 %, and have negligible injection-to-injection carryover. A 6-port selector allows injection of different liquid standards separately or simultaneously. Additionally, automatic injection of multiple sample loops is shown to generate a linear multi-point calibration curve. Tests conducted in this work focus on use with the Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas chromatograph (TAG), but the flexibility of the system allows it to be used for a variety of applications.

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16

Kubica, Paweł. "Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Extraction of a Porous Membrane Packed Sample for the Determination of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Replacement Liquids for E-Cigarettes." Molecules 24, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 4618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244618.

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The content of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) possessing carcinogenic properties has been an important area of research since replacement liquids were introduced for e-cigarettes. A method for determining N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N′-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), and N′-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) in replacement liquids for electronic cigarettes was developed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The sample preparation of replacement liquids was accomplished via the ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of a porous membrane packed sample. The sample preparation proved to be successful in extracting the analytes, with recoveries from 87% to 105%, with coefficients of variation < 4.9%. Moreover, the linearity and limits of detection and quantitation (LOD, LOQ), together with repeatability and accuracy, were determined for the developed method. The proposed sample preparation and developed chromatographic method were successfully applied to the determination of TSNAs in 9 replacement liquid samples. The NNK and NNN were found to be most frequently detected (89 and 67%, respectively), with concentration ranges from 1.2–54.3 ng/mL and 4.1–30.2 ng/mL, respectively, while NAT was detected with frequency of 22% with range 1.7–2.5 ng/mL and NAB were found to be below the LOD in all samples.

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17

Park, Ju-Hwang, Taek-Kyum Kim, Chang-Hwan Oh, Jeong-Han Kim, Young-Deuk Lee, and Jang-Eok Kim. "Analysis of Multiple Pesticide Residues in Apples and Pears Using Gas-Liquid Chromatography." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2004): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2004.23.3.148.

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18

Garifullin, Marsel Sh, Marina N. Lyutikova, Adelya R. Kuchkarova, Azat R. Bikzinurov, and Yuliya N. Solobodina. "Application of IR spectroscopy to control oxidation inhibitor (ionol) concentration in mineral transformer oils." E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601056.

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Mineral insulating oils used as dielectric and heat dissipating agent in high voltage oil-filled equipment are subject to oxidation. Oxidation results in the appearance of undesirable substances that reduce the electrical insulating properties of liquids. Therefore, to inhibit the oxidation process, an antioxidant additive is introduced into transformer oils. In the overwhelming majority, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (ionol) is used as an inhibitor. Residual concentration of ionol is a regularly monitored parameter. In Russia, the main method for determining the concentration of ionol in oil is gas chromatography. However, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy should be considered as an alternative method for monitoring the ionol content as it has a number of advantages over the gas chromatographic method. The paper compares the results of the determination of ionol in operational transformer oils using gas chromatography and the IR method. We justified that the method of IR spectroscopy has no limitations as applied to oils from power transformers equipped with adsorption purification systems.

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19

Maham, M., V. Kiarostami, S. Waqif-Husain, R. Karami-Osboo, and M. Mirabolfathy. "Analysis of ochratoxin A in malt beverage samples using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 5 (September 9, 2013): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/543/2012-cjfs.

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A simple and economic procedure based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction has been applied to extract and pre-concentrate trace levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) in malt beverage prior to analysis using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The method was based on the formation of fine droplets of a water-immiscible extraction solvent in the sample solution using a water-miscible disperser solvent. The influences of various parameters such as the type and volume of extraction and disperser solvents, centrifuging time, sonication time, and salt concentration on the extraction efficiency of ochratoxin A were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the relative standard deviations for five replicates of 2 ng/ml of OTA were 3.4% as within-day and 6.2% as between-day precisions. The detection limit (S/N = 3) was 0.1 ng/ml and the mean recoveries of OTA from malt beverage samples at spiking levels of 0.5, 2, and 4 ng/ml were in the range of 104–108.2%.

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20

Lee, Hyeri, Eunhye Kim, Young Deuk Lee, and Jeong-Han Kim. "High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Metazosulfuron Residue in Representative Crops." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 32, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2013.32.2.128.

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21

Betts, T. J., and D. Sufredo. "Requirements of mutually miscible liquids for ternary chromatographic solvents with reference to monosaccharide paper chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 436 (January 1988): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94564-3.

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22

Bączek, Tomasz, and Barbara Sparzak. "Ionic Liquids as Novel Solvent Additives to Separate Peptides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 61, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2006-11-1210.

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Abstract A novel analytical approach involving the addition of an ionic liquid into the mobile phase of the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) system during the optimization of chromatographic separation of peptides was demonstrated. Different behavior of peptides in the TLC sytem was observed after the addition of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate to the eluent in comparison to the system without the ionic liquid. The objective of the work was to study the effect of the addition of different contents of ionic liquid to the mobile phase comprising mostly water and to observe the behavior of peptides’ retention. The potential usefulness of environmentally friendly ionic liquids for the optimization of separation of peptides was demonstrated. An increase of Rf values was observed with increasing the ionic liquid content in the mobile phase. The benefits of the used approach were related to the separation achieved. Finally, quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRR) were used for the studies on the predictions of peptides’ retention in the TLC systems with the addition of ionic liquid in terms of the predictions performed recently in HPLC systems.

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23

Botek, P., J. Poustka, and J. Hajšlová. "Determination of banned dyes in spices by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 25, No. 1 (January 7, 2008): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/737-cjfs.

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A simple and rapid multiresidue method for the determination of nine banned synthetic dyes in various spices has been developed. Reversed phase HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry (tandem in time−ion trap mass analyser) was employed for the examination of crude acetonitrile extract acidified with acetic acid. The detection limits of Para Red, Sudan Orange G, Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Sudan Red 7B and Rhodamine B were in the range of 0.02−0.1 mg/kg, the recoveries ranged from 75.7−92.3% with repeatability of 0.9−11.3%. Rather worse performance characteristics were obtained with Tropaeolin 000, obviously due to its more polar nature as compared to other dyes involved in this study. In spite of that, the developed method can be used for a reliable control of a wide range of dyes used for illegal colouring of various spices.

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24

Yu, Raymond B., and Joselito P. Quirino. "Ionic liquids in electrokinetic chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1637 (January 2021): 461801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461801.

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25

Gómez-Almenar, M. C., and J. A. García-Mesa. "Determination of pesticide residues in olives by liquid extraction surface analysis followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry." Grasas y Aceites 66, no. 2 (April 15, 2015): e078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0828142.

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26

Aliaño-González, María, Marta Ferreiro-González, Gerardo Barbero, Miguel Palma, and Carmelo Barroso. "Application of Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry for the Determination of Ignitable Liquids from Fire Debris." Separations 5, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5030041.

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A fast and correct identification of ignitable liquid residues in fire debris investigation is of high importance in forensic research. Advanced fast analytical methods combined with chemometric tools are usually applied for these purposes. In the present study, the Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) combined with chemometrics is proposed as a promising technique for the identification of ignitable liquid residues in fire debris samples. Fire debris samples were created in the laboratory, according to the Destructive Distillation Method for Burning that is provided by the Bureau of Forensic Fire and Explosives. Four different substrates (pine wood, cork, paper, and cotton sheet) and four ignitable liquids of dissimilar composition (gasoline, diesel, ethanol, and paraffin) were used to create the fire debris. The Total Ion Current (TIC) Chromatogram combined with different chemometric tools (hierarchical cluster analysis and linear discriminant analysis) allowed for a full discrimination between samples that were burned with and without ignitable liquids. Additionally, a good identification (95% correct discrimination) for the specific ignitable liquid residues in the samples was achieved. Based on these results, the chromatographic data from HS-GC-IMS have been demonstrated to be very useful for the identification and discrimination of ignitable liquids residues. The main advantages of this approach vs. traditional methodology are that no sample manipulation or solvent is required; it is also faster, cheaper, and easy to use for routine analyses.

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27

Kursky, Viktor F., Alexey G. Shchelochkov, and Artem A. Bechenkov. "Ignition fluids as objects of chemical research in the investigation of arson crimes." Butlerov Communications 64, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-64-12-120.

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In connection with the development of modern industry, various means appear to make the life of citizens easier, but this is also used by criminals, modifying, and sometimes leaving some objects in their original state. This is exactly what happened with a new type of ignition means – liquids for lighting firewood and charcoal. Criminals began to use such liquids as a means of crime when setting fire to buildings, structures, cars. The article discusses the physicochemical study of liquids for ignition, sold in the retail trade network as a product for lighting firewood and coal. The wide selection and availability of these objects allows them to be used in the commission of crimes related to arson. The paper considers the range of liquids for ignition with the establishment of their chemical composition, compliance with the composition declared by the manufacturer. A study of eleven samples, often found in the sale of means for ignition, was carried out by gas chromatography using a gas chromatograph Kristall-5000.2 with a flame ionization detector, in addition, the obtained compositions were compared with the manufacturer's declared on the label. It was found that for a number of samples the compositions differ from those declared, for example, the manufacturer declared a mixture of hydrocarbons for the ignition fluid "Lighter", but in fact only methanol, the fluid for ignition "FLAME" declared a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, and in fact, ethanol, ethyl acetate and diethyl acetate. Thus, the manufacturer, trying to save on ingredients and production methods, uses cheaper and simpler chemical compositions.

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28

Maréchal, V. "Chromatographie liquide haute performance en conditions dénaturantes." EMC - Biologie médicale 3, no. 2 (January 2008): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2211-9698(08)73473-3.

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29

Moldoveanu, Serban C., Jeff Zhu, and Nancy Qian. "Analysis of Traces of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNAs) in USP Grade Nicotine, E-Liquids, and Particulate Phase Generated by the Electronic Smoking Devices." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 27, no. 6 (April 1, 2017): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cttr-2017-0009.

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Summary The present study describes the development of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique for the analysis of trace levels of four tobaccospecific nitrosamines (TSNAs): nitrosoanabasine (NAB), nitrosoanatabine (NAT), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and nitrosonornicotine (NNN). The technique can be applied for the analysis of TSNAs in USP grade nicotine. Nicotine used in e-liquids for the electronic smoking devices is typically obtained from tobacco plant materials (Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana rustica) and, although it is purified, it contains besides nicotine low levels of several contaminants such as minor alkaloids. It also contains traces of TSNAs. Analysis of TSNAs in USP grade nicotine is a challenging task since the analyzed samples contain about 10+7–10+8 times more nicotine than individual TSNAs. Because the analyzed solutions cannot be diluted too much in order to keep the TSNAs level above the limit of quantitation (LOQ), even for apparently good chromatographic separations, the peak tailing of nicotine may generate interferences. The new method of analysis uses a Luna Omega 1.6 μm particles chromatographic column for separation and detection on a LC-MS/MS instrument with scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (Scheduled MRM). The levels of TSNAs in nicotine of USP purity from four commercial sources varied between 3 to 8 ng/g NAB, 4 to 20 ng/g NAT, 30 to 50 ng/g NNK, and 0.5 to 2 ng/g for NNN. Besides the analysis of TSNAs in nicotine, the technique has been applied successfully in the analysis of TSNAs in e-liquids and in particulate phase generated by the electronic smoking devices.

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30

Kuroda, Kosuke, and Hiroyuki Ohno. "Ionic liquids enable accurate chromatographic analysis of polyelectrolytes." Chemical Communications 51, no. 52 (2015): 10551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc02595h.

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31

Harvanko, Arit M., Christopher M. Havel, Peyton Jacob, and Neal L. Benowitz. "Characterization of Nicotine Salts in 23 Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 7 (December 10, 2019): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz232.

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Abstract Introduction Many electronic cigarette manufacturers have begun offering liquids containing “nicotine salts,” which are formed when an acid is mixed in a solution with free-base nicotine. Type of salt could play a significant role in the abuse liability of electronic cigarette liquids. As a first step to understanding nicotine salts, this study sought to identify the types of acids present in 23 commercially available electronic cigarette liquids. Aims and Methods Twenty-three electronic cigarette liquids advertised as containing nicotine salts were purchased for analysis. These liquids were tested for the presence of 11 different organic acids that were deemed likely to be used in a nicotine salt formulation. Liquids were analyzed using a combination of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods, then compared to authentic acid standards for identification. Results Six of the 11 possible acids were identified in the liquids, from most to least common: lactic, benzoic, levulinic, salicyclic, malic, and tartaric acid. Acid(s) could not be identified in one of the liquids. Though most liquids contained only one type, three of the liquids contained multiple acids. Conclusions These data demonstrate that several types of salts/acids are currently being used in electronic cigarette liquids. The type and concentration of salt(s) used in these liquids may differentially alter sensations in the throat and upper airway, and overall pharmacology of the aerosols by altering liquid pH and from flavor and sensory characteristics of the acids themselves. Implications This study demonstrates that at least six different types of acids are being used to create the nicotine salts in electronic cigarette liquids, with the acids lactic, benzoic, and levulinic being the most frequently identified. Identification of these acids can serve as the foundation for future research to determine if type of nicotine salt alters pharmacological and toxicological effects of electronic cigarettes.

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Soares, Belinda, Helena Passos, Carmen S. R. Freire, João A. P. Coutinho, Armando J. D. Silvestre, and Mara G. Freire. "Ionic liquids in chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: toward additional improvements in the separation of natural compounds." Green Chemistry 18, no. 17 (2016): 4582–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc01778a.

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Ruiz-Ángel, María José. "Estimation of Solute-Stationary Phase and Solute-Mobile Phase Interactions in the Presence of Ionic Liquids." Separations 6, no. 3 (August 13, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations6030040.

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The presence of free silanols on alkyl-bonded reversed-phase stationary phases is responsible for broad and asymmetrical peaks when basic drugs are chromatographed with conventional octadecylsilane (C18) columns due to ionic interactions. In the last few years, ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted attention to reduce this undesirable silanol activity. ILs should be considered as dual modifiers (with a cationic and anionic character), which means that both cations and anions are able to adsorb on the stationary phase, creating a positively or negatively charged layer, depending on the relative adsorption. The accessibility of basic compounds to the silanols is prevented by both the IL cation and anion, improving the peak profiles. A comparative study of the performance of six imidazolium-based ILs, differing in their cation/anions, as modifiers of the chromatographic behavior of a group of ten β-adrenoceptor antagonists, is addressed. Mobile phases containing cationic amines (triethylamine and dimethyloctylamine) were used as a reference for the interpretation of the results. Using a mathematical model based on two chemical equilibria, the association constants between the solutes and modified stationary phase as well as those between solutes and the additive in the mobile phase were estimated. These values, together with the changes in retention and peak shape, were used to obtain conclusions about the retention mechanism, changes in the nature of the chromatographic system, and silanol suppression effect.

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Cañada-Cañada, F., A. Espinosa-Mansilla, A. Jiménez Girón, and A. Muñoz de la Peña. "Simultaneous determination of the residues of fourteen quinolones and fluoroquinolones in fish samples using liquid chromatography with photometric and fluorescence detection." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 1 (January 30, 2012): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/12/2010-cjfs.

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A chromatographic method is described for assaying fourteen quinolones and fluoroquinolones (pipemidic acid, marbofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, lomefloxacin, enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, difloxacin, oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, flumequine, and pyromidic acid) in fish samples. The samples were extracted with m-phosphoric acid/acetonitrile mixture (75:25, v/v), purified, and preconcentrated on ENV + Isolute cartridges. The determination was achieved by liquid chromatography using C<sub>18</sub> analytical column. A mobile phase composed of mixtures of methanol-acetonitrile-10mM citrate buffer at pH 4.5, delivered under optimum gradient program, at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min, allows accomplishing the chromatographic separation in 26 minutes. For the detection were used serial UV-visible diode-array at 280 nm and 254 nm and fluorescence detection at excitation wavelength/emission wavelength: 280/450, 280/495, and 280/405 nm. The detection and quantification limits were between 0.2–9.5and 0.7–32 µg/kg, respectively. The procedure was applied to the analysis of spiked salmon samples at two different concentration levels (50 µg/k and 100 µg/kg). Mean recoveries of fluoroquinolones from the salmon samples ranged from 50% to 102%, depending on the analyte.

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35

Chen, Shi Hua, Yong Shun Feng, and Jun Mu. "Characterization of Pyrolysis Liquids of Waste Wood-Based Board." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.229.

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We mainly characterized the compositions and basic properties of pyrolysis liquids of waste wood-based board in this study which can be a basic research for a further study of the possible application of the liquids. Compositions of pyrolysis liquids of wood-based board were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Basic properties of pyrolysis liquids including moisture content, density, diopter, pH and acidity were tested in the experiment. Results from GC-MS analysis show that pyrolysis liquids were influenced a lot by the nitrogen compounds transferred from urea formaldehyde (UF). Pyrolysis liquids are weak acetic to weak alkaline influenced by the pyrolysis compounds of UF adhesive. There are also some differences in properties between the pyrolysis liquids of medium density fiberboard (MDF) and particle board (PB). Future studies should be carried out to study the specific compositions and possible application of the liquids.

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36

Vičkačkaitė, Vida, and Audrius Padarauskas. "Ionic liquids in microextraction techniques." Open Chemistry 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 652–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0023-4.

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AbstractThe tremendous potential of room temperature ionic liquids as an alternative to environmentally harmful ordinary organic solvents is well recognized. Due to their unique properties, such as low volatility, tunable viscosity and miscibility, and electrolytic conductivity, ionic liquids have attracted extensive attention and gained popularity in many areas of analytical chemistry including modern sample preparation techniques. In this review the advantages and limitations of application of ionic liquids as solvents/sorbents for microextraction are critically discussed. Topics covered include solid-phase microextraction, single drop microextraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. The compatibility of the ionic liquid-based microextraction with different analytical techniques such as gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, electrothermal or flame atomic absorption spectrometry and some others is also discussed. Finally, the main practical applications on this topic are summarized.

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TAKAHASHI, Sadao, Toshitaka TAMAI, Hirotada TAKAI, Shinta HAYASHI, Hajime MAEDA, Hiroyuki SAGE, Tsuguhiko INAKA, and Susumu MIYABO. "Lipoproteins Separation on Superose 6 Gel-Filtration Column Using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography System." Journal of Japan Atherosclerosis Society 15, no. 5 (1987): 1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat1973.15.5_1179.

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Khan, Huma. "Study of Haematological Profile of Thalassemia Patients With Reference To High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 04, no. 11 (November 29, 2016): 14270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i11.120.

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39

Lochman, J., O. Šerý, L. Jankovský, and V. Mikes. "Discrimination of Czech Armillaria species based on PCR method and high performance liquid chromatography." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (January 1, 2002): S31—S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10316-pps.

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The genus Armillaria belongs to basidiomycetes and has been known to induce root rot disease and to cause extensive economic losses to a forest crop. We analysed about 40 isolates of Armillaria collected in Czech Republic by PCR and restriction analysis using gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange HPLC. Restrictase Hinf I was able to discriminate all investigated Armillaria species. The sensitivity and resolution of HPLC method was better than that performed by gel electrophoresis. HPLC was able to detect some heterozygous. The results prove the similarity of the species A. borealis, A. cepistipes, A. gallica, A. ostoyae in difference of A. mellea and A. tabescens.

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Jančářová, I., A. Vondráčková, A. Šlampová, and V. Kubáň. "Capillary electrophoretic and liquid chromatographic determination of synthetic dyes in non-alcoholic drinks and wine samples." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 18, No. 2 (January 1, 2000): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8307-cjfs.

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Synthetic dyes in wine, juices, lemonades, instant and non-alcoholic drinks were determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-VIS diode-array detection (DAD). The results were in the very good agreement (the relative deviations D < 16%, D < 14% and D < 15% between CE/UV-VIS, CE/HPLC and HPLC/UV-VIS, respectively, D < 6% in majority of samples) with those obtained by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. A borate/phosphate buffer of pH 9.0 (12.5mM borate and 12.5mM phosphate) containing 40mM sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was selected as an electrolyte for CE. A 50mM phosphate buffer and 5mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) water solution of pH 4.2 in 38% (v/v) acetonitrile were used as a mobile phase for isocratic HPLC separation on Sepharon SGX C18 (3 × 150 mm, 5 µm) column. RSDs for individual colorants were < 0.5% for migration times, < 3% for electrophoretic peak areas, < 0.9% for retention times and < 2.4% for HPLC peak areas. Limits of quantitations (LOQs for 10 S/N) were 1.5–3.3 mg/l for CE when using 50 µm I.D. separation capillary or 0.2 to 0.4 mg/l for HPLC.

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Smělá, D., P. Pechová, T. Komprda, B. Klejdus, and V. Kubáň. "Liquid chromatographic determination of biogenic amines in a meat product during fermentation and long-term storage." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 21, No. 5 (November 18, 2011): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3495-cjfs.

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Liquid chromatographic procedures employing two derivatisation reagents, dansylchloride and o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA), were compared and applied for the determination of biogenic amines in meat products during fermentation and long-term storage. Both methods give similar results in terms of the detection limits, repeatability, recovery, and accuracy. Secondary amines (spermine and spermidine) do not react with o-phthaldialdehyde thus only their LC determination after derivatisation with dansylchloride is possible. Their contents during fermentation and/or long-term storage are nearly constant or slightly decrease, thus their determination in both cases is not necessary. LC procedure employing OPA derivatisation is faster, much simpler in terms of the pre-treatment of samples, and it can be fully automated using an intelligent auto sampler.  

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Abel, Robin, Grzegorz Zadora, P. Sandercock, and James Harynuk. "Modern Instrumental Limits of Identification of Ignitable Liquids in Forensic Fire Debris Analysis." Separations 5, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5040058.

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Forensic fire debris analysis is an important part of fire investigation, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the accepted standard for detection of ignitable liquids in fire debris. While GC-MS is the dominant technique, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) is gaining popularity. Despite the broad use of these techniques, their sensitivities are poorly characterized for petroleum-based ignitable liquids. Accordingly, we explored the limit of identification (LOI) using the protocols currently applied in accredited forensic labs for two 75% evaporated gasolines and a 25% evaporated diesel as both neat samples and in the presence of interfering pyrolysate typical of fire debris. GC-MSD (mass selective detector (MS)), GC-TOF (time-of-flight (MS)), and GC×GC-TOF were evaluated under matched conditions to determine the volume of ignitable liquid required on-column for correct identification by three experienced forensic examiners performing chromatographic interpretation in accordance with ASTM E1618-14. GC-MSD provided LOIs of ~0.6 pL on-column for both neat gasolines, and ~12.5 pL on-column for neat diesel. In the presence of pyrolysate, the gasoline LOIs increased to ~6.2 pL on-column, while diesel could not be correctly identified at the concentrations tested. For the neat dilutions, GC-TOF generally provided 2× better sensitivity over GC-MSD, while GC×GC-TOF generally resulted in 10× better sensitivity over GC-MSD. In the presence of pyrolysate, GC-TOF was generally equivalent to GC-MSD, while GC×GC-TOF continued to show 10× greater sensitivity relative to GC-MSD. Our findings demonstrate the superior sensitivity of GC×GC-TOF and provide an important approach for interlaboratory benchmarking of modern instrumental performance in fire debris analysis.

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43

Sciarini, L. S., A. Rolland-Sabaté, S. Guilois, P. Decaen, E. Leroy, and P. Le Bail. "Understanding the destructuration of starch in water–ionic liquid mixtures." Green Chemistry 17, no. 1 (2015): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc01248h.

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The destructuration of native maize starch in mixtures of water and ionic liquids (ILs) containing acetate anions was studied in dynamic heating conditions, combining calorimetry, rheology, microscopy and chromatographic techniques.

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44

Dessalles, M. C., B. Vienne, and G. Mahuzier. "Dosage sérique de la perphénazine en chromatographie liquide." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 487 (January 1989): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83028-5.

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45

Brau, M., V. Banse, P. Dupret, T. Ledant, and P. Boudry. "Dosage du cortisol libre urinaire par chromatographie liquide." Immuno-analyse & Biologie Spécialisée 20, no. 3 (June 2005): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immbio.2005.03.004.

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46

Czauderna, M., and J. Kowalczyk. " Simple, selective, and sensitive measurement of urea in body fluids of mammals by reversed-phase ultra-fast liquid chromatography." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 1 (January 27, 2012): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5480-cjas.

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Ultra-fast liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector for simple and rapid determination of urea in body fluids of farm animals is described. Blood plasma, milk, and urine samples are treated with trichloroacetic acid and then centrifuged. Supernatants are derivatized at room temperature using p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Samples are separated using a ternary gradient of methanol in buffer and water. Derivatized urea in standards and biological samples is analyzed using a Phenomenex C<sub>18</sub>-column (Synergi 2.5 µm, Hydro-RP, 100Å, 100 × 2 mm). The photodiode detector is set to 370 and/or 254 nm for detection. Temperature is maintained at 27°C by a column heater. Clear separation of derivatized urea from the endogenous species present in assayed biological samples was achieved in less than 6 min. The urea adduct peak eluted at 4.36 ± 0.05 min. Average recoveries of the urea standards added to assayed biological materials were satisfactory (i.e. 100.2 ± 4.1%). Our chromatographic method with photodiode detection at 370 nm and at 254 nm, in particular, offers low detection (L<sub>D</sub>) and quantification limits (L<sub>Q</sub>) (<sup>370nm</sup>L<sub>D</sub> = 0.47 ng, <sup>254nm</sup>L<sub>D</sub> = 0.027 ng and <sup>370nm</sup>L<sub>Q</sub> = 1.41 ng, <sup>254nm</sup>L<sub>Q</sub> = 0.080 ng, respectively). Our liquid chromato-graphy based on detection at 370 nm is the most versatile analytical tool that assures sensitive, accurate, and precise analysis of urea in urine, milk, and plasma samples, and selected diets for mammals. The presented chromatographic procedure is especially suitable for preparation of reference sample sets, very accurate and precise research purposes or rapid clinical diagnostic with smaller sample sets. Urea in urine can be also determined using our liquid chromatography with detection at 254 nm. Detection of urine urea at 254 nm is more sensitive and precise compared with monitoring at 370 nm. Our chromatographic method based on photodiode detection at 370 nm and especially at 254 nm is suitable for the non-invasive analysis of urea in only urine of humans and animals.    

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Zhou, Jie, Suzhen Zhao, Guangjun Fu, and Zhenzhong Zhang. "Isoleucine ionic liquids as additives to separate mandelic acid and their derivative enantiomers by HPLC." Anal. Methods 6, no. 15 (2014): 5627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ay41669k.

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48

Ashraf, Syed A., Yingpit Pornputtkul, Leon A. P. Kane-Maguire, and Gordon G. Wallace. "Facile Synthesis of a Chiral Ionic Liquid Derived from 1-Phenylethylamine." Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, no. 1 (2007): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06384.

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A simple route is described to enantiomerically pure ionic liquids derived from (+)- and (–)-1-phenylethylamine. These very low melting point (–42°C) ionic liquids, containing the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonylimide) anion, possess a wide electrochemical potential window between –2.0 and +2.0 V (versus Ag|AgCl). They show chiral discrimination between the enantiomeric forms of Mosher’s salt, suggesting their potential as media for electrochemical asymmetric syntheses or chiral chromatography.

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Mamgain, Anup K. "An Investigation on Liquid Chromatographic Technique for Simultaneous Measurement of Alprazolam and Mebeverine in Pharmaceutical Dose Form." Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 15, no. 5 (July 1, 2018): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/15/57490.

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50

Tateo, F., M. Bononi, and F. Gallone. "Rapid detection of dimethyl yellow dye in curry by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 28, No. 5 (October 14, 2010): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/135/2009-cjfs.

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An accurate and rapid method, was devised for the identification and quantitation of dimethyl yellow dye in curry, based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry interfaced with electrospray. Mass spectral acquisition was done in positive ion mode applying two fragmentation transitions to provide a high degree of selectivity. The extraction system provided a very high recovery (100.0% to 105.8%) and good results were obtained for the limit of detection (5 μg/kg) and limit of quantitation (16 μg/kg). The applicability of the method to identifing and quantifing the unauthorised dimethyl yellow dye in curry was demonstrated.

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