Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chromatographie sur couches minces'
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Marko, Hakim. "Développement de dispositifs photovoltaïques à base de CIGSe à grande bande interdite." Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0003.
Full textThe goal of this work is to improve the understanding of the experimental suboptimal electrical properties of solar cells based on large bandgap Cu(ln,Ga)Se2 (ClGSe), Le. EG > 1,2 eV and gallium content (xGa=[Ga]/([ln]+[Ga])) higher than 30 %. Ln order to try to answer to the problematic, the work have been focused, firstly, on the implementation of large bandgap ClGSe growth processes by thermal coevaporation and, secondly, on the development of CdS alternative buffer layer based on Zn(O,S) grown by atomic layer de position (AL D, in collaboration with the Uppsala University in Sweden) and reactive sputtering. At high Ga content (xGa rv 50 %), the ClGSe growth and its copper composition seems to be key factors for improving solar cells efficiencies. A model has been proposed in order to better understand the copper content effect at high gallium composition. The adjustment of the Zn(O,S) recipe grown by ALD allowed maximizing devices efficiencies close to 15 %. It is suggested that the control of the Zn(O,S) layer led to the favourable conduction band matching at the interface with the CIGSe. The Zn(O,S) de position by reactive sputtering showed a relative harmlessness for the CIGSe surface
Pothier, Jacques. "Application de techniques de chromatographie planaire pour l'étude des alcaloïdes, en particulier quinolizidiniques, et optimisation par analyse multivariable des conditions de séparation : généralisation à la caractérisation et au dosage de substances stupéfiantes et toxiques." Tours, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOUR3807.
Full textPham, Do Chung. "Effets thermoélectriques anisotropes dans les couches minces ferromagnétiques Py et YIG." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01016941/document.
Full textThis thesis is a study in the field of "Spin Caloritronics". This work focuses on the anisotropic magnetothermal transport in ferromagnetic thin film. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between thermal transport and the magnetization state of the ferromagnetic thin layer. We show the experiments we used to do both electrical and thermal transport measurements. We also present a set of theoretical tools (model, calculation and simulation) which allows a better understanding of the experimental results. The first goal is to define the magnetization state of the sample by the measuring both the magnetoresistance and Hall effect (planar and anomalous). These measurements allow finding all the parameters necessary to the description of the magnetization equilibrium state so that we accurately know the magnetization state of our ferromagnetic thin film. The second goal is to find the angular dependence of thermal transport and to compare it with the angular dependence of electrical transport. To do so, we replace the electric current by a heat current end then do transverse voltage measurements for different angles. The results show that the measured voltage with a heat current has the same behavior as the transverse voltage measured with an electric current
Goutx, Madeleine. "Les classes de lipides de la matière organique marine : contributions microbiennes et applications géochimiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22115.
Full textHajouj, Zahira. "Mélanges mécaniques de phases greffées sur gel de silice. Application en chromatographie planaire et en extraction en phase solide vis-à vis d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycondensés et d'azaarènes, polluants de l'environnement." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30076.
Full textDurif-Durand, Pierrette. "Etude de la stabilité des collyres à base de pilocarpine." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON13514.
Full textCarton, Olivier. "Conception et caractérisation thermomécanique de couches minces optiques : application à la commande chromatique de structures bistables." Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1896.
Full textOptical thin films filters have been deposited using plasma techniques onto a shape memory alloy in the aim of activate chromatically bistable mechanical structures with the heat of laser lightening. Several materials in thin films (silicon, silicon dioxide, silver, polymers) have been studied with various experimental techniques and their optical properties have been modeled. Optical filters have been elaborated onto the used shape memory alloy : nitinol. Two kinds of filters have been successfully tested. The first ones transmit the radiation of one laser and reflect the one of the other. The other filters, elaborated with silver and polymer, are more selective, they absorb directly the heat of the selected radiation, while the other radiation is reflected. The elaborated structures have been used as micro-actuators for a bistable mechanical structure, thus we have shown that it is possible to control wireless structures, using heat of laser lightening. Selectivity of the actuation, thanks to the optical filters, is chromatic : each micro-actuator is activated by only one laser radiation. Filters in transmission have shown good stability because no degradation has been observed after 6000 actuation cycles, whereas structures in absorption with silver could be deteriorated due to heating after thousand cycles only
Paillat, Lionel. "Application de la chromatographie planaire haute performance (HPTLC) à l'analyse des substances naturelles complexes à destination des arômes, parfums et de la cosmétique." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4104.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the application of high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the analysis of plant extracts used in aroma, perfume and cosmetic industries. Different planar chromatographic methods were developed and validated for the quantification of natural compounds in plant matrices: quantification of nicotine in tobacco extracts, quantification of major phenolic compounds in vanilla fruits, beans and extracts and quantification of alcohols and acetates in vetiver extracts from Haiti. A fractionation scheme was developed for chemical separation of the metabolites in oleoresins; HPTLC, by its capacity to focus on specific metabolites, was used for phytochemical screening of the fractions. Fractionation of mate (Ilex paraguariensis St-Hil ) oleoresin allowed for the isolation of saponins enriched fraction which was characterized by HPTLC, HPLC-MS and NMR. 16 saponins were identified; 6 of them were never described in mate leaves. 4 genins were identified as to be ursolic, oleanolic and 23-hydroxyursolic acids as well as 3-hydroxy-24-nor-urs-4(23), 12-dien-28-oic acid, which was never documented. HPTLC and HPLC quantification allowed for the elucidation of 60 to 70 % of the extract and its valorization through its high content in polyphenols and saponins. Developed HPTLC methods were precise, sensitive and repeatable
Sekkat, Moussif. "Contrôle des aminoglucosides dans les formes pharmaceutiques par chromatographie liquide." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON13512.
Full textSun, Shao-wen. "Approche expérimentale et statistique pour valider une procédure d'analyse dans une formulation pharmaceutique." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON13507.
Full textFouyer, Kévin. "Méthodes de criblage rapide et en parallèle pour la synthèse et la caractérisation de polyoléfines." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S184.
Full textPolyolefins are widely used materials today, for current and high performance applications. Most important productions concern polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene, and the demand for these materials increases every year. Because these polymers are synthesized by catalysis, numerous researches are focusing on discovering more performing and selective new catalysts. The large number of theoretically active catalysts for a given application makes combinatorial approaches very attractive to selects the good candidate. The work of this study follows two main lines. The first one is the development of high throughput synthesis methods for the screening of a titanocene catalyst library in heterogeneous polymerization of ethylene. The second line focuses on the development of fast analytic methods for characterizing of polyolefins. An analysis method in Raman spectroscopy was set to get the density of a series of industrial polyethylenes and another method in planar chromatography was tested to obtain the molar mass distribution of polystyrenes, polypropylenes and polyethylenes. An innovative technology in the field of mass spectrometry (DART/AccuTOF) was tested to estimate the stability of polyethylenes which were thermally or UV treated, by the direct detection of additives present in the polymers
Painchaud, Thomas. "Mécanismes de croissance des couches minces de Cu (In, GA) Se2 co-évaporées : vers des synthèses rapides et à basse température." Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT2088.
Full textCu(In1-xGax)Se2 solar cells are based on the Mo/Cu(In1-xGax)Se2/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO:Al structure. Therapid growth of co-evaporated CIGSe thin films at low temperature is an important issue for theindustrial development of CIGSe modules. In order to achieve these 2 targets, CIGSe growthmechanisms during the 3-step process have been investigated. In the present work, a recrystallizationphenomenon has been underlined when the copper content within the CIGSe (0 ≤ x ≤ 0. 3) reaches the stoechiometry, i. E. Y = [Cu]/([In]+[Ga]) ≈ 1. Such a phenomenon is thermally activated and results in the reduction of both the grain boundaries (GB) density and intra-granular defects density. From these observations, a new model based on the grain boundary migration theory is proposed in order to establish a causality relationship between such a composition threshold and the grain boundary motion yielding large grains formation. The understanding of this mechanism allowed the decrease of the deposition time of co-evaporated layers from 23 min (h=16%, FF=76%) to 6 min (h=14%, FF=74%)at Tsub= 600 °C. Within the 3-step process, the homogenous composition of the absorber seemsrestricted by the high speed deposition during the 3rd step. Finally, in order to decrease the substratetemperature, the impact of Mo back contact has been investigated. The sodium diffusion from the glass substrate into CIGSe across the Mo plays an electronical role and is influenced by themolybdenum porosity and Tsub. The experimental optimization of the Mo back contact has allowed the achievement of 13. 5% efficiency with CIGSe absorber synthesized at Tsub = 450°C
Fleury, Blaise. "NANOPARTICULES LUMINESCENTES D'YVO4 DOPÉ LANTHANIDES: MÉCANISME DE FORMATION ET APPLICATIONS EN COUCHES MINCES." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00822149.
Full textBailly, Jean-René. "Sur la structure des substances humiques et le rôle des microorganismes dans leur formation." Toulouse 3, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985TOU31205.
Full textSimon, Jean-Yves. "Développement de couches barrières multicouches hautes performances pour les OLEDs et OPVs. Références : DRT SL-DRT-10-1008." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT091.
Full textOver the last few years, a significant growth is observed for OLEDs (Organic Light-Emitting Diodes) resulting in the gradual integration into many electronic devices for mass-market applications: smartphones, touchscreen tablet, TV … However, despite many advantages, the high sensitivity of the organic stacks in ambient atmosphere, and the surface degradation of the devices, are the main causes limiting the massive use of this technology. The encapsulation of the devices thanks to barrier multilayers can solve some or all these problems. The aim of this thesis is to develop and to characterize new inorganic-organic multilayers as a barrier against moisture and oxygen, in order to preserve OLEDs performances. Solutions for the thin layer encapsulation, made directly in the surface of the devices, have been developed and evaluated on OLEDs. The encapsulation stacks are based on alternating between a film of aluminum oxide deposited by ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) and a layer of organic resin. Stacks of OLEDs are fragile, and the deposits have been carried out under mild conditions, especially when temperatures are low (T < 100 °C). A the same time, a method for the characterization of the barrier properties has been carried out, in order to evaluate the intrinsic performances of thin films or encapsulation stacks used, and to provide an understanding of the protection mechanism
Baati, Narjes. "Le métabolisme lipidique dans les altérations mitochondriales induites par l’absence de myostatine : impact de l’entrainement en endurance." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONT4002/document.
Full textMyostatin (mstn) inactivation or inhibition is considered as a promising treatment for various muscle-wasting disorders because it promotes muscle growth. However, mstn-deficient hypertrophic muscles show strong fatigability associated with abnormal mitochondria and lipid metabolism. Muscle membrane maintains the structure and the metabolic function of the fibre, and mitochondrial membrane including respiratory chain complexes, are composed mainly of lipids and phospholipids playing functional role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. In our study, we hypothesized first that changes in the muscle and mitochondrial lipid composition could exist in the KO mstn muscle, in relation with the metabolic and functional alterations, secondly that endurance training can normalize these phenotypic muscle alterations. We reported in KO mstn muscles a decrease of fat membrane transporter levels (FAT/CD36, FABP3, FATP1 and FATP4) associated with decreased lipid oxidative pathway (citrate synthase and βHAD activities) and decreased lipogenesis (decreased triglyceride and free fatty acids content). Interestingly, we demonstrated a decrease in mitochondrial cardiolipin content, in relation with a decrease in PGPS and CRLS1 gene expressions. Then, we showed in KO mstn mice that 4 weeks of daily running exercise session (65-70% of the maximal aerobic speed for 1 hour) improved significantly aerobic performance, particularly the endurance to levels comparable to those of trained wild type littermates.The expression of oxidative and lipid metabolism markers also was increased, as indicated by the upregulation of the Cpt1, Ppar, Fas genes, and increased citrate synthase level and mitochondrial protein content in KO mstn muscle. Interestingly, mitochondrial enzyme activity and the cardiolipin fraction in the mitochondrial membrane are increased by training only in KO mstn mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that the combination of mstn inhibition and endurance training could increase the muscle mass while preserving the physical performance. In addition, cardiolipin and lipid-related pathways could represent new targets to improve mstn-deficient muscle metabolism and restore mitochondrial function
Hardy, Marie-Claire. "Étude de composés insaponifiables de déchets végétaux en vue de leur utilisation en cosmétologie et dermatologie." Compiègne, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989COMPD174.
Full textGarnier, Sylvie. "Etude de stabilité d'une solution rectale de 5-fluorouracile et de polyvidone iodée." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P188.
Full textHoyoux-Roche, Dominique. "Etude du comportement de fongicides triazoles dans le sol et évaluation du risque de dispersion dans l'environnement." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112349.
Full textThe increasing use of pesticides in agriculture may be responsible for significant soil contamination. Study on the behaviour of pesticides in soil is then necessary to assess environmental risks and particularly pesticide transfer to surface water and groundwater. The aim of the study was to investigate the behaviour of two triazole fungicides, bromuconazole and furconazole, in soil under laboratory and field conditions. The mobility, adsorption-desorption and degradation phenomena were mainly studied in two different soils. Evaluation and comparison of the mobility of these fungicides and a third fungicide, triadimenol, in both soils was achieved using soil thin-Iayer chromatography. Improvement of this technique was proposed, specially for the slightly mobile compounds, with successive elutions on the same soil thin layer plate. The mobility studies were completed by sorption experiments. The main interest of these studies was to assess and compare adsorption and desorption characteristics of the fungicides on both soils to investigate the possible influence of certain parameters (nature of compound, types of soil, soil/water ratio of the suspension). Adsorption kinetics was carried out and described by modelling to analyse the speed of attainment of sorption equilibria and to determine the appropriate time to reach equilibrium. The determination of adsorption coefficients (according to FREUNDLICH and TEMKIN isotherms) allowed to quantify adsorption; the desorption studies by successive desorptions have proved hysteresis effect. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the degradation of bromuconazole in soil to determine the degradation rate, the formation of bound residues and the amounts of main metabolites. Degradation was also studied under field conditions; outdoor microlysimeters experiments were conducted to investigate simultaneously mobility and degradation of the fungicide in both soils. These studies allowed to emphasize the usefulness and limitation of methods used as devices to assess the environmental fate of applied chemicals
Ligné, Thierry. "Production par voie enzymatique et caractérisation d'oligopeptides : application à l'hydrolyse de protéines végétales pour l'obtention d'un produit d'intérêt nutritionnel pour l'alimentation animale." Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMP1119.
Full textLeriche, Emma-Dune. "Dendrimères polyamidoamines : synthèse, caractérisation structurale et étude de complexes non covalents polyamidoamines / ADN." Rouen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ROUES044.
Full textThis thesis is composed of three main research areas: Synthesis and chemical modification of PAMAMs: PAMAMs were synthetized according to the divergent approach of Tomalia. In order to modulate their bioactivity and biocompatibility, chemical modifications of the surface end-groups were carried out by grafting amino acids - phenylalanine, histidine and glycine- or phenyl groups. Native and modified-PAMAMs were characterized by mass spectrometry (MS), ion mobility spectrometry coupled to MS (IM-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Study of defective structures of PAMAMs: the divergent synthesis generated, in addition to the expected products, various byproducts that needed to be identified and characterized. The separation, identification and quantification of these defective structures were achieved by coupling MS with various separation techniques: capillary electrophoresis, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography or the ion mobility spectrometry. The contribution, complementarity and limits of each approach are discussed. Study of non-covalent complexes PAMAM/DNA: the stoichiometries, stabilities, dissociation constants of complexes were determined by ESI-MS and IM-MS for various dendriplexes. IM-MS was found particularly useful to separate and highlight the different species present in the samples (dendriplexes, DNA duplex and quadruplex, single-stranded DNA, etc. . . ), reduce the complexity of the spectra and improve spectral quality
Beaumesnil, Mathieu. "L'identification et quantification d'additifs dans les carburants et les lubrifiants par HPTLC-MS et techniques de dérivatisation." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR061.
Full textOil companies increase the quality of their products such as fuels by using additives. A large variety of additives can be used, such as antioxidants or antiknock agents. In this study, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to quantify some additive in diesel fuel without sample preparation. HPTLC is an analytical technique used to characterize and quantify compounds in mixtures. To increase polymer detection and signal quality, derivatization methods were used.In order to confirm the analyte identification and to provide structural information, a method based on the direct coupling of HPTLC to mass spectrometry (MS) was developed. Ionization sources such as DESI (desorption electrospray ionization), DART (direct analysis in real time) and MALDI (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization) were evaluated. It appeared that MALDI was the most suitable source to efficiently desorb the additives on HPTLC plate. After several tests and optimizations on different stationary phases and ionization sources, a HPTLC-MALDI method was developed on cellulose and allowed to detect surfactant in diesel fuel at real concentration. At the same time, ASAP (atmospheric solids analysis probe) was coupled for the first time to HPTLC
Rajoelina, Jasmin Armand. "Essai de purification et de caractérisation d'un facteur de croissance de petit poids moléculaire à partir de fractions sanguines humaines (FC-PPM)." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10354.
Full textSTUDER, ALAIN. "La chromatographie en couches minces couplee a la densitometrie : applications." Strasbourg 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR10753.
Full textLeón, Baldelli Andreés Alessandro. "Sur la rupture des couches minces : une approche variationnelle." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921907.
Full textRobles, José. "Morphologie des couches minces d'YBaCuO sur YAlO3 et NdGaO3." Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPG0033.
Full textJemmali, Zaïneb. "Développements méthodologiques en TLC/MALDITOF MS et GC/MS pour l’analyse des composés terpénoïdes présents dans les résines végétales." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2061/document.
Full textResins are hydrocarbon secretions of many plants and well known for their protective benefits. They have been used as raw materials for a wide range of applications (pharmaceutic, cosmetic and artistic). Plant resins are complex mixtures of organic substances mainly terpenoid compounds which constitute the most abundant and structurally diverse group of plant secondary metabolites. The chemical characterization of this material results in long and difficult separation due to the wide range of polarity and volatility of its constituents. The aim of this work was to develop new analytical approaches to improve the identification of resins certifying their origin and ensuring the quality control. For that purpose two analytical methods were selected: TLC and GC approaches hyphenated to mass spectrometry. TLC-1D and TLC-2D allow a rapid screening and first visual differences of resins. The innovating TLC coupling to MALDI-TOF-MS gives a clear identification of major markers (triterpenic acids). In order to have complementary information about the composition of resins, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed to analyze volatile to non-volatile compounds. The various stages of optimization were based on experimental design and statistical (PCA and HAC) approaches. For closely related resins, a quantitative approach was investigated based on a complete validation for major markers. This work allows the development of two complementary techniques that give a powerful approach for fast and reliable differentiation of various resins even the closest ones
Yang, Mai Zhi. "Étude de couches minces de pyridino porphyrazines déposées sur électrodes." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10010.
Full textRogier, Benoît. "Couches minces de zircone sur polymères : propriétés adhésives et interfaciales." Mulhouse, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MULH0524.
Full textYang, Maizhi. "Etude de couches minces de pyridino porphyrazines déposées sur électrodes." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37619151x.
Full textMoura, Rebouças Deborah. "Étude du métabolisme des lipides membranaires et des gènes associés chez Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp sous contraintes abiotiques combinées (sécheresse/ozone)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1083/document.
Full textGlobal climate changes are responsible for the increased frequency of episodes of drought and high concentrations of tropospheric ozone, which can occur simultaneously to reduce plant growth, limiting agricultural production and affecting the food supply for an increasing world population. These environmental stresses can lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, promoting oxidative stress and causing metabolic imbalance. Cell membranes are the primary targets of damage induced by stresses and the preservation of cell integrity through remodeling of membrane lipids is essential for plant survival under adverse conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drought, ozone and the combined stresses in two cowpea cultivars with different degrees of drought tolerance: EPACE-1 and IT83-D through physiological responses and a study focused on the content and composition of membrane lipids, as well as on the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis and degradation of these lipids. Drought and ozone (120 ppb), isolated or in combination, were applied on three-week-old seedlings during two weeks. After 7 and 14 days of treatments, physiological parameters were determined. Lipids extracted from leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Transcript accumulation (VuMGD1, VuMGD2, VuDGD1, VuDGD2, VuCLS, VuFAD7, VuFAD8, VuPLD1 and VuPAT1) was detected in leaves by real time PCR. In both cultivars, drought inhibited the plant growth and photosynthesis through stomatal closure, which appeared to involve the gene expression of phospholipase D (VuPLD1). Ozone caused foliar injury and degradation of galactolipids, mainly in IT83-D. In this cultivar, the damage resulted in an increase in DGDG:MGDG ratio and in VuDGD2 expression. Furthermore, a partial decrease in the phospholipids content in response to ozone was associated with an increase in VuPLD1 expression, suggesting a replacement of phospholipids by DGDG. Differently, EPACE-1 cultivar in the presence of ozone, concomitantly with the degradation of galactolipids, showed an increase in storage lipids and DPG (cardiolipin) contents. The two stresses in combination led to results similar to those observed in response to the drought treatment alone, in both cultivars, which likely reflected the severe restriction of ozone uptake resulting from drought-induced stomatal closure. In conclusion, the present results highlight the prominent role of membrane lipids in the metabolic adjustments that occur for the plant tolerance to drought and ozone
Janfaoui, Sabri. "Électronique CMOS en silicium microcristallin sur substrat flexible transparent." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S119.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to fabricate both types of microcrystalline silicon TFTs N and P (Thin Film Transistors) on flexible and transparent substrate. The microcrystalline silicon technology was optimized in our laboratory at low temperature <180°C. The flexible and transparent chosen substrate is PEN Q65FA (Polyethylene naphthalate) produced by DuPont Teijin Film. N-type microcrystalline silicon top-gate TFTs are successfully fabricated on PEN. These N-TFTs are fairly uniform and replicable. Likewise, N-TFTs are stable under gate bias stress of +15V, the VTH shift was only 12% during four hours. Furthermore, P-TFTs are demonstrated on PEN, the characteristics of these P-TFTs are adequate and they need further work. Both types of these TFTs are mechanically solicited. Tensile and compressive strains were applied by bending TFTs with different curvature radius varying between infinite (flat) and 0. 5 cm. Electron mobility increases (40%) with tensile strain and decreases with compressive one. In contrast, hole mobility decreases with tensile strain and increases (27%) with compressive one. This behaviour is mainly due to the variation of silicon properties. TFTs work until a radius of 1 cm and fail after. Failure occurs mainly from the cracking of silicon nitride that is used as encapsulation layer of the substrate and as gate insulator. Also, it occurred by cracking of the microcrystalline silicon that is used as an active layer. This can be avoided by reducing the thickness of the active layer to 50 nm
Michel, Jean-Philippe. "Films smectiques minces déposés sur un substrat monocristallin." Cergy-Pontoise, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CERG0169.
Full textThis work presents an experimental study of the structure of thin smectic films frustrated on a single crystal. Film thicknesses are investigated from several hundreds to several tens of smectic layers. We worked on the model system 8CB/MoS2 by combining four different experimental techniques, llowing an exploration of the layers structure everywhere in the film. We demonstrate we are able to study sual defects of the smectic phase in a simplified geometry because of the order imposed via the substrate's surface. Combination of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Grazing Incidence X-ray effraction (GIXD) permit to take interest to the physisorption of organic molecules on a crystalline surface and more precisely to determine the fine structure of the first 8CB adsorbed molecules on MoS2 surface. We interpret our results through a1D mean field model leading to a complex molecule-substrate. In a second time, by combining Optical Microscopy (MO) and GIXD we studied the unidirectionnal planar anchoring of the smectic A and nematic phases imposed by the flat surface of MoS2. We have determined six different anchoring directions for the perpendicularly anchored smectic layers with respect to the main crystallographic directions of MoS2. With models existing in the litterature, we have then interpreted our results and evidenced the strong link between the adsorbed structure and the anchoring characteristics. Film's structure frustrated by antagonistic anchorings was investigated by combination of MO, GIXD and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in the Tapping mode. For thickness higher than 0,1 mm, smectic layers are stacked concentrically into periodic networks formed by flattened hemicylindrical structures. We have evidenced the existence of an elastic threshold located between 700 and 900 Å, below which a discontinous structure with dislocation walls exists in order to avoid any prohibitive curvature of smectic layers. We have demonstrated the asymmetric nature of the walls associated to a high dislocation density. Thickness evolution has revealed also the presence of such a discontinous structure under the flattened Hemicylindrical structures and permit to understand the defect evolution when film's thickness varies. We have then studied straightforward the internal structure of focal conics, which here are 1D degenerated
Caubel, Yannick. "Contribution à l'élaboration de couches minces d'YBa2Cu3O7-x par MOCVD sur aciers : les couches de conversion comme couches intermédiaires." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT011G.
Full textDusciac, Dorin. "Couches organiques ultra minces greffées sur Si (111) pour la microélectronique." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004637.
Full textPerriot, Antoine. "Nanoindentation de couches minces déposées sur substrat de verre de silice." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00112005.
Full textNous nous intéressons d'abord au contact élastique sur un substrat revêtu. Nous développons un algorithme semi-analytique permettant un calcul efficace de ce type de contacts. L'influence des désaccords de propriétés élastiques sur la réponse mécanique est étudiée. La méthode d'Oliver et Pharr induit une erreur sur la valeur du rayon de contact sur des systèmes revêtus. Nous proposons des pistes pour résoudre ce problème.
Nous nous intéressons ensuite au comportement élastoplastique du verre de silice. Nous utilisons la microspectroscopie Raman pour évaluer la densité locale de ce matériau et ainsi cartographier la densification dans de la silice amorphe indentée et caractériser en pression hydrostatique de l'écrouissage de ce matériau. La prise en compte de cet écrouissage améliore les lois de comportement existantes. Nous étudions l'augmentation de la raideur de la silice amorphe avec sa densité. Nous utilisons la luminescence de Cr3+ pour étendre ces méthodes expérimentales à d'autres verres silicatés.
Ho, Caroline. "Etude de l'adhérence de couches minces de SiO2 sur substrat polymère." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0030.
Full textBesides its main function of providing visual correction, ophthalmic lenses offer additional benefits, such as anti-scratch and anti-reflective properties, in order to optimize visual comfort. These features are brought by coatings deposited on top of the plastic polymeric substrate constituting the lens. More specifically, an anti-scratch hardcoat of a few microns thick is deposited by wet chemical methods, followed by the evaporation of an anti-reflective stack within the nanometric scale. The challenge is to ensure interface quality between layers. Considering their small dimensions, assessment of mechanical adhesion within the ophthalmic stack is mostly performed qualitatively to this day. The aim of this research is to provide a quantitative estimate of the mechanical adhesion at the most sensitive interface of the structure, located between the SiO2 layer of the anti-reflective stack and the hardcoat. Among the 300 adhesion tests described in the literature, adhesion test by compression has been chosen because of its ability to replicate defects observed in real life. Moreover compression tests offer the advantage of allowing uniaxial and contactless mechanical application within the observation area. Mechanical adhesion at this interface has been estimated quantitatively by studying buckle morphologies generated by compression tests. In order to study dimensions of straight-sided buckles, development of in situ compression test under an optical profilometer was carried out. Special attention was given to experimental conditions during application of compressive stress on test specimen. Both designs of samples and compression testing stage were revised to promote substrate’s strain homogeneity. Mechanical adhesion of samples which underwent different deposition processes was assessed. Influence of process parameters as well as impact of ageing on mechanical adhesion was evaluated. In order to better describe the experimental scenario and gain a greater understanding of mechanisms of adhesion between the SiO2 layer and the hardcoat, a numerical model was developed. Mechanical properties of materials composing the interface were characterized by nanoindentation and coupled with nanoindentation models taking into account influence of substrate for thin SiO2 layer. Interfacial delamination through buckling of the SiO2 layer was simulated using cohesive surface technique. Interfacial parameters allowing close compliance with experimental results are presented. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate leading factors allowing proper description of buckling scenario
Gritti, Fabrice. "Etude de phases stationnaires à base de polymères cristaux liquides." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12397.
Full textMoalla, Rahma. "Couches minces d'oxydes pyroélectriques épitaxiées sur Si pour la récupération d'énergie thermique." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC050/document.
Full textDue to the wasted heat in ever more compact microelectronic devices, the harvesting of thermal energy has become interesting for self-powering small devices. Consequently, pyroelectric materials witch couple a change in temperature to a change in electrical polarization may be used for the conversion of the thermal energy to an electric energy without necessity of maintaining thermal gradients that is a main drawback in compact devices with thermoelectric materials. In this thesis, PbZro.52Tio.48O3 (PZT) and BaxSr1-xTiUO3 (x = l and x = 0.7), with high pyroelectric coefficients are chosen, elaborated in thin epitaxial layers, characterized structurally and electrically to study their potential for thermal energy harvesting. This work has two aspects: the first consists in the development and optimization of the growth conditions of epitaxial heterostructures integrated on Si. The second one focuses on the study of the functional properties ( ferroelectric, dielectric and pyroelectric) and the estimation of the energy harvesting efficiency mainly of PZT layers. A correlation between these two aspects is then done. A change in the crystal structure is shown on the Si-integrated stacks in comparison with equivalent structures grown on STO substrate. This structural behavior impacts directly the functional properties of the heteroepitaxial layers of PZT. Th us, an important anisotropy of these properties was demonstrated and completed by a study of the in plane properties using measurements by interdigital capacitors. These observations were consistent with measurements of X - ray diffraction as a function of temperature. Otherwise, different methods and configurations of pyroelectric coefficient measurements on PZT have allowed a better understanding of the phenomenon and the distinction of the various existing contributions. The indirect static measurement resulting from the variation of the remnant polarization as a function of the temperature gives the intrinsic (and secondary) pyroelectric contributions. However, the dynamic measurements of the pyroelectric current during a change of the temperature contain all the pyroelectric and non-pyroelectric contributions, such as the extrinsic effects and the relaxation current . Dynamic pyroelectric measurements under an electric field are near to the conditions of thermal energy harvesting cycles. Conduction currents appeared, even for good layers of thick dielectric PZT, and mask the pyroelectric currents. This makes the application of electric generator by thermodynamic cycles under electric field prohibitive. Passive components using low or no electrical field such as sensors should be considered
Delsol, Benjamin. "Elaboration et caractérisation de couches minces supraconductrices épitaxiées de rhénium sur saphir." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GRENI015/document.
Full textIn electronic devices, it is expected that the quantum limit will soon be reached with decreasing system size. Therefore, manipulating quantum information appears as a new challenge. Solid state Qubits based on superconducting Josephson junction are promising systems which take advantage of microelectronics technology. However, decoherence time of the quantum states is still a limiting factor. This has been generally ascribed to the poor crystallographic quality of the materials used so far (crystallographic defects, impurities). The Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) technique may be used to grow rhenium (Re) films of high quality on sapphire substrates in an Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) environment. So far, the misfit between Re and sapphire is low enough to permit the growth of a single crystal aluminium oxide thin film on top of the Re layer. In order to improve the crystallographic quality of the Re film, some simulations and several characterizations techniques have been used. Then, the superconducting properties of rhenium films have been studied at Ultra Low Temperature in order to compare with their crystallographic qualities
SABA, AHMED. "Sur la tenue dielectrique aux temps courts de couches minces de polysiloxane." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30082.
Full textBui, Thi Mai Anh. "Etude de la décomposition spinodale de cobaltite de fer sur couches minces." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30028/document.
Full textThis work aimed to study the effects of spinodal decomposition process on structural and microstructural evolution of cobaltite thin films whose composition is in the miscibility gap of CoFe2O4 - Co3O4 system. At the first time, thin films were elaborated by RF magnetron sputtering from a ceramic target with average composition of Co1.73Fe1.27O4. Deposits at high argon pressure or high RF power favor the formation of thin films containing an oxide phase associated with a spinel phase. The oxide phase obtained in these films is probably in part due to the reduction of the target surface owing to a strong bombardment, without excluding the presence of a physical phenomenon related to the thermalization of oxygen atoms. Deposition conditions were optimized at 0.5 Pa - 20 W. That allows a compromise between a small amount of oxide phase in the thin films and an acceptable deposition rate. Spinodal decomposition has been demonstrated on the thin films deposited in this condition and post-annealed at 600 ° C for various times. The characterizations by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and VSM magnetic measurements, have confirmed the gradual formation of a two-phase system made of a cobalt-rich phase and an iron-rich phase. However, the formation of periodic zones, corresponding to these two phases, was not observed on the decomposed thin films. These two phases exhibit in fact a very small difference in their structure. Finally, the studies on thin films annealed at lower temperatures (for example at 450 ° C) showed evolutions similar to those observed during treatment at 600 ° C. Spinodal transformation seems to be initiated by a migration of divalent cations into the tetrahedral sites and trivalent cations into octahedral sites. The spinel structure thus tends to turn into a normal structure, before the separation into two spinel phases, due to the spinodal transformation
Ramamonjinirina, Evelyne. "Formation de films mixtes au sein de silices greffées poreuses par insertion de molécules alkylées à groupements fonctionnels variés : étude de leurs propriétés chromatographiques." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10081.
Full textMayani, Nicole. "Etude expérimentale des surfaces rugueuses de films d'argent déposés sur des sous-couches de fluorures." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30060.
Full textBENCOK, PETER. "Etude des proprietes structurales, electroniques et magnetiques de couches minces de vanadium sur fe (100)." Cergy-Pontoise, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CERG0094.
Full textSoulier, Sébastien. "Réalisation sous vide de revêtements organiques sur des supports métalliques." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20162.
Full textBerthenet, Cyril. "Méthode computationnelle pour la prédiction de la mobilité des peptides et l'identification de leurs sites de phosphorylation par empreinte phospho-peptidique bidimensionnelle sur couche mince de cellulose." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20198.
Full textTo date, one of the most important challenges in biology is to understand the molecular mechanisms which modulate and regulate cellular functions and in particular the role of protein post-translational modification. Contrary to the genome with is the same for each cell within an organism, proteomes vary dynamically according to cell type, cell physiology and through multi-site simultaneous post-translational modifications. In eukaryotic proteins, reversible phosphorylation is among the most important modifications and acts in modulating many cellular events including cell cycle transit, growth and differentiation. Approximately 30% of cellular proteins are susceptible to phosphorylation and around 30% of these proteins are phosphorylated at any given time. While metabolic labelling with [32P] provides a powerful and highly sensitive means to increase phospho-protein detection threshold, it is presently incompatible with mass spectrometry. We have therefore developed an alternative method for identifying proteins and post-translational modifications based on analysis of two dimensional tryptic peptide separation on thin layer cellulose plates. Peptides are separated by high voltage electrophoresis according to net charge and molecular mass before second dimension separation by physical-chemical characteristics in a water solvent exchange system using ascending chromatography. Phospho-peptide mobility is measured for each peptide in each dimension with the use of co-migrated marker peptides to calibrate peptide migrations and peptide identity established from an identity score derived from models calculating the predicted electrophoretic and chromatographic mobilities from the primary aminoacid sequence of the peptides. The success rate of this approach, which exceeds 98% on simple peptide mixtures, is estimated at 80% on whole protein digests. Moreover, we are able to specifically differentiate a same peptidic sequence containing phosphorylated, oxidized amino acids and/or exception trypsic sites
Chappert, Claude. "Ferromagnétisme de films ultraminces de nickel et cobalt sur substrat d'or." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112311.
Full textZhu, Jiang. "Croissance par pulvérisation cathodique et caractérisation de dispositifs magnéto-électriques PZT/TERFENOL-D en couches minces sur substrat ilicium." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2052.
Full textMy thesis work is devoted to elaboration of Terfenol/PZT (Tb0,3Dy0,7Fe2/Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3) thin film devices by sputtering and to characterization of their magneto-electric response. During a large part of my thesis, I had to devote mainly to the development of the Terfenol-D thin films that were deposited on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrate and to the characterization of their ferromagnetic properties. This study included the films deposited in situ, that is to say, by heating the substrate holder during deposition. I also studied for comparison, the effect of annealing (temperature, time, atmosphere) of Terfenol-D films after deposition at room temperature. I have shown that the in situ deposition and annealing carried out at temperatures between 400 °C and 500 °C, allow to obtain films with good ferromagnetic properties (M ≥ 400 emu/cm3). When sputtering conditions for the growth of films with good ferromagnetic properties have been developed, we turned our efforts on achieving the Terfenol / PZT thin film device. Finally after solving many problems like diffusion or bonding, we managed to get a first operational Terfenol-D/PZT device. A magneto-capacitive effect of 4. 6% was observed at 4 Tesla. A magneto-electric coefficient voltage of 150 mV. Cm-1. Oe-1 was also measured out of the mechanical resonance. Due to inter-diffusion phenomena, the Terfenol-D layer can’t currently be annealed beyond 300 °C. Under these conditions its microstructural, hence ferromagnetic, properties therefore are not optimal, thereby limiting the magneto-electric response. Improvement in the fabrication process should enhance it in the future
Far, Lakhdar. "Caractérisation ultrasonore de couches polymériques minces déposées sur un substrat : application aux peintures." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10533.
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