Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chromophores

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Chromophores'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Chromophores"

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Rosenau, Thomas, Antje Potthast, Paul Kosma, Hans U. Suess, and Norbert Nimmerfroh. "Isolation and identification of residual chromophores from aged bleached pulp samples." Holzforschung 61, no. 6 (2007): 656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.108.

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Abstract Three bleached and subsequently aged cellulosic pulps have been analysed for their chromophore content according to the chromophore release and identification (CRI) method. Several chromophores have been unambiguously identified, despite their very low content (ppb range). This is the first report on defined chromophoric structures isolated from bleached pulps. It is also the first application of the CRI method to cellulose I substrates, rather than to cellulose II substrates (fibres) and cellulose derivatives as hitherto performed. A common feature of the chromophores is the 2-hydroxy-[1,4]benzoquinone moiety, which is strongly stabilized by resonance or tautomerism. The structure of the chromophores indicates that oxidised carbohydrate structures act as precursor moieties, which condense upon ageing to the chromophore structures identified.
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Zhang, Chao-Zhi, Hui Cao, and Zhao-Bing Guo. "Theoretical Study of Effect of the Number of N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline Units in Novel “Parallel Connection” Chromophores on Its Nonlinear Optical Properties." ISRN Physical Chemistry 2012 (December 22, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/262563.

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Design of “parallel connection” chromophores could give a way of acquiring effective chromophores. The semiempirical method ZINDO was employed to study relationship between static first hyperpolarizabilities of “parallel connection” chromophores and the number of parallel nonconjugated N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline (DMNA) units in the chromophore. The results show that the chromophore containing three parallel non-conjugated DMNA units exhibits the highest static first hyperpolarizability, which is 1.8 times that of chromophore DMNA. However, static first hyperpolarizabilities of the chromophores containing four or five DMNA units are very small. The absorption maximum wavelength (λmax) of “parallel connection” chromophores is remarkably shorter (34.9 nm–38.1 nm) than that of 1DMNA. Therefore, the “parallel connection” chromophore containing three DMNA units would be an effective chromophore with a large first hyperpolarizability and a good optical transparency. It could give a useful suggestion for designing effective chromophores containing parallel non-conjugated D-π-A units.
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Zhao, Long. "Effect of the second chromophore energy gap on photo-induced electron injection in di-chromophoric porphyrin-sensitized solar cells." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 9 (2018): 181218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181218.

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This work investigates the effect of the second chromophore energy gap on charge generation in porphyrin-based di-chromophoric dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Three di-chromophoric porphyrin dyes (PorY, PorO and PorR) containing three organic chromophores with decreasing frontier orbital energy offsets, including a carbazole-triphenylamine chromophore (yellow, Y), a carbazole fused-thiophene chromophore (orange, O) or a carbazole-thiophene benzothiadiazole thiophene chromophore (red, R), were investigated using optical and electrochemical methods, steady-state photoluminescence and photovoltaic device characterization. Energy transfer from the organic chromophore to the porphyrin was suggested in PorY and PorO as the main charge generation mechanism in DSSCs using these di-chromophoric dyes. On the other hand, electron transfer from the photo-excited porphyrin to the organic chromophore as a competing pathway leading to the loss of photocurrent is suggested for PorR-sensitized solar cells. The latter pathway leading to a loss of photocurrent is due to the lower lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the additional organic chromophore (R) and suggests the limitation of the current di-chromophoric approach to increase the overall efficiency of DSSCs.
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Huang, Xiaoqing, Ziheng Li, Meishan Peng, et al. "Synthesis of Bis(N,N-diethyl)aniline-Based, Nonlinear, Optical Chromophores with Increased Electro-Optic Activity by Optimizing the Thiolated Isophorone Bridge." Symmetry 14, no. 3 (2022): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030586.

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Six nonlinear, optical chromophores, Z1–Z6, based on the bis(N,N-diethyl)aniline-derived donor and thiolated isophorone bridge, were designed and synthesized. The bis(N,N-diethyl)aniline-derived donor was applied in a chromophore with thiolated isophorone as an electron bridge for the first time. In particular, the bridge parts of chromophores Z2–Z6 were modified with different functional groups, including tert-butyltrimethylsilane and tert-butyl(methyl)diphenylsilane derivative: 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene and alkylaniline cyanoacetate, respectively. Density functional theory calculations suggested this series of chromophores show much greater hyperpolarizability than traditional, nonlinear, optical chromophores due to strong electron donor ability. These chromophores, Z1–Z6, showed very high poling efficiencies due to the large steric hindrance and hyperpolarizability of the chromophores. A large poling efficiency (2.04 ± 0.08 nm2/V2) and r33 value (193 pm/V) were achieved for polymeric thin films doped with 25 wt% chromophore Z6 at 1310 nm.
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Kučerová, Viera, Richard Hrčka, and Tatiana Hýrošová. "Relation of Chemical Composition and Colour of Spruce Wood." Polymers 14, no. 23 (2022): 5333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235333.

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The visual inspection of fresh cut spruce wood (Picea abies, L. Karst.) showed the variability of its colour. Wood visual inspection is a part of wood quality assessment, for example, prior to or after its processing. The detail spruce wood colour analysis was performed using spectrophotometric data. The colour was measured by the bench-top spectrophotometer CM-5 Konica Minolta. The spectrophotometer was calibrated with a built-in white standard and on air. The whole analysis was performed in an xy chromaticity diagram supplemented with coordinate Y and CIE L*a*b* colour spaces. The ratio of the white chromophore amount to the amount of all achromatic chromophores is related to the Y coordinate. The ratio of the chromatic chromophore amount to all chromophores amount is saturation. The constructed model of the spruce wood colour is composed of four chromophores. The white chromophore belongs to holocellulose. The black chromophore belongs to lignin. The saturation is influenced by two chromophores. One of them belongs to extractives, another to lignin. The amounts of chromophores correlated with the spruce wood chemical composition. The chemical composition was measured using the procedures of Seifert, Wise, Sluiter, and ASTM. Moreover, the wood colour is affected by the moisture content.
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Kalinin, Alexey A., Liliya N. Islamova, Sirina M. Sharipova та ін. "Synthesis of D-π-A¢-π-A Chromophores with Quinoxaline Core as Auxiliary Acceptor and Effect of Various Silicon-Substituted Donor Moieties on Thermal and Nonlinear Optical Properties at Molecular and Material Level". Molecules 28, № 2 (2023): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020531.

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Novel D-π-A¢-π-A chromophores with quinoxaline cores as auxiliary acceptors and various donor moieties (aniline, carbazole, phenothiazine, tetrahydroquinoline) containing bulky tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy (TBDMSO) groups and tricyanofuranyl (TCF) acceptors with bulky cyclohexylphenyl substituents were synthesized via eight- to nine-step procedures, and their photo-physical and thermal properties were investigated. The values of the chromophores’ first hyperpolarizabilities were calculated in the framework of DFT at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVDZ computational level; the effect of the introduction of the TBDMSO group into the donor fragment is shown to be inessential, as this group is not coupled to the π-conjugated system of the chromophore. The chromophore with the tetrahydroquinoline donor has a first hyperpolarizability value of 937 × 10−30 esu, which is the highest for the studied chromophores. Atomistic modeling of composite materials with the studied chromophores as guests demonstrated that the presence of bulky substituent in the donor fragment prevents notable aggregation of chromophores, even at high chromophore content (40 wt.%). The nonlinear optical performance of guest–host materials with 25 and 40 wt.% of suggested chromophore content was studied using a second harmonic generation technique to give the NLO coefficient, d33 up to 52 pm/V.
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Asthana, Deepak, Shota Hisamitsu, Masa-aki Morikawa, et al. "Aqueous Photon Upconversion by Anionic Acceptors Self-Assembled on Cationic Bilayer Membranes with a Long Triplet Lifetime." Organic Materials 01, no. 01 (2019): 043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400250.

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Anionic 9,10-diphenylanthracene chromophores electrostatically bound to cationic, chiral bilayer membranes show ordered self-assembly in water. The integrity of the chromophore-accumulated aqueous bilayer membranes is ensured by multiple hydrogen-bond networks introduced in the bilayer, which allowed adaptive accommodation of the guest chromophores at the inner surface of the bilayer while maintaining their cohesive interactions. The regular chromophore alignment in the aqueous assembly is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism, and circularly polarized luminescence spectra. Excitonic migration of triplet energy occurs among the chromophores densely organized at the inner surface of the bilayer, which lead to triplet–triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC). This acceptor-bilayer self-assemblies show a notably long triplet lifetime of 8.0 ms, which allows TTA-UC at sufficiently low excitation light intensity. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the simple electrostatic accumulation approach for TTA-UC chromophores where the suitable molecular design of the TTA-UC chromophore-integrated bilayer membranes plays a key role.
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ZHANG, CHAO-ZHI, HUI CAO та ZHAO-BING GUO. "NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NOVEL AND EFFECTIVE H-SHAPED CHROMOPHORES CONTAINING THREE PARALLEL AND NON-CONJUGATED D-π-A UNITS". Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 20, № 03 (2011): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886351100611x.

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H-shaped chromophores containing three parallel non-conjugated D-π-A units are effective chromophores with high hyperpolarizability and good optical transparency. The semi-empirical methods ZINDO, AM1, MNDO and PM3 were employed to study the effect of strength of acceptors and donors, and steric repulsion between substituents on static first hyperpolarizabilities (β0) and enhancements of β0 of the H-shaped chromophores. The results show that the H-shaped chromophore would exhibit the largest β0 and/or the largest enhancement of β0 of the chromophore when combination of a donor (D) and an acceptor (A) in a D-π-A unit is suitable.
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Chávez-Huerta, M., and F. Rojas. "Local quantum uncertainty as a robust metric to characterize discord-like quantum correlations in subsets of the chromophores in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes." Revista Mexicana de Física 66, no. 4 Jul-Aug (2020): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.66.525.

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Green sulfur bacteria is a photosynthetic organism whose light-harvesting complex accommodates a pigment-protein complex called Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO). The FMO complex sustains quantum coherence and quantum correlations between the electronic states of spatially separated pigment molecules as energy moves with nearly a 100% quantum efficiency to the reaction center. We present a method based on the quantum uncertainty associated to local measurements to quantify discord-like quantum correlations between two subsystems where one is a qubit and the other is a qudit. We implement the method by calculating local quantum uncertainty (LQU), concurrence, and coherence between subsystems of pure and mixed states represented by the eigenstates and by the thermal equilibrium state determined by the FMO Hamiltonian. Three partitions of the seven chromophores network define the subsystems: one chromophore with six chromophores, pairs of chromophores, and one chromophore with two chromophores. Implementation of the LQU approach allows us to characterize quantum correlations that had not been studied before, identify the most quantum correlated subsets of chromophores, and determine that, in the strongest associations of chromophores, the LQU is a monotonically increasing function of the coherence.
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Chen, Cheng, J. Nathan Henderson, Dmitry A. Ruchkin, et al. "Structural Characterization of Fluorescent Proteins Using Tunable Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15 (2023): 11991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241511991.

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The versatile functions of fluorescent proteins (FPs) as fluorescence biomarkers depend on their intrinsic chromophores interacting with the protein environment. Besides X-ray crystallography, vibrational spectroscopy represents a highly valuable tool for characterizing the chromophore structure and revealing the roles of chromophore–environment interactions. In this work, we aim to benchmark the ground-state vibrational signatures of a series of FPs with emission colors spanning from green, yellow, orange, to red, as well as the solvated model chromophores for some of these FPs, using wavelength-tunable femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) in conjunction with quantum calculations. We systematically analyzed and discussed four factors underlying the vibrational properties of FP chromophores: sidechain structure, conjugation structure, chromophore conformation, and the protein environment. A prominent bond-stretching mode characteristic of the quinoidal resonance structure is found to be conserved in most FPs and model chromophores investigated, which can be used as a vibrational marker to interpret chromophore–environment interactions and structural effects on the electronic properties of the chromophore. The fundamental insights gained for these light-sensing units (e.g., protein active sites) substantiate the unique and powerful capability of wavelength-tunable FSRS in delineating FP chromophore properties with high sensitivity and resolution in solution and protein matrices. The comprehensive characterization for various FPs across a colorful palette could also serve as a solid foundation for future spectroscopic studies and the rational engineering of FPs with diverse and improved functions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chromophores"

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Chammam, Marwa. "Carbo-chromophores di, quadri, octupolaires pour l'absorption à deux photons." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30236.

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Le manuscrit traite de la conception, la synthèse et l'étude des propriétés optiques d'absorption à un et deux photons d'une série de chromophores organiques à systèmes pi-conjugués étendus de la famille des carbo-mères, en s'appuyant sur des résultats préliminaires obtenus par l'équipe avec des carbo-benzènes quadripolaires à substituants fluorényles. Le phénomène d'absorption à deux photons (A2P) présentant une large gamme d'applications dans divers domaines tels que la photothérapie dynamique, le stockage de données, la microfabrication ou la limitation optique, il a fait l'objet de nombreuses études qui ont permis de définir des relations structure-propriétés (RSP) pour l'élaboration de systèmes efficaces, pour lesquelles des dérivés carbo-benzéniques répondent à plusieurs critères a priori. Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse concerne essentiellement la synthèse et la caractérisation de carbo-benzènes dipolaires, quadripolaires et octupolaires fonctionnels. L'étude des propriétés optiques linéaires et non-linéaires des cibles "carbo-chromophores" isolées, réalisée en collaboration avec Gabriel Ramos-Ortiz, CIO, Mexique, est également présentée. Le premier chapitre, bibliographique, est divisé en deux parties. La première présente l'état de l'art en optique non linéaire, en particulier du 3ème ordre pour l'absorption à deux photons (A2P). Les applications de l'A2P, les techniques de mesures de section efficace et les RSP pour la conception de chromophores efficaces y sont détaillées. La deuxième partie dresse un état de l'art sur les molécules carbo-mères en détaillant leur synthèse et leurs propriétés. Le deuxième chapitre décrit des résultats de préparation et d'étude de carbo-benzènes quadripolaires. Il est divisé en trois parties. La première décrit la préparation de carbo-benzènes à substituants trifluorotolyle ainsi que l'étude de leurs propriétés d'absorption à un photon, de solubilité, d'accepteur d'électrons (par voltammétrie) et d'auto-assemblage sur surface (par imagerie STM). La deuxième partie présente la synthèse et l'étude comparative des propriétés d'absorption à un et deux photons de bis-dialkylthiényléthynyl-carbo-benzènes et de leur molécule parente à cœur simplement benzénique, les propriétés optiques ayant été étudiées en collaboration avec Gabriel Ramos-Ortiz. La troisième partie envisage des chromophores à cœur dicétopyrrolopyrrole, un motif chromophore classique en A2P, en vue de la synthèse de dérivés à deux substituants carbo-benzéniques. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur la mise au point d'une nouvelle voie de synthèse de carbo-benzènes octupolaires faisant intervenir une stratégie de macrocyclisation inédite de type [6+6+6], l'objectif restant l'étude des propriétés d'A2P des cibles. Trois carbo-benzènes, à trois substituants fluorényléthynyle ou dialkylthiényléthynyle ont ainsi été préparés et caractérisés. Le quatrième chapitre aborde le défi de la synthèse de carbo-benzènes dipolaires portant des substituants donneurs (de type 4-alkoxy- ou 4-amino-phényles) et accepteurs (de type 4-nitro ou 4-cyano-phényles) en positions para. Les différentes stratégies de synthèse envisagées et les résultats obtenus sont détaillés<br>The manuscript deals with the design, synthesis and study of optical properties of one- and two-photon absorption in a series of organic chromophores with extended pi-conjugated systems of the carbo-mers family, based on preliminary results obtained by the group for quadrupolar carbo-benzenes with fluorenyl substituents. The phenomenon of two-photon absorption (A2P) presenting a wide range of applications in various fields such as dynamic phototherapy, data storage, microfabrication or optical limitation, it has been the subject of numerous investigations which have allowed the establishment of structure-property relationships (SPRs) for the development of efficient systems, for which carbo-benzene derivatives meet several criteria a priori. Within the framework of this thesis, the work mainly concerns the synthesis and characterization of dipolar, quadrupolar and octupolar functional carbo-benzenes. The study of linear and non-linear optical properties of the isolated "carbo-chromophore" targets, performed in collaboration with Gabriel Ramos-Ortiz, CIO, Mexico, is also presented. The first chapter, bibliographical in nature, is divided into two parts. The first one presents the state of the art in nonlinear optics, in particular at the 3rd order for two photon absorption (A2P). The applications of A2P, techniques of cross-section measurement, and RSPs for the design of efficient chromophores are detailed. The second part provides a state of the art on carbo-meric molecules by giving an overview of their synthesis and properties. The second chapter describes results on the preparation and study of quadrupolar carbo- benzenes. It is divided into three parts. The first one describes the preparation of trifluorotolyl-substituted carbo-benzenes as well as the study of their properties of one-photon absorption, solubility, electro-chemical reductibility (by voltammetry) and self-assembly on surface (by STM imaging). The second part presents the synthesis and comparative study of one- and two-photon absorption properties of bis-dialkylthienylethynyl-carbo-benzenes and their parent molecule with a simple benzene core, the optical properties having been studied in collaboration with Gabriel Ramos-Ortiz. The third part envisages chromophores with a diketopyrrolopyrrole core, a classical chromophoric unit in A2P, aiming at the ultimate synthesis of derivatives with two carbo-benzene substituents. The third chapter focuses on the development of a new route for the synthesis of octupolar carbo-benzenes based on a novel macrocyclization strategy of the [6 + 6 + 6] type, the objective remaining to study of A2P properties of the targets. Three carbo-benzenes, with three fluorenylethynyl or dialkylthienylethynyl substituents were thus prepared and characterized. The fourth chapter addresses the challenge of the synthesis of dipolar carbo-benzenes carrying donor substituents (of 4-alkoxy- or 4-amino-phenyl type) and acceptor (of 4-nitro or 4-cyano-phenyl type) in para positions. The different synthesis strategies that have been envisaged and the obtained results are detailed
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Henriksson, Johan. "Light Control using Organometallic Chromophores." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Computational Physics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17232.

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<p> </p><p>The interaction between light and organometallic chromophores has been investigated theoretically in a strive for fast optical filters. The main emphasis is on two-photon absorption and excited state absorption as illustrated in the Jablonski diagram. We stress the need for relativistic calculations and have developed methods to address this issue. Furthermore, we present how quantum chemical calculations can be combined with Maxwell's equations in order to simulate propagation of laser pulses through a materials doped with chromophores with high two-photon absorption cross sections. Finally, we also discuss how fast agile filters using spin-transition materials can be modeled in order to accomplish theoretical material design.</p><br>Report code: LIU-TEK-LIC-2006:55. On the day of the defence date the status on article III was Manuscript, article IV was Accepted and article V was Submitted.
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Kumarasamy, Elango. "Stereospecific Phototransformations of Atropisomeric Chromophores." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27553.

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Photochemical transformations are unique strategy in synthesis that enables us to access complex and structurally diverse organic scaffolds. However, the challenges in controlling the excited-state to perform stereoselective reactions left this method under-utilized. This dissertation describes a novel strategy that employs atropisomeric chromophores to perform stereospecific phototransformations. The success of this strategy is well established in thermal chemistry but not comprehensively investigated in photochemical transformations. This research largely relies on rotamer control in the ground state (NEER principle) wherein the axial chirality in the starting material was transferred to point chirality in the products upon excitation. The chapter 1 describes the principle differences between the asymmetric thermal and asymmetric photochemical reactions. Further, a survey of methodologies developed towards asymmetric phototransformations and their outcomes are described. A brief introduction about the atropisomeric systems in thermal chemistry and the preliminary investigations in phototransformations are also provided. In chapter 2, enantiospecific disrotatory 4π-ring closure of atropisomeric 2-pyridones were investigated. The differential axial chirality designed (sterics and H-bonding units) displayed distinct temperature and solvent dependency on the enantiospecificity of the reaction. Eyring plot was computed to calculate the differential activation enthalpy and entropy for the reaction. Also, the course of phototransformation was followed through single-crystal XRD to decipher the preferred mode of cyclization for a given isomer of 2-pyridones. The high-pressure racemization and photoreaction study revealed that pressure provided stable chiral axis even at elevated temperature resulting in higher enantiomeric excess (ee) in the photoproduct. The chapters 3-5 describe the [2+2]-photocycloaddition of atropisomeric enamide, maleimide and imine derivatives. The design features on these molecules allowed us to perform complementary reactions that are not observed in the literature. These modifications were significant improvement to “axial to point chiral” strategy that improves the versatility of the photoreactions. For example switching of the excited state in enamides, continuous flow visibleiv light photocatalysis of maleimides and unusual photocycloaddition of stabilized imines are notable features. This dissertation encompasses detailed studies on the mechanism, scope and photophysical studies on new atropisomeric chromophores such as 2-pyridones, enamides, maleimides and imine derivatives that provides excellent avenue to access chirally enriched building blocks.<br>NSF-ND EPSCoR (Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship)<br>Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. North Dakota State University
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Baglai, Iaroslav. "Synthèse de carbo-benzènes, carbo-cyclohexadiènes et carbo-butadiènes à substituants chromophores." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2385/.

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La thématique de recherche développée pour ce doctorat est centrée sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de molécules hautement insaturées et enrichies en carbone de type carbo-mères, portant des substituants chromophores, notamment de type polycyclique et hétérocyclique azoté. La première partie concerne la synthèse de carbo-benzènes quadripolaires portant des fluorophores hydrocarbonés de type fluorène, soit directement connectés au noyau carbo-benzénique, soit séparés de ce dernier par l'intermédiaire d'un lien acétylénique. La deuxième partie porte sur la synthèse de carbo-benzènes para-disubstitués par des fluorophores hétérocycliques azotés (indoles et carbazoles) et de deux types d'analogues : des carbo-cyclohexadiènes, macrocycliques mais non-macro-aromatiques, et des carbo-butadiènes, références acycliques présentant un enchaînement conjugué commun aux deux autres séries. Des représentants de ces trois sous-familles de molécules carbo-mères ont été préparés, et une étude comparative de leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques a été réalisée. Enfin, le dernier chapitre porte sur la synthèse et la fonctionnalisation d'isoindoles dans le but de les accrocher à un cœur carbo-benzénique. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence le caractère électrophile particulier du 3-chloro-2-phénylisoindole-1-carbaldéhyde conduisant notamment à un réarrangement original du noyau isoindole en dérivé amino-isochromanone. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse ouvrent des perspectives inédites en chimie des hétérocycles azotés et en chimie des carbo-mères, et plus généralement des polyacétyléniques aromatiques (notion de " p-frustration "). De plus, l'étude préliminaire de propriétés photophysiques de deux des carbo-benzènes décrits dans ce manuscrit laisse entrevoir des possibilités d'applications en optique non-linéaire du troisième ordre, et notamment en absorption à deux photons<br>The project developed for this PhD thesis is focused on the synthesis and characterization of highly unsaturated and carbon-enriched molecules called carbo-mers, substituted by polycyclic and heterocyclic chromophoric groups. The first part of the work concerns the synthesis of quadrupolar carbo-benzenes bearing purely hydrocarbon fluorene substituents, which are either directly connected to the carbo-benzene ring or separated from it by acetylenic linkers. The second part deals with the synthesis of carbo-benzenes substituted by nitrogen-containing heterocycles (indoles or carbazoles) and of two series of analogs: macrocyclic but non macro-aromatic carbo-cyclohexadienes, and carbo-butadienes, which can be viewed as the acyclic references of the two other series. Selected representatives of these three sub-families of carbo-mers were prepared, and a comparative study of their physico-chemical properties was conducted. The last chapter addresses the synthesis and functionalization of isoindoles in view of anchoring them to a carbo-benzene ring. This work has highlighted the peculiar electrophilic character of 3-chloro-2-phenylisoindole-1-carbaldehyde, leading to an original rearrangement of the isoindole core into an amino-isochromanone. The results presented in this thesis open unprecedented perspectives in both the chemistry of nitrogen-containing heterocycles and carbo-mers, and more generally of aromatic polyacetylenics (notion of "p-frustration"). Finally, the study of photophysical properties of two carbo-benzenes described in this manuscript suggests potential applications in third order nonlinear optics, and in particular in two-photon absorption
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Buker, Nicholas D. "Guanidine donors in nonlinear optical chromophores /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8669.

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Li, Yan. "Periodic mesoporous organosilicas with functional chromophores." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-173286.

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Addison, Kiri. "The photophysics of fluorescent protein chromophores." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/53399/.

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Fluorescent proteins of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) family are important and versatile scientific tools used in a range of applications including the labelling of proteins, cells and tissue, high resolution imaging and studying protein-protein interactions. They exhibit a very diverse range of photochemical behaviour. Surprisingly this diversity originates from chromophores which have very similar structures. Accordingly, minor changes to the chromophore structure or to its surroundings in the protein can produce dramatic changes in optical behaviour. In this work the photophysics of the chromophores of the green fluorescent protein, the Kaede fluorescent protein and some related analogues are investigated using ultrafast methods; predominantly the excited state is probed using ultrafast fluorescence up-conversion with a time resolution of better than 50 fs. The excited states of chromophores decay on the ultrafast timescale. The decay will be probed for both isomers of the GFP chromophore, and the mechanism of decay will be modelled, leading to conclusions on the nature of the radiationless coordinate. The derivative of the chromophore generated in the Kaede protein will be studied, and marked differences with the GFP chromophore found. The importance of protein-chromophore interactions in influencing fluorescent protein behaviour will be demonstrated. The effects of chromophore modifications will be revealed through comparison of the analogues and the sensitivity of chromophore photophysics to the hydrogen bonding nature of the solvent will be demonstrated. It will also be shown that the Kaede chromophore undergoes aggregation enhanced fluorescence at relatively low concentrations.
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MILETIC, TANJA. "FUNCTIONAL CHROMOPHORES FOR LIGHT-HARVESTING APPLICATIONS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2908014.

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This doctoral thesis describes the design, synthesis and characterization as well as investigations of the optical properties of new functional chromophores. In the recent years, the term “functional dyes” used in a wild range of application areas, such as dyes for liquid crystals, lasers, displays, solar cells or bioimaging emphasize on the new functionality beyond color of π-conjugated chromophores.[1] In Chapter I a briefly insight into the general aspects of functional chromophores and emitters for light-harvesting, along with a concise outline of the manuscript is given to the reader. The preparation and physical characterization of oligo(p-phenylene vinylene)-derived single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) conjugates are described in Chapter II. Moreover, further testing of functionalized SWCNTs as doping agents for spiro-OMeTAD in a flat CH3NH3PbI3-based solar cell was presented. Chapter III describes the synthesis of a novel class of O-doped polyaromatic hydrocarbons, in which two polyaromatic hydrocarbon substructures are bridged through one or two O atoms. This includes high-yielding ring-closure key steps that, depending on the reaction conditions, allow the formation of either furanyl or pyranyl structure through intramolecular C-O bond formation, and the stepwise planarization of oligonaphthalenes. X-ray single-crystal diffraction showed that the furanyl derivatives undergo π-π stacking at the solid state. Photophysical measurements showed very nicely that the molecules feature high emission yield and tunable absorption UV-Vis properties. Finally, Chapter IV reports the preparation of a distinct category of π-conjugates, more in detail; a new family of bis-perylenol derivatives bearing different dihedral angles between the two perylene moieties was prepared and studied in terms of UV-Vis and emission spectroscopy. [1] a) Chen, Z.; Lohr, A.; Saha-Möller, C. R.; Würthner, F. Chem. Soc. Rev.2009, 38, 564–584. b) Weil, T.; Vosch, T.; Hofkens, J.; Peneva, K.; Müllen, K. Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed.2010, 49, 9068–9093
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Pulham, Andrew J. "Novel polymer chromophores for non-linear optics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358723.

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Kagawa, Yasuyuki. "New tetracyanoquinodimethane chromophores, synthesis and physical properties." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4902/.

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Synthesis and physical characterizations of a novel class of zwitterionic organic chromophores were carried out. A series of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) derivatives was prepared from reactions with primary and secondary amines. By modifications of the structure it was hoped to optimize their nonlinear properties. The newly synthesized organic chromophores were highly polar, zwitterionic and transparent at wavelengths above 600nm, which is a requirement for waveguide devices at 650nm. The molecular dipole moments were determined experimentally and theoretically. The experimental dipole moments and the theoretical dipole moments were found to be in agreement. The nonlinear optical properties of the new compounds were studied using the Kurtz powder technique. Large second harmonic generation was observed from 7-(2,6, dimethylmorpholino)-7-(4-methylpiperidine)- 8,8-dicyanoquinomethane (25 times urea) as a result of the noncentrosymmetric crystal lattice (P2(_1)2(_1)2(_1)). A large twist between the donor moieties and the benzene ring was found from the crystallographic data, and compared with a theoretical model using an ab initio calculation. Strong fluorescence was observed in the solid states and glass forming solvents at low temperatures. An increase of the quantum yields as a function of viscosity was observed due to the constraining effect of the environment. Variations in the quantum yields from chromophore doped polymeric matrices such as PMMA at room temperature and at low temperature are attributed to the different "free volume" of the polymeric matrices. Possible mechanisms for the emission process in either viscous or non-viscous media are proposed. Photodegradation in solution was observed for illumination by a white light source. In parallel studies photodegradation in PMMA films was observed both in air and under vacuum. A possible photodegradation mechanism via free radicals, compatible with these experimental observations is suggested.
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Books on the topic "Chromophores"

1

Lo, Kenneth Kam-Wing, and Peter Kam-Keung Leung, eds. Metal Ligand Chromophores for Bioassays. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19863-2.

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Lalevée, Jacques, and Jean-Pierre Fouassier, eds. Dyes and Chromophores in Polymer Science. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119006671.

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Simpson, W. S. Near-uv chromophores in wool proteins. Wronz, 1994.

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Klinger, Daniel. Light-Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles Based on Photo-Cleavable Chromophores. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00446-4.

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Prelati, Mario. Die elektronischen Chromophore in Gold-Komplexen. Zentralstelle der Studentenschaft, 1992.

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Verdegem, Peter J. E. Structure, function, and dynamics of the chromophore of Rhodopsin. University of Leiden, 1998.

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Jänichen, Jan. Enantioselektive Synthese von Analogen und Fragmenten des Neocarzinostatin-Chromophors. [s.n.], 1994.

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Davis, Jason Arlen. Behaviour and localization of chromophore absorption signals in the transmission electron microscope. National Library of Canada, 2000.

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Rashidi-Ranjbar, Parviz. Conformational analysis and absolute configurations of eight-membered ring compounds containing the biphenyl chromophore. Chemical Center, Univ., 1989.

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Stohner, Jürgen. Theoretische Untersuchungen zur Quantendynamik der Infrarotvielphotonenanregung des CH-Chromophors in vielatomigen Molekülen geringer Symmetrie. [s.n.], 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chromophores"

1

Matsuoka, Masaru. "Other Chromophores." In Infrared Absorbing Dyes. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2046-1_8.

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Chorlton, A. P. "Novel chromophores." In Modern Colorants: Synthesis and Structure. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1356-4_5.

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Galian, Raquel E., and Julia Pérez-Prieto. "Oxygen-containing chromophores." In Photochemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839167676-00201.

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Pérez-Prieto, Julia. "Oxygen-containing Chromophores." In Photochemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839162114-00216.

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Yurke, Bernard. "DNA Assembly of Dye Aggregates—A Possible Path to Quantum Computing." In Natural Computing Series. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9891-1_9.

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AbstractDNA-based self-assembly enables the programmable arrangement of matter on a molecular scale. It holds promise as a means with which to fabricate high technology products. DNA-based self-assembly has been used to arrange chromophores (dye molecules) covalently linked to DNA to form Förster resonant energy transfer and exciton-based devices. Here we explore the possibility of making coherent exciton information processing devices, including quantum computers. The focus will be on describing the chromophore arrangements needed to implement a complete set of gates that would enable universal quantum computation.
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Fischer, R., J. Gottstein, S. Siebzehnrübl, and H. Scheer. "Phycocyanin with Modified Chromophores." In Current Research in Photosynthesis. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0511-5_231.

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Van Stryland, Eric W., and David J. Hagan. "Characterization of 2PA Chromophores." In Multiphoton Lithography. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527682676.ch2.

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Jin, Guo-Qing, Li-Jun Guo, Jing Zhang, Song Gao, and Jun-Long Zhang. "Luminescent Metal Complexes for Bioassays in Near-infrared (NIR) Region." In Metal Ligand Chromophores for Bioassays. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19863-2_1.

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Schwehr, Bradley J., David Hartnell, Massimiliano Massi, and Mark J. Hackett. "Luminescent metal complexes as emerging tools for lipid imaging." In Metal Ligand Chromophores for Bioassays. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19863-2_3.

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AbstractFluorescence microscopy is a key tool in the biological sciences, which finds use as a routine laboratory technique (e.g., epifluorescence microscope) or more advanced confocal, two-photon, and super-resolution applications. Through continued developments in microscopy, and other analytical methods, the importance of lipids as constituents of subcellular organelles, signalling or regulating molecules continues to emerge. The increasing recognition of the importance of lipids to fundamental cell biology (in health and disease) has prompted the development of protocols and techniques to image the distribution of lipids in cells and tissues. A diverse suite of spectroscopic and microscopy tools are continuously being developed and explored to add to the “toolbox” to study lipid biology. A relatively recent breakthrough in this field has been the development and subsequent application of metal-based luminescent complexes for imaging lipids in biological systems. These metal-based compounds appear to offer advantages with respect to their tunability of the photophysical properties, in addition to capabilities centred around selectively targeting specific lipid structures or classes of lipids. The presence of the metal centre also opens the path to alternative imaging modalities that might not be applicable to traditional organic fluorophores. This review examines the current progress and developments in metal-based luminescent complexes to study lipids, in addition to exploring potential new avenues and challenges for the field to take.
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Gkika, Karmel S., David Cullinane, and Tia E. Keyes. "Metal peptide conjugates in cell and tissue imaging and biosensing." In Metal Ligand Chromophores for Bioassays. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19863-2_2.

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AbstractMetal complex luminophores have seen dramatic expansion in application as imaging probes over the past decade. This has been enabled by growing understanding of methods to promote their cell permeation and intracellular targeting. Amongst the successful approaches that have been applied in this regard is peptide-facilitated delivery. Cell-permeating or signal peptides can be readily conjugated to metal complex luminophores and have shown excellent response in carrying such cargo through the cell membrane. In this article, we describe the rationale behind applying metal complexes as probes and sensors in cell imaging and outline the advantages to be gained by applying peptides as the carrier for complex luminophores. We describe some of the progress that has been made in applying peptides in metal complex peptide-driven conjugates as a strategy for cell permeation and targeting of transition metal luminophores. Finally, we provide key examples of their application and outline areas for future progress.
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Conference papers on the topic "Chromophores"

1

Marshall, Julia, Gergory Sutton, Evan P. Van Orman, et al. "Organogold nonlinear optical chromophores." In Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XXVII, edited by Ileana Rau, Okihiro Sugihara, and William M. Shensky. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3040752.

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Chittibabu, K. G., L. Li, X. Wang, J. Kumar, and S. K. Tripathy. "Thiophene based Nonlinear Optical Chromophore functionalized Epoxy Polymers for Electro-Optic Applications." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1997.thc.4.

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Polymeric materials present certain advantages over inorganic crystals for second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) applications because of their low dielectric constant, large optical nonlinearity, low cost, and ease of processability. Stable NLO polymeric materials are potential candidates for electro-optic (EO) devices such as high bandwidth electro-optic modulators [1], optical interconnects [2], and fiber optic gyros [3]. Second-order NLO properties in polymers are present when the chromophores are aligned in a non-centrosymmetric manner. Chromophores with enhanced NLO susceptibilities can be obtained by increasing electron-donating and/or accepting effects [4], by extending the conjugation length between the donor and acceptor groups [5] and by replacing the phenyl moieties in the chromophores with thiophene moieties [6]. Efforts were made by our group [7] and various other groups [6, 8] to synthesize and optimize the properties of the chromophore functionalized polymers with high optical nonlinearity. Jen and coworkers synthesized a variety of thiophene based chromophores with high optical nonlinearity, 'μβ' [6, 8]. Many of these chromophores, when doped in a polymer matrix exhibited an electro-optic value greater than 20 pm/V. Marder and coworkers studied the effect of strong acceptors in NLO chromophores and have found that an 'r33' value of 55 pm/V at 1.313 μm is realizable with some of these chromophore doped polycarbonate composites. However, most of these systems are of guest-host type, which limit the chromophore solubility as well as temporal stability of the poled order in the NLO chromophore-polymer composites.
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Herman, W. N., J. A. Cline, J. M. Hoover, A. Chafin, G. A. Lindsay, and K. J. Wynne. "Nonlinear Optical Properties of Self-Assembled Mainchain Polymer Films." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.28.

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We report second harmonic generation measurements on multilayers of two interleaved mainchain polymers fabricated by Langmuir Blodgett (LB) deposition. LB processing1 offers advantages over electric-field poling in that it can be done at room temperature (hence the kT Brownian motion is much less) without the strong electric fields that can lead to film damage during corona poling. Mainchain polymers are inherently more stable than sidechain polymers because both ends of the chromophore are attached to the backbone of the polymer, whereas only one end of the chromophore is attached to the backbone in a sidechain polymer, and the other end is dangling free at one of the interfaces of each monolayer. Furthermore, only mainchain polymers that contain the chromophore in a head-to-head (syndioregic) configuration can have the chromophores ordered normal to the plane of the film by hydrophilic/hydrophobic forces. This is because a mainchain polymer containing chromophores in a heat-to-tail configuration will probably have all of the chromophores lying on the water, in the plane of the film with opposing dominant hyperpolarizability components.
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Kim, Oh-Kil, Ling-Siu Choi, He-Yi Zang, Xue-Hua He, and Yan-Hua Shih. "Anisotropic Self-Alignment of Supramolecular Amylose Inclusion of Chromophores for Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.31.

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Anisotropic alignment of nonlinear chromophores and their dipolar stability are the key issues1 of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Poling is a usual means in guest-host systems to bring about such an alignment2-4. Since poling is carried out around the glass transition temperature(Tg) of hosts5, and the temporal stability of chromophores depends primarily on Tg values of hosts, matrix materials for high-temperature stability are required to have high Tg such as with polyimides. However, the high-temperature poling causes problems in nonlinear chromophores, such as bleaching6-7, decomposition8,9 or loss of dipolar alignment10, unless they have very high decomposition temperatures. Also, a related problelm is a plasticizing effect8,11 of chromophores which lowers the Tg of the matrix with increasing chromophore concentration.
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Lindsay, G. A., J. D. Stenger-Smith, R. A. Henry, et al. "High-Temperature Sierrulate Nonlinear Optical Polymers." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wa.4.

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Second-order nonlinear optical polymers (NLOPs) are excellent thin film active optical waveguiding materials.1 Integration of NLOP films on silicon to form low cost photonic devices, using current manufacturing lines, requires optical stability to at least 250°C for several minutes, and more preferably to 350°C. One approach has been to dissolve stable chromophores in high temperature polyimides.2 However, the addition of chromophores (20 to 30 percent) considerably lowers the glass transition temperature, and diffusion of the fugitive chromophores will cause long term stability problems. A second approach has been to crosslink a chromophore-polymer matrix.3 This approach can lead to unacceptably large optical losses due to scattering from density fluctuations trapped in the matrix during the crosslinking process. A third approach is the synthesis of amorphous mainchain thermoplastic NLOPs that have a high glass transition temperature (Tg) and a high chromophore concentration.4
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Cline, J. A., and W. N. Herman. "Chi-electric Relaxation: Frequency Domain Chromophore Dynamics in Nonlinear Optical Polymers." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.39.

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The orientational stability of nonlinear optical chromophores in polymer systems has been the subject of extensive research.1-8 A new experimental method of observing chromophore dynamics has been developed. The method is similar to dielectric relaxation measurements where the linear polarization of the material is induced by a sinusoidal electric field. However, this new method probes the orientation of just the chromophores through second harmonic generation (SHG). This method is unique because it yields information about chromophore dynamics in the frequency domain, whereas the bulk of the work is done in the time domain. The method is dynamic and the chromophores are in steady-state motion in response to a time varying electric field, as opposed to studies such as Boyd et al.4 where measurements are made with a static electric field. A description of the experimental method and a discussion of the results follows.
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Chen, Antao, Sean Garner, Araz Yacoubian та ін. "Characterization of electrooptic polymers with high µβ chromophores for photonic device applications". У Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1997.the.23.

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For electrooptic (EO) polymer devices to be accepted in high speed fiber communication systems, the operation voltage of these devices must be reduced to a level compatible with the high speed electronics that drives the polymer devices. A low operation voltage, or Vπ in the case of modulators, requires EO polymers with high electrooptic coefficients. The electrooptic effect comes from the nonlinear chromophores in the polymer and the alignment of these chromophores by poling. High electrooptic coefficients calls for chromophores with large nonlinearity, i.e., high µβ. The synthesis and characterization of EO polymers with high µβ chromophores1 have been the focus of recent research in the field of nonlinear optic polymers.
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Goldman, Leon. "Chromophores in tissue for laser medicine and surgery." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.thd1.

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Early in the development of laser medicine and laser surgery, endogenous chromophores in mammalian tissue established the great value of the color selective action of lasers in the visible light range. From these models, there developed laser treatments of incurable birthmarks, cancer surgery, surgery of the heart and blood vessels, and even the treatment of tattoos. With the subsequent development of photodynamic therapy, a successful cancer treatment program was established. This was based on the localization and induced fluorescence of cancer tissue by derivatives of the chromophore and hematoporphyrin. The concept of laser thermophotolysis of Anderson and Parriash and the development of the technology of exogenous chromophores expanded the applications of lasers not only to cancer tissue but to potential uses for toxins, antigens, antibodies, etc. through conjugation and subsequent destruction of the combination by lasers with selective wavelengths. The uses then of selective localization and types of exogenous chromophore are limitless for laser applications for mammalian tissues.
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Wang, C. H., S. H. Gu, and H. W. Guan. "Polar Order and Relaxation of Second Order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility in Amorphous Polymer Films." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wb.1b.

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Second harmonic intensities of several polymer films containing nonlinear optical chromophores have been investigated as a function of NLO Chromophore concentration, temperature and poling field strength.
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Yakymyshyn, Christopher P., Kevin R. Stewart, Eugene P. Boden, and Peter D. Phelps. "Linear- and nonlinear-optic properties of single-crystal organic salts." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.fd6.

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A recently reported technique for influencing the crystal packing of organic molecules possessing large hyperpolarizabilities has led to the discovery of a class of organic- salt complexes having large second-order susceptibilities (second-harmonic powder efficiencies 1000 times that of urea).1 Head-to- tail packing of the nonlinear chromophores in sheets is frequently observed in this material system. In addition, nearly parallel orientation of nonlinear chromophores in adjacent sheets is possible by carefully choosing an appropriate counterion to function as a "spacer” between chromophore sheets.
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Reports on the topic "Chromophores"

1

Arias, Eduardo, Ivana Moggio, and Ronald F. Ziolo. Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Chromophores. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada566311.

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Rodgers, M. A. J. Photoinduced charge separation by polymer-bound chromophores. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5124483.

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Webber, S. Photoinduced charge separation by polymer-bound chromophores. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5612649.

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Miller, Robert D. High Temperature Nonlinear Optical Chromophores and Polymers. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada311315.

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Kanis, David R. Computational Studies of Novel Nonlinear Optical Chromophores. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada380884.

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Rodgers, M. Photoinduced charge separation by polymer-bound chromophores. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6859493.

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Arias, Eduardo, Ivana Moggio, and Ronald Ziolo. Synthesis of Chromophores Extension for Nonlinear Optics Applications. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada580521.

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Castellano, Felix N. Programmable Triplet Formation and Decay in Metal-Organic Chromophores. Defense Technical Information Center, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada567091.

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Lohman, James. Photoelectrochemical Catalysis of Hydrogen Peroxide with Tellurium Containing Chromophores. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7180.

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Manuspiya, Hathaikarn, Rathanawan Magaraphan, and Supatcharee Boonruang. Synthesis of chromophores modified porous clay heterostructure for preparing ethylene scavenger and optical sensor packaging film. Chulalongkorn University, 2013. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2013.100.

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Smart packagings for detecting climacteric fruit freshness were prepared based on low density polyethylene (LDPE)/chromophores (bromothymol blue) modified PCH (PCH-BTB) nanocomposite films. The incorporation of chromophores in porous materials was investigated by N₂ adsorption-desorption, XRD and SEM. The nanaocomposite was prepared by twin screw extruder and fabricated into nanocomposite film by compression molding. The color change of LDPE/PCH-BTB nanocomposite films from green to yellow correlated with standard CO₂ levels, which can be compared to CO₂ levels from respiration during fruit ripening. Porous clay improved the barrier properties of nanocomposite indicated by the reduction of oxygen transmission rate. Thus, LDPE/PCH-BTB nanocomposite films can be applied for detecting the quality of climacteric fruit by color change. In addition, this pH indicator can prolong the shelf-life of product by incorporated porous materials into the films.
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