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Journal articles on the topic 'Chromosom W'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Piprek, Rafał, and Jacek Z. Kubiak. "HISTORIA BADAŃ NAD DETERMINACJĄ PŁCI." Kosmos 68, no. 4 (2020): 523–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36921/kos.2019_2516.

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Jedną z podstawowych kwestii, które intrygowały i fascynowały ludzkość od zarania dziejów jest to, skąd wywodzą się różnice między płciami. W dziełach starożytnych filozofów odnajdujemy próby intuicyjnego lub wręcz poetyckiego wyjaśnienia pochodzenia cech odróżniających mężczyzn od kobiet. Wykrycie mechanizmów kierujących rozwojem płciowym zawdzięczamy zastosowaniu metod naukowych, które były rozwijane przez stulecia i osiągnęły swój szczyt dopiero w XX w. Wśród kamieni milowych w badaniach nad determinacją płci należy wymienić przede wszystkim odkrycie chromosomu X w XIX w., opisanie udziału

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2

Rojek, Aleksandra, Karolina Kwasiuk, Monika Obara-Moszyńska, Zofia Kolesińska, and Marek Niedziela. "Y chromosome in Turner syndrome." Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism 23, no. 1 (2017): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18544/pedm-23.01.0072.

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3

Kołodziej, Marta, Jolanta Zakrzewska-Czerwińska, and Joanna Hołówka. "Molekularne podstawy organizacji chromatyny bakteryjnej." Postępy Biochemii 65, no. 3 (2019): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/pb.2019_270.

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Rozwój zaawansowanych technik obrazowania (tj. mikroskopia wysokorozdzielcza) oraz wysokoprzepustowych metod analizy DNA pozwolił na zrewidowanie dotychczasowego poglądu dotyczącego struktury i organizacji chromosomu bakteryjnego (nukleoidu). Wyniki badań prowadzonych w ostatnich latach sugerują, że nukleoid, podobnie do eukariotycznej chromatyny, wykazuje hierarchiczną organizację. Jednakże, u bakterii chromosom jest poddawany ciągłym modyfikacjom i rearanżacjom topologicznym ze względu na jednocześnie zachodzące procesy replikacji, transkrypcji i translacji. Organizacja dynamicznej i równo

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4

Singchat, Worapong, Syed Farhan Ahmad, Nararat Laopichienpong, et al. "Snake W Sex Chromosome: The Shadow of Ancestral Amniote Super-Sex Chromosome." Cells 9, no. 11 (2020): 2386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9112386.

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Heteromorphic sex chromosomes, particularly the ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system of birds and some reptiles, undergo evolutionary dynamics distinct from those of autosomes. The W sex chromosome is a unique karyological member of this heteromorphic pair, which has been extensively studied in snakes to explore the origin, evolution, and genetic diversity of amniote sex chromosomes. The snake W sex chromosome offers a fascinating model system to elucidate ancestral trajectories that have resulted in genetic divergence of amniote sex chromosomes. Although the principal mechanism driving evolution of th

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5

Marec, František, and Walther Traut. "Sex chromosome pairing and sex chromatin bodies in W–Z translocation strains of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera)." Genome 37, no. 3 (1994): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-060.

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Structure and pairing behavior of sex chromosomes in females of four T(W;Z) lines of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, were investigated using light and electron microscopic techniques and compared with the wild type. In light microscopic preparations of pachytene oocytes of wild-type females, the WZ bivalent stands out by its heterochromatic W chromosome strand. In T(W;Z) females, the part of the Z chromosome that was translated onto the W chromosome was demonstrated as a distal segment of the neo-W chromosome, displaying a characteristic non-W chromosomal chromomere–interchr

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6

Uno, Yoshinobu, Chizuko Nishida, Chiyo Takagi, et al. "Extraordinary Diversity in the Origins of Sex Chromosomes in Anurans Inferred from Comparative Gene Mapping." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 145, no. 3-4 (2015): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000431211.

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Sex determination in frogs (anurans) is genetic and includes both male and female heterogamety. However, the origins of the sex chromosomes and their differentiation processes are poorly known. To investigate diversity in the origins of anuran sex chromosomes, we compared the chromosomal locations of sex-linked genes in 4 species: the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), the Western clawed frog (Silurana/X. tropicalis), the Japanese bell-ring frog (Buergeria buergeri), and the Japanese wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa). Comparative mapping data revealed that the sex chromosomes of X. laevis, X. tro

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7

Hejníčková, Martina, Martina Dalíková, Pavel Potocký, et al. "Degenerated, Undifferentiated, Rearranged, Lost: High Variability of Sex Chromosomes in Geometridae (Lepidoptera) Identified by Sex Chromatin." Cells 10, no. 9 (2021): 2230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092230.

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Sex chromatin is a conspicuous body that occurs in polyploid nuclei of most lepidopteran females and consists of numerous copies of the W sex chromosome. It is also a cytogenetic tool used to rapidly assess the W chromosome presence in Lepidoptera. However, certain chromosomal features could disrupt the formation of sex chromatin and lead to the false conclusion that the W chromosome is absent in the respective species. Here we tested the sex chromatin presence in 50 species of Geometridae. In eight selected species with either missing, atypical, or normal sex chromatin patterns, we performed

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8

Odierna, Gaetano, Augusto Gentilli, Marco Zuffi, and Gennaro Aprea. "The karyology of Vipera aspis, V. atra, V. hugyi, and Cerastes vipera." Amphibia-Reptilia 27, no. 1 (2006): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853806776052209.

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AbstractIn the current paper we show the results obtained using standard and banding staining methods (Ag-NOR-, CMA3-, C-banding and sequential colorations (or Alu I digestions) + CMA3 + DAPI) in specimens of Cerastes vipera, Vipera aspis, V. atra, and V. hugyi. Cerastes vipera presented chromosomal characters, primitive in snakes, as a karyotype of 2n = 36 chromosomes, with 16 biarmed macrochromosomes and 20 microchromosomes, NORs on one microchromosome pair and absence of cytologically evident sex chromosomes, at least with the methods used. The three taxa of Vipera studied showed chromosoma

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9

Pucci, Marcela Baer, Viviane Nogaroto, Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo, Orlando Moreira-Filho, and Marcelo Ricardo Vicari. "The karyotypes and evolution of ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes in the genus Characidium (Characiformes, Crenuchidae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 12, no. 3 (2018): 421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v12i3.28736.

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Available data on cytotaxonomy of the genus Characidium Reinhardt, 1867, which contains the greatest number of species in the Characidiinae (Crenuchidae), with 64 species widely distributed throughout the Neotropical region, were summarized and reviewed. Most Characidium species have uniform diploid chromosome number (2n) = 50 and karyotype with 32 metacentric (m) and 18 submetacentric (sm) chromosomes. The maintenance of the 2n and karyotypic formula in Characidium implies that their genomes did not experience large chromosomal rearrangements during species diversification. In contrast, the i

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10

Rovatsos, Michail, Martina Johnson Pokorná, and Lukáš Kratochvíl. "Differentiation of Sex Chromosomes and Karyotype Characterisation in the Dragonsnake Xenodermus javanicus (Squamata: Xenodermatidae)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 147, no. 1 (2015): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441646.

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Highly differentiated heteromorphic ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes with a heterochromatic W are a basic principle among advanced snakes of the lineage Colubroidea, while other snake lineages generally lack these characteristics. For the first time, we cytogenetically examined the dragonsnake, Xenodermus javanicus, a member of the family Xenodermatidae, which is phylogenetically nested between snake lineages with and without differentiated sex chromosomes. Although most snakes have a karyotype with a stable chromosomal number of 2n = 36, the dragonsnake has an unusual, derived karyotype with 2n = 32 chr

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11

Gubb, D., A. Zacharopoulou, Y. Livadaras, P. Gourzi, J. Roote, and C. Savakis. "Recovery of a marked translocation strain that will facilitate the isolation of balancer chromosomes in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata." Genome 41, no. 2 (1998): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-003.

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The results of two screens for mutations and chromosomal aberrations in Ceratitis capitata are presented. Three dominant mutations were recovered, including Sb, which is associated with a homozygous lethal translocation between the third and fifth chromosomes, T(3;5)Sb, with the fifth chromosome breakpoint adjacent to y. The T(3;5)Sb chromosome is maintained by selecting for Sb in a T(3;5)Sb, w2Sb y2wp/ w2y2wp stock and can be used to distinguish between other chromosomes carrying differential combinations of the recessive markers w2y2wp. The ability to isolate particular marked chromosomes is

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12

Gemeinhardt, A., J. Thielebein, H. Fuhrmann, and C. Köhler. "Geschlechtsbestimmung beim Lachenden Hans (Dacelo gigas) mittels Polymerasekettenreaktion." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 34, no. 01 (2006): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1622510.

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Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals eine Methode zur Geschlechtsbestimmung mittels Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) beim Lachenden Hans (Dacelo gigas) vorgestellt. Material und Methoden: Es wurden Federkiele und Blut von sieben Vögeln untersucht, wovon zwei Tiere bekannten Geschlechts als Kontrolle dienten. Die Aufbereitung der Proben erfolgte durch alkalische Extraktion mit NaOH. Daraufhin wurde der DNA-Gehalt im Überstand mittels UV-Spektroskopie gemessen und die gewonnene DNA in einer PCR nach einer Methode von Fridolfsson und Ellegren (1999) eingeset

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13

Weber, E. Andreas, and Jörg Grunewald. "Cytotaxonomic differentiation of Wilhelmia equina (Linné, 1747) and Wilhelmia lineata (Meigen, 1804) (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Genome 32, no. 4 (1989): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-486.

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In most cases the larvae of Wilhelmia equina and W. lineata cannot be distinguished by using classical morphological features. The morphological characteristics of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes allow one to differentiate clearly between the two species. Characteristic for W. equina are the extended region between the centromere, Ctr (transformed centromere), and the nucleolus organizer, NO, in IS, the definitive position of RB (ring of Balbiani) and bulge in IIS, and the fan-shaped IIIL telomere. The chromosomes of W. lineata are marked by complex chromosomal polymorphisms, the alter

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14

Viana, Ezaz, de Bello Cioffi, Jackson Almeida, and Feldberg. "Evolutionary Insights of the ZW Sex Chromosomes in Snakes: A New Chapter Added by the Amazonian Puffing Snakes of the Genus Spilotes." Genes 10, no. 4 (2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10040288.

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Amazonian puffing snakes (Spilotes; Colubridae) are snakes widely distributed in the Neotropical region. However, chromosomal data are scarce in this group and, when available, are only limited to karyotype description using conventional staining. In this paper, we focused on the process of karyotype evolution and trends for sex chromosomes in two Amazonian Puffer Snakes (S. pulllatus and S. sulphureus). We performed an extensive karyotype characterization using conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches. The karyotype of S. sulphureus (presented here for the first time) exhibits a 2n =

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15

Zacharopoulou, A. "Polytene chromosome maps in the Medfly Ceratitis capitata." Genome 33, no. 2 (1990): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-030.

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Polytene chromosome maps of the five autosomes from salivary gland cells in Ceratitis capitata are presented, and the more characteristic features of each element are described. The correlation of the polytene elements to miotic chromosomes and linkage groups is established by using various Y-autosome and autosome-autosome translocation lines. Two loci, dp (black pupal case) and w (white pupal case), are mapped to the third and fifth chromosome, respectively. In addition to the polytene maps presented, some extra figures of specific chromosomal regions are given for easier identification of ea

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16

Mahony, M. J. "Heteromorphic sex chromosomes in the Australian frog Crinia bilingua (Anura: Myobatrachidae)." Genome 34, no. 3 (1991): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-055.

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The karyotype of Crinia bilingua was examined and analysed with standard staining, C-banding, and silver-staining. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes of the ZW ♂/ZZ ♀ type were observed. The larger W chromosome is submetacentric and the smaller Z chromosome is acrocentric. The centromere and proximal region of the short arm of the W chromosome consist of constitutive heterochromatin (C-band region), and beyond this is a small euchromatic terminal region. The centromere of the Z chromosome did not C-band. The long arms of the Z and W chromosomes are euchromatic and equal in length. The nucleolar org

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17

Lisachov, Artem P., Svetlana A. Galkina, Alsu F. Saifitdinova, et al. "Identification of sex chromosomes in Eremias velox (Lacertidae, Reptilia) using lampbrush chromosome analysis." Comparative Cytogenetics 13, no. 2 (2019): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v13i2.34116.

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Reptiles are good objects for studying the evolution of sex determination, since they have different sex determination systems in different lineages. Lacertid lizards have been long-known for possessing ZZ/ZW type sex chromosomes. However, due to morphological uniformity of lacertid chromosomes, the Z chromosome has been only putatively cytologically identified. We used lampbrush chromosome (LBC) analysis and FISH with a W-specific probe in Eremiasvelox (Pallas, 1771) to unequivocally identify the ZW bivalent and investigate its meiotic behavior. The heterochromatic W chromosome is decondensed

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18

Scacchetti, Priscilla C., Ricardo Utsunomia, José C. Pansonato-Alves, et al. "Chromosomal Mapping of Repetitive DNAs in Characidium (Teleostei, Characiformes): Genomic Organization and Diversification of ZW Sex Chromosomes." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 146, no. 2 (2015): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000437165.

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The speciose neotropical genus Characidium has proven to be a good model for cytogenetic exploration. Representatives of this genus often have a conserved diploid chromosome number; some species exhibit a highly differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system, while others do not show any sex-related chromosome heteromorphism. In this study, chromosome painting using a W-specific probe and comparative chromosome mapping of repetitive sequences, including ribosomal clusters and 4 microsatellite motifs - (CA)15, (GA)15, (CG)15, and (TTA)10 -, were performed in 6 Characidium species, 5 of which posses

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Sharbel, Timothy F., David M. Green, and Andreas Houben. "B-chromosome origin in the endemic New Zealand frog Leiopelma hochstetteri through sex chromosome devolution." Genome 41, no. 1 (1998): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-091.

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The endemic New Zealand frog Leiopelma hochstetteri has variable numbers of mitotically stable B chromosomes. To assess whether the B chromosomes were derived from the autosome complement, they were isolated by micromanipulation and their DNA amplified by degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR. Southern hybridizations of B chromosome DNA probes to genomic DNA from males and females characterized by differing numbers of B chromosomes demonstrated that the B chromosomes were derived from the univalent W sex chromosome characteristic of North Island populations. The presence of homologous B chromo

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Johnson Pokorná, Martina, Marie Altmanová, Michail Rovatsos, et al. "First Description of the Karyotype and Sex Chromosomes in the Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 148, no. 4 (2016): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447340.

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The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is the largest lizard in the world. Surprisingly, it has not yet been cytogenetically examined. Here, we present the very first description of its karyotype and sex chromosomes. The karyotype consists of 2n = 40 chromosomes, 16 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Although the chromosome number is constant for all species of monitor lizards (family Varanidae) with the currently reported karyotype, variability in the morphology of the macrochromosomes has been previously documented within the group. We uncovered highly differentiated ZZ/ZW sex microc

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Rutkowska, Joanna, Malgorzata Lagisz, and Shinichi Nakagawa. "The long and the short of avian W chromosomes: no evidence for gradual W shortening." Biology Letters 8, no. 4 (2012): 636–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0083.

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The well-established view of the evolution of sex chromosome dimorphism is of a gradual genetic and morphological degeneration of the hemizygous chromosome. Yet, no large-scale comparative analysis exists to support this view. Here, we analysed karyotypes of 200 bird species to test whether the supposed directional changes occur in bird sex chromosomes. We found no support for the view that W chromosomes gradually become smaller over evolutionary time. On the contrary, the length of the W chromosome can fluctuate over short time scales, probably involving both shortening and elongation of non-

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Gatto, Kaleb Pretto, Lucas H. B. Souza, Juliana Nascimento, Pablo Suárez, and Luciana Bolsoni Lourenço. "Comparative mapping of a new repetitive DNA sequence and chromosome region-specific probes unveiling rearrangements in an Amazonian frog complex." Genome 64, no. 9 (2021): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2020-0199.

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The frog species Physalaemus ephippifer exists in the Amazonian region and harbors heteromorphic Z and W chromosomes. A genetic lineage closely related to this species was recognized based on its mitochondrial DNA and RADseq-style markers, but its taxonomic status is still unclear and has been referred to as Lineage 1 of “P. cuvieri”. The heteromorphic sex chromosomes found in P. ephippifer are not present in this lineage and which of its chromosome pairs is homologous to the sex chromosomes of P. ephippifer remain to be elucidated as well as the role of such a karyotypic divergence in the evo

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Fuková, Iva, Petr Nguyen, and Frantiek Marec. "Codling moth cytogenetics: karyotype, chromosomal location of rDNA, and molecular differentiation of sex chromosomes." Genome 48, no. 6 (2005): 1083–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-063.

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We performed a detailed karyotype analysis in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the key pest of pome fruit in the temperate regions of the world. The codling moth karyotype consisted of 2n = 56 chromosomes of a holokinetic type. The chromosomes were classified into 5 groups according to their sizes: extra large (3 pairs), large (3 pairs), medium (15 pairs), small (5 pairs), and dot-like (2 pairs). In pachytene nuclei of both sexes, a curious NOR (nucleolar organizer region) bivalent was observed. It carried 2 nucleoli, each associated with one end of the bivale

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Pucci, Marcela B., Patricia Barbosa, Viviane Nogaroto, et al. "Chromosomal Spreading of Microsatellites and (TTAGGG)n Sequences in the Characidium zebra and C. gomesi Genomes (Characiformes: Crenuchidae)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 149, no. 3 (2016): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447959.

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Sex chromosome evolution involves the accumulation of repeat sequences such as multigenic families, noncoding repetitive DNA (satellite, minisatellite, and microsatellite), and mobile elements such as transposons and retrotransposons. Most species of Characidium exhibit heteromorphic ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes; the W is characterized by an intense accumulation of repetitive DNA including dispersed satellite DNA sequences and transposable elements. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution pattern of 18 different tandem repeats, including (GATA)n and (TTAGGG)n, in the genomes of C. zebra

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Ta, Thanh Dat, Nomar Espinosa Waminal, Thi Hong Nguyen, Remnyl Joyce Pellerin, and Hyun Hee Kim. "Comparative FISH analysis of Senna tora tandem repeats revealed insights into the chromosome dynamics in Senna." Genes & Genomics 43, no. 3 (2021): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13258-021-01051-w.

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Abstract Background DNA tandem repeats (TRs) are often abundant and occupy discrete regions in eukaryotic genomes. These TRs often cause or generate chromosomal rearrangements, which, in turn, drive chromosome evolution and speciation. Tracing the chromosomal distribution of TRs could therefore provide insights into the chromosome dynamics and speciation among closely related taxa. The basic chromosome number in the genus Senna is 2n = 28, but dysploid species like Senna tora have also been observed. Objective To understand the dynamics of these TRs and their impact on S. tora dysploidization.

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Suwala, Grzegorz, Marie Altmanová, Sofia Mazzoleni, et al. "Evolutionary Variability of W-Linked Repetitive Content in Lacertid Lizards." Genes 11, no. 5 (2020): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11050531.

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Lacertid lizards are a widely radiated group of squamate reptiles with long-term stable ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes. Despite their family-wide homology of Z-specific gene content, previous cytogenetic studies revealed significant variability in the size, morphology, and heterochromatin distribution of their W chromosome. However, there is little evidence about the accumulation and distribution of repetitive content on lacertid chromosomes, especially on their W chromosome. In order to expand our knowledge of the evolution of sex chromosome repetitive content, we examined the topology of telomeric an

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Odierna, G., T. Caprigilone, L. A. Kupriyanova, and E. Olmo. "Further data on sex chromosomes of Lacertidae and a hypothesis on their evolutionary trend." Amphibia-Reptilia 14, no. 1 (1993): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853893x00147.

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AbstractSex chromosomes were studied in eight species of lacertid lizards using C-banding, G-banding and restriction enzyme treatment. All of the species showed female heterogamety. The W chromosome was a microchromosome in Lacerta graeca and Ophisops elegans. Two types of W were found in Lacerta vivipara; in specimens from The Netherlands it was metacentric, whereas in specimens from Russia it was acrocentric or subtelocentric. The W chromosome was homomorphic or nearly homomorphic but completely C-banded and heterochromatic in Lacerta agilis, Podarcis hispanica, Algyroides moreoticus and A.

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Traut, Walther, Virpi Ahola, David A. S. Smith, Ian J. Gordon, and Richard H. ffrench-Constant. "Karyotypes versus Genomes: The Nymphalid Butterflies Melitaea cinxia, Danaus plexippus, and D. chrysippus." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 153, no. 1 (2017): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484032.

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The number of sequenced lepidopteran genomes is increasing rapidly. However, the corresponding assemblies rarely represent whole chromosomes and generally also lack the highly repetitive W sex chromosome. Knowledge of the karyotypes can facilitate genome assembly and further our understanding of sex chromosome evolution in Lepidoptera. Here, we describe the karyotypes of the Glanville fritillary Melitaea cinxia (n = 31), the monarch Danaus plexippus (n = 30), and the African queen D. chrysippus (2n = 60 or 59, depending on the source population). We show by FISH that the telomeres are of the (

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Giovannotti, Massimo, Paola Nisi Cerioni, Tahar Slimani, et al. "Cytogenetic Characterization of a Population of Acanthodactylus lineomaculatus Duméril and Bibron, 1839 (Reptilia, Lacertidae), from Southwestern Morocco and Insights into Sex Chromosome Evolution." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 153, no. 2 (2017): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484533.

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Acanthodactylus lineomaculatus is now regarded as an ecotype of A. erythrurus with which it has been recently synonymized. Despite the wide range of A. erythrurus, karyological data for this species are scarce and limited to classical cytogenetic studies carried out in individuals from only 2 locations (central Spain and Spanish enclave of Melilla on the northwestern Mediterranean Moroccan coast). Here, for the first time, we cytogenetically characterized individuals of A. lineomaculatus from the southwestern Moroccan Atlantic coast with the aim to increase the karyological knowledge of this w

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Kretschmer, Rafael, Vanusa Lilian Lima, Tiago Marafiga Degrandi, et al. "NOR- bearing as a plesiomorphic characteristic in Mimus saturninus (Passeriformes Mimidae)." Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 5, no. 2 (2014): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v5n2.kretschmer.

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The order Passeriformes is the largest group of species karyotyped among birds, however little is known about the cytogenetic of the Mimidae family, registering only karyology basic data (giemsa staining). The aim of this study was to analyze the chromosomal complement from the species Mimus saturninus by conventional staining and differential chromosome banding. Diploid number and chromosome morphology were determined, as well as the distribution pattern of constitutive heterochromatin (CBG-banding), GTG-banding andAgNOR staining (NORs). The Chalk-browed Mockingbird has 2n=80. The first and f

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de Souza, Marcelo Santos, Rafael Kretschmer, Suziane Alves Barcellos, et al. "Repeat Sequence Mapping Shows Different W Chromosome Evolutionary Pathways in Two Caprimulgiformes Families." Birds 1, no. 1 (2020): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds1010004.

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Although birds belonging to order Caprimulgiformes show extensive karyotype variation, data concerning their genomic organization is still scarce, as most studies have presented only results obtained from conventional staining analyses. Nevertheless, some interesting findings have been observed, such as the W chromosome of the Common Potoo, Nyctibius griseus (2n = 86), which has the same morphology and size of the Z chromosome, a rare feature in Neognathae birds. Hence, we aimed to investigate the process by which the W chromosome of this species was enlarged. For that, we analyzed comparative

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Furman, Benjamin L. S., Caroline M. S. Cauret, Martin Knytl, et al. "A frog with three sex chromosomes that co-mingle together in nature: Xenopus tropicalis has a degenerate W and a Y that evolved from a Z chromosome." PLOS Genetics 16, no. 11 (2020): e1009121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009121.

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In many species, sexual differentiation is a vital prelude to reproduction, and disruption of this process can have severe fitness effects, including sterility. It is thus interesting that genetic systems governing sexual differentiation vary among—and even within—species. To understand these systems more, we investigated a rare example of a frog with three sex chromosomes: the Western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis. We demonstrate that natural populations from the western and eastern edges of Ghana have a young Y chromosome, and that a male-determining factor on this Y chromosome is in a ver

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Xu, Luohao, Simon Yung Wa Sin, Phil Grayson, Scott V. Edwards, and Timothy B. Sackton. "Evolutionary Dynamics of Sex Chromosomes of Paleognathous Birds." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 8 (2019): 2376–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz154.

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Abstract Standard models of sex chromosome evolution propose that recombination suppression leads to the degeneration of the heterogametic chromosome, as is seen for the Y chromosome in mammals and the W chromosome in most birds. Unlike other birds, paleognaths (ratites and tinamous) possess large nondegenerate regions on their sex chromosomes (PARs or pseudoautosomal regions). It remains unclear why these large PARs are retained over >100 Myr, and how this retention impacts the evolution of sex chromosomes within this system. To address this puzzle, we analyzed Z chromosome evolution and g

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Mäkelä, Jarno, and David Sherratt. "SMC complexes organize the bacterial chromosome by lengthwise compaction." Current Genetics 66, no. 5 (2020): 895–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-020-01076-w.

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Abstract Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes are ancient and conserved molecular machines that organize chromosomes in all domains of life. We propose that the principles of chromosome folding needed to accommodate DNA inside a cell in an accessible form will follow similar principles in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, the exact contributions of SMC complexes to bacterial chromosome organization have been elusive. Recently, it was shown that the SMC homolog, MukBEF, organizes and individualizes the Escherichia coli chromosome by forming a filamentous axial core from whic

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Kartout-Benmessaoud, Yasmine, and Kafia Ladjali-Mohammedi. "Banding cytogenetics of chimeric hybrids Coturnix coturnix × Coturnix japonica and comparative analysis with the domestic fowl." Comparative Cytogenetics 12, no. 4 (2018): 445–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v12i4.27341.

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The Common quail Coturnixcoturnix Linnaeus, 1758 is a wild migratory bird which is distributed in Eurasia and North Africa, everywhere with an accelerating decline in population size. This species is protected by the Bonn and Berne conventions (1979) and by annex II/1 of the Birds Directive (2009). In Algeria, its breeding took place at the hunting centre in the west of the country. Breeding errors caused uncontrolled crosses between the Common quail and Japanese quail Coturnixjaponica Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1849. In order to help to preserve the natural genetic heritage of the Common qu

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Green, David M. "Muller's Ratchet and the evolution of supernumerary chromosomes." Genome 33, no. 6 (1990): 818–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-123.

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Supernumerary chromosomes arise from portions of the normal chromosome complement through nondisjunction, fragmentation, or other mechanisms. Once present in the genome, they are subject to virtually the same genetic conditions that affect the evolutionary degeneration of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Y or W chromosomes occur only in the presence of X or Z chromosomes, respectively, just as supernumeraries never occur except in the presence of the complete regular karyotype containing their progenitor sequences. Thus, mechanisms that can account for the evolution of sex-chromosome heteromorph

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de Oliveira Furo, Ivanete, Rafael Kretschmer, Michelly S. dos Santos, et al. "Chromosomal Mapping of Repetitive DNAs in Myiopsitta monachus and Amazona aestiva (Psittaciformes, Psittacidae) with Emphasis on the Sex Chromosomes." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 151, no. 3 (2017): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000464458.

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Here, for the first time, we describe the karyotype of Myiopsitta monachus (Psittacidae, Arini). We found 2n = 48, corresponding to the lowest diploid number observed in Neotropical Psittaciformes so far, with an uncommonly large W chromosome homomorphic to the Z. In order to better understand the evolution of the sex chromosomes in this species, we applied several molecular cytogenetic approaches, including C-banding, FISH mapping of repetitive DNAs (several microsatellite repeats), and whole-chromosome painting on metaphases of M. monachus. For comparison, another species belonging to the sa

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Roco, Álvaro S., Adrián Ruiz-García, and Mónica Bullejos. "Interaction between sex-determining genes from two species: clues from Xenopus hybrids." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1833 (2021): 20200104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0104.

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Hybrids provide an interesting model to study the evolution of sex-determining genes and sex chromosome systems as they offer the opportunity to see how independently evolving sex-determining pathways interact in vivo . In this context, the genus Xenopus represents a stimulating model, since species with non-homologous sex chromosomes and different sex-determining genes have been identified. In addition, the possibility of interspecies breeding is favoured in this group, which arose by alloploidization events, with species ploidy ranging from 2 n = 2 x = 20 in X. tropicalis (the only diploid r

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Hejníčková, Martina, Petr Koutecký, Pavel Potocký, et al. "Absence of W Chromosome in Psychidae Moths and Implications for the Theory of Sex Chromosome Evolution in Lepidoptera." Genes 10, no. 12 (2019): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10121016.

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Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) are the largest group with heterogametic females. Although the ancestral sex chromosome system is probably Z0/ZZ, most lepidopteran species have the W chromosome. When and how the W chromosome arose remains elusive. Existing hypotheses place the W origin either at the common ancestor of Ditrysia and Tischeriidae, or prefer independent origins of W chromosomes in these two groups. Due to their phylogenetic position at the base of Ditrysia, bagworms (Psychidae) play an important role in investigating the W chromosome origin. Therefore, we examined the W chromo

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Ellegren, Hans, and Ariane Carmichael. "Multiple and Independent Cessation of Recombination Between Avian Sex Chromosomes." Genetics 158, no. 1 (2001): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.1.325.

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Abstract Birds are characterized by female heterogamety; females carry the Z and W sex chromosomes, while males have two copies of the Z chromosome. We suggest here that full differentiation of the Z and W sex chromosomes of birds did not take place until after the split of major contemporary lineages, in the late Cretaceous. The ATP synthase α-subunit gene is now present in one copy each on the nonrecombining part of the W chromosome (ATP5A1W) and on the Z chromosome (ATP5A1Z). This gene seems to have evolved on several independent occasions, in different lineages, from a state of free recomb

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Sahara, Ken, Frantiek Marec, Ulrike Eickhoff, and Walther Traut. "Moth sex chromatin probed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)." Genome 46, no. 2 (2003): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-003.

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Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) with a probe mixture of differently labeled genomic DNA from females and males highlighted the W chromosomes in mitotic plates and the W chromatin in polyploid interphase nuclei of the silkworm Bombyx mori, the flour moth Ephestia kuehniella, and the wax moth Galleria mellonella. The overproportionate fluorescence signal indicated an accumulation of repetitive sequences in the respective W chromosomes. Measurements of the fluorescence signals revealed two components, one that is present also in male DNA (non-W chromosomes) and another one that is present

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Bista, Basanta, and Nicole Valenzuela. "Turtle Insights into the Evolution of the Reptilian Karyotype and the Genomic Architecture of Sex Determination." Genes 11, no. 4 (2020): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040416.

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Sex chromosome evolution remains an evolutionary puzzle despite its importance in understanding sexual development and genome evolution. The seemingly random distribution of sex-determining systems in reptiles offers a unique opportunity to study sex chromosome evolution not afforded by mammals or birds. These reptilian systems derive from multiple transitions in sex determination, some independent, some convergent, that lead to the birth and death of sex chromosomes in various lineages. Here we focus on turtles, an emerging model group with growing genomic resources. We review karyotypic chan

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Lisachov, Artem, Daria Andreyushkova, Guzel Davletshina, et al. "Amplified Fragments of an Autosome-Borne Gene Constitute a Significant Component of the W Sex Chromosome of Eremias velox (Reptilia, Lacertidae)." Genes 12, no. 5 (2021): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050779.

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Heteromorphic W and Y sex chromosomes often experience gene loss and heterochromatinization, which is frequently viewed as their “degeneration”. However, the evolutionary trajectories of the heterochromosomes are in fact more complex since they may not only lose but also acquire new sequences. Previously, we found that the heterochromatic W chromosome of a lizard Eremias velox (Lacertidae) is decondensed and thus transcriptionally active during the lampbrush stage. To determine possible sources of this transcription, we sequenced DNA from a microdissected W chromosome sample and a total female

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Roco, Álvaro S., Allen W. Olmstead, Sigmund J. Degitz, Tosikazu Amano, Lyle B. Zimmerman, and Mónica Bullejos. "Coexistence of Y, W, and Z sex chromosomes in Xenopus tropicalis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 34 (2015): E4752—E4761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505291112.

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Homomorphic sex chromosomes and rapid turnover of sex-determining genes can complicate establishing the sex chromosome system operating in a given species. This difficulty exists in Xenopus tropicalis, an anuran quickly becoming a relevant model for genetic, genomic, biochemical, and ecotoxicological research. Despite the recent interest attracted by this species, little is known about its sex chromosome system. Direct evidence that females are the heterogametic sex, as in the related species Xenopus laevis, has yet to be presented. Furthermore, X. laevis’ sex-determining gene, DM-W, does not

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Yazdi, Homa Papoli, Willian T. A. F. Silva, and Alexander Suh. "Why Do Some Sex Chromosomes Degenerate More Slowly Than Others? The Odd Case of Ratite Sex Chromosomes." Genes 11, no. 10 (2020): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11101153.

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The hallmark of sex chromosome evolution is the progressive suppression of recombination which leads to subsequent degeneration of the non-recombining chromosome. In birds, species belonging to the two major clades, Palaeognathae (including tinamous and flightless ratites) and Neognathae (all remaining birds), show distinctive patterns of sex chromosome degeneration. Birds are female heterogametic, in which females have a Z and a W chromosome. In Neognathae, the highly-degenerated W chromosome seems to have followed the expected trajectory of sex chromosome evolution. In contrast, among Palaeo

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Konrath, Alicia, Ann-Kathrin Schmidt, and Holger Bastians. "DNA-Replikationsstress, Mitose und genomische Instabilität." BIOspektrum 27, no. 1 (2021): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-021-1525-5.

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AbstractChromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer and contributes to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. While structural CIN (S-CIN) leads to structural chromosome aberrations, whole chromosome instability (W-CIN) is defined by perpetual gains or losses of chromosomes during mitosis causing aneuploidy. Mitotic defects, but also abnormal DNA replication (replication stress) can lead to W-CIN. However, the functional link between replication stress, mitosis and aneuploidy is little understood.

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Fridolfsson, Anna-Karin, and Hans Ellegren. "Molecular Evolution of the Avian CHD1 Genes on the Z and W Sex Chromosomes." Genetics 155, no. 4 (2000): 1903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.4.1903.

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Abstract Genes shared between the nonrecombining parts of the two types of sex chromosomes offer a potential means to study the molecular evolution of the same gene exposed to different genomic environments. We have analyzed the molecular evolution of the coding sequence of the first pair of genes found to be shared by the avian Z (present in both sexes) and W (female-specific) sex chromosomes, CHD1Z and CHD1W. We show here that these two genes evolve independently but are highly conserved at nucleotide as well as amino acid levels, thus not indicating a female-specific role of the CHD1W gene.

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Peona, Valentina, Octavio M. Palacios-Gimenez, Julie Blommaert, et al. "The avian W chromosome is a refugium for endogenous retroviruses with likely effects on female-biased mutational load and genetic incompatibilities." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1833 (2021): 20200186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0186.

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It is a broadly observed pattern that the non-recombining regions of sex-limited chromosomes (Y and W) accumulate more repeats than the rest of the genome, even in species like birds with a low genome-wide repeat content. Here, we show that in birds with highly heteromorphic sex chromosomes, the W chromosome has a transposable element (TE) density of greater than 55% compared to the genome-wide density of less than 10%, and contains over half of all full-length (thus potentially active) endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) of the entire genome. Using RNA-seq and protein mass spectrometry data, we we

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Sundström, Hannah, Matthew T. Webster, and Hans Ellegren. "Is the Rate of Insertion and Deletion Mutation Male Biased?: Molecular Evolutionary Analysis of Avian and Primate Sex Chromosome Sequences." Genetics 164, no. 1 (2003): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.1.259.

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Abstract The rate of mutation for nucleotide substitution is generally higher among males than among females, likely owing to the larger number of DNA replications in spermatogenesis than in oogenesis. For insertion and deletion (indel) mutations, data from a few human genetic disease loci indicate that the two sexes may mutate at similar rates, possibly because such mutations arise in connection with meiotic crossing over. To address origin- and sex-specific rates of indel mutation we have conducted the first large-scale molecular evolutionary analysis of indels in noncoding DNA sequences fro

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Gunski, Ricardo J., Rafael Kretschmer, Marcelo Santos de Souza, et al. "Evolution of Bird Sex Chromosomes Narrated by Repetitive Sequences: Unusual W Chromosome Enlargement in Gallinula melanops (Aves: Gruiformes: Rallidae)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 158, no. 3 (2019): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000501381.

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Among birds, species with the ZZ/ZW sex determination system generally show significant differences in morphology and size between the Z and W chromosomes (with the W usually being smaller than the Z). In the present study, we report for the first time the karyotype of the spot-flanked gallinule (Gallinula melanops) by means of classical and molecular cytogenetics. The spot-flanked gallinule has 2n = 80 (11 pairs of macrochromosomes and 29 pairs of microchromosomes) with an unusual W chromosome that is larger than the Z. Besides being totally heterochromatic, it has a secondary constriction in

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