Academic literature on the topic 'Chromosomal heterogeneity'

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Journal articles on the topic "Chromosomal heterogeneity"

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Negoto, Tetsuya, Hidenobu Yoshitake, Aya Hashimoto, et al. "10049-GGE-3 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN GLIOMAS AND THEIR IMPACT ON RECURRENCE." Neuro-Oncology Advances 5, Supplement_5 (2023): v7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdad141.025.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION Chromosome instability is the inability to evenly distribute sister chromatids during mitosis, which leads to chromosomal numerical/structural abnormalities and increases the genetic heterogeneity of the tumor. In this study, we investigated the association between chromosome aberration characteristics and recurrence in clinical specimens of gliomas using the Spectral Karyotyping. METHODS Chromosome karyotypes were analyzed for a total of 121 cells from 26 gliomas (Glioblastoma 14, PXA 3, Astrocytoma 5, Oligodendroglioma 3, Ependymoma 1, 18 primary cases and 8 recurrent c
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Weier, Jingly F., Christy Ferlatte, Adolf Baumgartner, Ha Nam Nguyen, Beatrice A. Weier, and Heinz-Ulrich G. Weier. "Analysis of human invasive cytotrophoblasts demonstrates mosaic aneuploidy." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (2023): e0284317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284317.

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A total of 24 chromosome-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization probes for interphase nucleus analysis were developed to determine the chromosomal content of individual human invasive cytotrophoblasts derived from in vitro cultured assays. At least 75% of invasive cytotrophoblasts were hyperdiploid and the total number of chromosomes ranged from 47 to 61. The results also demonstrated that these hyperdiploid invasive cytotrophoblasts showed significant heterogeneity. The most copy number gains were observed for chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 19, 21, and 22 with average copy number greater than 2
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Iourov, Ivan Y., Svetlana G. Vorsanova, Yuri B. Yurov, and Sergei I. Kutsev. "Ontogenetic and Pathogenetic Views on Somatic Chromosomal Mosaicism." Genes 10, no. 5 (2019): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10050379.

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Intercellular karyotypic variability has been a focus of genetic research for more than 50 years. It has been repeatedly shown that chromosome heterogeneity manifesting as chromosomal mosaicism is associated with a variety of human diseases. Due to the ability of changing dynamically throughout the ontogeny, chromosomal mosaicism may mediate genome/chromosome instability and intercellular diversity in health and disease in a bottleneck fashion. However, the ubiquity of negligibly small populations of cells with abnormal karyotypes results in difficulties of the interpretation and detection, wh
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Woodward, Eleanor L., Minjun Yang, Larissa H. Moura-Castro, et al. "Genomic Heterogeneity and Clonal Evolution in High Hyperdiploid Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (2021): 3489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-145521.

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Abstract High hyperdiploid (HeH) B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP ALL) is characterized by a very specific nonrandom gain of chromosomes; a feature distinct from other types of aneuploid tumor types that usually display very heterogeneous gains and losses of chromosomes. Gains of chromosomes X, 4, 6, 10, 14, 17, and 18 are seen in more than 75% of cases of HeH childhood ALL, and of chromosome 21 in 100% of cases. In contrast to many aneuploid malignancies, there has been little evidence of chromosomal instability (CIN) in HeH ALL and the mechanisms leading to these chromosoma
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Cruz, Vanessa Paes da, Cristiane Kioko Shimabukuro-Dias, Claudio Oliveira, and Fausto Foresti. "Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 9, no. 1 (2011): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100020.

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Cytogenetic analysis of Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri indicated the occurrence of an X1X1X2X2/X1X2 Y multiple sex chromosome system in both species, with 2n = 66 chromosomes for females and 2n = 65 chromosomes for males. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) identified using Ag-NOR technique showed that both species have multiple Ag-NORs (5 to 7 chromosomes stained). C-banding technique indicated the presence of heterochromatic blocks in the centromeric regions of almost all chromosomes in both species. Through this study there was evidence of heterogeneity in the karyotypes, which
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Roschke, Anna. "Abstract B032: Comprehensive analysis of clonality, segregation errors, chromosomal instability and heterogeneity in cancer cell lines and cancer samples reveals that cancer evolution is often promoted by highly aberrant cellular divisions." Cancer Research 84, no. 3_Supplement_2 (2024): B032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.canevol23-b032.

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Abstract Chromosomal instability (CIN) is the most common form of genomic instability in cancer. CIN leads to structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations and to heterogeneity of such aberrations inside the same tumor. Together with other forms of genomic and epigenomic instability, CIN underlies the most dangerous feature of cancer cells, namely, ability to evolve, allowing cancer cells to evade immunologic surveillance, to metastasize, to become resistant to drug treatments. Studies of chromosomal instability are significantly impeded by the lack of comprehensive approaches for simultane
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Ognibene, Marzia, Patrizia De Marco, Loredana Amoroso, et al. "Neuroblastoma Patients’ Outcome and Chromosomal Instability." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 21 (2023): 15514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115514.

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Chromosomal instability (CIN) induces a high rate of losses or gains of whole chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. It is a hallmark of most human cancers and one of the causes of aneuploidy and intra-tumor heterogeneity. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential prognostic role of CIN in NB patients at diagnosis. We performed array comparative genomic hybridization analyses on 451 primary NB patients at the onset of the disease. To assess global chromosomal instability with high precision, we focused on the total number of DNA breakpoints of gains or losses of chromosome arms. For each
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Al-Ardi, Musafer. "Illumination on the structure and characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica genome." Al-Qadisiyah Journal Of Pure Science 26, no. 4 (2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2021.26.4.1311.

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Entamoeba histolytica, likes other Organismes, is characterized by diversity and heterogeneity in its genetic content, which is one of the most paramount reasons for survival, and the increase in susceptibility to infection. Non-condensation of chromosomes during the process of cell division and the ambiguity of the chromosomal ploidy makes predicting the exact chromosomal numeral difficult. Genes distributed across 14 chromosomes as well as many extra-chromosome elements. Most Genes compose of one axon only, with Introns in 25% of Genes. This genome is characterized by the presence of Polymor
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Gijtenbeek, Johanna M. M., Bram Jacobs, Sandra H. E. Sprenger, et al. "Analysis of von Hippel—Lindau mutations with comparative genomic hybridization in sporadic and hereditary hemangioblastomas: possible genetic heterogeneity." Journal of Neurosurgery 97, no. 4 (2002): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.4.0977.

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Object. Hemangioblastomas (HBs) occur sporadically or as a manifestation of von Hippel—Lindau (VHL) disease. In the majority of VHL-related HBs, inactivation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene (TSG), which is located on chromosome 3p25–26, is found. The VHL gene is assumed to be involved also in the development of sporadic HBs. In a previous study of chromosomal aberrations of sporadic HBs, multiple chromosomal imbalances were found in the majority of tumors. The aim of this study was to analyze further both sporadic HBs and VHL-related HBs to determine if these histopathologically identical tum
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Eidelman, Yuri, Ilya Salnikov, Svetlana Slanina, and Sergey Andreev. "Chromosome Folding Promotes Intrachromosomal Aberrations under Radiation- and Nuclease-Induced DNA Breakage." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (2021): 12186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212186.

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The long-standing question in radiation and cancer biology is how principles of chromosome organization impact the formation of chromosomal aberrations (CAs). To address this issue, we developed a physical modeling approach and analyzed high-throughput genomic data from chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) and translocation sequencing (HTGTS) methods. Combining modeling of chromosome structure and of chromosomal aberrations induced by ionizing radiation (IR) and nuclease we made predictions which quantitatively correlated with key experimental findings in mouse chromosomes: chromosome contac
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chromosomal heterogeneity"

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Jamal-Hanjani, M. "The role of intratumour heterogeneity and chromosomal instability in cancer." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1473406/.

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Increasing evidence supports the existence of intratumour heterogeneity in many solid and haematological tumour types, with potential clinical implications for both cancer diagnosis and treatment. Multi-region whole-exome sequencing of surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumours demonstrated intratumour spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the mutational burden, copy number aberrations, and mutational signatures identified in these tumours. Furthermore, heterogeneity of mutations, including driver mutations, was also demonstrated in pre-invasive lung adenocarcinoma in situ
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Hartmann, Luise [Verfasser], and Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Spiekermann. "Deciphering the genetic heterogeneity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia : association of gene mutations with distinct chromosomal aberrations / Luise Hartmann ; Betreuer: Karsten Spiekermann." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1132510929/34.

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Hage, Mirella. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la tumorigenèse et dans le comportement invasif des adénomes hypophysaires." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS352.

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Résumé : Nous avons d’abord souhaité, dans ce travail de thèse, préciser les mécanismes moléculaires conduisant à l'expression ectopique du récepteur du GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor, GIPR) dans des adénomes somatotropes provenant de patients présentant une acromégalie avec une réponse paradoxale (stimulation) de l’hormone de croissance au glucose par voie orale. Nous avons montré que l’expression ectopique de GIPR se produit par une activation transcriptionnelle hypomorphe du gène GIPR associée à des anomalies de méthylation dans le corps du gène. L’activation de
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Pagliaro, Sarah Beatriz De Oliveira. "Transcriptional control induced by bcr-abl and its role in leukemic stem cell heterogeneity. Single-Cell Transcriptome in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Pseudotime Analysis Reveals Evidence of Embryonic and Transitional Stem Cell States Single Cell Transcriptome in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Pseudotime Analysis Reveals a Rare Population with Embryonic Stem Cell Features and Druggable Intricated Transitional Stem Cell States A novel neuronal organoid model mimicking glioblastoma (GBM) features from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) Experimental and integrative analyses identify an ETS1 network downstream of BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASQ032.

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La leucémie myéloïde chronique est une hématopoïèse maligne clonale, caractérisée par l'acquisition de la translocation t (9;22) conduisant au chromosome Ph1 et à son homologue l'oncogène BCR-ABL, dans une cellule souche hématopoïétique très primitive. La LMC est un modèle de thérapies ciblées, car il a été démontré que la preuve de la faisabilité du ciblage de l'activité tyrosine kinase (TK) BCR-ABL à l'aide d'inhibiteurs de TK (TKI) entraîne des réponses et des rémissions majeures. Cependant, les problèmes actuels rencontrés dans ces thérapies sont la résistance des cellules souches leucémiq
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Liu, Xiyang. "The role of chromosomal instability in therapy response of colorectal cancer." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3F5E-8.

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Štolová, Lucie. "Charakteristika chromozomálních změn u nefroblastomů pomocí SNP array a MLPA." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-388387.

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Nephroblastoma is the most prevalent pediatric kidney tumor, which occurs primarily in younger children with the average age at diagnosis of 42,5 months for girls and 36,5 months for boys. Even though its treatment is currently very succesful and the overall survival rate reaches over 90 %, there are still more things to be discovered and improved. An important role for the right choice of treatment plays not only the histology of tumor, but also the chromosomal changes present at tumor. Some of them (for example 1q gain, simultaneous deletion of 1p and 16q, TP53 deletion) were confirmed as ne
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Books on the topic "Chromosomal heterogeneity"

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Samuels, Jack, Marco A. Grados, Elizabeth Planalp, and O. Joseph Bienvenu. Genetic Understanding of OCD and Spectrum Disorders. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0025.

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This chapter reviews the evidence for the genetic etiology of OCD and spectrum conditions. A genetic basis is supported by the familial aggregation of OCD; evidence for involvement of genes of major effect in segregation analyses; and higher concordance for OCD in identical than non-identical twins. Recent studies also support linkage of OCD to specific chromosomal regions and association of OCD with specific genetic polymorphisms. However, specific genes causing OCD have not yet been firmly established. The search for genes is complicated by the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of OCD, as
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Chess, Andrew, and Schahram Akbarian. The Human Brain and its Epigenomes. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0003.

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Conventional psychopharmacology elicits an insufficient therapeutic response in more than one half of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, or related disorders. This underscores the need to further explore the neurobiology and molecular pathology of mental disorders in order to develop novel treatment strategies of higher efficacy. One promising avenue of research is epigenetics.Deeper understanding of genome organization and function in normal and diseased human brain will require comprehensive charting of neuronal and glial epigenomes. This includes D
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Book chapters on the topic "Chromosomal heterogeneity"

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Mullenders, L. H. F., J. Venema, A. van Hoffen, A. T. Natarajan, A. A. van Zeeland, and L. V. Mayne. "Heterogeneity of DNA Repair in Relation to Chromatin Structure." In Chromosomal Aberrations. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75682-5_2.

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Becher, R. "Chromosomal Heterogeneity in Solid Tumors." In Tumor Aneuploidy. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70458-1_5.

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Fasler-Kan, Elizaveta, Nijas Aliu, Kerstin Wunderlich, et al. "The Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Line (ARPE-19) Displays Mosaic Structural Chromosomal Aberrations." In Cellular Heterogeneity. Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7680-5_17.

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Gray, Joe W., Koei Chin, and Fredric Waldman. "A Molecular Cytogenetic View of Chromosomal Heterogeneity in Solid Tumors." In Genomic Instability and Immortality in Cancer. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5365-6_2.

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Levin, Donald A. "Heterogeneity in Genome Size." In The Role of Chromosomal Change in Plant Evolution. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138597.003.001.

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Abstract The replicated haploid nuclear genome referred to as its C value has been determined in a broad spectrum of angiosperms that encompasses large differences in taxonomic affinity and biological properties. This C value varies over a very broad range, from about 0.2 pg. in Arabidopsis thaliana to 127.4 pg in Fritillaries assyriaca (Bennett and Leitch, 1997). The distribution of genome size in over 2,800 species, as presented by Leitch et al. (1998), is depicted in figure 1.1. Rather than being broadly distributed along the C-value spectrum, most species have less than 10 pg of DNA.
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Cheng, Tracie T., Sujani M. K. Gamage, Sharmin Aktar, Vinod Gopalan, and Farhadul Islam. "Karyotyping and Chromosomal Aberrations in Cancer: Molecular and Diagnostic Biomarkers." In Current Cancer Biomarkers. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815079364123010007.

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Chromosomal abnormalities induce genomic instability and are associated with cancer hallmarks. Chromosomal abnormalities can be categorised into structural and numerical aberrations and are seen under a light microscope. Given the ease of detecting and observing such changes using karyotyping, chromosomal aberrations may be a useful diagnostic tool. For example, the discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome was a cytogenetic hallmark of chronic myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Thus, this chapter explores potential aberrations which have the potential to be used as cancer mar
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Gasparini, Giampietro. "Prognostic and predictive value of intra-tumoral microvessel density in human solid tumours." In Tumour Angiogenesis. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549376.003.0004.

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Abstract The majority of human solid tumours are heterogeneous diseases, made up of multiple cell clones with diverse biological aggressiveness (1,2). The tumour cell heterogeneity is the result of the genomic instability (3) due to genetic alterations that may include: mutations, deletions, chromosomal rearrangements, activation of oncogenes, downregulation of tumour suppressor genes, and gene amplification (4-7). Tumour cell heterogeneity may confer different properties of growth, immunogenicity, ability to metastatize, and sensitivity to treatments to the diverse cell clones. Tumour cell ge
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Akhter, Shaheen. "Epilepsy: A Common Co-Morbidity in ASD." In Autism - Heterogeneity Etiological Core and Outcome [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96484.

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ASD and epilepsy, two common co-occurrent conditions, may appear in a developing brain in various genetic and non- genetic syndromes. The fact that multiple genetic and epigenetic factors, metabolic diseases, environmental factors and epileptic encephalopathies are related to the causation of both ASD and epilepsy indicate the presence of some common underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Although many questions are yet to be answered, recent studies suggest that synaptic aberrant connectivity and disruption of the delicate balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition (E/I imbalance) le
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Zeng, Jumei, Xingyan Tan, and Chao Gao. "Antibiotic Resistance in Mycobacteria." In Mycobacteria - Comparative Genomics, Biomarker Identification, Laboratory Diagnosis and Clinical Treatment [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007462.

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Mycobacterium infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and non-tuberculosis mycobacterium (NTM) presents a serious threat to global health, mainly due to a protracted treatment regimen involving a combination of drugs. Antibiotic resistance in mycobacterium is mainly due to a frequent gene mutation that encodes antibiotic resistance. There are also several additional unique features of drug resistance, such as chromosomal mutation, efflux pumps, bacterial heterogeneity, slow metabolism, biofilm formation, antibiotic degradation or modification, target modification, and host microen
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Mitchell, Laura E. "Mode of Inheritance of Oral Clefts." In Cleft Lip And Palate. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195139068.003.0019.

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Abstract Oral clefts (OCs), including cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLIP) and isolated cleft palate (CP), comprise one of the most commonly occurring groups of human malformations. These malformations have a profound influence on the basic human condition, affecting appearance, nutrition, and communication, and require long-term, multidisciplinary treatment. Given the prevalence, severity, and economic consequences of OCs, it is not surprising that there has been extensive research into their etiology and inheritance. It is generally recognized that CLIP and CP are, with rare excepti
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Conference papers on the topic "Chromosomal heterogeneity"

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Basak, Saroj Kumar, Nagesh P. Rao, Scott Oh, Veena S. Mysore, Eri S. Srivatsan, and Raj K. Batra. "Abstract 5346: Tumor cell heterogeneity and chromosomal abnormality in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) samples of lung cancer." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-5346.

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Bhattacharya, Debanjali, Neelam Sinha, and Jitender Saini. "Detection of Chromosomal Arms 1p/19q Codeletion in Low Graded Glioma using Probability Distribution of MRI Volume Heterogeneity." In TENCON 2019 - 2019 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2019.8929255.

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Magill, Stephen T., Harish N. Vasudevan, Kyounghee Seo, et al. "Chromosome Instability and Transcriptomic Subpopulations Underlie Intratumor Heterogeneity in Meningioma." In 30th Annual Meeting North American Skull Base Society. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1702674.

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Jeusset, Lucile M., Zelda D. Lichtensztejn, and Kirk J. McManus. "Abstract PO-069: Characterizing cell-to-cell heterogeneity and chromosome instability induced by USP22 deficiency in colorectal cancer." In Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference on Tumor Heterogeneity: From Single Cells to Clinical Impact; September 17-18, 2020. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.tumhet2020-po-069.

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Bleeker, Maaike CG, Dorian RA Swarts, Quirinus JM Voorham, Saskia M. Wilting, Marc van Beurden, and Renske DM Steenbergen. "Abstract 5050: Molecular heterogeneity in HPV-dependent and -independent vulvar carcinogenesis: Chromosome 1 gain reflects the cancer risk in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-5050.

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Nascimento, Renan Gomes do. "AN IN SÍLICO ANALYSIS DETECTED MEMBERS OF THE PLECKSTRIN HOMOLOGY-LIKE DOMAIN FAMILY B AS POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER." In Abstracts from the Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium - BBCS 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s2034.

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Objectives: Despite advances in the molecular classification of breast cancer, our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease is still limited mainly due to the considerable intratumoral heterogeneity. Thus, hundreds of other candidates for biomarkers are being investigated and studied for possible implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized therapy. In this context, members of the Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B (PHLDB), which is composed of three genes located on different chromosomes: PHLDB1 (11q23.3), PHLDB2 (3q13.2), and PHLDB3 (19q13.3), are under investigat
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Reports on the topic "Chromosomal heterogeneity"

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Joel, Daniel M., Steven J. Knapp, and Yaakov Tadmor. Genomic Approaches for Understanding Virulence and Resistance in the Sunflower-Orobanche Host-Parasite Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592655.bard.

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Oroginal Objectives: (i) identify DNA markers linked to the avirulence (Avr) locus and locate the Avr locus through genetic mapping with an inter-race Orobanche cumana population; (ii) develop high-throughput fingerprint DNA markers for genotypingO. cumana races; (iii) identify nucleotide binding domain leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR) genes encoding R proteins conferring resistance to O. cumana in sunflower; (iv) increase the resolution of the chromosomal segment harboring Or₅ and related R genes through genetic and physical mapping in previously and newly developed mapping populations of sunflow
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