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Journal articles on the topic 'Chromosome; diploids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Reutemann, A. Verena, Eric J. Martínez, Julio R. Daviña, Diego H. Hojsgaard, and Ana I. Honfi. "El cariotipo de Paspalum cromyorrhizon diploide y tetraploide (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paspaleae)." Darwiniana, nueva serie 9, no. 2 (2021): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2021.92.987.

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Paspalum cromyorrhizon Trin. ex Döll is a species adapted to low and humid fields, river and stream banks, throughout S Brazil, Uruguay and NE Argentine. Diploids (2n = 2x = 20) and tetraploids (2n = 4x = 40) from natural populations of P. cromyorrhizon from Corrientes (Argentina) were used to analyse the karyotype morphometry of both cytotypes. The chromosome count was performed using classical Feulgen staining. The karyotype of diploid P. cromyorrhizon has 20 metacentric chromosomes, while the tetraploid has a karyotype of 40 metacentric chromosomes. The total length of the chromosomal compl

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2

Vozárová, Radka, Eliška Macková, David Vlk, and Jana Řepková. "Variation in Ribosomal DNA in the Genus Trifolium (Fabaceae)." Plants 10, no. 9 (2021): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091771.

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The genus Trifolium L. is characterized by basic chromosome numbers 8, 7, 6, and 5. We conducted a genus-wide study of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) structure variability in diploids and polyploids to gain insight into evolutionary history. We used fluorescent in situ hybridization to newly investigate rDNA variation by number and position in 30 Trifolium species. Evolutionary history among species was examined using 85 available sequences of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of 35S rDNA. In diploid species with ancestral basic chromosome number (x = 8), one pair of 5S and 26S rDNA in separate or ad

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3

Schild, David, and Robert K. Mortimer. "A MAPPING METHOD FOR SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE USING rad52-INDUCED CHROMOSOME LOSS." Genetics 110, no. 4 (1985): 569–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/110.4.569.

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ABSTRACT Saccharomyces cerevisiae diploids homozygous for the rad52-1 mutation have previously been shown to lose chromosomes mitotically. Spontaneous events and events following low levels of X-ray or methyl methanesulfonate treatment result in monosomic diploids, whereas higher levels of treatment result in near haploidization. This rad52-1-dependent chromosome loss has been used to develop a new mapping method which can be used to assign a previously unmapped gene to a chromosome. Chromosome loss mapping can be done in either of two ways: (1) if a diploid, homozygous for rad52-1 but heteroz

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4

Abberton, M. T., and R. S. Callow. "Nucleotypic influences on chromosome-specific chiasma variation in Crepis capillaris. I. Responses to early colchicine treatment and chromosome doubling." Genome 39, no. 6 (1996): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-135.

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Additive and multiplicative effects of colchicine treatment at the seedling stage and of chromosome doubling on chromosome-specific chiasma frequency at metaphase I have been measured in comparisons between C0 and untreated diploids and between C0 autotetraploids and C0 diploids. Early colchicine treatment increases the frequency of chromosome C univalents to 1.8% but has no similar effect on chromosomes A and D. Colchicine treatment has little net effect on mean chiasma frequency, deducting an average of 0.204 chiasmata per set but otherwise multiplying the mean by a factor of 1.182. These ad

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5

Nguyen, Truong Xuan, Sung-Il Lee, Rameshwar Rai, Nam-Soo Kim, and Jong Hwa Kim. "Ribosomal DNA locus variation and REMAP analysis of the diploid and triploid complexes of Lilium lancifolium." Genome 59, no. 8 (2016): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2016-0011.

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Lilium lancifolium Thunb. (2n = 2x = 24) is a cytologically conspicuous species with both diploids and triploids in nature. Cytological and molecular genetic analyses were carried out in both diploids and triploids that were collected from 55 geographical locations in Korea, Japan, and China. While the 5S rRNA gene loci were located at duplicated loci on the long arm of chromosome 2, the 45S rRNA gene loci were present in chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 11. While the loci on chromosomes 1 and 7 were constant, the loci on chromosomes 2, 4, 6, 7, and 11 were variable in some plants so that the L.

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6

Hang, A., and T. Tsuchiya. "Production and cytological studies of nine-paired barley (Hordeum vulgare)." Genome 35, no. 1 (1992): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-013.

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Several barley plants with 2n = 18 chromosomes (9 II) were developed from crosses between two lines with 2n = 16 chromosomes (8 II). Cytological studies of the 18-chromosome plants showed nine bivalents at metaphase I and normal 9:9 segregation at anaphase I. Morphologically, these plants with 18 chromosomes were qualitatively similar to normal diploids (2n = 14), in spite of a duplication of a small proximal segment of the short arm of chromosome 3. However, the 18-chromosome plants were as vigorous as some normal diploid cultivars and more vigorous than 16-chromosome parental lines. If the d

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7

Butler, D. K. "Ribosomal DNA is a site of chromosome breakage in aneuploid strains of Neurospora." Genetics 131, no. 3 (1992): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/131.3.581.

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Abstract In wild-type strains of Neurospora crassa, the rDNA is located at a single site in the genome called the nucleolus organizer region (NOR), which forms a terminal segment on linkage group (LG) V. In the quasiterminal translocation strain T(I;V)AR190, most of the right arm of LG I moved to the distal tip of the NOR, and one or a few rDNA repeat units are moved to the truncated right arm of LG I. I report here that, in partial diploid strains derived from T(I;V)AR190, large terminal deletions result from chromosome breakage in the NOR. In most of these partial diploids, chromosome breaka

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8

Leggett, J. M. "Further hybrids involving the perennial autotetraploid oat Avena macrostachya." Genome 35, no. 2 (1992): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-042.

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Chromosome pairing in the triploid hybrid Avena damascena × A. macrostachya is very similar to the chromosome pairing observed in previously reported triploid hybrids involving the A genome diploid taxa A. atlantica and A. prostrata, indicating that little more than residual homology remains between these A genome diploids and either of the genomes of A. macrostachya. The chromosome pairing in the hybrid between A. macrostachya and the C genome diploid A. ventricosa is similar to that observed in the previously reported hybrid A. eriantha × A. macrostachya. In both these hybrids, the frequency

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9

Boylan, M. T., M. J. Holland, and W. E. Timberlake. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae centromere CEN11 does not induce chromosome instability when integrated into the Aspergillus nidulans genome." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 11 (1986): 3621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.11.3621-3625.1986.

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We constructed Aspergillus nidulans transformation plasmids containing the A. nidulans argB+ gene and either containing or lacking centromeric DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XI (CEN11). The plasmids transformed an argB Aspergillus strain to arginine independence at indistinguishable frequencies. Stable haploid transformants were obtained with both plasmids, and strains were identified in which the plasmids had integrated into chromosome III by homologous recombination at the argB locus. Plasmid DNA was recovered from a transformant containing CEN11, and the sequence of the essent

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10

Boylan, M. T., M. J. Holland, and W. E. Timberlake. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae centromere CEN11 does not induce chromosome instability when integrated into the Aspergillus nidulans genome." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 11 (1986): 3621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.11.3621.

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We constructed Aspergillus nidulans transformation plasmids containing the A. nidulans argB+ gene and either containing or lacking centromeric DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XI (CEN11). The plasmids transformed an argB Aspergillus strain to arginine independence at indistinguishable frequencies. Stable haploid transformants were obtained with both plasmids, and strains were identified in which the plasmids had integrated into chromosome III by homologous recombination at the argB locus. Plasmid DNA was recovered from a transformant containing CEN11, and the sequence of the essent

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11

Hsiao, Catherine, Kay H. Asay, and Douglas R. Dewey. "Cytogenetic analysis of interspecific hybrids and amphiploids between two diploid crested wheatgrasses, Agropyron mongolicum and A. cristatum." Genome 32, no. 6 (1989): 1079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-557.

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Agropyron mongolicum Keng, the narrow linear-spiked diploid species (2n = 14), was hybridized with the broad pectinate-spiked diploid (2n = 14), A. cristatum (L.) Gaertner. The F1 hybrids were all diploids and morphologically intermediate to their parents. Chromosome pairing at metaphase I in the hybrids averaged 1.40 I, 5.59 II, 0.35 III, and 0.09 IV per cell, demonstrating that the two parental genomes are very similar. The F1 hybrids were partially fertile. The F2 progeny showed a broad array of variations in spike morphology and chromosome pairing behavior. Cytological data of the F1 hybri

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12

Vorsa, N., and James R. Ballington. "Fertility of Triploid Highbush Blueberry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 2 (1991): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.2.336.

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Eight highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.) triploids (2n = 3x = 36) were crossed with diploids (2n = 2x = 24), tetraploids (2n = 4x = 48), and hexaploids (2n = 6x = 72). No plants were recovered from 4021 3x × 2x crosses. One triploid was relatively fertile in 3x × 4x and 3x × 6x crosses, which is most likely attributable to 2n gamete production in the triploid. The lack of fertility of triploids, which do not produce 2n gametes, in crosses with diploids and tetraploids suggests that the production of gametes with numerically balanced (n = 12 or 24) chromosome numbers is extremely low. In add

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13

Afshari, Fatemehi, Mohsen Ebrahimi, Mohammad Akbari, and Mostafa Farajpour. "Cytological investigations and new chromosome number reports in yarrow (Achillea millefolium Linnaeus, 1753) accessions from Iran." Comparative Cytogenetics 7, no. (4) (2013): 271–77. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v7i4.6075.

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In this study, a new chromosome number for Iranian yarrow (<i>Achillea millefolium </i>L.) accessions was reported. Cytological analyses on four <i>A. millefolium </i>accessions, indicated that two accessions were diploids (2n=2x=18) and two tetraploids (2<i>n</i>=4<i>x</i>=36). Cluster analysis based on chromosomal characteristics and karyotype asymmetry, categorized the four accessions separated into two groups. In terms of the Stebbins’ system, the karyotype of diploid accessions grouped in 2A class. The average value of the total form percentage (TF%) in the group one (diploid accessions)

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14

Barb, Jessica Gaus, Dennis J. Werner, and Shyamalrau P. Tallury. "Cytogenetic Characterization and Nuclear DNA Content of Diploid and Tetraploid Forms of Stokes Aster." HortScience 43, no. 7 (2008): 2005–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2005.

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Stokesia laevis (J. Hill) Greene is a herbaceous perennial native to the southeastern United States. Most cultivars of Stokesia are diploid (2n = 2x = 14) except for ‘Omega Skyrocket’, a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) form selected from a natural population. A comparative study of the karyotypes and meiotic behavior of diploid cultivars, seed-derived accessions of ‘Omega Skyrocket’, synthetically derived autotetraploids, and triploid progeny from these taxa strongly suggest that ‘Omega Skyrocket’ is an autotetraploid form of Stokesia. Total karyotype length, 161 μm and 293 μm, and average chromosom

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15

Guo, Ximing, and Standish K. Allen Jr. "Sex and meiosis in autotetraploid Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)." Genome 40, no. 3 (1997): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-053.

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Sex and meiosis were studied in induced autotetraploids of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) and were compared with sex and meiosis in autotriploids and normal diploids. Tetraploid oysters reached sexual maturity at 1 year of age in an approximately 1:1 sex ratio. In contrast with the abnormally high frequency of hermaphrodites among triploids, tetraploids had about the same level of hermaphrodites as normal diploids. Fecundity of tetraploids was comparable to that of normal diploids, differing from the greatly reduced fecundity of triploids. Homologous chromosomes synapsed predo

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16

Honfi, Ana I., A. Verena Reutemann, Juan S. Schneider, Lucas M. Escobar, Eric J. Martínez, and Julio R. Daviña. "Chromosome Morphology and Heterochromatin Patterns in Paspalum notatum: Insights into Polyploid Genome Structure." Genes 16, no. 3 (2025): 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16030242.

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Background/Objectives: Paspalum notatum is a key multipurpose species native to American grasslands. This study provides, for the first time, a detailed karyotype analysis of diploid (2n = 2x = 20) and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40) accessions of P. notatum, the most common cytotypes within the species. Methods: The constitutive heterochromatin patterns revealed using CMA-DA-DAPI staining and genome size estimations are novel contributions to the understanding of the N genome in Paspalum. Results: Chromosomes were small (1.1–2.3 µm), with the diploid karyotype comprising nine metacentric pairs (one

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17

McConnell, James, and H. Kamemoto. "Morphology and Meiotic Behavior of Three Dendrobium Amphidiploids and Their Diploid Counterparts." HortScience 28, no. 9 (1993): 935–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.9.935.

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Floral characteristics, meiotic behavior, and sporad formation were compared in three Dendrobium tetraploids (amphidiploids) and their diploid counterparts. Amphidiploid flowers were larger than those of diploids. Diploid meiotic behavior varied; mean configurations at Metaphase I ranged from 14.3 bivalents and 9.4 univalents to 18.9 bivalents and 0.2 univalents. In amphidiploids, nearly all cells had 38 bivalents. Sporad formation also varied; diploids had 36% to 70% tetrads and amphidiploids had 97% to 100% tetrads. Preferential pairing and small chromosome size may promote bivalent formatio

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18

Schuyler, Scott C., Lin-Ing Wang, Yi-Shan Ding, Yi-Chieh Lee, and Hsin-Yu Chen. "Deletion of Budding Yeast MAD2 Suppresses Clone-to-Clone Differences in Artificial Linear Chromosome Copy Numbers and Gives Rise to Higher Retention Rates." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (2020): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101495.

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Our goal was to investigate the changes in artificial short-linear chromosome average copy numbers per cell arising from partial or full loss of Mitotic Arrest-Deficient 2 (MAD2) spindle checkpoint function in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Average artificial linear chromosome copy numbers in a population of cells, as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR), and retention rates, as measured by fluctuation analyses, were performed on a total of 62 individual wild type and mad2∆ mutant haploid and diploid clones. Wild type cells, both haploids and diploids, displayed

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19

Sixtus, A. Okafor, U. Agbasi Patrick, T. Azeez Oladimeji, et al. "THERMAL TOLERANCE PHENOTYPE IN CDC13-1 EXO1 HETEROZYGOUS DIPLOIDS OF S. CEREVISIAE IS A DOMINANT TRAIT." Engineering and Technology Journal 07, no. 12 (2022): 1774–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7451259.

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Background: Telomeric DNA is found at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes, where they play a role in protecting the chromosome and the integrity of the genome of the organism through the activity of telomerase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists in two genotypes: haploid and diploid. Temperature sensitive point mutation on the cdc13 gene of each genotype and deletion of exo1 gene (cdc13-1Exo1 mutants) give rise to mutant survivors at enhanced temperatures. The mode of inheritance of the thermal tolerance allele in the heterozygous diploid genotype is not known. Materials and Methods: We constructe

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Li, Jiabao, Kailin Zhu, Qin Wang, and Xin Chen. "Genome size variation and karyotype diversity in eight taxa of Sorbus sensu stricto (Rosaceae) from China." Comparative Cytogenetics 15, no. 2 (2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v15i2.58278.

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Eight taxa of Sorbus Linnaeus, 1753 sensu stricto (Rosaceae) from China have been studied karyologically through chromosome counting, chromosomal measurement and karyotype symmetry. Genome size was also estimated by flow cytometry. Six taxa, S. amabilis Cheng ex T.T.Yu et K.C.Kuan, 1963, S. hupehensis var. paucijuga (D.K. Zang et P.C. Huang, 1992) L.T. Lu, 2000, S. koehneana C.K. Schneider, 1906, S. pohuashanensis (Hance, 1875) Hedlund, 1901, S. scalaris Koehne, 1913 and S. wilsoniana C.K. Schneider, 1906 are diploids with 2n = 34, whereas two taxa, S. filipes Handel-Mazzetti,1933 and S. ovali

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Li, Jiabao, Kailin Zhu, Qin Wang, and Xin Chen. "Genome size variation and karyotype diversity in eight taxa of Sorbus sensu stricto (Rosaceae) from China." Comparative Cytogenetics 15, no. 2 (2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i2.58278.

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Eight taxa of Sorbus Linnaeus, 1753 sensu stricto (Rosaceae) from China have been studied karyologically through chromosome counting, chromosomal measurement and karyotype symmetry. Genome size was also estimated by flow cytometry. Six taxa, S. amabilis Cheng ex T.T.Yu et K.C.Kuan, 1963, S. hupehensis var. paucijuga (D.K. Zang et P.C. Huang, 1992) L.T. Lu, 2000, S. koehneana C.K. Schneider, 1906, S. pohuashanensis (Hance, 1875) Hedlund, 1901, S. scalaris Koehne, 1913 and S. wilsoniana C.K. Schneider, 1906 are diploids with 2n = 34, whereas two taxa, S. filipes Handel-Mazzetti,1933 and S. ovali

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22

Li, Jiabao, Kailin Zhu, Qin Wang, and Xin Chen. "Genome size variation and karyotype diversity in eight taxa of Sorbus sensu stricto (Rosaceae) from China." Comparative Cytogenetics 15, no. (2) (2021): 137–48. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v15i2.58278.

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Eight taxa of Sorbus Linnaeus, 1753 sensu stricto (Rosaceae) from China have been studied karyologically through chromosome counting, chromosomal measurement and karyotype symmetry. Genome size was also estimated by flow cytometry. Six taxa, S. amabilis Cheng ex T.T.Yu et K.C.Kuan, 1963, S. hupehensis var. paucijuga (D.K. Zang et P.C. Huang, 1992) L.T. Lu, 2000, S. koehneana C.K. Schneider, 1906, S. pohuashanensis (Hance, 1875) Hedlund, 1901, S. scalaris Koehne, 1913 and S. wilsoniana C.K. Schneider, 1906 are diploids with 2n = 34, whereas two taxa, S. filipes Handel-Mazzetti,1933 and S. ovali

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23

White, J., G. Jenkins, and J. S. Parker. "Elimination of multivalents during meiotic prophase in Scilla autumnalis. I. Diploid and triploid." Genome 30, no. 6 (1988): 930–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-149.

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The ultrastructure and pairing behaviour of the chromosomes of two diploid cytotypes and a triploid of Scilla autumnalis were investigated using the techniques of three-dimensional reconstruction from serial electron micrographs and whole-mount surface spreading of synaptonemal complexes. The diploids, designated AA and B7B7, have karyotypes that are virtually identical in appearance at mitotic metaphase but differ in length by 47% and in DNA content by 66%. All the chromosomes were identified during meiotic prophase in both diploids, enabling construction of accurate karyotypes, which were th

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Ogielska, Maria, Piotr Kierzkowski, and Mariusz Rybacki. "DNA content and genome composition of diploid and triploid water frogs belonging to the Rana esculenta complex (Amphibia, Anura)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 12 (2004): 1894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-188.

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The Central European water frog Rana esculenta L., 1758 is a natural hybrid between Rana lessonae Camerano, 1882 (LL) and Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771 (RR). Hybrids are usually diploid (RL) or triploid (LLR or RRL). Distinguishing LL from RL, RR from RL, and LLR from RRL according to external morphology is ambiguous. In this study we checked whether the DNA content in erythrocyte nuclei measured by image cytometry is useful in determination of the taxonomic status of diploids (LL, RR, and RL) and the genome composition of triploids (LLR and RRL). For exact and direct identification of parental

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Kim, N. S., and J. Kuspira. "Genetic and cytogenetic analyses of the A genome of Triticum monococcum. IX. Cytological behaviour, phenotypic characteristics, breeding behaviour, and fertility of primary, double, and triple trisomics." Genome 36, no. 3 (1993): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-077.

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Cytogenetic studies in Triticum monococcum (2n = 2x = 14, AA) were initiated by generating a series of primary as well as double and triple trisomics from autotriploids derived from crosses between induced autotetraploids and a diploid progenitor. Analysis of meiotic chromosome behaviour revealed that, with the exception of primary trisomics for chromosome 7A, the chromosome present in triple dose in all other trisomics formed either a bivalent plus a univalent or a trivalent (always V shaped) at diakinesis – metaphase I in approximately equal proportions. Trisomics for chromosome 7A formed a

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Wallace, A. J., and R. S. Callow. "Meiotic variation in an intergenomic autopolyploid series. I. Chiasma frequency." Genome 38, no. 1 (1995): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-015.

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Variation in chiasma frequency has been studied in PMCs of diploids and C0 autotetraploids of seven Lathyrus species exhibiting a range of genome size (10.8–19.9 pg DNA/2C). Variation in chiasma frequency showed no relation to changes in genome size, either between species or between disomic sets within nuclei. Mean chiasma frequency of the tetraploids showed a 75% increase over that in the diploids. Half of this increase represents an additive effect of chromosome doubling. Total variance in chiasma frequency of autotetraploids increases by 80% over that in diploids, in line with the square o

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Mehta, Bina J., and Enrique Cerdá-Olmedo. "Intersexual Partial Diploids of Phycomyces." Genetics 158, no. 2 (2001): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.2.635.

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Abstract Sexual interaction between strains of opposite sex in many fungi of the order Mucorales modifies hyphal morphology and increases the carotene content. The progeny of crosses of Phycomyces blakesleeanus usually include a small proportion of anomalous segregants that show these signs of sexual stimulation without a partner. We have analyzed the genetic constitution of such segregants from crosses that involved a carF mutation for overaccumulation of β-carotene and other markers. The new strains were diploids or partial diploids heterozygous for the sex markers. Diploidy was unknown in t

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Cheng, Zhukuan, Huihuang Yan, Hengxiu Yu, et al. "Development and Applications of a Complete Set of Rice Telotrisomics." Genetics 157, no. 1 (2001): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.1.361.

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Abstract We previously isolated a complete set of primary trisomics along with many other aneuploids from triploid plants derived from an indica rice variety “Zhongxian 3037.” About 30,000 progeny from these trisomic and aneuploid plants were grown each year from 1994 to 1999. The variants that differed morphologically from both the diploids and the original primary trisomics were collected for cytological identification. From these variants, a complete set of telotrisomics covering all 24 rice chromosome arms was obtained. The identities of the extra chromosomes were further confirmed by dosa

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Hollingsworth, N. M., and B. Byers. "HOP1: a yeast meiotic pairing gene." Genetics 121, no. 3 (1989): 445–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/121.3.445.

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Abstract The recessive mutation, hop1-1, was isolated by use of a screen designed to detect mutations defective in homologous chromosomal pairing during meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutants in HOP1 displayed decreased levels of meiotic crossing over and intragenic recombination between markers on homologous chromosomes. In contrast, assays of the hop1-1 mutation in a spo13-1 haploid disomic for chromosome III demonstrated that intrachromosomal recombination between directly duplicated sequences was unaffected. The spores produced by SPO13 diploids homozygous for hop1 were largely invia

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Attia, T., and G. Röbbelen. "Cytogenetic relationship within cultivated Brassica analyzed in amphihaploids from the three diploid ancestors." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 3 (1986): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-048.

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To investigate the factors controlling evolutionary differentiation within the genus Brassica, chromosome pairing in amphihaploids from crosses between the three elementary diploid species B. campestris (AA), B. oleracea (CC), and B. nigra (BB) was analyzed. The amphihaploid AC showed a high amount of pairing, while the two amphihaploids AB and BC, both including the genome of B. nigra, exhibited only low degrees of chromosome association. By the occurrence of tetra- and penta-valents, auto- as well as allo-syndetic pairing was demonstrated to exist in the AC amphihaploid. True homologous pair

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Yen, Yang, and Gordon Kimber. "Meiotic behaviour of induced autotetraploids in Triticum L." Genome 33, no. 2 (1990): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-046.

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Colchicine-induced autotetraploids of Triticum speltoides, T. longissimum, T. sharonense, T. bicorne, T. uniaristatum, T. monococcum, and T. tauschii were all morphologically similar to but larger than their diploid forms. Seed set was lower than in the diploids except for the autotetraploid T. speltoides. Meiotic analysis showed fewer quadrivalents and more bivalents than would be expected in all of these autotetraploids. Arm-pair switch, indicated by complex trivalents and quadrivalents, was found and involved 0.1% of total chromosomes in T. umbellulatum, 0.5% in T. longissimum, 0.7% in both

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Shang, X. M., R. C. Jackson, H. T. Nguyen, and J. Y. Huang. "Chromosome pairing in the Triticum monococcum complex: evidence for pairing control genes." Genome 32, no. 2 (1989): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-432.

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The occurrence and behavior of pairing control genes at the diploid level were analyzed by using the models and equations developed by Jackson and co-workers. It appears that all pairing control genes are codominant and they are detectable only as heterozygotes in diploids. The phenotypic expressions of such genes are the production of univalents, and this is positively correlated with the occurrence of unpaired chromosome segments at pachytene. Analyses of a large number of accessions of the Triticum monococcum complex and various hybrid combinations have also shown that pairing control gene

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33

WANG, AI-HUA, XIAO-LING YU, XIAO-DONG MA, YUE-HONG YAN, FA-GUO WANG, and HONG-FENG CHEN. "Cytotaxonomy of the endemic Karst and Danxia ferns in Adiantum (Pteridaceae)." Phytotaxa 561, no. 3 (2022): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.561.3.2.

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Chromosome traits may differ between closely related ferns growing in different geological landscapes. Adiantum series Gravesiana (Pteridaceae) includes six species, of which, five species are exclusively distributed in Karst landforms, and one, Adiantum juxtapositum, grows on Danxia landform. Additionally, there are some populations or individuals whose morphology are between different species, which may be the results of polyploidization or hybridization. Here we studied chromosome numbers of species in series Gravesiana primarily using crosiers. Results are: A. longzhouensis and A. juxtapos

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34

Yucel, Gulru, Alexander Betekhtin, Evren Cabi, Metin Tuna, Robert Hasterok, and Bozena Kolano. "The Chromosome Number and rDNA Loci Evolution in Onobrychis (Fabaceae)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (2022): 11033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911033.

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The evolution of chromosome number and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci number and localisation were studied in Onobrychis Mill. Diploid and tetraploid species, as well as two basic chromosome numbers, x = 7 and x = 8, were observed among analysed taxa. The chromosomal distribution of rDNA loci was presented here for the first time using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with 5S and 35S rDNA probes. Onobrychis species showed a high polymorphism in the number and localisation of rDNA loci among diploids, whereas the rDNA loci pattern was very similar in polyploids. Phylogenetic relationships a

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35

Filler, Debby M., and Nicholi Vorsa. "MEIOTIC MECHANISMS FOR 2N GAMETE FORMATION IN WILD BLUEBERRY SPECIES." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 489b—489. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.489b.

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In blueberries (Vaccinium spp), 2n pollen production has been identified in both diploid and tetraploid populations. High 2n pollen producers from diploid V. elliotti, diploid V. darrowi, and tetraploid V. pallidum were chosen for meiotic studies. Cytological examination revealed spindle abnormalities, including parallel spindles and tripolar spindles, as well as synaptic irregularities. These aberrations would result in gametes having the genetic equivalent of first division restitution near the centromere and in portions of the chromosome that are not recombinant. Such gametes would be expec

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36

Okoli, Bosa E. "Cytotaxonomic study of five West African species of Solanum L. (Solanaceae)." Feddes Repertorium 99, no. 5-6 (1988): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1522-239x.1988.tb00316.x.

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SummaryThe mitotic chromosomes of five West African species of Solanum are described for the first time. S. melongena, S. indicum, S. torvum and S. aethiopicum are all diploids with 2n = 24. S. nigrum is tetraploid with 4 × = 48 and hexaploid with 6 × = 71 Karyotypic studies show that marked interspecific differences exist in chromosome sizes while within the genome of each species continuous variation in size exists. The occurrence of imperfect homology of some chromosome pairs support the view that hybridisation and structural chromosomal changes have played some part in the evolution of S.

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37

Singh, R. J., and T. Tsuchiya. "Cytogenetics of two novel compensating diploids in barley (Hordeum vulgare)." Genome 36, no. 2 (1993): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-047.

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Novel compensating diploid plants are very rare in diploid species. The objective of this study was to describe the origin, identification, and meiotic and breeding behaviors of two compensating diploids of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), isolated in a spring-type two-rowed cultivar, 'Shin Ebisu 16' (SE 16). A plant with 2n = 13 + 1 acro3L3S + 1 telo3S was identified cytologically in an F2 population from the cross 2n = 14 + 1 acro3L3S × yst 2 (yellow streak 2). In this plant, 1 acro3L3S and 1 telo3S compensated for one normal chromosome 3. The selfed population from this plant usually segregated

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38

Ringius, Gordon S., and John C. Semple. "Cytogeography of the Solidago spathulata–glutinosa complex (Compositae: Astereae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 11 (1987): 2458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-333.

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One hundred and eight new chromosome counts are reported for the Solidago spathulata–glutinosa complex: 49 diploids (2n = 18) and 59 tetraploids (2n = 36). Only diploids are known in S. spathulata, which occurs along the Pacific coast from southern California to northern Oregon. Diploids, tetraploids, and one hexaploid are known in S. glutinosa, which occurs across North America. Solidago glutinosa ssp. glutinosa is composed of diploids only and is widespread in the Rocky Mountains from Mexico to Alaska and across the Canadian prairies. It also occurs disjunctly on the northern shores of Lake

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Liu, Bo, Elizabeth G. Poulsen, and Thomas M. Davis. "Insight into octoploid strawberry (Fragaria) subgenome composition revealed by GISH analysis of pentaploid hybrids." Genome 59, no. 2 (2016): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0116.

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As the product of interspecific hybridization between its two ancestral octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) species (Fragaria chiloensis and F. virginiana), the cultivated strawberry (F. ×ananassa) is among the most genomically complex of crop plants, harboring subgenomic components derived from as many as four different diploid ancestors. To physically visualize the octoploids’ subgenome composition(s), we launched molecular cytogenetic studies using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), comparative GISH (cGISH), and rDNA-FISH techniques. First, GISH resolution in Fragaria was tested by using diploid an

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40

Zhao, Zuo-Yu, and David F. Weber. "Male gametophyte development in monosomics of maize." Genome 32, no. 1 (1989): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-423.

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The development of male gametophytes in diploid and monosomic-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -8, -9, and -10 maize plants was characterized. Developmental differences due to nullisomy in the gametophyte were evaluated by comparing the development of haploid and nullisomic microspores formed by monosomic plants, while differences due to gene dosage in the sporophyte were evaluated by comparing the development of haploid microspores in monosomic plants with those in diploids. These analyses show that (i) male gametophytes nullisomic for the chromosomes analyzed are developmentally delayed and eventually

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Farnham, Mark W. "Effects of Broccoli Donor Genotype on Incidence of Diploids in Populations Regenerated from Anther Culture." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 612g—613. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.612g.

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Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica group) breeders are increasingly using anther or microspore culture to produce dihaploid (diploid), homozygous lines for use in making hybrids. During the process of anther culture and subsequent plant regeneration, wherein embryos develop from microspores and plants are regenerated from the embryos, polyploidization occurs and diploid regenerants can result. However, polyploidization may not occur at all, or it may involve a tripling or quadrupling of the chromosome complement, instead of a doubling. Thus, populations may contain haploids, triploids, or

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Kim, Hyung-Eun, Jong-Eun Han, Hyoshin Lee, et al. "Tetraploidization Increases the Contents of Functional Metabolites in Cnidium officinale." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (2021): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081561.

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Cnidium officinale is an important medicinal crop grown in Asia for its pharmacological properties. In this study, tetraploid breeding was conducted to increases the content of medicinal compound and tolerance to the environmental conditions using in vitro shoot culture of C. officinale. For this, we generated tetraploid C. officinale plants using oryzalin, a chromosome doubling agent, and compared the morphological traits, cytological characteristics, and heat stress-responsive gene expression levels between tetraploid and diploid genotypes. Chromosome doubling efficiency was the highest in p

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43

Legault, André, and Luc Brouillet. "Cytogéographie de l'Aster cordifolius (Asteraceae : Astereae) au Québec." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 7 (1989): 2114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-267.

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The chromosome numbers of 209 individuals of Aster cordifolius L. from ca. 130 localities from the provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick were determined; 122 were diploid and 87, tetraploid. Four populations are mixed, but no triploid was found; experimental crosses beween the two cytotypes failed. Genic exchanges do not appear to exist between the two races, at least not via normal gametes. In Quebec, the two cytotypes are sympatric in the Richelieu valley; west of this area, only tetraploids are found, and east of it, only diploids. This distribution pattern continues the one observed in Ont

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44

Bernard, Pascal, Kevin Hardwick, and Jean-Paul Javerzat. "Fission Yeast Bub1 Is a Mitotic Centromere Protein Essential for the Spindle Checkpoint and the Preservation of Correct Ploidy through Mitosis." Journal of Cell Biology 143, no. 7 (1998): 1775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.143.7.1775.

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The spindle checkpoint ensures proper chromosome segregation by delaying anaphase until all chromosomes are correctly attached to the mitotic spindle. We investigated the role of the fission yeast bub1 gene in spindle checkpoint function and in unperturbed mitoses. We find that bub1+ is essential for the fission yeast spindle checkpoint response to spindle damage and to defects in centromere function. Activation of the checkpoint results in the recruitment of Bub1 to centromeres and a delay in the completion of mitosis. We show that Bub1 also has a crucial role in normal, unperturbed mitoses.

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45

Wu, Jing, Meizhen Wang, Zhangshichang Zhu, Minqi Cai, Joongku Lee, and Pan Li. "Cytogeography of the East Asian Tulips (Amana, Liliaceae)." Taxonomy 2, no. 1 (2022): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy2010012.

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Amana Honda (Liliaceae), known as ‘east Asian tulips’, is a spring ephemeral genus endemic to Sino-Japanese Floristic Subregion, mainly distributed in eastern and central China, Japan and the Korean peninsula. Chromosome numbers are reported here for the first time from 89 populations of Amana (representing all seven accepted species, two new species about to be published, and two suspected new species). Three ploidy levels are found in this genus. These are diploid (2n = 2x = 24) and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) in the widespread A. edulis, while all the narrow endemics are diploid, except for o

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46

Pozzobon, Marisa Toniolo, Ana Caroline de Carvalho Machado, Magdalena Vaio, et al. "Cytogenetic analyses in Paspalum L. reveal new diploid species and accessions." Ciência Rural 38, no. 5 (2008): 1292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782008000500014.

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Chromosome numbers were counted in 126 new accessions of 50 Paspalum species from Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia. The chromosome numbers 2n=12, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 were confirmed. Chromosome numbers for P. arenarium (2n=20), P. barretoi (2n=20), P. aff. ceresia (2n=40), P. corcovadense (2n=20), P. crispulum (2n=20), P. flaccidum (2n=40), P. nummularium (2n=20), P. scalare (2n=20), P. vescum (2n=20) and P. rectum (2n=20) and a diploid cytotype of P. malacophyllum are reported for the first time. The predominance of tetraploid accessions (43.6%) was confirmed, but an unusually hi

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47

Wakem, L. P., and F. Sherman. "Chromosomal assignment of mutations by specific chromosome loss in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 125, no. 2 (1990): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/125.2.333.

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Abstract Yeast 2-microns plasmids were integrated near the centromere of a different chromosome in each of 16 cir0 mapping strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The specific chromosomes containing the integrated 2-microns plasmid DNA were lost at a high frequency after crossing the cir0 strains to cir+ strains. A recessive mutation in a cir+ strain can then be easily assigned to its chromosome using this set of mapping strains, since the phenotype of the recessive mutation will be manifested only in diploids having the integrated 2-microns plasmid and the unmapped mutation on homologous chromos

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48

Dhesi, J. S., and H. T. Stalker. "Enhancing Techniques for Studying Mitotic Peanut Chromosomes1." Peanut Science 21, no. 2 (1994): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-21-2-5.

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Abstract Peanut chromosomes are small and preparations of well-spread, darkly stained mitotic cells can be difficult to obtain. Techniques developed for wheat were adapted to peanut. The results are highly reproducible and many dividing cells with darkly stained chromosomes can usually be observed when root tissues are used for preparation. Applications also can be made for determining ploidy levels and chromosome numbers of plants by using immature leaf tissues. The technique has application for both diploids and polyploids and is suitable for both chromosome counts and karyotyping studies.

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49

Pizzirani-Kleiner, Aline A., and J. L. Azevedo. "Effect of thebncAgene on the instability ofAspergillus nidulans." Genetical Research 48, no. 3 (1986): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300024939.

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SummaryThe presence of a gene designatedbncAwhich produces binucleate and trinucleate conidia inA. nidulansalters the instability of disomics, diploids, and strains with chromosome duplication. In disomics, the genebncAincreases instability. In duplicate and diploid strains, thebncAgene reduces instability by acting as a partial stabilizer. In the strain with chromosome duplication, thebncAgene produces increased percentages of bi- and trinucleate conidia, a fact that may be interpreted to be due to the larger conidial volume of this strain or to the combined effect ofbncAand of the strain, wh

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50

Rodionov, A. V. "On the features of evolutionary process in plants: diploidization of the genomes and karyotypes." Проблемы ботаники Южной Сибири и Монголии 21, no. 2 (2022): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2022076.

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As estimated by karyosystematists, from 30 to 50 % of land plant species exhibit polyploid karyotypes, respectively, from 50 to 70 % of plants are diploids. One of the mechanisms of diploidization of a neopolyploid karyotype is chromosomal rearrangements leading to a change in the chromosome number in genomes - so-called dysploidy. In parallel with the processes of karyotype diploidization, contributing to it and supplementing it, there are processes of structural and epigenetic diploidization of the genome, the loss of part of the duplicated genes. It may be that the role of genome polyploidy

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