Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chromosome number in okra

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Academic literature on the topic 'Chromosome number in okra'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 20 February 2023
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Chromosome number in okra"

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KAUR, JASHANDEEP, MAMTA PATHAK, and DHARMINDER PATHAK. "Inheritance of resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus disease in interspecific crosses of Abelmoschus." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 12 (February 10, 2021): 2302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i12.110312.

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Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] is an important vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The total production of okra is drastically reduced due to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, viral disease is of major concern. In this context, the present investigation has been carried out to understand the inheritance of yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) disease resistance in okra using segregating populations of A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. moschatus and A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. tuberculatus and to study the chromosome number of the three species involved in the A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini, A. moschatus, A. tuberculatus and their inter-specific F1 hybrids. The results of crossability studies revealed that, the wild species A. moschatus and A. tuberculatus are compatible with cultivated specie A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini. Inheritance of YVMV disease has been observed to be simple and governed single dominant gene in case of A.esculentus× A. moschatus cross and a single recessive gene in A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. tuberculatus cross.
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ZaharaddeenSamaila, Gilima, David Kashina Boniface, Olalekan Oyeleke Banwo, Alegbejo Mathew Dada, Charles Chindo Agart, and Ibrahim Tijjani. "Occurrence and Distribution of Viruses Associated with Okra and Their Alternative Hosts in Kaduna and Zamfara States, Nigeria." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 8, no. 03 (October 20, 2021): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.8.03.177-186.

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One of the major constraints to production of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Nigeria and in particular in Kaduna and Zamfara States, is the problem of okra mosaic virus and okra leaf curl virus. This study was carried out to provide information on the occurrence and distribution of okra mosaic and okra leaf curl viruses on okra, in Kaduna and Zamfara states, Nigeria. A survey of okra-producing farms was carried out during dry and wet seasons of 2017 cropping season in Kaduna (Zaria, Lere, and Igabi Local Government Areas) and Zamfara (Gusau, Bungudu, and Zurmi LGAs) states. Leaf samples (15) of symptomatic okra plants were collected from each farm in the study area. The total number of plants and the number of symptomatic plants within each subplot were recorded, and the disease incidence was determined. Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAS- ELISA) kit was used in the detection of Okra Mosaic Virus while Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was employed for the detection Okra Leaf Curl Virus. The results showed that all the okra leaf samples tested for OLCV were negative in this study while OkMV was tested positve in all the samples with a recorded incidence of 20 % and 14 % in Kaduna and Zamfara states respectively, however, only 8 out of total weed samples were also tested positive for OKV, but all were tested negative to OLCV.
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Y., Aminu,, Maryam, M.G., and Kabiru, S.A. "Hormonal Response of Gibberellin (Ga3), Grafting and Seasonal Variations on Growth and Yield Parameters on Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus)." American International Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 1, no. 2 (November 12, 2019): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijbls.v1i2.122.

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The effect of Gibberellin Hormonal Response and Grafting methods on the Growth and Yield of Okra was investigated, with the aim of inducing variability that could be exploited in the improvement of some quality traits in Okra plants. Gibberellin, grafting and a combination of grafting with Gibberellin) were applied on to the Okra seeds. The seeds of Okra were treated at four different concentrations of Gibberellin (0.1mM, 1.0 mM, 2.0 mM and 0.0 mM as control) after which some of the mutants were grafted using tongue grafting method at seedlings stage. The other set of seeds were not treated with the hormone but were grafted at seedlings stage. The results obtained revealed highly significant difference (P≤ 0.01) in the effects of Gibberellin on survival rates, number of fruits, and fruit weight. Similarly, highly significant differences (P≤0.01) were found between the treatments in Survival rate, except on the number of fruits and fruit weight, where no significant differences exist. More so, significant differences were found in the traits between the seasons except in fruit number. The result showed that Gibberellin and grafting improve important quality traits of Okra. The mutants and grafted Okra could be grown both during the rainy and dry seasons, while 0.1 mM concentration of Gibberellin and grafting improve some important quality traits of Okra that could be utilized for further improvement of Okra. However, the response of Okra to grafting was higher. Based on the findings, the study concluded that, grafting improves some important quality traits of Okra that are of high economic value and possible recommendations that could be made.
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Menzel, Margaret Y., and Kenneth L. Richmond. "A revised map of chromosome 15 in Gossypium hirsutum." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-038.

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Three translocations involving chromosome 15 (H15) in cotton, T4R;15L 1040, T11L;15L 1058a, and T15R;20R SL15, were tested against the H15 marker genes okra leaf [Formula: see text] and veins fused (vf). The latter gene was also tested against T15L;16L 2767. Duplication deficiencies monosegmental for H15 (easily recognized by their narrow distorted bacteoles) showed that [Formula: see text] is in the right (R) arm distal to the SL15 breakpoint (bp-SL15) and cannot be distal to bp-1040 or bp-1058a in the left (L) arm. Recombination frequencies between the three bp's and [Formula: see text] showed that the order is (L) bp-1058a–bp-1040–centromere–bp-SL15–[Formula: see text]. [Formula: see text] is approximately 28 cM (centi-Morgan) from the centromere. The L and R arms of H15 defined by translocations correspond, respectively, to the long and short arms defined by telosomes. Duplication deficiencies monosegmental for H15 showed that vf is not distal to either the L arm or the R arm bp's in H15. Therefore vf and the genes Lg, s, and cr, which are closely linked to vf, cannot be located on H15 as had been assumed. "Linkage group II" thus contains genes located on two different chromosomes. We suggest retaining linkage group II for Lg and genes closely linked to it and designating the group of genes on H15 linked to [Formula: see text] as linkage group XIX.Key words: cotton, translocations, linkage maps, duplication–deficiencies, okra leaf, veins fused.
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Singh, Bharat P., and James D. Sutton. "SEASONAL PATTERN OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH IN OKRA." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1072a—1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1072a.

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Little is known about the morphology of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) plant. This information is critical to understanding of plant growth and possible factors limiting yield. Therefore, a field study was conducted during 1989 to determine the changes in leaf number, leaf dry weight and stem dry weight in okra during the fruiting period. Four okra genotypes, PI-178818, PI-211573, Lee and Clemson spineless, were planted in randomized complete block design with four replications. All four genotypes had similar stem dry weight, but differed significantly in leaf number and leaf dry weight. During the reproductive period, 42% of new leaves, 61% of leaf dry weight and 82% of stern dry weight were formed. PI-178818 had highest leaf number and maximum leaf dry weight, but produced lowest fruit yield. The results suggested that since vegetative growth and fruiting proceeds simultaneously in okra, partitioning of dry weight to pod maybe critical for high okra yields.
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YORA, MUHARAMA, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, and SOBIR SOBIR. "Characterization of phytochemicals and yield components in various okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) genotypes." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 6 (October 9, 2018): 2323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190641.

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Yora M, Syukur M, Sobir. 2018. Characterization of phytochemicals and yield components in various okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) genotypes. Biodiversitas 19: 2323-2328. Okra is a group of vegetable and medicinal plants possessing various health benefits. This plant has different shapes, colors and nutritional content. In Indonesia, this plant has not been widely cultivated, because the socialization and information of okra benefits to the Indonesian people are still limited. The aims of this study were to analyze phytochemicals, anthocyanins and carotene content, and to analyze the correlation among okra genotypes based on their morphological characters. This study was conducted from September 2017 to January 2018, using Complete Randomized Group Design with three replications and 13 genotypes namely PB01Nai, PB02Zah, PB03Clem, PB04Stri, PB13-293, PB05-291, PB06-004, PB07-127, PB08P1, PB09P2, PB10-MC, PB11-069, and PB12-OR. The observation was made on the variables of phythochemical, anthocyanin, carotene, chlorophyll and yield components on okra fruit. The results showed that all okra fruits have steroid phytochemical content and some of them had phytochemical content of Saponin and Tanin. Based on the carotene and chlorophyll analysis of 13 okra fruit genotypes, it showed that PB11-069 genotype contained the highest carotene and chlorophyll contents. While okra fruit having the highest anthocyanin content was PB05-291. The results of cluster analysis showed that okra was clustered into three color groups. The anthocyanin content found in okra fruit does not correlated with the yield component variable. Chlorophyll-α, β, and total chlorophyll are positively correlated to carotene in okra fruit and variable number of fruits. The character of number and weight per plant greatly influences the determination of the selection process. Accordingly, the characters can be used as a selection character so as to produce a high yield okra containing high chlorophyll and carotene contents.
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Ajayi, Emmanuel, Christopher Okonji, Olamide Ayanlola, Temidayo Olofintoye, and Deborah Oyelowo. "Improving the growth and yield of okra by intercropping with varying populations of legumes." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 65, no. 3 (2020): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas2003213a.

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An experiment was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm of the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, in the rain-forest agro-ecological zone in 2016 and 2017 to determine suitable cropping systems to increase the yield of okra. The seed of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), cv. LD-88, was planted at a spacing of 60 ? 40 cm as an intercrop and monocrop to produce an average density of 4.2 plants?m-2; the intercrops cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), var. Ife brown, and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), var. Kampala, were planted to provide average densities of 5.6 plants?m-2, 4.2 plants?m-2, 3.3 plants?m-2 and 2.7 plants?m-2. Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and fruit yield of okra. Year affected plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and fruit yield of okra intercropped with legumes at different densities. Legume densities affected plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area and fruit yield. The interaction of year ? legume densities affected plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area and fruit yield of okra. Intercropping okra with peanut at the density of 2.7 plants?m-2 enhanced its growth and yield and appeared to be the best configuration for these crops.
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Makinde, Aderemi Isaiah, Kehinde O. Oyekale, and David S. Daramola. "GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER APPLICATION UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS." Agricultural Social Economic Journal 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2022.022.1.5.

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Reduction in agricultural land with increasing population has led to a need to combined more than one crop to maximize limited land resources and thus require an improvement. A field experiment was conducted during the growing seasons of 2019 in two locations in Southwest Nigeria to assess the effect of cropping system and fertilizer application on the yield of okra intercropped with jatropha. The experiment was a split-plot arrangement in a Randomized Complete Block design, replicated three times. Fertilizer types were the main plots (NPK, Organic, Organic + NPK (50:50) and control while the cropping systems (sole okra, sole Jatropha and their intercrop) was sub-plot. Data were collected to determine okra growth includes: plant height, number of leaves/ plant, leaf area and the yield by number of days to 50 % flowering, number of fruits/ ha, fruit yield and fruiting duration. Jatropha growth parameters taken include: plant height (cm), number of leaves/plant. Results showed that okra can be intercropped with jatropha without any reduction it its performance. Growth of jatropha as well as okra yield was significantly better in fertilized plots than the unfertilized plots, with complementary use of organic and inorganic fertilizer producing the best results.
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Barus, Ria Anindi Antika. "GROWTH RESPONSE AND PRODUCTION OF TWO VARIETIES OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculantus L. Moench) ON GIVING VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER." Agripreneur : Jurnal Pertanian Agribisnis 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/agripreneur.v10i1.1945.

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Okra is a vegetable plant that can be consumed directly or made into processed foods and has good pharmacological effects in the health sector. Okra has a high economic value when compared to other vegetables. The problem faced in okra cultivation is that this plant is not well known by the Indonesian people. The application of organic fertilizer to okra cultivation is expected to improve quality and quantity. This research was carried out on community land for the construction of the Medan Selayang sub-district with an altitude of ± 25 meters above sea level. This research was conducted from May to September 2016, using a randomized block design with 2 treatment factors. The first factor is varieties with 2 types, namely burgundy red okra and Garibar green okra and the second factor is the application of organic fertilizer with 4 types, namely without organic fertilizer, compost, vermicompost fertilizer, and chicken manure. The results showed that the varietal treatments were significantly different on plant height 10-14 WAP, flowering age, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight per plant, number of fruit per plot, fruit length, fruit diameter and canopy wet weight. The application of various kinds of organic fertilizers significantly affected the parameters of plant height increase 10-14 WAP, number of leaves 10-14 WAP, flowering age, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight per plant, and number of fruit per plot. The interaction between varietal treatment and the application of various kinds of organic fertilizers had a significant effect on the increase in plant height 10-14 WAP.
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Habiba, Rifna Nur, Widyati Slamet, and Eny Fuskhah. "Pertumbuhan dan produksi Okra merah (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) pada dosis pupuk kompos serasah yang berbeda dan pemangkasan." Journal of Agro Complex 2, no. 2 (June 10, 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/joac.2.2.180-187.

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The research aims was to investigate the interaction between dose of leaf compost and pruning on the growth and production of red okra. The research was assigned in basic design of completely randomized 4x2 factorial with three replications. The first factor was doses of leaf K (0, 50, 100, 150 kg N / ha). The second factor was pruning P (unpruned and pruned), each treatment was repeated three times. The parameters measured were stem diameter, number of leaves, number of fruits per plant, number of fruit per plot, and fruit weight per plot,. The data were analyzed statistically by of variance followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that there was no interaction effect at treatment doses of compost litter and pruning. Dosage of compost litter of 50 kg N / ha can increase the growth of girth, number of leaves, and the number of fruit per plot. Litter compost fertilizer dose of 100 kg N / ha can promote the growth and production of red okra. Pruning treatment can increase the production of red okra. Keywords : red okra, compost, leaf, pruning.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chromosome number in okra"

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Safdar, Misbah. "Fruit yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) evaluated under high-temperature stress." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20698.

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Okra is a nutritious vegetable that belongs to the family Malvaceae. It is widely grown in the tropical, sub-tropical, temperate and Mediterranean regions of the world. However, little evidence of the impacts of high temperature stress on various physiological, morphological, biochemical and metabolic processes is available for okra nor is the extent of genetic variation known. This study characterized and evaluated 176 diverse okra germplasm under constant high temperature to assess morphological and physiological changes to growth and development and to identify molecular markers linked to heat tolerance. In the process, the ploidy level and genome size of diverse materials were established. Significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) were found for various morphological and phenological traits. These included days to fruiting, plant height and stem diameter, that once validated, could be used for marker-assisted breeding. Fruit nutrient analysis identified significant genotypic differences for Ca, Fe, and Na and some organic metabolites including sucrose. The accumulation of Ca, Na and Fe and sugars in the fruit of some genotypes acted not only as osmolytes or protectants during fruit development, but also influenced signal transduction and the maintenance of cell membrane integrity. High temperature also impacted pollen micromorphology. Tolerant genotypes had dehisced anthers and fully turgid and spined pollen grains with improved germination compared to sensitive genotypes. The optimal temperature for pollen germination was observed to be 25°C while temperatures above 45°C caused significant damage. Flow cytometry indicated that the relative number of chromosomes varied from 84-189 and ploidy level from 7x to16x. The genome size data were inadequate to accurately indicate the number of chromosomes. A negative correlation between relative ploidy and genome size showed a downsizing of the genome with increased ploidy level.
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Sherman, JoAnn Davis 1955. "Chromosome morphology, number and behavior of some Arizona Plantago species." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276649.

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Mitosis and meiosis of five Plantago species were analyzed. Plantago argyrea, P. patagonica and P. wrightiana contain 2n = 20 chromosomes and P. rhodosperma and P. virginica 2n = 24 chromosomes. Similar modes of evolution of the karyotypes of the 2n = 20 species are suggested. All species are presumed to be tetraploid, arising from 2n = 10 and 2n = 12 ancestors. Structural changes in the karyotype of 2n = 12 species could produce one or more large chromosomes resulting in a decrease in chromosomes from 6 to 5. Consequently, chromosome lengths in 2n = 10 and derived 2n = 20 species could be increased by addition of repetitive DNA along the length of each chromosome to maintain chromosome field. Chromosomes of 2n = 24 species are more symmetrical and presumably more primitive than the 2n = 20 species. Chiasma frequencies in meiotic cells of all five species are similar. This suggests that the majority of changes DNA content are in repetitive DNA.
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Nicholson, Joshua Miles. "The effects of chromosome number changes on mitotic fidelity and karyotype stability." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52957.

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The correct number of chromosomes is important for the maintenance of healthy cells and organisms. Maintenance of a correct chromosome number depends on the accurate distribution of chromosomes to the daughter cells during cell division, and errors in chromosome segregation result in abnormal chromosome numbers, or aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is typically associated with deleterious effects on organismal and cellular fitness; however, aneuploidy has also been associated with enhanced cellular growth in certain contexts, such as cancer. Another type of deviation from the normal chromosome number can occur when entire sets of chromosomes are added to the normal (diploid) chromosome number, resulting in polyploidy. Whereas polyploidy is found in certain normal tissues and organisms, tetraploidy (four sets of chromosomes) is associated with a number of precancerous lesions and is believed to promote aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. While it is clear that chromosome mis-segregation causes aneuploidy, the effect of aneuploidy on chromosome segregation is less clear. Similarly, it is unclear whether and how tetraploidy may affect chromosome segregation. The work described here shows that aneuploidy can cause chromosome mis-segregation and induces chromosome-specific phenotypic effects. In contrast, tetraploidy does not per se induce chromosome mis-segregation, but enables the accumulation of aneuploidy thanks to a "genetic buffer" effect that allows tetraploid cells to tolerate aneuploidy better than diploid cells.
Ph. D.
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Fonseka, K. Gothami Lakshika. "Factors affecting chromosome copy number and nuclear organisation in human sperm and embryos." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595301.

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Chromosome copy number aberrations are a leading cause of birth defects, stillbirths, pregnancy loss and infertility. Every human male has a proportion of chromosomally abnormal sperm however conditions such as infertility, cancer, cancer treatments, and environmental factors can increase this. Chromosome abnormality is commonplace in human embryos and one reason for the development of the controversial preimplantation genetic screening CPOS). Factors such as embryo quality and maternal age are cornmon correlates. Appropriate nucleus positioning of chromosome territories is also though to be indicative of a "healthy" nucleus with aberrations in such nuclear organization associated with disease. The purpose of this study was to provide insight into the relationship between chromosome copy number, nuclear organization and various aetiological factors in human sperm and early stage embryos. Specifically. • To investigate the nuclear positioning oftelomeric and sub telomeric region in sperm cells and test the hypothesis that such organisation is altered in infertile males. • To investigate the nuclear positioning of centromeric and locus specific regions of 5 chromosomes in sperm cells from males undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment for testicular cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma and test the hypothesis that either the cancer, or its treatment significantly alters patterns of nuclear organization. • To analyse FISH based PGS and "follow up" in 250 treatment cycles to investigate levels of aneuploidy false negative and positive results, also well as effects of different indications such as maternal age. • To investigate the levels of aneuploidy for all 24 chromosomes using a newly developed multicolour FISH technique. To test hypotheses that factors e.g. maternal age and embryo morphology significantly effect levels, and that day 3 and day 5 results are concordant. • To assess levels nuclear organisation of human embryos for loci on all 24 chromosomes and their relationship to maternal age, day 3 and day 5 embryo morphology. Overall, results provide some evidence for differences in nuclear organisation in infertile males compared to controls for telomeric but not sub-telorneric loci. Effects of cancer (testicular cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma) and chemotherapy were subtle at best with one testicular cancer patient showing a significant difference compared to controls. In embryos, monosomy appeared more common that trisomy and effects of maternal age and embryo quality were apparent when a small subset of chromosomes were analysed. Similar analysis with a 24 FISH assay confirmed monosomy/trisomy ratios however failed to show significant relationship with maternal age and embryo morphology, thereby raising questions about the reliability of the technique. Finally comparison of various parameters and nuclear organization revealed consistent alterations of the position of specific centromeres (e.g. for chromosomes 3 and 4). In conclusion, FISH is now clearly old technology for PGS but has great potential for the analysis of mosaicism and nuclear organisation.
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Chiu, Pui-man, and 趙佩文. "Molecular genetics of cervical cancer: from chromosome number alterations to aberrant gene expressions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43085544.

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Chiu, Pui-man. "Molecular genetics of cervical cancer from chromosome number alterations to aberrant gene expressions /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43085544.

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Kiley, Ann L. "Chromosome number and phylogenetic relationships in selected species of North American diaptomus (Copepoda, Calanoida)." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/415661.

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The chromosome numbers of the eight following species of freshwater diaptomid copepods were examined to elucidate relationships between species: Aglaodiaptomus clavipes, A. leptoups, Leptodiaptomus ashlandi, A. minutus, A. sicilis, A. siciloides, Skistodiaptomus oregonensis, and S. pallidus. The specimens evaluates were collected from various lakes in Wisconsin including Lake Michigan. Squash mounts were prepared from female individuals for microscopic evaluation. Comparisons of chromosome numbers and chromosome morphology indicated that the species considered are not as closely related as might be suspected based on external morphological considerations. The chromosome numbers varied greatly between species and no consistant numbers within subgenera were observed, substantiating the idea that the species are clearly well separated phylogenetically. A technique for preparing chromosome squash mounts from formalin preserved specimens in presented.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306
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Silva, Mara Lisa Gaspar da. "Clinical Relevance of Oncogenic Point Mutations And Chromosome Copy Number Changes In Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors." Master's thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/19375.

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Barks, James Harold 1966. "Increased chromosome 20 copy number detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in malignant melanoma." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278562.

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DNA amplification is an important mechanism of tumor progression that allows cancer cells to up-regulate expression of critical genes such as oncogenes. Recent studies using comparative genomic hybridization revealed increased DNA copies on chromosome 20q in seven melanoma cell lines and eight archival metastatic melanoma lesions. We performed FISH analysis of metaphase spreads in 13 melanoma cell lines and nine primary melanoma specimens using a variety of probes specific for chromosome 20. All 13 cell lines (100%) and 8/9 primary tumors (89%) showed extra copies of chromosome 20 relative to tumor ploidy. Additionally, 6/14 cell lines (43%) and 2/8 primary tumors (25%) showed translocated chromosome 20 material. Cytological evidence for gene amplification was found in one of the 13 cell lines with an add(20)(p13). These data suggest that over-representation of a gene(s) important for melanoma pathogenesis occurs on the chromosome 20 long arm.
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Silva, Mara Lisa Gaspar da. "Clinical Relevance of Oncogenic Point Mutations And Chromosome Copy Number Changes In Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors." Dissertação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/19375.

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Books on the topic "Chromosome number in okra"

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Chromosome number survey of the ferns and flowering plants of Slovakia. Bratislava: VEDA, 2007.

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Dąbrowska, Janina. Chromosome number and DNA content in taxa of Achillea L. in relation to the distribution of the genus. Wrocław: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1992.

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Project, Human Genome. Chromosome Number 22. Intl Business Pubns USA, 2009.

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Project, Human Genome. Chromosome Number 15. Intl Business Pubns USA, 2009.

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Liehr, Thomas. Benign and Pathological Chromosomal Imbalances: Microscopic and Submicroscopic Copy Number Variations in Genetics and Counseling. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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1924-, Smith George F., and National Down Syndrome Society (U.S.). Symposium, eds. Molecular structure of the number 21 chromosome and Down syndrome. New York, N.Y: New York Academy of Sciences, 1985.

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Benign And Pathological Chromosomal Imbalances Microscopic And Submicroscopic Copy Number Variations Cnvs In Genetics And Counseling. Academic Press, 2013.

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McKinlay Gardner, R. J., and David J. Amor. Centromere Fissions, Complementary Isochromosomes, Telomeric Fusions, Balancing Supernumerary Chromosomes, Neocentromeres, Jumping Translocations, and Chromothripsis. Edited by R. J. McKinlay Gardner and David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0012.

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This chapter reviews a number of very rare chromosomal rearrangements: centromere fissions, complementary isochromosomes, telomeric fusions, balancing supernumerary chromosomes, neocentromeres, jumping translocations, and chromothripsis. Centromere fission results when a metacentric or submetacentric chromosome splits at the centromere, giving rise to two stable telocentric products. The Robertsonian fission reverses the fusion that had originally generated it. Telomeric fusion leads to a 45-chromosome count. With the balanced complementary isochromosome carrier, two stable exactly metacentric products are generated. A balancing small supernumerary marker chromosome contains material deleted from the normal homolog. A supernumerary chromosome lacking a normal centromere can become stable and functional due to the generation of a neocentromere. In jumping translocations, a segment can move from one chromosome to two or more recipient chromosomes. Chromothripsis takes complex rearrangement to a yet more complex level. The reproductive risks associated with each are noted.
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McKinlay Gardner, R. J., and David J. Amor. Chromosomal Disorders of Sex Development. Edited by R. J. McKinlay Gardner and David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0023.

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Chromosomal sex is, for the most part, congruently XX female and XY male. The XX and XY embryo are built on a fundamentally similar outline plan, and only as development proceeds do certain modifications evolve. If at any point in this sequential process some genetic instruction is faulty, inappropriate, or cannot be acted on, the direction of anatomical sexual development may proceed imperfectly or completely incongruently. This chapter reviews the conditions of ambiguous/incomplete/indeterminate development of the internal and external genitalia, where the basis of this is a chromosome abnormality, usually of the X or the Y chromosome. The key role of the SRY male-determining gene in a number of these conditions is noted. The de novo or familial origin of these disorders is discussed, with particular reference to possible risks of recurrence.
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McKinlay Gardner, R. J., and David J. Amor. Normal Chromosomal Variation. Edited by R. J. McKinlay Gardner and David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0017.

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Knowing what is normal and what is not is becoming a particular challenge in this era of molecular karyotyping. This chapter reviews the normal chromosome variation from classical times, now very well understood. This is followed by a discussion of the complexity and uncertainty that the molecular approach has, in this century, challenged researchers with. In particular, the chapter discusses the concept of the copy number variant (CNV) and how the harmlessness, or not, of a CNV may be assessed. Mention is made of CNVs potentially acting as “second hits,” such that, while nonpathogenic in one setting, they may contribute to an abnormal phenotype in the context of another, independent chromosome abnormality or CNV. The “sliding scale” of interpretation from “known pathogenic” through “known benign” Is noted. The chapter refers to useful databases to which the counselor may have access.
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Book chapters on the topic "Chromosome number in okra"

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Appels, Rudi, Rosalind Morris, Bikram S. Gill, and Cedric E. May. "Chromosome Morphology and Number." In Chromosome Biology, 67–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5409-7_6.

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Poehlman, John Milton. "Variations in Chromosome Number." In Breeding Field Crops, 87–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7271-2_5.

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Wyandt, Herman E., and Vijay S. Tonk. "Copy Number Variants." In Human Chromosome Variation: Heteromorphism and Polymorphism, 197–209. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0896-9_32.

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Sybenga, Jacob. "Karyotype Variants B: Chromosome Number Variants." In Cytogenetics in Plant Breeding, 141–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84083-8_6.

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Kowles, Richard. "Variations in Chromosome Number and Structure." In Solving Problems in Genetics, 145–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0205-6_5.

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Lima-de-Faria, A. "Change in number." In One Hundred Years of Chromosome Research and What Remains to be Learned, 159–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0167-9_38.

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Belshaw, Adrian, and Peter Borwein. "Champernowne’s Number, Strong Normality, and the X Chromosome." In Computational and Analytical Mathematics, 29–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7621-4_3.

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Ferguson-Smith, M. A. "From Chromosome Number to Chromosome Map: the contribution of human cytogenetics to genome mapping." In Chromosomes Today, 3–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1510-0_1.

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Wall, Wilson John. "Background to the Hunt for the Human Chromosome Number." In The Search for Human Chromosomes, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26336-6_1.

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Rice, Anna, and Itay Mayrose. "Inferring Chromosome Number Changes Along a Phylogeny Using chromEvol." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 175–87. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2561-3_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chromosome number in okra"

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Wayalun, Pichet, and Kanuengnij Kubola. "Adaptive Image Enhancement for Automatic Complicated G-band Chromosome Number Determination." In 2019 12th Biomedical Engineering International Conference (BMEiCON). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmeicon47515.2019.8990254.

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Abe, Yu, Hideyoshi Noji, Misaki Sugai, Yumiko Kurosu, Takashi Ohba, Aki Yanagi, Yukari Yanai, et al. "Abstract 853: Investigation of the cumulative number of chromosome aberrations induced by three consecutive CT scans." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-853.

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Kotoula, V., M. Bobos, AG Eleftheraki, E. Timotheadou, E. Razis, A. Goussia, S. Levva, KT Kalogeras, D. Pectasides, and G. Fountzilas. "Abstract P1-07-15: Revisiting chromosome 17q copy number aberrations in early high-risk breast cancer." In Abstracts: Thirty-Fifth Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 4‐8, 2012; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p1-07-15.

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Cheah, Peh Yean, Lai Fun Thean, Yik Ying Teo, Woon-Puay Koh, Jian-Min Yuan, Min Hoe Chew, and Choong Leong Tang. "Abstract 4587: Genome-wide copy number analysis identified a copy number polymorphism at chromosome 8p11 associated with sporadic colorectal cancer risk in Singapore Chinese." In Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4587.

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Silva, Bruno Custódio, Hugo Roberto Sampaio Martins, Thais Vanessa Salvador, Guilherme Parmigiani Bobsin, Paulo Ricardo Gazzola Zen, and Rafael Fabiano Machado Rosa. "Neurological findings of a series of patients with chromosome 18 trisomy (Edwards syndrome) in mosaic." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.074.

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Introduction: Chromosome 18 trisomy or Edwards syndrome (ED) is characterized by wide clinical manifestations, usually associated with neurological symptoms and a poor prognosis. Objective, materials and methods: Describe the clinical findings, especially the neurological ones, of a sample of patients with mosaic chromosome 18 trisomy. These were evaluated at a Clinical Genetics Service from 1975 to 2008. Results: During the study, 50 patients with ED were diagnosed, 5 of them (10%) in mosaic. The average number of cells analyzed in these cases was 27,8. Three of the 5 patients (60%) were male. The age at evaluation ranged from 14 to 5926 days (median 93 days). The small number of clinical findings described was noteworthy, both in the dysmorphological evaluation and complementary exams. The main changes were micrognathia (n = 3), low ears implanted (n = 2), retroverted ears (n = 3), clenched fists with overlapping toes (n = 2) and clubfoot (n = 1). As for internal organs, congenital heart disease was reported in 2 cases (40%). All patients had a history of delayed neuropsychomotor development. The older patient also had a description of cognitive impairment and seizures. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of our patients is consistent with what is described in the literature, since they point out due to small number of changes. However, the delay in neuropsychomotor development and neurological symptoms are constant findings. Thus, pediatricians and neurologists should be aware of this possibility.
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Nilanthi, Dahanayake, Xiao-Lu Chen, Fu-Cheng Zhao, Yue-Sheng Yang, and Hong Wu. "Notice of Retraction: Establishment of Embryogenic Cell Suspension Cultures and Doubling the Chromosome Number by Colchicine Treatments in Purple Coneflower." In 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5780227.

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Cheah, Peh Yean, Lai Fun Thean, Yik-Ying Teo, Woon-Puay Koh, Jian-Min Yuan, Poh Koon Koh, Min Hoe Chew, and Choong Leong Tang. "Abstract 2189: A rare copy number variant at chromosome 14q11 was associated with sporadic colorectal cancer risk in Singapore Chinese." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2189.

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Winham, Stacey J., Nicholas B. Larson, Sebastian M. Armasu, Zachary C. Fogarty, Melissa C. Larson, Kimberly R. Kalli, Kate Lawrenson, Simon Gayther, Brooke L. Fridley, and Ellen L. Goode. "Abstract 2420: Integrative analyses of gene expression, DNA methylation, genotype and copy number alterations characterize X-chromosome inactivation in ovarian cancer." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; April 1-5, 2017; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-2420.

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Neitz, Jay, Maureen Neitz, and Gerald H. Jacobs. "More than three cone types in normal color vision?" In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.fm6.

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Normal human color vision is usually thought to be based on only three spectrally different cone types. However, two facts suggest the possibility that some color-normal males could have more than three cone pigment types: (1) Most people with normal color vision have more than two photopigment genes on each X-chromosome and (2) there appear to be genetically specified variations in spectral positions of the normal middle-wavelength-sensitive (MWS) and long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) pigments. For example, a male might have one gene encoding an LWS pigment and two genes encoding slightly different MWS pigments. If all three different X-encoded genes were expressed in different cones, then this person would have four spectrally different cone types. How firm is the assumption that more than two of the X-encoded pigment genes can be expressed? Both analysis of the statistics of photopigment gene number among different color vision phenotypes and analysis of the arrangement of pigment genes on the X-chromosome yield insight into this aspect of photopigment gene expression. These analyses suggest that individuals with multiple pigment genes on the X-chromosome may express more than two of those genes.
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Jain, Sakait, and Hae Chang Gea. "Two-Dimensional Packing Problems Using Genetic Algorithms." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1466.

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Abstract This paper presents a technique for applying genetic algorithms for the two dimensional packing problem. The approach is applicable to not only convex shaped objects, but, can also accommodate any type of concave and complex shaped objects including objects with holes. In this approach, a new concept of a two dimensional genetic chromosome is introduced. The total layout space is divided into a finite number of cells for mapping it into this 2-D genetic algorithm chromosome. The mutation and crossover operators have been modified and are applied in conjunction with connectivity analysis for the objects to reduce the creation of faulty generations. A new feature has been added to the genetic algorithm(GA) in the form of a new operator called compaction. Several examples of GA based layout are presented.
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Reports on the topic "Chromosome number in okra"

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Howlett, Niall G. De Novo Chromosome Copy Number Variation in Fanconi Anemia-Associated Hematopoietic Defects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada563377.

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Howlett, Niall G. De Novo Chromosome Copy Number Variation in Fanconi Anemia-Associated Hematopoietic Defects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada586051.

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Feldman, Moshe, Eitan Millet, Calvin O. Qualset, and Patrick E. McGuire. Mapping and Tagging by DNA Markers of Wild Emmer Alleles that Improve Quantitative Traits in Common Wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573081.bard.

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The general goal was to identify, map, and tag, with DNA markers, segments of chromosomes of a wild species (wild emmer wheat, the progenitor of cultivated wheat) determining the number, chromosomal locations, interactions, and effects of genes that control quantitative traits when transferred to a cultivated plant (bread wheat). Slight modifications were introduced and not all objectives could be completed within the human and financial resources available, as noted with the specific objectives listed below: 1. To identify the genetic contribution of each of the available wild emmer chromosome-arm substitution lines (CASLs) in the bread wheat cultivar Bethlehem for quantitative traits, including grain yield and its components and grain protein concentration and yield, and the effect of major loci affecting the quality of end-use products. [The quality of end-use products was not analyzed.] 2. To determine the extent and nature of genetic interactions (epistatic effects) between and within homoeologous groups 1 and 7 for the chromosome arms carrying "wild" and "cultivated" alleles as expressed in grain and protein yields and other quantitative traits. [Two experiments were successful, grain protein concentration could not be measured; data are partially analyzed.] 3. To derive recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) for the chromosome arms of homoeologous groups 1 and 7 that were found previously to promote grain and protein yields of cultivated wheat. [The selection of groups 1 and 7 tons based on grain yield in pot experiments. After project began, it was decided also to derive RSLs for the available arms of homoeologous group 4 (4AS and 4BL), based on the apparent importance of chromosome group 4, based on early field trials of the CASLs.] 4. To characterize the RSLs for quantitative traits as in objective 1 and map and tag chromosome segments producing significant effects (quantitative trait loci, QTLs by RFLP markers. [Producing a large population of RSLs for each chromosome arm and mapping them proved more difficult than anticipated, low numbers of RSLs were obtained for two of the chromosome arms.] 5. To construct recombination genetic maps of chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 7 and to compare them to existing maps of wheat and other cereals [Genetic maps are not complete for homoeologous groups 4 and 7.] The rationale for this project is that wild species have characteristics that would be valuable if transferred to a crop plant. We demonstrated the sequence of chromosome manipulations and genetic tests needed to confirm this potential value and enhance transfer. This research has shown that a wild tetraploid species harbors genetic variability for quantitative traits that is interactive and not simply additive when introduced into a common genetic background. Chromosomal segments from several chromosome arms improve yield and protein in wheat but their effect is presumably enhanced when combination of genes from several segments are integrated into a single genotype in order to achieve the benefits of genes from the wild species. The interaction between these genes and those in the recipient species must be accounted for. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for some of the disappointing results that have historically obtained when using wild species as donors for crop improvement and provide a strategy for further successes.
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Kistler, Harold Corby, Talma Katan, and Dani Zamir. Molecular Karyotypes of Pathogeic Strains of Fusarium oxysporum. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604927.bard.

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Genetic diversity of pathogenic strains of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum was determied by analysis of electrophoretic karyotype, as well as by DNA variation detected by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). The electrophoretic karyotypes for 130 isolates of the fungus pathogenic to tomato, melon, and banana were analyzed. Electrophoretic karyotype variation, reflected in differences in apparent chromosome number and genome size, was observed even among isolates from the same host and sub specific category. Sub specific categories studied were forma specialis, vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and race. Chromosome number and genome size variation was less for isolates within the same VCG than for the collection of isolates as a whole. RFLP and RAPD analysis were performed on 62 isolates of F. oxysporum from tomato and melon. Polygenetic trees were constructed from genetic diversity data. The results support the hypothesis that isolates belonging to the same VCG originate from a single ancestor compared to other isolates. The results do not support the hypothesis that all isolates belonging to the same forma specialis originate from a common ancestor. These conclusions have profound implication for breeding resistance to diseases caused by particular formae speciales of F. oxysporum.
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Tel-Zur, Neomi, and Jeffrey J. Doyle. Role of Polyploidy in Vine Cacti Speciation and Crop Domestication. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697110.bard.

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1. Abstract: Over the past 25 years, vine cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus have been introduced into Israel and southern California as new exotic fruit crops. The importance of these crops lies in their high water use efficiency and horticultural potential as exotic fruit crops. Our collaboration focused on the cytological, molecular and evolutionary aspects of vine cacti polyploidization to confront the agricultural challenge of genetic improvement, ultimately to improve success of vine cacti as commercial fruit crop plants. More specifically, we worked on the: 1- Identification of the putative ancestor(s) of the tetraploid H. megalanthus; 2- Determination of the number of origins of H. megalanthus (single vs. multiple origins of polyploidy); 3- Cytogenetic analysis of BC1 and F1 hybrids; 4- Determination of important agricultural traits and the selection of superior hybrids for cultivation. The plant material used in this study comprised interspecific Hylocereus F1 and first backcross (BC1) hybrids, nine Hylocereus species (58 genotypes), nine Selenicereus species (14 genotypes), and four Epiphyllum genotypes. Two BC1 hexaploids (BC-023 and BC-031) were obtained, a high ploidy level that can be explained only by a fertilization event between one unreduced female gamete from the triploid hybrid and a balanced gamete from the pollen donor, the diploid H. monacanthus. These findings are scientific evidence that support the possibility that “hybridization followed by chromosome doubling” could also occur in nature. Cytomixis, the migration of chromatin between adjacent cells through connecting cytoplasmatic channels, was observed in vine cacti hybrids and may thus imply selective DNA elimination in response to the allopolyploidization process. Evidence from plastid and nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequences support the placement of H. megalanthus within a monophyletic Hylocereus group. Furthermore, both plastid and ITS datasets are most consistent with a conclusion that this tetraploid species is an autopolyploid, despite observations that the species appears to be morphologically intermediate between Hylocereus and Selenicereus. Although the possibility of very narrow allopolyploidly (i.e., derivation from parents that are barely diverged from each other such as closely related species in the same genus) cannot be ruled out entirely based on our data (in part due to the unavailability of Hylocereus species considered to be morphologically the closest relatives of H. megalanthus), the possibility of H. megalanthus representing an intergeneric cross (i.e., Hylocereus × Selenicereus) seems extremely unlikely. Interestingly, the process of homogenization of ITS sequences (concerted evolution) is either incomplete or lacking in both Hylocereus and Selenicereus, and the inclusion of several artificial hybrids in the molecular study revealed the potential for biparental plastid inheritance in Hylocereus. The most important agricultural implication of this research project was the information collected for F1 and BC1 hybrids. Specifically, this project concluded with the selection of four superior hybrids in terms of fruit quality and potential yields under extreme high temperatures. These selected hybrids are self-compatible, avoiding the need for hand cross pollination to set fruits, thus reducing manpower costs. We recently offered these hybrids to growers in Israel for prioritized rapid evaluation and characterization.
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Lindow, Steven, Isaac Barash, and Shulamit Manulis. Relationship of Genes Conferring Epiphytic Fitness and Internal Multiplication in Plants in Erwinia herbicola. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573065.bard.

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Most bacterial plant pathogens colonize the surface of healthy plants as epiphytes before colonizing internally and initiating disease. The epiphytic phase of these pathogens is thus an important aspect of their epidemiology and a stage at which chemical and biological control is aimed. However, little is known of the genes and phenotypes that contribute to the ability of bacteria to grow on leaves and survive the variable physical environment in this habitat. In addition, while genes such as hrp awr and others which confer pathogenicity and in planta growth ability have been described, their contribution to other aspects of bacterial epidemiology such as epiphytic fitness have not been addressed. We hypothesized that bacterial genes conferring virulence or pathogenicity to plants also contribute to the epiphytic fitness of these bacteria and that many of these genes are preferentially located on plasmids. We addressed these hypotheses by independently identifying genes that contribute to epiphytic fitness, in planta growth, virulence and pathogenicity in the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia herbicola pv gypsophilae which causes gall formation on gypsophila. This species is highly epiphytically fit and has acquired a plasmid (pPATH) that contains numerous pathogenicity and virulence determinants, which we have found to also contribute to epiphytic fitness. We performed saturation transposon mutagenesis on pPATH as well as of the chromosome of E.h. gypsophilae, and identified mutants with reduced ability to grow in plants and/or cause disease symptoms, and through a novel competition assay, identified mutants less able to grow or survive on leaves. The number and identity of plasmid-borne hrp genes required for virulence was determined from an analysis of pPATH mutants, and the functional role of these genes in virulence was demonstrated. Likewise, other pPATH-encoded genes involved in IAA and cytokinin biosynthesis were characterized and their pattern of transcriptional activity was determined in planta. In both cases these genes involved in virulence were found to be induced in plant apoplasts. About half of avirulent mutants in pPATH were also epiphytically unfit whereas only about 10% of chromosomal mutants that were avirulent also had reduced epiphytic fitness. About 18% of random mutants in pPATH were avirulent in contrast to only 2.5% of random chromosomal mutants. Importantly, as many as 28% of pPATH mutants had lower epiphytic fitness while only about 10% of random chromosomal mutants had lower epiphytic fitness. These results support both of our original hypotheses, and indicate that genes important in a variety of interactions with plant have been enriched on mobile plasmids such as pPATH. The results also suggest that the ability of bacteria to colonize the surface of plants and to initiate infections in the interior of plants involves many of the same traits. These traits also appear to be under strong regulatory control, being expressed in response to the plant environment in many cases. It may be possible to alter the pattern of expression of such genes by altering the chemical environment of plants either by genetic means or by additional or chemical antagonists of the plant signals. The many novel bacterial genes identified in this study that are involved in plant interactions should be useful in further understanding of bacterial plant interactions.
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