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Journal articles on the topic 'Chromosome variation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Traldi, Josiane, Marcelo Vicari, Daniel Blanco, Juliana Martinez, Roberto Artoni, and Filho Orlando Moreira. "First karyotype description of Hypostomus iheringii (Regan, 1908): a case of heterochromatic polymorphism." Comparative Cytogenetics 6, no. (2) (2012): 115–25. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v6i2.2595.

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In this study, which is the first karyotype analysis of <i>Hypostomus iheringii,</i> nine specimens collected in Córrego da Lapa (tributary of the Passa-Cinco River) showed a diploid number of 80 chromosomes. Silver nitrate staining and fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (FISH) with an 18S rDNA probe revealed the presence of multiple nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) (chromosome pairs 13, 20, and 34). FISH with a 5S rDNA probe showed that this cistron was only present in chromosome pair 2. When the karyotypes of individual animals were compared, unique heterochromatic polymorphisms wer

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2

Ocalewicz, K., and S. Dobosz. "Karyotype variation in the albino rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum))." Genome 52, no. 4 (2009): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g09-009.

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A Robertsonian polymorphism resulting in diploid chromosome number ranging from 59 to 61 and constant chromosome arm number (fundamental number = 104) was observed in the albino rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)) from the yellow color strain. In one individual, 90 mitotic chromosomes and 156 chromosome arms were counted, indicating the fish as a triploid. Morphology of the chromosomes, DAPI staining, and the cytogenetic location of 5S rDNA sequences showed sex-related chromosomal heteromorphism in the specimens. Additionally, length polymorphism of the X chromosome was detected in

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3

Bardella, Vanessa Bellini, Hélcio Reinaldo Gil-Santana, Francisco Panzera, and André Luís Laforga Vanzela. "Karyotype diversity among predatory Reduviidae (Heteroptera)." Comparative Cytogenetics 8, no. (4) (2014): 351–67. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v8i4.8430.

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Species of infraorder Cimicomorpha of Heteroptera exhibit holokinetic chromosomes with inverted meiosis for sex chromosomes and high variation in chromosome number. The family Reduviidae, which belongs to this infraorder, is also recognized by high variability of heterochromatic bands and chromosome location of 18S rDNA loci. We studied here five species of Reduviidae (Harpactorinae) with predator habit, which are especially interesting because individuals are found solitary and dispersed in nature. These species showed striking variation in chromosome number (including sex chromosome systems)

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Dewitte, Angelo, Leen Leus, Tom Eeckhaut, Ives Vanstechelman, Johan Van Huylenbroeck, and Erik Van Bockstaele. "Genome size variation in Begonia." Genome 52, no. 10 (2009): 829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g09-056.

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The genome sizes of a Begonia collection comprising 37 species and 23 hybrids of African, Asiatic, Middle American, and South American origin were screened using flow cytometry. Within the collection, 1C values varied between 0.23 and 1.46 pg DNA. Genome sizes were, in most cases, not positively correlated with chromosome number, but with pollen size. A 12-fold difference in mean chromosome size was found between the genotypes with the largest and smallest chromosomes. In general, chromosomes from South American genotypes were smaller than chromosomes of African, Asian, or Middle American geno

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Luo, Xiao-Yu, Tang-Jie Nie, Heng Liu, et al. "Karyotype and genome size variation in Delphinium subg. Anthriscifolium (Ranunculaceae)." PhytoKeys 234 (October 18, 2023): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.108841.

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Five taxa of Delphinium subg. Anthriscifolium have been karyologically studied through chromosome counting, chromosomal measurement, and karyotype symmetry. Each taxon that we investigated has a basic chromosome number of x = 8, D. anthriscifolium var. savatieri, D. anthriscifolium var. majus, D. ecalcaratum, and D. callichromum were diploid with 2n = 16, while D. anthriscifolium var. anthriscifolium was tetraploid with 2n = 32. Monoploid chromosome sets of the investigated diploid taxa contained 1 metacentric chromosome, 3 submetacentric chromosomes, and 4 subtelocentric chromosomes. Higher i

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Miyashita, Naohiko, Cathy C. Laurie-Ahlberg, Alan N. Wilton, and Ted H. Emigh. "QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF X CHROMOSOME EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE AND 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASES OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER." Genetics 113, no. 2 (1986): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/113.2.321.

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ABSTRACT By combining 20 X chromosomes with five autosomal backgrounds, the relative importance of these factors with respect to the activity variations of G6PD and 6PGD in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. Analysis of variance revealed that there exist significant X chromosome, autosomal background and genetic interaction effects. The effect of the X chromosome was due mainly to the two allozymic forms of each enzyme, but some within-allozyme effects were also detected. From the estimated variance components, it was concluded that the variation attributed to the autosomal background

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7

Malleret, Matías, Carolina Labaroni, Gabriela Verónica García, Juan Ferro, Dardo Andrea Marti, and Cecilia Lanzone. "Chromosomal variation in Argentine populations of Akodon montensis Thomas, 1913 (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 10, no. (1) (2016): 129–40. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v10i1.6420.

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The genus Akodon Meyen, 1833 is one of the most species-rich among sigmodontine rodents and has great chromosome variability. Akodon montensis has a relatively broad distribution in South America, and Argentine populations are located in the southernmost region of its range. Brazilian populations have important chromosomal variability, but cytogenetic data from Argentina are scarce. We performed a chromosome characterization of natural populations of A. montensis using conventional staining, C-banding, Ag-NORs and base-specific fluorochromes. A total of 31 specimens from five localities of Mis

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8

Rovatsos, Michail, Juan Alberto Marchal, Eva Giagia-Athanasopoulou, and Antonio Sánchez. "Molecular Composition of Heterochromatin and Its Contribution to Chromosome Variation in the Microtus thomasi/Microtus atticus Species Complex." Genes 12, no. 6 (2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060807.

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The voles of the Microtus thomasi/M. atticus species complex demonstrate a remarkable variability in diploid chromosomal number (2n = 38–44 chromosomes) and sex chromosome morphology. In the current study, we examined by in situ hybridization the topology of four satellite DNA motifs (Msat-160, Mth-Alu900, Mth-Alu2.2, TTAGGG telomeric sequences) and two transposons (LINE, SINE) on the karyotypes of nine chromosome races (i.e., populations with unique cytogenetic traits) of Microtus thomasi, and two chromosomal races of M. atticus. According to the topology of the repetitive DNA motifs, we were

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Neeru, Neeru, Anita Bhatnagar, and Abhay Singh Yadav. "A study of constitutive heterochromatin and NOR banding in three species of Indian major carps from the State of Haryana, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 2 (2018): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1731.

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Cytogenetic survey of fishes becomes increasingly important to establish chromosomal relation between the teleosts, to have a glimpse of the relation between chromosomal evolution and differentiation of vertebrate species. In the present study, Chromosome banding studies was done in three species of carps i.e. Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822), Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822). Diploid chromosome number 50 was observed in all 3 species of carps. The chromosomes of C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala showed constitutive heterochromatin at telomeric and centromeric

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10

Rovatsos, Michail T., Juan A. Marchal, Ismael Romero-Fernández, Maria Arroyo, Eva B. Athanasopoulou, and Antonio Sánchez. "Extensive Sex Chromosome Polymorphism of Microtus thomasi/Microtus atticus Species Complex Associated with Cryptic Chromosomal Rearrangements and Independent Accumulation of Heterochromatin." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 151, no. 4 (2017): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477114.

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The sibling species Microtus thomasi and M. atticus represent probably the highest karyotypic diversity within the genus Microtus and are an interesting model for chromosomal evolution studies. In addition to variation in autosomes, they show a high intraspecific variation in the size and morphology of both sex chromosomes. We analyzed individuals with different sex chromosome constitutions using 3 painting probes, 2 from Y chromosome variants and 1 from the small arm of the submetacentric X chromosome. Our comparative painting approach uncovered 12 variants of Y and 14 variants of X chromosom

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de Vos, Jurriaan M., Hannah Augustijnen, Livio Bätscher, and Kay Lucek. "Speciation through chromosomal fusion and fission in Lepidoptera." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1806 (2020): 20190539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0539.

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Changes in chromosome numbers may strongly affect reproductive barriers, because individuals heterozygous for distinct karyotypes are typically expected to be at least partially sterile or to show reduced recombination. Therefore, several classic speciation models are based on chromosomal changes. One import mechanism generating variation in chromosome numbers is fusion and fission of existing chromosomes, which is particularly likely in species with holocentric chromosomes, i.e. chromosomes that lack a single centromere. Holocentric chromosomes evolved repeatedly across the tree of life, incl

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Jatt, Tahira, Ghulam Sarwar Markhand, Mushtaque Ahmed Jatoi, et al. "Karyotype Evolution and Genetic Variation in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Varieties Cultivated in Pakistan." Planta Animalia 4, no. 2 (2025): 145–54. https://doi.org/10.71454/pa.004.02.0112.

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Due to limited cytogenetic data, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), a monocotyledonous and dioecious species, previously had uncertain ploidy levels. This study aimed to determine the chromosome number and develop karyotypic profiles for elite commercial date palm cultivars cultivated across four provinces of Pakistan, with additional comparisons to exotic varieties. All analyzed cultivars were confirmed to be diploid, possessing a chromosome number of 2n = 36. Detailed karyotypic analyses were performed, including measurements of total chromosome length (TCL), lengths of short and long a

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13

Fedak, George, and John Grainger. "Chromosome instability in somaclones of a Triticum crassum × Hordeum vulgare hybrid." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 4 (1986): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-090.

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Immature inflorescence culture and subsequent plant regeneration was practiced for four successive cycles using a Triticum crassum × Hordeum vulgare hybrid cultured on Kao's medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (5 mg/mL). In one line, chromosomal mixoploidy was observed among both mitotic and meiotic cells. Variation in chromosome number of 20 to 98 was observed in mitotic and 14 to 68 among meiocytes in the first cycle regenerants. The range in chromosome number decreased in subsequent regeneration cycles. Fragmented chromosomes were observed at low frequencies in both grou

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Shaw, David D., David J. Coates, and Michael L. Arnold. "Complex patterns of chromosomal variation along a latitudinal cline in the grasshopper Caledia captiva." Genome 30, no. 2 (1988): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-019.

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An analysis of chromosomal variation along a 1500-km latitudinal cline in the Moreton subspecies of Caledia captiva has revealed the existence of complex and systemic changes to genome structure. These changes involved variation in the position of the centromere on every chromosome, from medial locations in northern populations to more distal or terminal locations in the southern populations. At the ends of this genomic cline, two contrasting chromosomal patterns were evident. In the north, the genome was fixed for metacentric chromosomes whereas at the southern limit, the genome was homozygou

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15

Sadílek, David, František Šťáhlavský, Jitka Vilímová, and Jan Zima. "Extensive fragmentation of the X chromosome in the bed bug Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758 (Heteroptera, Cimicidae): a survey across Europe." Comparative Cytogenetics 7, no. (4) (2013): 253–69. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v7i4.6012.

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Variation in the number of chromosomes was revealed in 61 samples of <i>Cimex lectularius</i> Linnaeus, 1758 from the Czech Republic and other European countries, hosted on <i>Myotis</i> Kaup, 1829 (4) and <i>Homo</i> <i>sapiens </i>Linnaeus, 1758 (57). The karyotype of all the specimens of <i>C. lectularius</i> analysed contained 26 autosomes and a varying number of the sex chromosomes. The number of sex chromosomes showed extensive variation, and up to 20 fragments were recorded. Altogether, 12 distinct karyotypes were distinguished. The male karyotypes consisted of 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 3

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Luo, Xiao-Yu, Tang-Jie Nie, Heng Liu, et al. "Karyotype and genome size variation in Delphinium subg. Anthriscifolium (Ranunculaceae)." PhytoKeys 234 (October 18, 2023): 145–65. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.234.108841.

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Five taxa of Delphinium subg. Anthriscifolium have been karyologically studied through chromosome counting, chromosomal measurement, and karyotype symmetry. Each taxon that we investigated has a basic chromosome number of x = 8, D. anthriscifolium var. savatieri, D. anthriscifolium var. majus, <i>D. ecalcaratum</i>, and <i>D. callichromum</i> were diploid with 2n = 16, while D. anthriscifolium var. anthriscifolium was tetraploid with 2n = 32. Monoploid chromosome sets of the investigated diploid taxa contained 1 metacentric chromosome, 3 submetacentric chromosomes, and 4 subtelocentric chromos

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17

Larkin, P. J., P. M. Banks, R. Bhati, et al. "From somatic variation to variant plants: mechanisms and applications." Genome 31, no. 2 (1989): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-128.

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Plants from cell cultures show a high incidence of mutation. The causes of somaclonal variation are unknown, but the genetic consequences have been analysed. A range of genetic events are responsible, including single base changes; altered gene copy number; altered expression of multigene families; chromosome fragment interchanges; and mobilisation of transposable elements. Recent applications of these phenomena are discussed in this paper, for example, in vitro selection, somaclonal variation for agronomic traits, and limited gene transfer from cultured sexual and somatic hybrids. Research is

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18

Brooks, Lisa D., and R. William Marks. "THE ORGANIZATION OF GENETIC VARIATION FOR RECOMBINATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER." Genetics 114, no. 2 (1986): 525–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/114.2.525.

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ABSTRACT The amount and form of natural genetic variation for recombination were studied in six lines for which second chromosomes were extracted from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. Multiply marked second, Χ and third chromosomes were used to score recombination. Recombination in the second chromosomes varied in both amount and distribution. These second chromosomes caused variation in the amount and distribution of crossing over in the Χ chromosome and also caused variation in the amount, but not the distribution, of crossing over in the third chromosome. The total amount of

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McAllister, Bryant F., and Brian Charlesworth. "Reduced Sequence Variability on the NeoY Chromosome of Drosophila americana americana." Genetics 153, no. 1 (1999): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.1.221.

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Abstract Sex chromosomes are generally morphologically and functionally distinct, but the evolutionary forces that cause this differentiation are poorly understood. Drosophila americana americana was used in this study to examine one aspect of sex chromosome evolution, the degeneration of nonrecombining Y chromosomes. The primary X chromosome of D. a. americana is fused with a chromosomal element that was ancestrally an autosome, causing this homologous chromosomal pair to segregate with the sex chromosomes. Sequence variation at the Alcohol Dehydrogenase (Adh) gene was used to determine the p

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Bhattacharjee, Sourav, Afsana Sheikh, Manabendra Nath, Werina Ingtipi, and Jinu Devi Rajkumari. "Karyotype variability of the genus Colocasia (Araceae) of Assam, North East India." Caryologia 77, no. 4 (2025): 25–31. https://doi.org/10.36253/caryologia-3014.

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Cytological study in four species of Colocasia (Araceae) of Assam showed a variation of chromosome numbers. Basic chromosome number of the species was reported as n= 14. Dominance of metacentric chromosomes in all the four species and symmetric karyotypes indicate the primitive evolutionary status of the species. Analysis of chromosome asymmetry indices indicate the karyotype homogeneity. Deviation of basic chromosome numbers in Colocasia manii Hook. f. and Colocasia fallax Schott. reflects the possible existence of aneuploidy. Presence of secondary constriction indicates the chromosomal plast

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Gokhman, Vladimir E., Kristen L. Kuhn, James B. Woolley, and Keith R. Hopper. "Variation in genome size and karyotype among closely related aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 11, no. 1 (2017): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i1.10872.

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Genome sizes were measured and determined for the karyotypes of nine species of aphid parasitoids in the genusAphelinusDalman,1820. Large differences in genome size and karyotype were found betweenAphelinusspecies, which is surprising given the similarity in their morphology and life history. Genome sizes estimated from flow cytometry were larger for species in theAphelinusmali(Haldeman, 1851) complex than those for the species in theAphelinusdaucicolaKurdjumov, 1913 andAphelinusvaripes(Förster,1841) complexes. Haploid karyotypes of theAphelinusdaucicolaandAphelinusmalicomplexes comprised five

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Luykx, Peter. "Variation in sex-linked interchange heterozygosity in the termite Incisitermes schwarzi Banks (Insecta: Isoptera) on the island of Jamaica." Genome 29, no. 2 (1987): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-052.

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Collections of colonies of the termite Incisitermes schwarzi from mangroves around the coast of Jamaica revealed six chromosomal types, all involving variations or rearrangements of the sex chromosomes. One of the types had a heteromorphic sex bivalent in which the Y chromosome was larger than the X. The other five races had complex interchange multiples: a chain of 11, a chain of 12, a ring of 12, a ring of 14, and a ring of 18 chromosomes. The situation is similar to that described previously for Kalotermes approximatus, another member of the family Kalotermitidae, in the southeastern United

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Zhao, Xiaoxi, and Lin Fu. "Efficacy of copy-number variation sequencing technology in prenatal diagnosis." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 47, no. 6 (2019): 651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2019-0005.

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Abstract Background Classical karyotyping and copy-number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) are useful methods for the prenatal detection of chromosomal abnormalities. Here, we examined the potential of using a combination of the two methods for improved and accurate diagnosis. Methods From February 2013 to January 2018, 64 pregnant women showing indications for fetal chromosomal examination in the affiliated hospital of the Inner Mongolia Medical University were selected for this study. Amniotic fluid was collected and used for karyotype analysis and CNV-seq. Results Karyotype analysis of the 64

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Bazaz, Asim Iqbal, Irfan Ahmad, Tasaduq H. Shah, and Nafath-ul-Arab Arab. "Karyomorphometric analysis of fresh water fish species of India, with special reference to cold water fishes of Kashmir Himalayas. A Mini Review." Caryologia 75, no. 1 (2022): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/caryologia-1362.

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Cytogenetics is the diagnostic study of chromosomal structure and properties, as well as cell division, using a variety of methods, one of which is “karyotyping.” It refers to a method of photographing a stained preparation in which the chromosomes are organised in a uniform pattern. The advent of modern techniques such as “karyotyping” has made it feasible to visualize undetected chromosomal abnormalities such as short chromosome segments and chromosome translocations. Because such techniques enabled each pair of chromosomes to be identified separately, they have further aided our understandi

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Dvořák, J., H. B. Zhang, R. S. Kota, and M. Lassner. "Organization and evolution of the 5S ribosomal RNA gene family in wheat and related species." Genome 32, no. 6 (1989): 1003–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-545.

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Variation in restriction fragments in nullisomic–tetrasomic and ditelosomic lines of Triticum aestivum 'Chinese Spring' and disomic and ditelosomic substitutions of chromosomes of diploid species Lophopyrum elongatum, T. monococcum ssp. aegilopoides, T. tauschii, and T. umbellulatum for 'Chinese Spring' chromosomes were used to identify chromosomal loci of 5S rRNA genes (5S DNA) in wheat and related species. These loci are on wheat chromosome arms 1BS, 1DS, 5AS, 5BS, and tentatively 5DS, T. m. aegilopoides chromosomes 1A and 5A, T. tauschii chromosomes 1D and 5D, and T. umbellulatum chromosome

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Rafael, Míriam Silva, and Wanderli Pedro Tadei. "Heterochromatin variation in chromosomes of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root and A.(N.) nuneztovari Gabaldón (Diptera: Culicidae)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 1 (2000): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000100012.

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C-banding was used to study the variations in heterochromatic block markings in chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi and A. nuneztovari from Manaus, State of Amazonas, and Macapá, State of Amapá, Brazil. Both species had two differently shaped X chromosomes and a Y chromosome that was entirely heterochromatic. The X1 chromosome of A. darlingi had markings that extended 1/3 of the total length whereas in the X2 chromosome the markings were located around the centromeric region. The markings on autosomal chromosomes were concentrated in the centromeric region in both species, with a heterochromatic

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Pizzo, Lucilla, and M. Katharine Rudd. "Structural Variation Interpretation in the Genome Sequencing Era: Lessons from Cytogenetics." Clinical Chemistry 71, no. 1 (2025): 119–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvae186.

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Abstract Background Structural variation (SV), defined as balanced and unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements &gt;1 kb, is a major contributor to germline and neoplastic disease. Large variants have historically been evaluated by chromosome analysis and now are commonly recognized by chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). The increasing application of genome sequencing (GS) in the clinic and the relatively high incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in sick newborns and children highlights the need for accurate SV interpretation and reporting. In this review, we describe SV patterns of comm

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Malik, Anjali, and A. Srivastava. "Karyotypic analysis of different populations of Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus (Asteraceae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 3, no. (1) (2009): 51–55. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v3i1.8.

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Somatic chromosomes of <em>Carthamus tinctorius</em> L. were analysed. A karyotype formula for each studied population was formulated. Although all samples have 2n = 24, they could be differentiated by their karyotype formula and quantitative parameters of the karyotypes. The chromosomes were assorted into different categories on the basis of arms ratio following Levan et al<em>.</em> (1964). These were further subdivided into different types, on the basis of total length of the chromosomes. Based on an evolutionary point of view, variation in total chromosome length without major changes in t

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Okoli, Bosa E. "Cytotaxonomic study of five West African species of Solanum L. (Solanaceae)." Feddes Repertorium 99, no. 5-6 (1988): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1522-239x.1988.tb00316.x.

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SummaryThe mitotic chromosomes of five West African species of Solanum are described for the first time. S. melongena, S. indicum, S. torvum and S. aethiopicum are all diploids with 2n = 24. S. nigrum is tetraploid with 4 × = 48 and hexaploid with 6 × = 71 Karyotypic studies show that marked interspecific differences exist in chromosome sizes while within the genome of each species continuous variation in size exists. The occurrence of imperfect homology of some chromosome pairs support the view that hybridisation and structural chromosomal changes have played some part in the evolution of S.

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Gokhman, Vladimir E., Kristen L. Kuhn, James B. Woolley, and Keith R. Hopper. "Variation in genome size and karyotype among closely related aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 11, no. (1) (2017): 97–117. https://doi.org/10.3897/CcompCytogen.v11i1.10872.

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Genome sizes were measured and determined for the karyotypes of nine species of aphid parasitoids in the genus Aphelinus Dalman,1820. Large differences in genome size and karyotype were found between Aphelinus species, which is surprising given the similarity in their morphology and life history. Genome sizes estimated from flow cytometry were larger for species in the A. mali (Haldeman, 1851) complex than those for the species in the A. daucicola Kurdjumov, 1913 and A. varipes (Förster,1841) complexes. Haploid karyotypes of the A. daucicola and A. mali complexes comprised five metacentric chr

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Gokhman, Vladimir E., Kristen L. Kuhn, James B. Woolley, and Keith R. Hopper. "Variation in genome size and karyotype among closely related aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 11, no. (1) (2017): 97–117. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v11i1.10872.

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Genome sizes were measured and determined for the karyotypes of nine species of aphid parasitoids in the genus Aphelinus Dalman,1820. Large differences in genome size and karyotype were found between Aphelinus species, which is surprising given the similarity in their morphology and life history. Genome sizes estimated from flow cytometry were larger for species in the A. mali (Haldeman, 1851) complex than those for the species in the A. daucicola Kurdjumov, 1913 and A. varipes (Förster,1841) complexes. Haploid karyotypes of the A. daucicola and A. mali complexes comprised five metacentric chr

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Röpke, Albrecht, and Frank Tüttelmann. "MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Aberrations of the X chromosome as cause of male infertility." European Journal of Endocrinology 177, no. 5 (2017): R249—R259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-17-0246.

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Male infertility is most commonly caused by spermatogenetic failure, clinically noted as oligo- or a-zoospermia. Today, in approximately 20% of azoospermic patients, a causal genetic defect can be identified. The most frequent genetic causes of azoospermia (or severe oligozoospermia) are Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), structural chromosomal abnormalities and Y-chromosomal microdeletions. Consistent with Ohno’s law, the human X chromosome is the most stable of all the chromosomes, but contrary to Ohno’s law, the X chromosome is loaded with regions of acquired, rapidly evolving genes, which are

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Valadares-Inglis, Maria Cléria, and John F. Peberdy. "Variation in the electrophoretic karyotype of Brazilian strains of Metarhizium anisopliae." Genetics and Molecular Biology 21, no. 1 (1998): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571998000100003.

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Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to separate chromosome-sized DNA molecules of four strains of Metarhizium anisopliae from Brazil. Metarhizium anisopliae isolates from Japan have been reported as possessing seven chromosomes. Variation was observed among the Brazilian strains and the chromosomal DNA was resolved into eight bands for strain CG46. Densitometric analysis of PFGE gels suggested that the other three Brazilian strains also possess eight chromosomes, with two chromosomes migrating as doublets under the electrophoretic conditions used. The genome size was estimated as

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Eenennaam, A. L., J. D. Murray, and J. F. Medrano. "Mitotic analysis of the North American white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus Richardson (Pisces, Acipenseridae), a fish with a very high chromosome number." Genome 41, no. 2 (1998): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-018.

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The average chromosome number of the North American white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, was found to be 271 ± 2.5 (ranging from 265 to 276). This number is significantly higher than previous estimates for this species. A representative karyotype was found to consist of 132 meta- and submeta-centric chromosomes, 44 acrocentric chromosomes, and 98 microchromosomes. An improved C-banding technique revealed variation (2-7) between animals in the number of entirely heterochromatic metacentric chromosomes. These heterochromatic chromosomes may represent supernumerary chromosomes. The

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Bernardino, Andrezza C. S., Diogo C. Cabral-de-Mello, Carolina B. Machado, Octavio M. Palacios-Gimenez, Neide Santos, and Vilma Loreto. "B Chromosome Variants of the Grasshopper Xyleus discoideus angulatus Are Potentially Derived from Pericentromeric DNA." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 152, no. 4 (2017): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480036.

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B chromosomes, extra elements present in the karyotypes of some eukaryote species, have been described in the grasshopper Xyleus discoideus angulatus. Although some studies have proposed an autosomal origin of the B chromosome in X. d. angulatus, little is known about its repetitive DNA composition and evolutionary dynamics. The aim of the present work was to shed light on the B chromosome evolution in X. d. angulatus by cytogenetic analysis of 27 populations from Pernambuco and Ceará states (Brazil). The frequency of B chromosomes in the different populations was determined, and chromosome me

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Vozárová, Radka, Eliška Macková, David Vlk, and Jana Řepková. "Variation in Ribosomal DNA in the Genus Trifolium (Fabaceae)." Plants 10, no. 9 (2021): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091771.

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The genus Trifolium L. is characterized by basic chromosome numbers 8, 7, 6, and 5. We conducted a genus-wide study of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) structure variability in diploids and polyploids to gain insight into evolutionary history. We used fluorescent in situ hybridization to newly investigate rDNA variation by number and position in 30 Trifolium species. Evolutionary history among species was examined using 85 available sequences of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of 35S rDNA. In diploid species with ancestral basic chromosome number (x = 8), one pair of 5S and 26S rDNA in separate or ad

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Forneris, Natalia, Gabriel Otero, Ana Pereyra, et al. "High chromosomal variation in wild horn fly Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Muscidae) populations." Comparative Cytogenetics 9, no. (1) (2015): 31–50. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v9i1.8535.

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The horn fly, Haematobia irritans is an obligate haematophagous cosmopolitan insect pest. The first reports of attacks on livestock by H. irritans in Argentina and Uruguay occurred in 1991, and since 1993 it is considered an economically important pest. Knowledge on the genetic characteristics of the horn fly increases our understanding of the phenotypes resistant to insecticides that repeatedly develop in these insects. The karyotype of H. irritans, as previously described using flies from an inbred colony, shows a chromosome complement of 2n=10 without heterochromosomes (sex chromosomes). In

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Ohied, Bassim Muften, and Adnan Issa Al-Badran. "Y-chromosome variation in Basrah population." Journal of Medicine and Life 15, no. 2 (2022): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25122/jml-2021-0281.

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Y-chromosome DNA profiles are promising tools in population genetics and forensic science. Analysis of Y-chromosome variety was performed on a total of 191 unrelated males throughout different regions in Basrah. The Y-chromosome variety was explored utilizing 17 markers system. For the uniparental system, the large majority of the haplogroups observed in the Basrah population are (R1b, E1b1b, G2a, and J1) considered to have begun in the Middle East and to have later spread all over Western Eurasia. 30% of the Y-chromosomes, in all likelihood, represent landings from inaccessible distant geogra

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Susek, Karolina, Wojciech Bielski, Katarzyna B. Czyż, et al. "Impact of Chromosomal Rearrangements on the Interpretation of Lupin Karyotype Evolution." Genes 10, no. 4 (2019): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10040259.

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Plant genome evolution can be very complex and challenging to describe, even within a genus. Mechanisms that underlie genome variation are complex and can include whole-genome duplications, gene duplication and/or loss, and, importantly, multiple chromosomal rearrangements. Lupins (Lupinus) diverged from other legumes approximately 60 mya. In contrast to New World lupins, Old World lupins show high variability not only for chromosome numbers (2n = 32–52), but also for the basic chromosome number (x = 5–9, 13) and genome size. The evolutionary basis that underlies the karyotype evolution in lup

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Sola, L., M. Marzovillo, A. R. Rossi, E. Gornung, S. Bressanello, and B. J. Turner. "Cytogenetic analysis of a self-fertilizing fish, Rivulus marmoratus: remarkable chromosomal constancy over a vast geographic range." Genome 40, no. 6 (1997): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-121.

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The aplocheiloid killifish Rivulus marmoratus is the only known self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrate. Most natural populations consist almost entirely of hermaphrodites and comprise arrays of homozygous clones. However, in almost all populations thus far studied, clonal variation, as detected with molecular techniques, is very high. A karyological survey was carried out on specimens from Brazil, the Bahamas, Belize, and Florida (4 locales) by C-banding, silver staining, and fluorescent staining. The chromosome complement of R. marmoratus is surprisingly uniform over its vast geographic r

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MATSUO, YOSHINORI, and TSUNEYUKI YAMAZAKI. "Genetic factors on the second and third chromosomes responsible for the variation of amylase activity and inducibility in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetical Research 70, no. 2 (1997): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672397002887.

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Using second- or third-chromosome substitution lines of Drosophila melanogaster, the genetic variation of inducibility and amylase specific activities in three media (starch, normal and glucose) were investigated. Genetic factors on both the second and third chromosomes were responsible for the variation in amylase specific activity and inducibility. In glucose medium, the genetic variance of amylase specific activity estimated for the second-chromosome substitution lines was larger than that for the third-chromosome substitution lines; however, for starch medium and inducibility, the variance

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DUJARDIN, J. C., A. L. BAÑULS, J. P. DUJARDIN, J. AREVALO, M. TIBAYRENC, and D. LE RAY. "Comparison of chromosome and isoenzyme polymorphism in geographical populations of Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana." Parasitology 117, no. 6 (1998): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098003357.

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Five chromosomes and 17 isoenzyme loci were analysed in 4 allopatric populations of Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana, and molecular distances calculated with 2 estimators, Chromosomal Size Difference Index and Jaccard Distance. Chromosome and isoenzyme data were in overall concordance: 13/30 isolates clustered similarly on the dendrograms constructed from the different estimators, and a significant correlation (P<0·001) was observed between the molecular distances calculated from the two sets of characters. This indicates an evolutionary association between chromosomal size polymorphism and i

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Eanes, Walter F., Jody Hey, and David Houle. "HOMOZYGOUS AND HEMIZYGOUS VIABILITY VARIATION ON THE X CHROMOSOME OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER." Genetics 111, no. 4 (1985): 831–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/111.4.831.

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ABSTRACT We report here a study of viability inbreeding depression associated with the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Fifty wild chromosomes from Mt. Sinai, New York, and 90 wild chromosomes from Death Valley, California, were extracted using the marked FM6 balancer chromosome and viabilities measured for homozygous and heterozygous females, and for hemizygous males, relative to FM6 males as a standard genotype. No statistically significant female genetic load was observed for either chromosome set, although a 95% confidence limit estimated the total load &lt;0.046 for the sample

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Engstrom, Mark D., Allan J. Baker, Judith L. Eger, Rudy Boonstra, and Ronald J. Brooks. "Chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA variation in four laboratory populations of collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 1 (1993): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-007.

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Genetic differentiation among populations and speciation in Dicrostonyx is hypothesized to have resulted from either allopatric divergence in glacial refugia during the Wisconsin or sympatric processes uncorrelated with refugial isolation. We examined chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA variation in four laboratory colonies, representing three species, in a preliminary evaluation of these hypotheses. Chromosomal variation is extensive among populations, diploid numbers ranging from 38 to 50. Autosomal variation appears to be due primarily to Robertsonian rearrangements and additions of supernume

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Maffei, E. M. D., M. A. Marin-Morales, P. M. Ruas, and C. F. Ruas. "Numerical chromosome polymorphism in Mikania cordifolia Willd. (Asteraceae)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 4 (1999): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000400023.

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Cytogenetical analysis of Mikania cordifolia, from southeastern Brazil, using the conventional Feulgen method, showed a chromosome number of 2n = 36. Previous karyotypic descriptions for this species showed a numerical chromosome variation of 2n = 34 to 38. There was a secondary constriction in every metaphase in the first chromosome pair, which constitutes a cytological marker. Small extranumerary chromosomes with numerical variation in the same plant were found in the tenth chromosome pair.

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da, Silva Keteryne Rodrigues, Sandra Mariotto, Liano Centofante, and Patricia Pasquali Parise-Maltempi. "Chromosome mapping of a Tc1-like transposon in species of the catfish Ancistrus." Comparative Cytogenetics 11, no. (1) (2017): 65–79. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v11i1.10519.

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The Tc1 mariner element is widely distributed among organisms and have been already described in different species of fish. The genus Ancistrus (Kner, 1854) has 68 nominal species and is part of an interesting taxonomic and cytogenetic group, as well as presenting a variation of chromosome number, ranging from 2n=34 to 54 chromosomes, and the existence of simple and multiple sex chromosome system and the occurrence of chromosomal polymorphisms involving chromosomes that carry the nucleolus organizer region. In this study, a repetitive element by restriction enzyme, from Ancistrus sp.1 "Flecha"

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Zhang, Siyu, Pei Du, Xueying Lu, et al. "Frequent numerical and structural chromosome changes in early generations of synthetic hexaploid wheat." Genome 65, no. 4 (2022): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2021-0074.

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Modern hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; AABBDD) has evolved from a hybrid of tetraploid wheat (closely related to Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., AABB) and goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii Coss., DD). Variations in chromosome structure and ploidy have played important roles in wheat evolution. How these variations occur and their role in expanding the genetic diversity of modern wheat remain largely unknown. Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) can be used to investigate chromosome variations that occur during the early generations of existence. SHW lines derived by crossing durum

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Silva, Carlos Eduardo Faresin e., Andrade Rodrigo Amaral de, Souza Érica Martinha Silva de, Eduardo Schmidt Eler, Silva Maria Nazareth da, and Eliana Feldberg. "Comparative cytogenetics of some marsupial species (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) from the Amazon basin." Comparative Cytogenetics 11, no. (4) (2017): 703–25. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i4.13962.

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We investigated the karyotype of 18 didelphid species captured at 13 localities in the Brazilian Amazon, after conventional staining, C-banding, Ag-NOR and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using the 18S rDNA probe. Variations were found in the X chromosome, heterochromatin distribution and the 18S rDNA sequence. The main variation observed was in the position of the centromere in the X chromosome of Caluromys philander Linnaeus, 1758 and Marmosa murina Linnaeus, 1758. For both species, the X chromosome showed a geographical segregation in the pattern of variation between eastern and we

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Lukhtanov, Vladimir A., Alexander V. Dantchenko, Fayzali R. Khakimov, Damir Sharafutdinov, and Elena A. Pazhenkova. "Karyotype evolution and flexible (conventional versus inverted) meiosis in insects with holocentric chromosomes: a case study based on Polyommatus butterflies." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 4 (2020): 683–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa077.

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Abstract The Polyommatus butterflies have holocentric chromosomes, which are characterized by kinetic activity distributed along the entire chromosome length, and the highest range of haploid chromosome numbers (n) known within a single eukaryotic genus (from n = 10 to n = 226). Previous analyses have shown that these numbers most likely evolved gradually from an ancestral karyotype, in accordance with the Brownian motion model of chromosome change accumulation. Here we studied chromosome sets within a monophyletic group of previously non-karyotyped Polyommatus species. We demonstrate that the

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Gold, John R., and Chris T. Amemiya. "Cytogenetic studies in North American minnows (Cyprinidae). XII. Patterns of chromosomal nucleolus organizer region variation among 14 species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 9 (1986): 1869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-279.

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The chromosomal nucleolus organizer region (NOR) phenotypes of eight species of North American cyprinid fish are documented. This brings the total number of cyprinid species examined for chromosomal NORs to 14. At least 10 different NOR chromosome phenotypes are identifiable among the 14 species. These interspecific variations include differences in the (haploid) number of chromosomal NORs, the chromosomal location(s) of the NORs, and the type(s) of chromosomes upon which the NOR is located. Intraspecific variations or heteromorphisms of NOR chromosomes also occur, but are of a qualitatively d

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