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Journal articles on the topic 'Chronic hepatitis B virus infection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Aliu, Tawakalitu Bidemi, Abafi J. Majiyebo, Amos Ndarubu Tsado, Habiba Abdulsalam Ibrahim, and Eustace B. Berinyuy. "Biology and molecular pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection." BIOMED natural and applied science 2, no. 2 (2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/bnas02022836.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a global public health infection. Over the past several decades, the basic principles of HBV gene expression and replication as well as the viral and host determinants governing infection outcomes have been largely uncovered. The clinical manifestations of HBV infection vary from an acute and chronic form of the disease. During the acute phase of the infection, the disease manifestations vary from subclinical hepatitis to anicteric hepatitis, icteric hepatitis, and fulminant hepatitis while during the chronic infection, manifest in different from ranging from as

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2

AHMED, EJAZ. "CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 04 (2006): 716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4958.

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Hepatitis B virus is a major health dilemma causing an enormous burden on the health care systemand a major source of patient’s suffering. Over the last decade, far-reaching research has not only led to theenhancement of present management of chronic hepatitis B, but has also revealed new options for the treatment ofthis appalling disease. Presently interferon alpha- 2b, lamivudine, adenofovir dipivoxil and tenofovir are being employedfor the management of chronic hepatitis B infection. However, extensive research is being carried out to assess theefficacy of peg- interferon, emtricitabine, en

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3

Paz, M. O. A., F. Brenes, P. Karayiannis, T. P. Jowett, P. J. Scheuer, and H. C. Thomas. "Chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Journal of Hepatology 3, no. 3 (1986): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(86)80491-3.

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4

Yuen, Man-Fung, Sang Hoon Ahn, Ding-Shinn Chen, et al. "Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 50, no. 4 (2016): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0000000000000478.

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5

McMahon, Brian J. "Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection." Medical Clinics of North America 98, no. 1 (2014): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2013.08.004.

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6

Seto, Wai-Kay, Ying-Ru Lo, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, and Man-Fung Yuen. "Chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Lancet 392, no. 10161 (2018): 2313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31865-8.

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7

Inad, Mutlaq Alotaibi Ibrahim Hassan Almalki Rawabi Abdullah Alharbi Moroj Fadol Alreheli Areej Muteb S. Alanazi Batoul Farhoon Qari Mohammad Saud S. Aljohani Abdulrahman Faleh Almutairi. "HEPATITIS B VIRUS: A CLINICAL REVIEW." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 11 (2018): 11864–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1483425.

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<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong><em> Hepatitis B viral infection is the most common cause of chronic liver disease across the world and is often transmitted through sexual contact, parenteral, or vertical routes. Hepatitis b virus belongs to Hepadnaviridae family where the viral capsid bears viral genome and DNA polymerase that has reverse transcriptase activity. Affected individual present with a range of mild symptoms to symptoms of liver failure, as well as many can be asymptomatic. The disease is classified as acute and chronic based on duration and viral markers.  <strong>Aim

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8

Sharipovna, Nazarova Nodira, and Shukurov Sherzod Shukhratovich. "BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF CHRONIC GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS IN CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B, C AND MIXED INFECTIONS." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 5, no. 8 (2023): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume05issue08-16.

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Viral hepatitis (VH) belongs to the category of infectious diseases of the human body that develop under the influence of viruses, which are diverse in nature, in the ways of their spread and transmission from a patient to a healthy person and have one identical attribute - liver damage. VG is an atroponous infection, which means that their pathogens in natural conditions can only be present in the human body. In hepatitis of viral origin, pathogens have a selective similarity (tropism) to liver cells. For this reason, the early location of viruses and their replication (reproduction) are mani

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Scarsi, Kimberly K., and Kristin M. Darin. "Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Principles of Therapy." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 22, no. 4 (2009): 359–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190008328692.

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Chronic hepatitis B is a global health concern in many resource-limited settings due to perinatal or pediatric hepatitis B virus transmission. In the United States, pediatric infection has been virtually eliminated due to maternal screening during pregnancy and the availability of an effective vaccine. However, young adults remain an at-risk group for hepatitis B virus infection due to sexual transmission and injection drug use. The frequency of progression from acute hepatitis B virus infection to chronic hepatitis B infection depends on multiple factors, including host immune function and ag

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10

Minuk, GY, and J. Uhanova. "Chronic Hepatitis B in Canada." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 12, no. 6 (2001): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/650313.

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Recent developments in the treatment and prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections warrant revisiting important epidemiological questions, such as how prevalent is chronic HBV infection in Canada, in which Canadian subpopulations are HBV prevalence rates the highest, in what percentage of infected individuals is the virus actively replicating, and how many infected Canadians are candidates for antiviral therapy? Currently available data suggest the overall prevalence of HBV-infected individuals in the general population is approximately 2%, with 5% to 10% having serological evidence of

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11

GUVENIR, MERYEM, and AYSE ARIKAN. "Hepatitis B Virus: From Diagnosis to Treatment." Polish Journal of Microbiology 69, no. 4 (2020): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-044.

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Hepatitis B infection is still a global concern progressing as acute-chronic hepatitis, severe liver failure, and death. The infection is most widely transmitted from the infected mother to a child, with infected blood and body fluids. Pregnant women, adolescents, and all adults at high risk of chronic infection are recommended to be screened for hepatitis B infection. The initial analysis includes serological tests that allow differentiation of acute and chronic hepatitis. Molecular assays performed provide detection and quantification of viral DNA, genotyping, drug resistance, and precore/co

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12

Meng, Xiang Wei, Masafumi Komatsu, Shigetoshi Ohshima, et al. "GB Virus C Infection: Clinical Significance." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 13, no. 10 (1999): 814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/430279.

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GB virus C (GBV-C) RNA positivity rates were examined in serum specimens from 231 patients with liver disease (23 patients with hepatitis B, 175 patients with hepatitis C, five patients with hepatitis B virus plus hepatitis C virus coinfection, and 28 patients with non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis) to clarify the clinical significance of this virus. GBV-C RNA was detected in none of 12 patients with fulminant hepatitis, one of two patients with acute hepatitis positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and one of four patients with acute non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis. Pathogenetic involvement of GB

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13

Fattovich, G., A. Tagger, G. Giustina, et al. "Hepatitis C virus infection in chronic hepatitis B." Journal of Hepatology 11 (January 1990): S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8278(90)91677-o.

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14

Ferrari, C., A. Penna, A. Bertoletti, et al. "Cellular immune response to hepatitis B virus-encoded antigens in acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Journal of Immunology 145, no. 10 (1990): 3442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.145.10.3442.

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Abstract The proliferative response of PBMC to hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope, core, and e Ag was analyzed prospectively in 21 patients with acute self-limited HBV infection and compared with the response of patients with chronic HBV infection and different levels of HBV replication (i.e., hepatitis e Ag (HBeAg)- or anti-HBe-positive) and liver damage (i.e., chronic active hepatitis or chronic asymptomatic carriers). Our results indicate that: 1) HBV-infected subjects who develop a self-limited acute hepatitis show a vigorous PBMC response to hepatitis B core Ag and HBeAg, as expression of T

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Cote, P. J., B. E. Korba, H. Steinberg, et al. "Cyclosporin A modulates the course of woodchuck hepatitis virus infection and induces chronicity." Journal of Immunology 146, no. 9 (1991): 3138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.146.9.3138.

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Abstract Immunosuppression is known to influence the state of chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and is thought to increase the risk of developing chronic infection in newly exposed individuals. Cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive agent that inhibits Th cell function, was administered to woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), and resulted in a decreased severity of chronic hepatitis and an increased viremia during the treatment. Adult woodchucks inoculated with WHV and given CsA for 14 wk had increased viremias, decreased acute phase liver injury, and dev

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Popa, Gabriela Loredana, and Mircea Ioan Popa. "Oxidative Stress in Chronic Hepatitis B—An Update." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (2022): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071265.

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In recent years, the role of oxidative stress has been investigated in an increasing number of infections. There is a close link between the inflammation that accompanies infections and oxidative stress. Excessive reactive oxygen species induce harmful effects on cell components, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. A growing body of evidence attests to the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of viral liver infections, especially in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the data are limited, but important progress has been achieved i

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17

Gitlin, Norman. "Hepatitis B: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 8 (1997): 1500–1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.8.1500.

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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs worldwide and is an important cause of acute and chronic viral hepatitis in the US. In this review, I describe the virus, risk factors for infection, clinical features of infection, results of laboratory tests during infection, and standard and emerging treatment for chronic infection. Although 95% of adult patients recover completely from HBV infection, 90% of children ≤4 years of age develop chronic infection. Active vaccination is highly efficacious.

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18

Fattovich, G., A. Tagger, L. Brollo, et al. "Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Carriers." Journal of Infectious Diseases 163, no. 2 (1991): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/163.2.400.

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19

Liu, Chun-Jen, Pei-Jer Chen, and Ding-Shinn Chen. "Dual chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection." Hepatology International 3, no. 4 (2009): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-009-9147-9.

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20

Zulqarnain, Arif, Imran Iqbal, and Naveed Anjum. "HEPATITIS–B VIRUS INFECTION;." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 05 (2018): 950–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.05.2526.

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Objective: To describe the clinical presentations of hepatitis B virus infectionin children. Methodology: Children presenting with symptoms of liver diseases and otherdiseases who were found to be HBsAg positive by screening or ELISA method were enrolled.Children suffering from thalassemia, hemophilia and hemolytic anemia, which need multipletransfusions, were excluded. On the basis of history, examination and investigations the clinicalpresentation of the patient was categorized. Basic demographic data, relevant clinical history,physical examination, lab investigations and clinical presentati

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21

Ayele, Abel Girma, and Solomon Gebre-Selassie. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus Infections among Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases in Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." ISRN Tropical Medicine 2013 (January 3, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/563821.

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Background and Aims. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses are major public health problems worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C virus infections in patients with chronic liver diseases in three public hospitals in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Methods. The study was conducted on 120 clinically diagnosed chronic liver disease patients. Possible associated factors with infections by the viruses were collected from patient using questionnaire. Serum was screened for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antihepatitis C virus

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22

Shamsa, Arshad Butt, Akram Ammara, Firdous Maryam, and Hussain Shafaat. "Analysis of Risk Factors of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in Pakistan." systematic reviews in pharmacy 12, no. 4 (2021): 224–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4876028.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) are among the principal causes of severe liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis-related end-stage liver disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 350 million people with chronic HBV infection and 170 million people with chronic HCV infection worldwide. Aims and objectives: The basic aim of the study is to find the risk factors of hepatitis B and C among local population of Pakistan. Methodology of the study: This descriptive study was conducted at Holy Family Hospital

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23

Polish, L. B., M. Gallagher, H. A. Fields, and S. C. Hadler. "Delta hepatitis: molecular biology and clinical and epidemiological features." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 6, no. 3 (1993): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.6.3.211.

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Hepatitis delta virus, discovered in 1977, requires the help of hepatitis B virus to replicate in hepatocytes and is an important cause of acute, fulminant, and chronic liver disease in many regions of the world. Because of the helper function of hepatitis delta virus, infection with it occurs either as a coinfection with hepatitis B or as a superinfection of a carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen. Although the mechanisms of transmission are similar to those of hepatitis B virus, the patterns of transmission of delta virus vary widely around the world. In regions of the world in which hepati

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24

Knolle, Percy A., Li-Rung Huang, Anna Kosinska, Dirk Wohlleber, and Ulrike Protzer. "Improving Therapeutic Vaccination against Hepatitis B—Insights from Preclinical Models of Immune Therapy against Persistent Hepatitis B Virus Infection." Vaccines 9, no. 11 (2021): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111333.

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Chronic hepatitis B affects more than 250 million individuals worldwide, putting them at risk of developing liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. While antiviral immune responses are key to eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, insufficient antiviral immunity characterized by failure to eliminate HBV-infected hepatocytes is associated with chronic hepatitis B. Prophylactic vaccination against hepatitis B successfully established protective immunity against infection with the hepatitis B virus and has been instrumental in controlling hepatitis B. However, prophylactic vaccination schemes

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Nelson, Noele P., Denise J. Jamieson, and Trudy V. Murphy. "Prevention of Perinatal Hepatitis B Virus Transmission." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 3, suppl_1 (2014): S7—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piu064.

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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the most common form of chronic hepatitis worldwide, is a major public health problem affecting an estimated 360 million people globally. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is responsible for more than one third of chronic HBV infections worldwide. An estimated 15%–40% of persons chronically infected develop HBV-related complications, such as cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma, and 25% die from these complications. MTCT can occur during pregnancy or during delivery. Screening pregnant women for HBV infection, providing infant postexposure prophylaxis,

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Horváth, Gábor. "New drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and interdisciplinary aspects of chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 29 (2013): 1142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29625.

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Hepatitis B virus infection is a significant health problem worldwide. The prevalence of HBsAg positivity is about 0.5–0.7% in Hungary. Liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma develops in 15–40% of chronic hepatitis B virus infected patients without treatment. The ultimate goal of treatment would be to clear the virus from the infected subject; however, in practice, we can usually achieve long term suppression of viral replicaton with consequent prevention of the progression of liver disease, and reduction of the risk of the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

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Santos, Marcio Vieira, Maria Irma Seixas Duarte, and Antonio Alci Barone. "Acute exacerbation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 29, no. 3 (1996): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821996000300009.

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A case of an acute exacerbation of liver injury in a chronic HBV infected young male is reported. The correlation between the severe symptomatic hepatitis is done with the histopathologic findings of extense areas of bridging necrosis on the Iwer biopsy. The serological pattern for markers of HBV (HBsAg +, anti HBs g -, HBeAg -, anti HBe +, anti HBcIgG + and IgM -) confirm a chronic infection, ana the authors propose that the episode of severe hepatitis relates to the recent spontaneous seroconvertion of HBe Ag to anti HBe. Other causes of hepatitis were excluded, and the control liver biopsy

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Eftekharian, A., H. Moghaddasi, L. Gachkar, and S. S. A. Amlashi. "Detection of hepatitis B virus in the cerumen of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 127, no. 11 (2013): 1065–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215113002314.

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AbstractObjective:To investigate hepatitis B virus DNA in the cerumen of hepatitis B virus infected patients.Methods:This study comprised 30 confirmed cases of chronic hepatitis B. Patients' serum samples were examined for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies using enzyme immunoassay systems. The presence of hepatitis B virus DNA in cerumen was investigated using a polymerase chain reaction test.Results:All of the samples were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and negative for hepatitis B surface antibodies. Hepatitis virus DNA was detected in two cerumen samples (6.6 per cent of

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Cramp, M. E., H. C. Grundy, R. M. Perinpanayagam, and D. E. Barnado. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus in Two Institutions Caring for Mentally Handicapped Adults." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89, no. 7 (1996): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689608900712.

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Hepatitis B virus infection is common in institutions caring for the mentally handicapped. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus share routes of transmission but the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in this population is unknown. We have tested 101 patients from two institutions in South-East England caring for adults with mental handicap for the presence of hepatitis C antibody, hepatitis B core antibody, and if necessary hepatitis B surface antigen. None tested positive for hepatitis C antibody, but 43 had hepatitis B core antibody of whom 14 were chronic carriers positive for hep

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Dar, Ghayas Ud Din, Muhammad Imran Qader, Shafique Ahmed Chudhary, Dania Aijaz, Shahid Imtiaz, and Tahir Naveed. "Frequency of HBsAg and Anti-HCV among Hemodialysis Patients in Three General Hospitals of Azad Kashmir." International Journal of Frontier Sciences 4, no. 1 (2020): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613537.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> <strong>Background</strong>: The impact of dialysis modality on the rates and types of infectious complications has not been well studied. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the rates of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infections in hemodialysis patients in three general hospitals of Azad Kashmir. In dialysis patient, if left unaddressed these may lead to very fatal consequences at the individual and national level. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections represent significant public health issues globally. These infect

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Haider, Rehan, Asghar Mehdi, Geetha Kumari Das, Zameer Ahmed, and Sambreen Zameer. "Hepatitis B." International Journal of Social Health 3, no. 9 (2024): 555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.58860/ijsh.v3i9.234.

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Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), primarily affecting the liver and leading to both acute and chronic disease. With over 250 million individuals suffering from chronic Hepatitis B, it poses a significant global health challenge, being a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aims to elucidate the transmission pathways, treatment options, and necessary public health strategies for Hepatitis B. We analyze the modes of transmission, which include contact with infectious body fluids—primarily through perinatal

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Osmani, Zgjim, and Andre Boonstra. "Recent Insights into the Role of B Cells in Chronic Hepatitis B and C Infections." Pathogens 12, no. 6 (2023): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060815.

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Chronic viral hepatitis infections, caused by the hepatitis B or C virus, are a major global health problem causing an estimated one million deaths each year. Immunological studies have classically focused on T cells, while B cells have largely been neglected. Emerging evidence, however, highlights a role for B cells in the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B and C infections. B cell responses appear to be altered across different clinical phases of chronic HBV infection and across stages of disease in chronic HCV infection. These B cell responses show signs of a more activated state wit

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Tianhao, Zhu. "Study of Immune Evasion Mechanisms of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients." Modern Management Science & Engineering 6, no. 3 (2024): p199. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/mmse.v6n3p199.

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Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health challenge due to its complex immune evasion mechanisms and limitations of current treatments. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of HBV immune evasion strategies, including viral mutations, immunosuppressive environments, and T-cell dysfunction. It highlights recent advancements in research, such as novel therapeutic approaches like gene editing and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and discusses their potential benefits and limitations. Despite the effectiveness of existing vaccines in prevent

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Bertoletti, Antonio, and Nina Le Bert. "Immunotherapy for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection." Gut and Liver 12, no. 5 (2018): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5009/gnl17233.

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Gittings, Kimberly, and Anne L. Hume. "Phyllanthus for chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Pharmacy Today 20, no. 1 (2014): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-0991(15)31019-7.

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Sinha, Swati, and Manoj Kumar. "Pregnancy and chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Hepatology Research 40, no. 1 (2010): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1872-034x.2009.00597.x.

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Davis, Gary L., and Jay H. Hoofnagle. "Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Gastroenterology 92, no. 6 (1987): 2028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(87)90641-x.

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巫, 涛. "Immunotherapy for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection." Pharmacy Information 08, no. 03 (2019): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/pi.2019.83013.

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Kumar, Manoj, Tarandeep Singh, and Swati Sinha. "Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Pregnancy." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology 2, no. 4 (2012): 366–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2012.09.001.

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40

Dusheiko, Geoffrey M. "Acyclovir in chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Hepatology 8, no. 6 (1988): 1714–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840080642.

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Liaw, Yun-Fan, and Anna Lok. "AFP in chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Hepatology 10, no. 3 (1989): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840100333.

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Jang, Jae Young, and Eui Ju Park. "Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Chronic Hepatitis C." Korean Journal of Gastroenterology 62, no. 3 (2013): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.4166/kjg.2013.62.3.154.

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Wu, Pui-Chee, Jane W. S. Fang, Ching-Lung Lai, et al. "Hepatic Expression of Hepatitis B Virus Genome in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 105, no. 1 (1996): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/105.1.87.

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44

Davison, F., G. J. M. Alexander, Ch Anastassakos, E. A. Fagan, and Roger Williams. "Leucocyte hepatitis B virus DNA in acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Journal of Medical Virology 22, no. 4 (1987): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890220411.

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Yongdi, Chen. "Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Development of Liver Cirrhosis in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients." Global Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research 4, no. 2 (2018): 004–9. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5363.000018.

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Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) are main reasons for the development of liver cirrhosis (LC) on a worldwide scale. Chronic HBV infection is a main reason for the development of LC in high-risk areas, for example, China and Africa, whereas chronic HCV infection is a main reason in developed countries. In China, the harm of LC is serious, and 30 million of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is the major source of LC and the one-year cumulative incidence rate of LC in CHB patients was 2.1% - 6%. The risk factors of the development of LC in CHB patient

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Alhetheel, Abdulkarim, and Malak Mohsen El-Hazmi. "Hepatitis G virus in Saudi blood donors and chronic hepatitis B and C patients." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 01 (2014): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3796.

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Introduction: Screening blood donors for blood-borne pathogens is very critical for the recipient’s safety. Similar to hepatitis B and C infections, hepatitis G infection is transmitted through contaminated blood and causes acute and chronic hepatitis. Previous reports have shown that the prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) RNA among healthy Saudi donors was 1%-2%. However, the exposure rate of this virus has never been studied. We hypothesized that the prevalence of HGV infection may have changed overtime due to socio-economic and environmental factors. Since hepatitis B and C infections ar

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Krugman, Saul. "Viral Hepatitis: 1985 Update." Pediatrics In Review 7, no. 1 (1985): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.7.1.3.

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During the past two decades extraordinary advances in hepatitis research have clarified the etiology and natural history of the disease. At least four types of hepatitis have been identified: A, B, D (delta), and non-A, non-B. Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis D virus (HDV) have been characterized. Serologic tests have been developed to detect the antigens and antibodies associated with these three hepatitis infections. As of the present time, the non-A, non-B viral agents have not been identified. Therefore, non-A, non-B hepatitis is diagnosed by excluding other

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Marinelli, RMA, M. Delle Monache, R. Gerardi, et al. "Liver Pathology in Cytomegalovirus Infection Associated with Hepatitis B Virus." Journal of International Medical Research 21, no. 3 (1993): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059302100306.

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A retrospective study was carried out in 56 patients to establish the association of cytomegalovirus (CMV) with active or inactive hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a possible risk factor in the development of severe liver disease. Patients with positive CMV serology and active or inactive HBV infection had elevated alanine aminotransferase activity and had a relatively high incidence of more severe lesions (chronic hepatitis and active cirrhosis), In the absence of CMV, only one case of cirrhosis was identified compared with seven cases of hepatic fibrosis. By analogy with hepatitis C viru

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O’Halloran, J. A., C. F. De Gascun, L. Dunford, et al. "Hepatitis B virus vaccine failure resulting in chronic hepatitis B infection." Journal of Clinical Virology 52, no. 2 (2011): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2011.06.020.

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Sithole, WC, S. Pillay, B. Mbanjwa, and N. Magula. "A convoluted path to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in a resource-limited setting." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 11 (January 2023): 2050313X2311682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x231168292.

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Worldwide, chronic hepatitis B virus infection remains the main aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma, while human immunodeficiency virus may hasten the evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma in those co-infected with hepatitis B virus/human immunodeficiency virus. We describe a 29-year-old female with unmonitored hepatitis B virus infection for over 5 years, human immunodeficiency virus disease on a tenofovir-based antiretroviral regimen for 11 months, who presented with a 2-week history of epistaxis and abnormal vaginal bleeding, associated with unintentional weight loss of 4 months duration.

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