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Journal articles on the topic 'Chronic lung disease'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Everaerts, Stephanie, Elise J. Lammertyn, Dries S. Martens, et al. "The aging lung: tissue telomere shortening in health and disease." Respiratory Research 19, no. 1 (2018): 95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-018-0794-z.

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<strong>Background: </strong>Telomere shortening has been associated with several lung diseases. However, telomere length is generally measured in peripheral blood leucocytes rather than in lung tissue, where disease occurs. Consequently, telomere dynamics have not been established for the normal human lung nor for diseased lung tissue. We hypothesized an age- and disease-dependent shortening of lung tissue telomeres.<strong>Methods: </strong>At time of (re-)transplantation or autopsy, 70 explant lungs were collected: from unused donors (normal, <i>n</i> = 13) and patients with cystic fibrosis

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2

Puliassery, Harikrishnan. "Nitrofurantoin Induced Lung Disease." Journal of Medical Science and clinical Research 12, no. 12 (2024): 07–11. https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v12i12.02.

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Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic nitrofuran antimicrobial commonly used for the treatment and prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Although rare nitrofurantoin can cause acute and chronic lung diseases. We report the case of an 81-year-old woman diagnosed with interstitial lung disease (ILD) due to long-term use of Nitrofurantoin for UTI prophylaxis. Despite widespread lung parenchymal changes in the form of fibrosis and ground glass opacities, she responded very well to corticosteroids. This case report highlights the importance of early recognition and favorable response to

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3

Petty, Thomas L. "Chronic lung disease." Postgraduate Medicine 86, no. 6 (1989): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1989.11704476.

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4

Hogg, James C. "A Brief Review of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." Canadian Respiratory Journal 19, no. 6 (2012): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/496563.

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A recent study, based on a combination of multidetector computed tomography scanning of an intact specimen with microcomputed tomography and histological analysis of lung tissue samples, reported that the number of terminal bronchioles were reduced from approximately 44,500/lung pair in control (donor) lungs to approximately 4800/lung pair in lungs donated by individuals with very severe (Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage 4) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treated by lung transplantation. The present short review discusses the hypothesis that a rapid rat

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5

Falcão, Mário Cícero. "Neonatal chronic lung disease." Revista do Hospital das Clínicas 54, no. 6 (1999): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87811999000600001.

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6

Filho, Luiz Vicente F. da Silva. "Neonatal chronic lung disease." Jornal de Pediatria 74, no. 4 (1998): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/jped.433.

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7

Avent, Minyon, Diana Coile, and Letha Mathai. "Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 14, no. 3 (2001): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/j5vj-evx8-19ru-7e0b.

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Chronic lung disease (CLD), formerly known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, is presently defined as the need for oxygen therapy either at 28 days of age or greater than 36 weeks postmenstrual age. Clinical signs and symptoms include tachypnea, retractions, apnea, and radiographic findings of poorly inflated lungs with reticulogranular opacities. The disease develops as a result of chronic pulmonary inflammation and continuous lung injury induced by oxygen, positive pressure ventilation, and other causes. Fifty to sixty-five percent of neonates with CLD are rehospitalized with respiratory problem

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8

Brauer, Sandra. "Chronic obstructive lung disease." Journal of Physiotherapy 59, no. 4 (2013): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1836-9553(13)70212-1.

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9

Hilman, Bettina C. "Chronic Interstitial Lung Disease." Clinical Pediatrics 37, no. 11 (1998): 701–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992289803701111.

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10

Wu, Yifan, Evan Li, Morgan Knight, et al. "Transient Ascaris suum larval migration induces intractable chronic pulmonary disease and anemia in mice." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 12 (2021): e0010050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010050.

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Ascariasis is one of the most common infections in the world and associated with significant global morbidity. Ascaris larval migration through the host’s lungs is essential for larval development but leads to an exaggerated type-2 host immune response manifesting clinically as acute allergic airway disease. However, whether Ascaris larval migration can subsequently lead to chronic lung diseases remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a single episode of Ascaris larval migration through the host lungs induces a chronic pulmonary syndrome of type-2 inflammatory pathology and emphysema accomp

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11

Vyshedskiy, Andrey, and Raymond Murphy. "Acoustic biomarkers of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease." Research Ideas and Outcomes 2 (May 11, 2016): e9173. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.2.e9173.

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12

Gilpin, Sarah E., and Darcy E. Wagner. "Acellular human lung scaffolds to model lung disease and tissue regeneration." European Respiratory Review 27, no. 148 (2018): 180021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0021-2018.

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Recent advances in whole lung bioengineering have opened new doors for studying lung repair and regeneration ex vivo using acellular human derived lung tissue scaffolds. Methods to decellularise whole human lungs, lobes or resected segments from normal and diseased human lungs have been developed using both perfusion and immersion based techniques. Immersion based techniques allow laboratories without access to intact lobes the ability to generate acellular human lung scaffolds. Acellular human lung scaffolds can be further processed into small segments, thin slices or extracellular matrix ext

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13

Duan, Mubing, Waichu Li, Daniel Steinfort, Louis Irving, Gary Anderson, and Margaret Hibbs. "Delineating residential macrophage heterogeneity in lung disease (P3282)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (2013): 136.23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.136.23.

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Abstract In healthy lungs, alveolar macrophages comprise &gt;95% of the immune cells in the alveolar airspaces where they regulate local lung surfactant production and act as the primary sentinels of respiratory pathogens. Interestingly, increased AMΦ numbers are observed in many animal models of chronic lung diseases and also clinically in patients with COPD. Combining flow cytometry and chimeric mice studies, we observed that residential AMΦs form two distinct subpopulations (by either remaining Mac-1neg/low or turning Mac-1pos) during acute inflammation and in chronic inflammatory lung

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14

Burgess, Janette K., and Martin C. Harmsen. "Chronic lung diseases: entangled in extracellular matrix." European Respiratory Review 31, no. 163 (2022): 210202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0202-2021.

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The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the scaffold that provides structure and support to all organs, including the lung; however, it is also much more than this. The ECM provides biochemical and biomechanical cues to cells that reside or transit through this micro-environment, instructing their responses. The ECM structure and composition changes in chronic lung diseases; how such changes impact disease pathogenesis is not as well understood. Cells bind to the ECM through surface receptors, of which the integrin family is one of the most widely recognised. The signals that cells receive from the

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15

COOPER, JOEL D. "Lung Transplantation for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 624, no. 1 (1991): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb17019.x.

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16

Wang, Xiaorui, Zhihou Guo, and Furong Yan. "RNA Epigenetics in Chronic Lung Diseases." Genes 13, no. 12 (2022): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122381.

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Chronic lung diseases are highly prevalent worldwide and cause significant mortality. Lung cancer is the end stage of many chronic lung diseases. RNA epigenetics can dynamically modulate gene expression and decide cell fate. Recently, studies have confirmed that RNA epigenetics plays a crucial role in the developing of chronic lung diseases. Further exploration of the underlying mechanisms of RNA epigenetics in chronic lung diseases, including lung cancer, may lead to a better understanding of the diseases and promote the development of new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. This article r

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17

Gilbert, Christopher R., Seth M. Arum, and Cecilia M. Smith. "Vitamin D Deficiency and Chronic Lung Disease." Canadian Respiratory Journal 16, no. 3 (2009): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/829130.

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Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly being recognized as a prevalent problem in the general population. Patients with chronic lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive lung disease and interstitial pneumonia appear to be at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency for reasons that are not clear.Several studies indicate that vitamin D possesses a range of anti-inflammatory properties and may be involved in processes other than the previously believed functions of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Various cytokines, cellular elements, oxidative stress and protease/antipr

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18

Ritzmann, Felix, Michelle Brand, Robert Bals, Michael Wegmann, and Christoph Beisswenger. "Role of Epigenetics in Chronic Lung Disease." Cells 14, no. 4 (2025): 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14040251.

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Epigenetics regulates gene expression and thus cellular processes that underlie the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Environmental factors (e.g., air pollution, smoking, infections, poverty), but also conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux, induce epigenetic changes long before lung disease is diagnosed. Therefore, epigenetic signatures have the potential to serve as biomarkers that can be used to identify younger patients who are at risk for premature loss of lung function or diseas

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19

Ghorban Movahed, Mahtab, and Ahya Abdi Ali. "A Review of The Role of The Microbiome on Immune Responses and Its Association With Cystic Fibrosis." Immunoregulation 3, no. 2 (2021): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/immunoregulation.3.2.7.

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In recent years, the microbiome has been recognized as a key regulator of immune responses. Evidence suggests that changes in the microbiome can lead to chronic disease and even exacerbation of the disease. Impairment of innate immunity resulting from microbial incompatibility may worsen host susceptibility to infection and exacerbate chronic lung diseases. Specific microbes play a key role in improving immune responses and microbial incompatibility is involved in chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Cystic Fibrosis (CF). CF is an extremely complex d

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20

Bollenbecker, Seth, Brian Czaya, Orlando M. Gutiérrez, and Stefanie Krick. "Lung-kidney interactions and their role in chronic kidney disease-associated pulmonary diseases." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 322, no. 5 (2022): L625—L640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00152.2021.

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Chronic illnesses rarely present in a vacuum, devoid of other complications, and chronic kidney disease is hardly an exception. Comorbidities associated with chronic kidney disease lead to faster disease progression, expedited dialysis dependency, and a higher mortality rate. Although chronic kidney disease is most commonly accompanied by cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, there is clear cross talk between the lungs and kidneys pH balance, phosphate metabolism, and immune system regulation. Our present understanding of the exact underlying mechanisms that contribute to chronic kidney diseas

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21

Griese, Matthias. "Chronic interstitial lung disease in children." European Respiratory Review 27, no. 147 (2018): 170100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0100-2017.

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Children's interstitial lung diseases (chILD) are increasingly recognised and contain many lung developmental and genetic disorders not yet identified in adult pneumology. Worldwide, several registers have been established. The Australasian Registry Network for Orphan Lung Disease (ARNOLD) has identified problems in estimating rare disease prevalence; focusing on chILD in immunocompetent patients, a period prevalence of 1.5 cases per million children and a mortality rate of 7% were determined. The chILD-EU register highlighted the workload to be covered per patient included and provided protoc

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22

SCHICK, JAMES B., and BOYD W. GOETZMAN. "Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity." Pediatrics 76, no. 4 (1985): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.76.4.652.

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To the Editor.— The paper by Avery et al,1 further demonstrates the potential usefulness of corticosteroids in chronic lung disease of prematurity. However, initial reports in 1974 and 1975 met with criticism for the use of potentially toxic drugs in premature infants.2,3 In 1983 we retrospectively reviewed 23 infants with chronic lung disease of prematurity who received corticosteroids and identified distinct differences between responders and nonresponders which suggested different types of lung disease.4 Our responders all showed a greater than 30% decrease in AaPo2 by day 6 and showed maxi

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23

FAIVRE, M., and S. LACAN. "Bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive." EXERCER 35, no. 199 (2024): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56746/exercer.2024.199.38.

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Les recommandations internationales concernant la prise en charge de la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) ont été mises à jour par la Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) en 20231. Cet article revient sur les modifications apportées par rapport à celles de 2022.

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24

Ono, Manabu, Seiichi Kobayashi, Masakazu Hanagama, et al. "Clinical characteristics of Japanese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with comorbid interstitial lung abnormalities: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0239764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239764.

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Smoking-related interstitial lung abnormalities are different from specific forms of fibrosing lung disease which might be associated with poor prognoses. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with comorbid interstitial lung abnormalities and that with pulmonary fibrosis are considered different diseases; however, they could share a common spectrum. We aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of Japanese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbid interstitial lung abnormalities. In this prospective observational study, we analyzed data from the Ishinomaki COPD Netwo

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25

Mendez, Jose L., Hassan F. Nadrous, Thomas E. Hartman, and Jay H. Ryu. "Chronic Nitrofurantoin-Induced Lung Disease." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 80, no. 10 (2005): 1298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/80.10.1298.

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26

Speer, Christian P., and Peter Groneck. "Pathogenesis of Chronic Lung Disease." Neonatology 69, no. 3 (1996): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000244304.

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27

Rowley, Jessica E., and Jill R. Johnson. "Pericytes in Chronic Lung Disease." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 164, no. 3 (2014): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000365051.

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28

Moshal, K. L., and V. Novelli. "Series: Rare Chronic Lung Disease." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 1, no. 2 (2000): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/prrv.2000.0038.

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29

POWARS, DARLEEN, JAMES A. WEIDMAN, TAMARA ODOM-MARYON, JOYCE C. NILAND, and CAGE JOHNSON. "Sickle Cell Chronic Lung Disease." Medicine 67, no. 1 (1988): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198801000-00005.

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30

Voelkel, Norbert F., Ivor S. Douglas, and Mark Nicolls. "Angiogenesis in Chronic Lung Disease." Chest 131, no. 3 (2007): 874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.06-2453.

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31

Trowbridge, John F. "Pneumonia and Chronic Lung Disease." Hospital Practice 28, sup2 (1993): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1993.11442942.

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32

Holland, Walter W. "Chronic obstructive lung disease prevention." British Journal of Diseases of the Chest 82 (January 1988): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-0971(88)90006-x.

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33

Goodell, Teresa Tarnowski. "Sexuality in Chronic Lung Disease." Nursing Clinics of North America 42, no. 4 (2007): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2007.08.003.

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34

Tuder, Rubin M., Jeong H. Yun, Anil Bhunia, and Iwona Fijalkowska. "Hypoxia and chronic lung disease." Journal of Molecular Medicine 85, no. 12 (2007): 1317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-007-0280-4.

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35

Jeeva Sankar, M., Ramesh Agarwal, Ashok K. Deorari, and Vinod K. Paul. "Chronic lung disease in newborns." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 75, no. 4 (2008): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-008-0041-6.

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36

Kozhevnikova, S. A., A. V. Budnevskiy, E. Ju Malysh, and E. S. Ovsyannikov. "Influence of obesity on the course, treatment and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Kazan medical journal 97, no. 5 (2016): 732–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2016-732.

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Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases, including the cardiovascular system diseases, diabetes mellitus, and currently more and more attention is focused on the role of overweight and obesity in lung diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the diseases characterized by high incidence, disability, ranking third among the leading causes of death worldwide. Association between obesity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is increasingly recognized, but to date remains largely unexplored. On the one hand, the obesity is associated with reduced lung function, increa

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37

Keramidas, George, Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis, and Ourania S. Kotsiou. "Venous Thromboembolic Disease in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases: Knowns and Unknowns." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10 (2021): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102061.

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Persistent inflammation within the respiratory tract underlies the pathogenesis of numerous chronic pulmonary diseases. There is evidence supporting that chronic lung diseases are associated with a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the relationship between lung diseases and/or lung function with VTE is unclear. Understanding the role of chronic lung inflammation as a predisposing factor for VTE may help determine the optimal management and aid in the development of future preventative strategies. We aimed to provide an overview of the relationship between the most common ch

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38

Brusasco, Vito, and Fernando Martinez. "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." Comprehensive Physiology 4, no. 1 (2014): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00539.x.

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AbstractCOPD is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The morphological basis for airflow obstruction results from a varying combination of obstructive changes in peripheral conducting airways and destructive changes in respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. A reduction of vascularity within the alveolar septa has been reported in emphysema. Typical physiological changes reflect these structural abnormalities. Spirometry documents airflow obstruction when the FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced below the lower limit of normality, although in early disease stage

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39

Cho, Soo Jung, and Heather W. Stout-Delgado. "Aging and Lung Disease." Annual Review of Physiology 82, no. 1 (2020): 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034610.

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People worldwide are living longer, and it is estimated that by 2050, the proportion of the world's population over 60 years of age will nearly double. Natural lung aging is associated with molecular and physiological changes that cause alterations in lung function, diminished pulmonary remodeling and regenerative capacity, and increased susceptibility to acute and chronic lung diseases. As the aging population rapidly grows, it is essential to examine how alterations in cellular function and cell-to-cell interactions of pulmonary resident cells and systemic immune cells contribute to a higher

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40

Locke, Brian W., Janet J. Lee, and Krishna M. Sundar. "OSA and Chronic Respiratory Disease: Mechanisms and Epidemiology." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (2022): 5473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095473.

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder that has profound implications on the outcomes of patients with chronic lung disease. The hallmark of OSA is a collapse of the oropharynx resulting in a transient reduction in airflow, large intrathoracic pressure swings, and intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia. The subsequent cytokine-mediated inflammatory cascade, coupled with tractional lung injury, damages the lungs and may worsen several conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Further complicati

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41

Yancey, Anthony L., Harold L. Watson, Sam C. Cartner, and Jerry W. Simecka. "Gender Is a Major Factor in Determining the Severity of Mycoplasma Respiratory Disease in Mice." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 5 (2001): 2865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.5.2865-2871.2001.

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ABSTRACT Gender is a significant factor in determining the susceptibility to and severity of pulmonary diseases in both humans and animals. Murine respiratory mycoplasmosis (MRM), due to Mycoplasma pulmonisinfection, is an excellent animal model for evaluation of the role of various host factors on the development of acute or chronic inflammatory lung diseases. MRM has many similarities to mycoplasma respiratory disease in humans. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether gender has a significant impact on lung disease due to M. pulmonis infection in mice. It was demonstrated t

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42

Rogers, Robert M., Frank C. Sciurba, and Robert J. Keenan. "LUNG REDUCTION SURGERY IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE." Medical Clinics of North America 80, no. 3 (1996): 623–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70457-0.

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43

Allen, Julian L., and Howard B. Panitch. "Lung function testing: Chronic lung disease of infancy." Pediatric Pulmonology 26, S23 (2001): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.1950262354.

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44

Allen, Julian L., and Howard B. Panitch. "Lung function testing: Chronic lung disease of infancy." Pediatric Pulmonology 32, S23 (2001): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.1950322354.

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45

Al-Alawi, Alia, C. Frank Ryan, Julia D. Flint, and Nestor L. Müller. "Aspergillus-Related Lung Disease." Canadian Respiratory Journal 12, no. 7 (2005): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/759070.

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Aspergillus is a ubiquitous dimorphic fungus that causes a variety of human diseases ranging in severity from trivial to life-threatening, depending on the host response. An intact host defence is important to prevent disease, but individuals with pre-existing structural lung disease, atopy, occupational exposure or impaired immunity are susceptible. Three distinctive patterns of aspergillus-related lung disease are recognized: saprophytic infestation of airways, cavities and necrotic tissue; allergic disease including extrinsic allergic alveolitis, asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillo

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46

Wysocki, Kenneth. "Lung Disease and Genomics." AACN Advanced Critical Care 29, no. 1 (2018): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2018378.

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Research and application of genomic medicine in lung disease during the past century has clarified our understanding and focus on specific phenotypes, helping clinicians tailor treatment for individual patients. Cystic fibrosis and lung cancer have been researched extensively; specific genotypes have been instrumental in precision medicine to treat these lung diseases. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are more complex and heterogeneous in their pathogenesis, genotypic profile, and phenotypic expression, making treatment more difficult with increasing disease severity. This arti

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47

Choi, Soohwan, and Jaekil Park. "Surgical outcomes and prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer in patients with chronic lung diseases: a retrospective analysis." European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 58, no. 2 (2020): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa060.

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Abstract OBJECTIVES Lung cancer treatment in patients with chronic lung diseases is challenging because postoperative care is difficult and surgical outcomes are poorer than in patients with healthy lungs. This study aimed to examine postsurgical outcomes of patients with comorbid lung diseases treated for lung cancer. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 1526 patients who underwent curative surgical resection for non-small-cell lung cancer at a single centre between October 2008 and April 2017. Based on computed tomography findings, patients were assigned to 4 groups and their demographi

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48

Cribbs, Sushma K., Kristina Crothers, and Alison Morris. "Pathogenesis of HIV-Related Lung Disease: Immunity, Infection, and Inflammation." Physiological Reviews 100, no. 2 (2020): 603–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00039.2018.

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Despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-related pulmonary disease continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality for people living with HIV (PLWH). The spectrum of lung diseases has changed from acute opportunistic infections resulting in death to chronic lung diseases for those with access to ART. Chronic immune activation and suppression can result in impairment of innate immunity and progressive loss of T cell and B cell functionality with aberrant cytokine and chemokine responses systemically as well as in the lung. HIV can be detected in the l

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49

Gray, Diane M., Sandra Kwarteng Owusu, and Marieke M. van der Zalm. "Chronic lung disease in children: disease focused use of lung function." Current Opinion in Physiology 22 (August 2021): 100438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2021.05.001.

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50

Tikendra, Sahu, and S. Choubey Aakanksha. "A review on lungs disease detection using image processing." i-manager's Journal on Information Technology 11, no. 1 (2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jit.11.1.18536.

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The global fitness company estimates that by 2030, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) will be the third leading cause of death in the world. Computerized Tomography (CT) of the lungs includes a number of structures that may be important in the prognosis and evaluation of lung disease. CT images of the lungs show a section of the chest that constitutes a large number of systems, including blood vessels, arteries, respiratory vessels, pulmonary pleura, and parenchyma, each with its own information. For this reason, the phasing of the lung systems is very important for the analysis and

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