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1

Kasman, Glenn S. Clinical applications in surface electromyography: Chronic musculoskeletal pain. Austin, Tex: Pro-Ed, 2004.

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2

R, Cram Jeffrey, and Wolf Steven L, eds. Clinical applications in surface electromyography: Chronic musculoskeletal pain. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen, 1998.

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3

Hauser, Ross A. Prolo your pain away!: Curing chronic pain with prolotherapy. Peachtree City, GA: FC & A Pub., 2001.

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4

Hauser, Ross A. Prolo your pain away!: Curing chronic pain with prolotherapy. Oak Park, Ill: Beulah Land Press, 1998.

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5

Scott, Ann. Trigger point injections for chronic non-malignant musculoskeletal pain: Ann Scott, Bing Guo. Edmonton, Alta: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research, 2005.

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6

Handbook of musculoskeletal pain and disability disorders in the workplace. New York: Springer, 2014.

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7

Starlanyl, Devin. Healing through trigger point therapy: A guide to fibromyalgia, myofascial pain and dysfunction. Chichester, England: Lotus Pub., 2013.

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8

Kwak, Charles C. Nahgra healing science: An evolution in automatic pain treatment and exercise therapy. United States]: Xlibris Corporation, 2010.

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9

Lyrakos, George N. Role of dispositional optimism in health related quality of life among health care professionals with musculoskeletal pain. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2010.

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10

J, Clauw Daniel, and Simon Lee S, eds. Chronic generalised musculoskeletal pain. London: Baillière Tindall, 2003.

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11

J, Clauw D., Simon L. S, and Woolf Anthony D, eds. Chronic generalised musculoskeletal pain. London: Baillière Tindall, 2003.

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12

Holliday, Kate L., Wendy Thomson, and John McBeth. Genetics of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0045.

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Chronic pain disorders are prevalent and a large burden on health care resources. Around 10% of the general population report chronic widespread pain, which is the defining feature of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood idiopathic disorder which is also characterized by widespread tenderness and commonly occurs with comorbid mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. A role for genetics in chronic pain disorders has been identified by twin studies, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Susceptibility genes for chronic pain are likely to be involved in pain processing or the psychological component of these disorders. A number of genes have been implicated in influencing how pain is perceived due to mutations causing monogenic pain disorders or an insensitivity to pain from birth. The role of common variation, however, is less well known. The findings from human candidate gene studies of musculoskeletal pain to date are discussed. However, the scope of these studies has been relatively limited in comparison to other complex conditions. Identifying susceptibility loci will help to determine the biological mechanisms involved and potentially new therapeutic targets; however, this is a challenging research area due to the subjective nature of pain and heterogeneity in the phenotype. Using more quantitative phenotypes such as experimental pain measures may prove to be a more fruitful strategy to identify susceptibility loci. Findings from these studies and other potential approaches are discussed.
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13

Holliday, Kate L., Wendy Thomson, John McBeth, and Nisha Nair. Genetics of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0045_update_001.

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Chronic pain disorders are prevalent and a large burden on health care resources. Around 10% of the general population report chronic widespread pain, which is the defining feature of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood idiopathic disorder which is also characterized by widespread tenderness and commonly occurs with comorbid mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. A role for genetics in chronic pain disorders has been identified by twin studies, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Susceptibility genes for chronic pain are likely to be involved in pain processing or the psychological component of these disorders. A number of genes have been implicated in influencing how pain is perceived due to mutations causing monogenic pain disorders or an insensitivity to pain from birth. The role of common variation, however, is less well known. The findings from human candidate gene studies of musculoskeletal pain to date are discussed. However, the scope of these studies has been relatively limited in comparison to other complex conditions. Identifying susceptibility loci will help to determine the biological mechanisms involved and potentially new therapeutic targets; however, this is a challenging research area due to the subjective nature of pain and heterogeneity in the phenotype. Using more quantitative phenotypes such as experimental pain measures may prove to be a more fruitful strategy to identify susceptibility loci. Findings from these studies and other potential approaches are discussed.
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14

Hillegass, M. Gabriel, Anthony A. Tucker, and Antonio Quidgley-Nevares. Musculoskeletal Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0012.

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This chapter on musculoskeletal pain is composed of a question-and-answer bank that encompasses the breadth of the fund of knowledge required for the evaluation and management of various chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes. Not only do probing questions with concise and informative answer explanations challenge the reader’s knowledge base but also references for further reading and mastery of the subject are provided. Topics covered include epidemiology, disability, rehabilitation, anatomy and physiology (including neurophysiology and mediators of inflammation), and the musculoskeletal exam. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of musculoskeletal pain conditions such as common orthopedic and occupational injuries, osteoarthritis, chronic tissue pain states, and various autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) are also expertly reviewed. These high-yield questions correspond to the musculoskeletal pain section of the American Board of Medical Specialties Pain Medicine Content Outline.
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15

Timperley, Jonathan, and Sandeep Hothi. Chronic chest pain. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses chronic chest pain, such as stable angina, unstable angina, or acute coronary syndromes, and musculoskeletal pain. It includes definitions, differential diagnosis, context, approach to diagnosis, specific clues to the diagnosis, key diagnostic tests, treatment and therapy, prognosis, and how to handle uncertainty in the diagnosis of the symptom.
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16

Wolf, Steven L., Jeffrey R. Cram Ph.D., Lisa Barton, and Glenn S. Kasman. Clinical Applications in Surface Electromyography: Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. Aspen Publishers, 1997.

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17

Prolo Your Pain Away: Curing Chronic Pain with Prolothereapy. FC&A Publishing, 2001.

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18

Hauser, Marion A., M. D, M. S, R. D, and Ross A. Hauser. Prolo Your Pain Away! Curing Chronic Pain with Prolotherapy. 3rd ed. Beulah Land Press, 2007.

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19

William J. Faber, D.O., Morton Walker, D.P.M., with John Parks Trowbridge, M.D. Pain, pain, go away: Free yourself from chronic pain. BookSurge Publishing, 2007.

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20

New Avenues for the Prevention of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain and Disability. Elsevier, 2002.

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21

New Avenues for the Prevention of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain and Disability. Elsevier, 2002.

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22

Torkildsen, Kjetil. The efficacy of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. 1999.

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23

Malterud, Kirsti. Chronic Myofascial Pain: A patient-centered approach (Patient-Centered Care Series). Edited by Kirsti Malterud. Radcliffe Medical Press, 2002.

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24

Sarno, Danielle, and Farah Hameed. Pelvic Pain and Floor Dysfunction. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0024.

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Chronic pelvic pain is defined as persistent pain perceived in structures related to the anatomic pelvis (lower abdomen below the umbilicus) of either women or men for greater than 6 months. The etiology may be related to gynecologic, urologic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and neurologic causes. Pelvic pain and floor dysfunction often are associated with a musculoskeletal disorder related to the pelvic girdle, spine, or hip. Myofascial pelvic pain may be related to other diagnoses, such as depression, irritable bowel syndrome, endometriosis, constipation, painful bladder syndrome, and chronic urinary tract infections. A thorough history and clinical examination, including an internal pelvic floor musculoskeletal examination, can help identify the underlying etiology. A multidisciplinary approach to management is essential. Pelvic floor physical therapy plays an integral role. Other treatments, such as medications, complementary therapies, and injections, may be used in conjunction with physical therapy to facilitate a comprehensive rehabilitation program and manage symptoms.
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25

Lavigne, Gilles J., Samar Khoury, Caroline Arbour, and Nadia Gosselin. Sleep and pain. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0046.

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While sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in primary care populations, the patients with the highest rate of poor sleep complaints, including insomnia and nonrestorative sleep, are those with pain. In this chapter, a summary of the potential shared or interactive mechanisms underlying the coexistence of sleep and pain in chronic pain conditions is presented. Theoretical perspectives illustrating sleep–pain interactions are described, as well as the latest empirical evidence regarding sleep disruptions in the context of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular disorders, headaches, and mild traumatic brain injury. Finally, multidimensional strategies for the co-management of sleep and pain are proposed and discussed.
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26

Ebrahimi, Ali, and Geeta Nagpal. The Treatment of Pain in Pregnancy and Lactation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0034.

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Almost all women will experience pain of some type during pregnancy. Common musculoskeletal conditions can cause severe pain in an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy. Some women will enter pregnancy with preexisting painful disorders, and management of ongoing pain and painful exacerbations can be challenging. This chapter reviews the common painful musculoskeletal conditions of pregnancy, as well as migraine, and the approaches to the management of chronic pain during pregnancy and in the breastfeeding mother. Techniques covered include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, as well as pregnancy risk classifications of relevant drugs.
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27

Lefaucheur, Jean-Pascal. TMS and pain. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0046.

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Few clinical investigations show that repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the brain could produce analgesia. Apart from the relationship between TMS and pain with respect to the clinical observation of rTMS-induced analgesic effects, this article also reviews the effects of pain on motor cortex excitability assessed by single or paired-pulse TMS and the results obtained by applying peripheral magnetic stimulation to treat musculoskeletal pain. This article discusses the effects of acute phasic provoked pain, and prolonged tonic provoked pain on motor cortex excitability. The analgesic effects resulting from a single session of rTMS are too short-lived and thereby incompatible with a durable control of chronic pain. Repeated sessions of rTMS on consecutive days produce cumulative effects. However, repeated daily rTMS sessions can be applied to control pain syndromes for a limited period. Further work is needed to define the ultimate clinical role of TMS in the management of pain.
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28

Greydanus, Donald E., and Dilip R. Patel, eds. AM:STARs: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Vol. 18, No. 1. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581104066.

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Now from the AAP! Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews (formerly Adolescent Medicine Clinics) is the official publication of the AAP Section on Adolescent Health. This widely respected resource continues to deliver practice-focused, useful information you won't see anywhere else. Topics in Musculoskeletal Disorders include: Musculoskeletal Diagnosis in Adolescents An Introduction to Physical Therapy Modalities Metabolic Bone Disease in Adolescents: Recognition, Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention Chronic Arthritis in Adolescence Diagnosis and Management of Bone Malignancy in Adolescence Osteomyelitis in Adolescents Overuse Injuries in Adolescents Scoliosis and Kyphosis: Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis and Management of Back Pain in Adolescents Hip Disorders in the Adolescent Foot Problems in the Adolescent Anterior Knee Pain in Adolescents and Young Adults Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy And more! May 2007 Softcover - Volume 18, Number 1
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29

Breivik, Harald. Epidemiology of pain: Its importance for clinical management and research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.003.0002.

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Chronic pain affects at least 20% of the adult population in Europe. Musculoskeletal, abdominal pain, abdominal pain, and headache dominate. About 10% have widespread pain. Women suffer more chronic pain than men. Chronic pain is more common in older persons, in 50% of home-dwelling women, and 60% of women living in nursing homes. Chronic pain increases, with increasing age, and with increasing obesity, and with more patients surviving after treatment for cancer. After injuries and surgical operations new pain develops and persists longer than healing of the surgical wound in about 10%; with 1% developing disabling pain. Apart from sex and age, risk factors that can be reduced by preventive measures are disturbed sleep, psychological stress, depression, and anxiety. Chronic pain costs 2–10% of gross national products of European countries. Epidemiological studies can enable policymakers to provide preventive and therapeutic measures, and research investment to address this suffering.
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30

McCabe, Candy, Richard Haigh, Helen Cohen, and Sarah Hewlett. Pain and fatigue. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0012.

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Pain and fatigue are the prominent problems for those with a rheumatic disease, and are often underestimated by clinicians. Symptoms may fluctuate in quality and intensity over time and commonly will vary over the course of a day. For pain, clinical signs and symptoms will be dependent on the source of the pain and whether causative underlying pathology is identifiable or not. Fatigue may range from mild effects to total exhaustion and may include cognitive and emotional elements, with a complex, probably multicausal, pathway. Theoretical knowledge of potential mechanistic pathways for pain and fatigue should be used to inform assessment and treatment approaches. Best practice recommends a multidisciplinary and holistic treatment approach with the patient an active participant in the planning of their care, and self-management. Many patients with chronic musculoskeletal conditions will not achieve a pain-free or fatigue-free status. Medication use must therefore balance potential benefit against short- and long-term side effects. Rheumatology centres should offer specific fatigue and pain self-management support as part of routine care. Emphasis should be given to facilitating self-management strategies for both pain and fatigue to help the patient optimize their quality of life over years or a lifetime of symptoms. Interventions should include behaviour change and cognitive restructuring of pain/fatigue beliefs, as well as access to relevant self-help groups and charitable organizations. Referral for specialist advice from regional or national clinics on pain relief and management should be considered if pain interferes significantly with function or quality of life despite local interventions.
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31

McCabe, Candy, Richard Haigh, Helen Cohen, and Sarah Hewlett. Pain and fatigue. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0012_update_001.

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Pain and fatigue are the prominent problems for those with a rheumatic disease, and are often underestimated by clinicians. Symptoms may fluctuate in quality and intensity over time and commonly will vary over the course of a day. For pain, clinical signs and symptoms will be dependent on the source of the pain and whether causative underlying pathology is identifiable or not. Fatigue may range from mild effects to total exhaustion and may include cognitive and emotional elements, with a complex, probably multicausal, pathway. Theoretical knowledge of potential mechanistic pathways for pain and fatigue should be used to inform assessment and treatment approaches. Best practice recommends a multidisciplinary and holistic treatment approach with the patient an active participant in the planning of their care, and self-management. Many patients with chronic musculoskeletal conditions will not achieve a pain-free or fatigue-free status. Medication use must therefore balance potential benefit against short- and long-term side effects. Rheumatology centres should offer specific fatigue and pain self-management support as part of routine care. Emphasis should be given to facilitating self-management strategies for both pain and fatigue to help the patient optimize their quality of life over years or a lifetime of symptoms. Interventions should include behaviour change and cognitive restructuring of pain/fatigue beliefs, as well as access to relevant self-help groups and charitable organizations. Referral for specialist advice from regional or national clinics on pain relief and management should be considered if pain interferes significantly with function or quality of life despite local interventions.
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32

Houghton, Kristin. Childhood regional conditions. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0158.

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Musculoskeletal (MSK) complaints are common in childhood. The majority of causes are benign and self-limiting, but MSK symptoms may be the presenting feature of serious life-threatening illness or chronic disease. Pain is often attributed to minor trauma, and atraumatic causes including infectious, inflammatory, and oncologic conditions, amplified musculoskeletal pain syndromes, and normal skeletal growth variants need to be considered. The age of the child helps identify the possible developmental conditions unique to the growing paediatric skeleton. Evaluation and management requires a thorough history and physical examination, and understanding of normal development. This chapter reviews common MSK regional conditions in childhood.
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33

Houghton, Kristin. Childhood regional conditions. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0158_update_001.

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Musculoskeletal (MSK) complaints are common in childhood. The majority of causes are benign and self-limiting, but MSK symptoms may be the presenting feature of serious life-threatening illness or chronic disease. Pain is often attributed to minor trauma, and atraumatic causes including infectious, inflammatory, and oncologic conditions, amplified musculoskeletal pain syndromes, and normal skeletal growth variants need to be considered. The age of the child helps identify the possible developmental conditions unique to the growing paediatric skeleton. Evaluation and management requires a thorough history and physical examination, and understanding of normal development. This chapter reviews common MSK regional conditions in childhood.
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34

Practicalities of using TENS for specific conditions and situations. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0007.

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Research studies have failed to evaluate different TENS techniques for specific conditions. Safe and appropriate TENS technique is based on the use of conventional TENS delivered at a strong, non-painful intensity at the site of pain in the first instance with patients selecting pulse pattern, frequency, and duration for reasons of comfort. In practice, it is necessary to adapt this approach for specific painful conditions. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how the general principles of good practice are applied when using TENS to manage various painful conditions. The chapter discusses acute pain, including post-operative pain and labour pain, chronic musculoskeletal pain, including back pain and osteoarthritis, chronic neuropathic pain, including peripheral and central neuropathic pain, cancer pain, and TENS for children and the elderly.
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35

Clinical research on the efficacy of TENS. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0008.

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The acceptance of a treatment into mainstream medicine is influenced by a wide variety of factors. Traditionally, practitioners rely on information gleaned from their experience of using treatments on their patients although this can be misleading. Clinical research uses experiments to determine whether therapeutic effects of a treatment are attributed to its active ingredient by removing biases that confound clinical observation. This helps to determine whether treatments are efficacious. The purpose of this chapter is to overview evidence from clinical research on the efficacy of TENS for the management of pain by covering evidence-based practice, clinical research on acute pain including post-operative pain and labour pain, chronic musculoskeletal pain, including back pain and osteoarthritis, chronic neuropathic pain, including peripheral and central neuropathic pain, and cancer pain. It also discusses challenges in TENS research.
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36

Schamberger, Wolf. Malalignment Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treating a Common Cause of Acute and Chronic Pelvic, Leg and Back Pain. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2012.

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37

Clunie, Gavin P. R., Nick Wilkinson, Elena Nikiphorou, and Deepak Jadon, eds. Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198728252.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology, 4th edition, has been expanded and improved to incorporate paediatric and adolescent rheumatology. The format of the book is retained. The first four chapters offer a pragmatic guide to evaluating rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, showing how a differential diagnosis can be formed on the basis of symptoms, examination, and investigation findings, both for regional musculoskeletal and systemic generalized conditions. Part II comprises chapters on all the major rheumatic and bone diseases and autoimmune connective tissue diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), crystal-induced musculoskeletal disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, antiphospholipid syndrome, Sjögren’s syndrome, osteoporosis, vasculitis, spinal disorders and back pain, and chronic pain syndromes, as well as new chapters on rare diseases and hereditary disorders. Part II includes chapters on drugs used in rheumatology practice, glucocorticoid injection therapy, and rheumatological emergencies. All chapters are updated to include details on paediatric and adolescent rheumatology, dealt with fairly cursorily in previous Handbook editions. Greatly expanded chapters are included on drugs used in rheumatology, pain syndromes, and the presentation of paediatric and adolescent disease.
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38

Keyserling, W. Monroe. Occupational Ergonomics: Promoting Safety and Health Through Work Design. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0009.

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Occupational ergonomics is a multidisciplinary approach for promoting safety and health through effective work design. Ergonomists collaborate with other occupational health professionals to assure that job demands are compatible with workers’ attributes, capacities, and expectations. This chapter discusses applying principles of cognitive ergonomics to prevent human errors that can contribute to injuries and/or property damage, and using principles of biomechanics and work physiology to reduce the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders, such as chronic back pain and carpal tunnel syndrome, as well as excessive fatigue. The final section of the chapter describes components of an ergonomics program to enhance safety, productivity, and well-being in the workplace.
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39

Zabrecky, George. The Role of Chiropractic in Mind–Body Health. Edited by Anthony J. Bazzan and Daniel A. Monti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190690557.003.0009.

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The chiropractic approach is based on the principles that diseases, both psychiatric and medical, are caused by disturbances in the nervous system and that such disturbances are often related to musculoskeletal problems. Thus chiropractic therapies utilize an integrative approach to health and well-being that includes various spinal manipulations as well as an integrative approach to the patient. Chiropractic therapies are most well known for the management of chronic and acute pain, which frequently can be accompanied by anxiety and depression symptoms. There is little direct evidence that chiropractic care improves mental health outside of the benefits related to pain alleviation. However, based on the overall chiropractic model, chiropractic therapy can potentially benefit a wide variety of psychological symptoms, but more research is needed. This chapter reviews the principles of chiropractic care, particularly in the context of psychiatric conditions, and provides information for future clinical and research programs.
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40

Agar, Meera, and Jane L. Phillips. Palliative medicine and care of the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0163.

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Palliative care in the older person occurs in the context of chronic disease and multimorbidity. Coexisting conditions include musculoskeletal, psychiatric, cognitive, and chronic pain-related problems, each associated with substantive symptomatology and disability. Most crucial is to avoid management within disease ‘silos’ and the risks associated with polypharmacy, which both contribute to adverse outcomes. The complexity of older people’s care demands the formation of a collaborative partnership between primary care, geriatric, and palliative care services, together with other health-care providers in accordance with need. The caregiver of the older person warrants specific mention, often an older spouse with their own medical problems or an adult child juggling other life and work commitments. Planning for care in advance is crucial to avoid decisions being made in crisis, and is particularly crucial if cognitive decline is predicted. Physiological changes, and the frequency of falls, frailty, depression, and delirium are important when planning care and prescribing.
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41

Jenifer, Swanson, ed. Physical and mental issues in aging sourcebook: Basic consumer health information on physical and mental disorders associated with the aging process, including concerns about cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, oral health, digestive disorders, musculoskeletal and skin disorders, metabolic changes, sexual and reproductive issues, and changes in vision, hearing, and other senses; along with data about longevity and causes of death, information on acute and chronic pain, descriptions of mental concerns, a glossary of terms, and resource listings for additional help. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 1999.

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