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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chronic virus hepatites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Silva, Edvaldo Ferreira da. "Prevalência de marcadores sorológicos das hepatites A e B em pacientes com hepatite C crônica atendidos no ambulatório de hepatites do serviço de Gastroenterologia Clínica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5168/tde-04022015-153903/.

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Introdução: Pacientes com infecção crônica pelo VHC e superinfecção pelo vírus da hepatite A (VHA) ou o vírus da hepatite B (VHB), têm maior morbi-mortalidade quando comparados com pacientes que apresentam infecção aguda somente pelo VHA ou VHB. A mortalidade associada à hepatite A aguda pode estar particularmente elevada em pacientes com pré-existência de hepatite crônica causada pelo VHC. Por esta razão, a imunização ativa com vacinas contra o VHA e o VHB vem a ser obrigatória nesta população, e consequentemente esta sorologia deve ser determinada. Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho foi a

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2

Кулеш, Лариса Петрівна, Лариса Петровна Кулеш, Larysa Petrivna Kulesh та ін. "Досвід застосування біопсії печінки: клініко-лабораторні паралелі". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/37928.

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З’ясування характеру і стадії морфологічних змін у печінці при хронічних вірусних гепатитах лишається досить актуальним для встановлення розгорнутого діагнозу, виключення інших чинників ураження органу (стеатозу, автоімунних факторів, порушень метаболiзму), визначення ступеня альтерації, фіброзу та невідкладності призначення противірусної терапії. Не зважаючи на те, що «золотим стандартом» у цій діагностиці була і лишається біопсія, останнім часом з’явилися інші методики (еластометрія, фібротести), які за рахунок неінвазивності мають певний інтерес для клініцистів і пацієнтів.

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3

駱淑芳 and Suk-fong Anna Lok. "Replication of hepatitis B virus in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31981392.

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4

Williams, Stephen John. "Chronic hepatitis B virus infection : prevention and treatment." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1989. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26390.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an increasing public health problem in Australia particularly in certain 'high-risk' subgroups of the population. In order to establish cost-effective screening and vaccination programs directed towards the control and possible eradication of HBV infection, accurate information is needed about the modes of spread and the numbers of "at risk" individuals in particular community subgroups. In addition, treatment strategies must be developed for established HBV carriers since at least 35% of such individuals will die directly related to complications of the di

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5

Christie, John Michael Landale. "Viral persistence in hepatitis C virus infection." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268465.

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6

Albuquerque, Marina Brandão Braz. "APLICAÇÃO DOS MÉTODOS APRI E FIB4 PARA O ESTADIAMENTO DE FIBROSE HEPÁTICA PRÉ E PÓS TRATAMENTO EM PACIENTES COM DIAGNÓSTICO DE HEPATITE C." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2018. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3979.

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Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-05-28T19:39:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Brandão Braz Albuquerque.pdf: 605500 bytes, checksum: 1405379cffb1283fb04eb721d76cc92a (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-28T19:39:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Brandão Braz Albuquerque.pdf: 605500 bytes, checksum: 1405379cffb1283fb04eb721d76cc92a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27<br>The use of hepatic biopsy to assess the stay of the level of fibrosis continues to be gold standard but may present some risks during the procedure and high cost. Given that the WHO suggest

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7

Rodrigues, João Paulo Vilela. "Efetividade e segurança dos inibidores da protease de primeira geração indicados ao tratamento de pacientes cronicamente infectados pelo genótipo 1 do HCV." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/170513.

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Aprovados para o tratamento da hepatite C crônica (HCC) em 2011, os inibidores da protease (IPs) de primeira geração telaprevir (TVR) e boceprevir (BOC) representaram o início de uma nova era caracterizada pelo desenvolvimento de fármacos de ação direta contra o vírus da hepatite C (HCV). Os principais objetivos do presente trabalho foram descrever a efetividade e as incidências de eventos adversos ao uso de BOC ou TVR em esquema triplos com interferon peguilado (Peg-INF) e ribavirina (RBV), verificar a associação de fatores do hospedeiro e de fatores virais com a resposta virológica sustentad

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8

Ferreira, Ariana Carolina. "Pesquisa de marcadores sorológicos e moleculares da infecção pelo Vírus da Hepatite E (HEV) em indivíduos portadores do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5168/tde-30062016-115114/.

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A infecção pelo HEV é reconhecida como um considerável problema de saúde pública em diversas regiões do mundo. Embora caracterizada como uma infecção benigna com um curso evolutivo autolimitado, recentes estudos têm mostrado sua evolução para cronicidade em indivíduos imunocomprometidos. Além disso, tem sido verificado que nesses indivíduos a infecção crônica pelo HEV pode evoluir para fibrose hepática progressiva, culminando com o desenvolvimento de cirrose. Não existem dados acerca da prevalência da infecção pelo HEV em pacientes infectados pelo HIV no Brasil, onde a circulação deste vírus t

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9

Stoop, Jeroen nicolaas. "Regulatory T cells in chronic hepatitis B virus infection." [S.l.] : Rotterdam : [The Author] ; Erasmus University [Host], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/11766.

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10

Lai, Ching-lung. "Chronic hepatitis B-related liver diseases in the Chinese." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13814060.

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11

Seto, Wai-kay Walter, and 司徒偉基. "Virologic and serologic kinetics in the natural history and treatment of chronic hepatitis B." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48671071.

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This thesis investigated how virologic and serologic kinetics of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) could influence the natural history and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Virologic kinetics were described in the first five studies, with serologic kinetics being described in the next five. The first study delineated the HBV DNA profiles of 1,400 treatment-naive Asian CHB patients. Increasing viremia was noted with increasing age, highlighting the large therapeutic demand in Asian patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative CHB. The second study analyzed the association between vira

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12

Luo, Ying. "Hepatitis B virus specific immune response after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3697724X.

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13

Luo, Ying, and 羅英. "Hepatitis B virus: specific immune response after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3697724X.

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14

Verbaan, Hans. "Chronic hepatitis C infection with special reference to prevalence, aggravating factors and longterm outcome /." Lund : Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Dept. of Medicine, University Hospital, Lund University, 1997. http://books.google.com/books?id=SBdrAAAAMAAJ.

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15

Lai, Ching-lung, and 黎靑龍. "Chronic hepatitis B-related liver diseases in the Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31981501.

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16

Yuen, Man-fung, and 袁孟峰. "Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the Chinese: natural history, sequelae, treatment and prevention." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B2333177X.

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17

Pessôa, Mário Guimarães. ""Hepatite colestática associada ao vírus da hepatite C pós-transplante hepático: estudo virológico, histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5144/tde-04042006-090453/.

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A evolução da recorrência da hepatie C pós-transplante hepático pode ter um curso bastante variável. Raramente a doença pode progredir para uma forma conhecida como hepatite recorrente colestática grave, cuja patogenia ainda não é bem conhecida. Nós estudamos nesse trabalho alguns aspectos virológicos, histológicos e imunohistoquímicos de seis pacientes com essa forma rara de recorrência da doença, tendo como comparação um grupo pareado de seis pacientes transplantados com a forma leve de hepatite C recorrente, e como controle imunocompetente, cinco pacientes não transplantados com hepatite cr

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18

Lopes, Agnel Ross. "CD8+ T cell attrition in chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444224/.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8+ T cells are critical for a successful immune response to HBV infection. These cells are markedly diminished in patients that are unable to contain the virus and the mechanisms contributing to their depletion are not well-understood. The aim of this work was to further dissect this response in individuals with chronic infection. Studies of the HBV-specific CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchy demonstrated that persistent infection was associated with a hyporesponsiveness that was exacerbated with increasing antigenic load. The immunodominant core 18-27-spe

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19

Abbas, Amro M. "Pathogenesis of disease associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368251.

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20

Wong, Ka-ho Danny, and 王嘉豪. "Quantitation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in chronic hepatitis B patients." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29938855.

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21

Lu, Lei, and 呂雷. "Effects of antiviral therapies on hepatitis B virus relicaptive intermediates in chronic hepatitis B." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42182359.

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22

Lu, Lei. "Effects of antiviral therapies on hepatitis B virus relicaptive intermediates in chronic hepatitis B." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42182359.

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23

Carlsson, Tony. "Hepatitis C virus kinetics during antiviral treatment /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-588-3/.

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24

Yuen, Man-fung. "Role of hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C on chronic liver disease in the Chinese." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B33710089.

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25

Taal, Maarten Willem. "Control of Hepatitis B and C virus infection in chronic haemodialysis patients." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25675.

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Chronic haemodialysis patients have a high prevalence of Hepatitis B and C virus infections both of which are associated with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was identified as a frequent cause of hepatitis during the early years of chronic haemodialysis therapy and strict adherence to infection control measures alone proved inadequate to control the transmission of infection between patients. A policy of regular screening of all patients and blood donations for hepatitis B surface antigen together with isolation of positive patients to separate dialys

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26

劉耀南 and Yiu-nam Lau. "Interferons and tumour necrosis factor in chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31981446.

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27

Hoang, Xuan Su. "The control of immune responses in chronic hepatitis C virus infection." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV011/document.

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L'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C implique des processus d'interaction complexe entre l'hôte et le virus. Plusieurs facteurs de l'hôte incluant des polymorphismes génétiques et les réponses immunitaires influent sur l'infection et les réponses au traitement. Aussi, il est important d'identifier en amont les facteurs pour prédire la réponse au traitement. L'objectif de la thèse est d'étudier l'influence de certains polymorphismes génétiques de l'hôte sur la réponse à la bithérapie et sur le statut immunitaire du foie dans l'infection chronique par le VHC. L'étude a porté sur les polymorp

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28

Okwor, Chisom Ifeoma Adaeze. "Understanding Immune Suppression in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infections." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41856.

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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a small RNA virus that progresses to chronicity in 50-80% of infected individuals. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are revolutionary treatments for HCV with 90-98% cure rates. However, over time, chronic HCV infections can result in advanced liver disease, including cirrhosis. Patients with advanced fibrosis experience a poor response to vaccination, recurrent infections and increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These outcomes are, in part, a consequence of immune dysfunction. Increased inhibitory receptor and Galectin-9 (GAL-9) expression is a possible

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29

Lau, Yiu-nam. "Interferons and tumour necrosis factor in chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1990. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2158879X.

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30

Jardim, Ana Carolina Gomes [UNESP]. "Análise comparativa da variação entre quasiespecies do Vírus da Hepatite C genótipo 1 em amostras prétratamento de pacientes tratados com Peginterferon." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92531.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jardim_acg_me_sjrp.pdf: 3983929 bytes, checksum: 587fc4359397e3ed6de6922651160d80 (MD5)<br>O HCV é uma das maiores causas de doença do fígado, sendo estimado que mais de 2% da população mundial está infectada. Este vírus possui um genoma de RNA (+) fita simples, que devido à falta de atividade corretiva da polimerase viral apresenta variabilidade genética em vários níveis: genótipos, subtipos e quasispecies. O genótipo 1 é

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31

Wang, Yudong. "The role of regulatory T cells in chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43223990.

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32

Enache, Liviu. "Chronic viral hepatitis and human lipid and carbohydrate metabolism." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10176.

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L'infection au virus de l'hépatite B (VHB) est étroitement liée au métabolisme énergétique hépatique. La réplication du virus est contrôlée en principal par des facteurs de transcription et récepteurs nucléaires tels que PPARa, HNF4a et Foxül, impliqués dans ce métabolisme. Ainsi, la réplication du virus est augmentée par la privation de nutriments et le stress énergétique en modèles cellulaires, et par le jeûne, en modèles murins. PGC-la, un régulateur majeur de la réponse métabolique adaptative au jeûne, est impliqué dans l'augmentation de la transcription du VHB par son interaction avec plu

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33

Wang, Yudong, and 汪玉東. "The role of regulatory T cells in chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43223990.

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34

Pembroke, Thomas. "Natural killer cell activation and evasion during chronic hepatitis C virus infection." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/58428/.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 3% of the global population and HCV-related liver inflammation is a major cause of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current treatments are based upon long courses of interferon-α (IFNα) injections, which have significant side effects and are only effective in 40-80% of individuals depending on viral genotype. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes, which can kill virally infected cells and are stimulated by IFNα. To establish a chronic infection HCV must evade immune responses. I hypothesised that NK cells are important for the successful er

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35

Bulteel, Naomi Sarah. "Predictors of disease progression and outcome in chronic hepatitis C virus infection." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9079/.

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Chronic HCV infection (CHC) is a significant cause of both liver related and non-liver related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease progression through to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is highly variable, and once chronicity of infection has been established, the likelihood of spontaneous clearance without antiviral treatment is extremely low. Safe and highly effective oral antiviral therapy is now available for the treatment of CHC, however price and accessibility may limit the global use of these agents. Furthermore, concerns have been raised regarding the incidence of hepatoc

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36

Frelin, Lars. "Development of vaccines and experimental models for chronic infections caused by the hepatitis C virus /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-906-4/.

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37

Silva, Gustavo Milson Fabricio da. "Influência do polimorfismo genético de citocinas na hepatite C crônica em uma população do Rio de Janeiro." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7928.

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A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (VHC) é uma das mais comuns infecções ao redor do mundo. Aproximadamente, 20% dos pacientes infectados eliminam espontaneamente o vírus, porém a maioria dos indivíduos infectados desenvolve infecção crônica com amplo espectro de lesões hepáticas, desde inflamação leve até cirrose. A resposta imune do hospedeiro exerce grande influência sobre o desfecho da infecção pelo VHC. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência dos polimorfismos genéticos de citocinas na susceptibilidade ou persistência da infecção por VHC e no clareamento espontâneo em uma amo

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38

Tachtatzis, Phaedra Maria. "Accelerated ageing, senescence and the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228557.

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Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is an important health problem worldwide, with a significant rate of chronic infection, which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Increased age is an important determinant of progression to cirrhosis and HCC, possibly because age is a crude measure of the duration of HBV infection. Increasing age is associated with changes in liver structure, blood flow and function and with reduced response to injury, impaired regeneration and increased mortality in acute liver disease. Age has been identified as a co‐factor in several chronic liver dise

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39

Yuen, Man-fung, and 袁孟峰. "Role of hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C on chronic liver disease in the Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B33710089.

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40

ISHIKAWA, TETSUYA. "IMMUNOREGULATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION : RATIONALE AND CLINICAL APPLICATION." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16732.

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41

Zhou, Jie. "Genetic polymorphisms of type I interferon receptor 1 affect the susceptibility to chronic HBV infection association analysis and mechanistic investigation /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38722951.

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42

周婕 and Jie Zhou. "Genetic polymorphisms of type I interferon receptor 1 affect the susceptibility to chronic HBV infection: association analysis and mechanistic investigation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38722951.

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43

Lima, Livia de Souza Botelho. "Avaliação de fatores virológicos associados ao desenvolvimento de carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) em pacientes com hepatite B crônica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5168/tde-20052016-150206/.

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O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar fatores virais associados com a evolução para o carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) em pacientes com hepatite B crônica. Para tanto caracterizamos os subgenótipos do HBV, investigamos a ocorrência de mutações nos genes pré-core/core do HBV associadas à presença de CHC avaliamos por análise filogenética a associação de linhagens virais com a ocorrência de CHC e por fim a associação de outros fatores de risco com o desenvolvimento de CHC. Foram incluídos 119 amostras de soro de pacientes com infecção crônica pelo HBV, destas amostras 60 pertencem ao grupo

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44

Lee, Wing-yan. "Association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with susceptibility and disease progression in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39556955.

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45

Lee, Wing-yan, and 李穎欣. "Association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with susceptibility and disease progression in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39556955.

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46

Juttla, Vicky Satinderpal. "Analysis of the evolution and phenotype of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins during chronic infection." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442271.

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47

Qattan, I. "Mechanisms involved in resistance to interferon alpha therapy in chronic hepatitis C virus infection." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1415966/.

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Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is a massive worldwide healthcare burden, which is estimated to cost in the USA alone over $5 billon per annum. Until recently, the only current effective treatment was combination therapy with peg-interferon alpha and ribavirin (peg-I FNα+RBV), which is expensive and has significant side-effects, and is only effective in up to 50% of those infected with HCV genotype 1. In this thesis, a method was evaluated for detecting genotype 1b infections using a 5’non coding region sequence based approach (TRUEGENE). This allowed the identification of genotype 1b pati

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48

Peppa, D. "Antiviral and immunoregulatory roles of natural killer cells in chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1394604/.

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Persistent infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global health burden accounting for more than a 1 million deaths worldwide. Much work has focused on the failure of the adaptive immune response in persistent HBV infection. In contrast innate responses remain poorly characterised. Accumulating evidence indicates the involvement of NK cells in the control of viral infections and shaping of adaptive immunity. Here we investigated the antiviral and immunoregulatory potential of NK cells in chronic Hepatitis B virus infection (CHB). The combination of immunosuppressive cytokines seen in CHB s

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Webster, George John Mitchell. "The role of virus-specific T cell immunity in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397760.

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BIANCO, ANNALISA. "Virus-host interactions in hepatitis C virus infection: implications for pathogenesis and therapy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/29914.

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Abstract:

Virus-host interactions are crucial for the pathogenesis of Hepatitis C. Disease progression and response to therapy depends from viral and host factors and from their mutual interactions. The study of host and viral factors is also of primary importance for the development of new antiviral therapies. The goal of this work was to investigate some of the most relevant viral and host factors in order to improve their knowledge and the possibility to translate this knowledge to a useful clinical application. CHAPTER 2: Metabolism of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase IIIα-Dependent PI4P is Subverted

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