Journal articles: 'Church and society in Costa Rica'

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Harpelle, Ronald N. "The Social and Political Integration of West Indians in Costa Rica: 1930–50." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 1 (February 1993): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00000389.

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People of African descent in Costa Rica form a marginalised and geographically concentrated minority group. The limited interest that academics have shown towards people of African descent is a reflection of their position in Costa Rican society. National histories consistently ignore the contributions of West Indian immigrants to the economic and social development of modern Costa Rica. Moreover, the existing literature on people of African descent in Costa Rica fails to document properly West Indians' efforts to integrate into Hispanic society. As a result, several misconceptions continue to exist about the evolution of the West Indian community in Costa Rica.

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Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, and Philip J. Williams. "The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica." Bulletin of Latin American Research 9, no. 1 (1990): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3338241.

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Field, Les W. "The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica." Latin American Anthropology Review 3, no. 1 (May 8, 2008): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlca.1991.3.1.21.

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Pomerleau, Claude, and Philip J. Williams. "The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica." Hispanic American Historical Review 70, no. 3 (August 1990): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516650.

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Pomerleau, Claude. "The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica." Hispanic American Historical Review 70, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-70.3.511a.

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Field, Les W. "The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica:The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica." Latin American Anthropology Review 3, no. 1 (March 1991): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlat.1991.3.1.21.1.

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Lohse, Russell. "“La Negrita” Queen of The Ticos: The Black Roots of Costa Rica's Patron Saint." Americas 69, no. 03 (January 2013): 323–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500002315.

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In sharp contrast to her mestizo and mulatto neighbors, Costa Rica is one of a handful of Latin American countries commonly regarded as “white.” For more than a century, national elites and foreign observers alike attributed Costa Rica's relative political stability, high rate of literacy, and prosperity to the nation's supposed racial homogeneity. The “Switzerland of Central America” was rarely regarded as part of the African Diaspora, yet people of African descent have been part of Costa Rican society since its colonial beginnings. In fact, the patron saint of Costa Rica has always been depicted as black. Known affectionately as La Negrita, the Virgen de los Angeles is believed to have appeared with a divine mandate of harmony at a remote time when Costa Rica was divided by racial tensions. In the legend of her apparition some have found the key to Costa Rica's tradition of “rural democracy.”

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Lohse, Russell. "“La Negrita” Queen of The Ticos: The Black Roots of Costa Rica's Patron Saint." Americas 69, no. 3 (January 2013): 323–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2013.0025.

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In sharp contrast to her mestizo and mulatto neighbors, Costa Rica is one of a handful of Latin American countries commonly regarded as “white.” For more than a century, national elites and foreign observers alike attributed Costa Rica's relative political stability, high rate of literacy, and prosperity to the nation's supposed racial homogeneity. The “Switzerland of Central America” was rarely regarded as part of the African Diaspora, yet people of African descent have been part of Costa Rican society since its colonial beginnings. In fact, the patron saint of Costa Rica has always been depicted as black. Known affectionately as La Negrita, the Virgen de los Angeles is believed to have appeared with a divine mandate of harmony at a remote time when Costa Rica was divided by racial tensions. In the legend of her apparition some have found the key to Costa Rica's tradition of “rural democracy.”

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Scotchmer, David. "Book Review: The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica." Missiology: An International Review 21, no. 3 (July 1993): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969302100329.

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Solano Acuña, Ana Sofía. "Etnodemografía de la población de origen miskito en Costa Rica, una tarea ineludible para su reconocimiento." Atlántida Revista Canaria de Ciencias Sociales, no. 13 (2022): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.atlantid.2022.13.05.

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For more than four decades, the presence of the Miskito population in Costa Rica, the formation of their community in the capital city and the appropriation of this new territory have been made invisible by the hegemonic society and the Costa Rican State. For the elaboration of this reflection, we started from the results obtained in 2014 in the study Approach to the Miskito population in Costa Rica, which were complemented and put into perspective with a documentary review, some interviews, and a focus group. Within the framework of the Bicentennial of the independence of Central America it was considered important to recover this methodological and cultural approach, which exemplifies the complexity and variability of the population in Costa Rica. In this regard, it was concluded that recording this cultural and social diversity is the first step towards more inclusive social policies.

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Fernández, Gastón, and León Narváez. "Refugees and Human Rights in Costa Rica: The Mariel Cubans." International Migration Review 21, no. 2 (June 1987): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100209.

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Historically, Costa Rican refugee policies have reflected a broad human rights perspective consistent with international principles. However, the reception and subsequent treatment of Mariel Cubans took place in an increasingly negative context, namely a substantial increase in the number of Salvadorans and Nicaraguans requiring assistance. As a result, the skills, educational levels and occupational experiences of the Mariel Cubans were not considered assets for Costa Rican development. Costa Rica, the host society for hundreds of Mariel Cubans, raised obstacles to the effective utilization of those assets. These obstacles raise questions about aspects of Costa Rica's longstanding commitment to human rights.

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Vargas Gómez, Francisco Javier. "Un pájaro azul en Costa Rica: la función de la traducción de L’Oiseau bleu en la Costa Rica de 1912." LETRAS, no. 45 (January 30, 2009): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-45.9.

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El estudio procura desvelar la función de El pájaro azul (traducción de Roberto Brenes Mesén) dentro del contexto histórico en que surge. Tras describir y analizar las especificidades ideológicas, sociales y literarias de contexto, individuos y textos involucrados, se concluye que la traducción pudo haber funcionado como un instrumento para promover cambios ideológicos, sociales y estéticos dentro de la sociedad costarricense de principios del siglo veinte.This study seeks to describe the role of El pájaro azul (translated by Roberto Brenes Mesén) when it first appeared in Costa Rica in 1912. A description is provided of the ideological, social and literary features present in the context, and of the agents and texts involved in the production of El pájaro azul. The analysis of these features makes it possible to state that the text is likely to have been an instrument used to promote ideological, social and aesthetic changes within the 20th century Costa Rican society.

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Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard. "The Institutional Foundations of Democratic Cooperation in Costa Rica." Journal of Latin American Studies 28, no. 2 (May 1996): 329–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00013031.

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AbstractCosta Rica's long-term standing as one of the few countries in Latin America with a stable democracy has prompted many to view its polity as an inevitable outcome of a racially homogeneous and relatively egalitarian society. Without ignoring the importance of sociological factors, this article contends that institutional arrangements played an equally important – if not more central – role in the development of a stable democratic regime in this country. The structure of Costa Rican presidentialism encouraged incumbents to maintain control of the state while it, as a consequence, incited the opposition to rebel against central state authorities. Political competition became more peaceful as parties that failed to hold or to capture the presidency were nevertheless compensated by being allowed to occupy legislative seats.

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Pedroza, Luicy. "Los límites de la participación política en una democracia excepcional: migrantes en Costa Rica." Migraciones internacionales 11 (January 1, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.1740.

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In comparison to other countries in the Latin American region, especially in Central America, support for democracy in Costa Rica is high –despite ups and downs in recent years. Still, regarding the challenges that immigration poses for the principles of democratic inclusion and representation, Costa Rica lag behind 11 countries in Latin America –and 35 democracies in the world– where immigrant residents have the right to vote in local elections. In Chile and Uruguay, the only countries in the region where support for democracy tops that observed in Costa Rica, the right to vote of immigrant residents even reaches national elections. With such a comparative background, this article addresses the question: how to explain that this democracy ignores the tendency to give the right to vote to resident migrants? The study reveals a society in which the narrative of exceptionality with respect to other countries of the continent and the formal primacy of nationality to political citizenship, allow tolerating a clear inequality between the political rights of emigrants and immigrants.

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ANCOCHEA, DIEGO SÁNCHEZ. "Domestic Capital, Civil Servants and the State: Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic under Globalisation." Journal of Latin American Studies 37, no. 4 (November 2005): 693–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x05009831.

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This article studies the impact of neoliberal globalisation on the relative strength of different social actors and on the relations between these actors and the state in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic. In particular, the article analyses the responses of large domestic capitalists to the new global environment and to the new policies implemented, as well as the effect of these policies on public servants (who have traditionally been an influential political force, at least in Costa Rica). The paper makes two basic claims. First, globalisation has had some common effects on the politico-economic structures of Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic, despite the vastly different historical trajectory of state–society relations in the two countries. In both countries, there has been an increasing concentration and financialisation of capital and a weakening of the state bureaucracy. Second, these changes in the politico-economic structure have imposed new, country-specific constraints for the consolidation of the neoliberal economic model, signalling the need to introduce institutional reforms in the near future.

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Pires, Teresinha Teles. "Procreative autonomy, gender equality and right to life: the decision of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in Artavia Murillo v. Costa Rica." Revista Direito GV 13, no. 3 (December 2017): 1007–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-6172201739.

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Resumo The trial and the reasons adopted by Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) in Artavia Murillo v. Costa Rica represent significant progress in protecting women’s procreative autonomy. The decision of the IACtHR revoked a decision of the Constitutional Chamber of Costa Rica that banned the use of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in the country. With this decision, the IACtHR not only clearly linked universal rights of freedom with procreative autonomy for women and men; the IACtHR also strongly reinforced an interpretation on the “right to life” that favors procreative autonomy. Moreover, the decision is remarkable to include a standard of equality in matters of procreative autonomy insofar as the IACtHR has held that women, because of negative gender stereotypes in society, have been greatly undermined by the decision of the Chamber of Costa Rica to ban IVF. Finally, as will be argued, courts may, in similar future cases, introduce the Convention of Belém do Pará in the analysis, considering that the elimination of IVF services (or other limitation of women’s procreative autonomy) can be seen as a form of violence against women’s moral integrity.

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Downe, Pamela. "Participant Advocacy and Research with Prostitutes in Costa Rica." Practicing Anthropology 21, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.21.3.975432776408k920.

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In 1992-3, I conducted research with 53 street prostitutes in San José Costa Rica. The goal of this research, as I describe below, was to determine how these women use biomedical concepts of contagion to explain the healthrelated conditions that posed the greatest threat to their daily lives. Although I always intended the results of this study to be relevant to the participants, I never expected that these women would embrace the research as fervently as they did. What resulted was a research project that was very much participant-driven and advocacy-based. Much of the advocacy associated with anthropological fieldwork is reasonably formal, well-planned, and focused. However, in doing research with a community that is highly stigmatized and located on the legal margins of society (where many activities are illegal), research-related advocacy tends to be more informal and spontaneous. In this article, I outline the tenets of the project and reflect on the kind of advocacy that was forged through the participants' efforts. The focus here is not so much the research results per se (as those have been published elsewhere), but rather it is the research process and the collaboration with participants. The issues raised throughout this discussion will not be new to applied anthropologists but they will hopefully contribute to our understandings of ongoing debates about anthropological advocacy, collaboration, and authority.

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Calvo-Alvarado, J., V. Jiménez, A. Calvo-Obando, and M. Castillo. "Current perspectives on forest recovery trends in Guanacaste, Costa Rica." International Forestry Review 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819827906825.

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The main goal of this study was to evaluate whether the trends in the recovery of forest cover in Guanacaste continued during the past decade and to evaluate if the socioeconomic drivers of recovery have been altered. Our analysis found that forest cover in Guanacaste province increased marginally from 48.14% in 2005 to 50.74% in 2012. This implies that the forest recovery process during this period has continued but with a much smaller pace, showing signs of stagnation. The province landscape has changed since the 1970s, when it was dominated by livestock ranching and was the most deforested province with only 23.6% of forest cover. Today Guanacaste is a good example of an economic development forest transition region, with a matrix of land use that is dominated by new forests in different successional stages, which has resulted in great benefits to society given the ecosystem services that this landscape provides.

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Garro Garita, Melissa. "Análisis del uso de las cuatro habilidades lingüísticas adquiridas por las personas egresadas del programa "Fortalecimiento de la enseñanza y aprendizaje del idioma inglés en las instituciones de educación superior universitaria estatal de Costa Rica, sedes UNED" / Analysis of the usage of the four linguistic skills acquired by former students of the Program “Reinforcing the Teaching and Learning of the English Language in the institutions of the Superior State University of Costa Rica, at UNED sites”." Revista Internacional de Educación y Aprendizaje 7, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revedu.v7.1906.

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ABSTRACTLearning a foreign language facilitates a social, economic and cultural development in a society. Consequently, in order to respond to a current bilingual demand, the Language Center of the Distant State University UNED (Universidad Estatal a Distancia) in Costa Rica provides to enrolled students with an English Program full scholarship. In light of this bilingual need in society, the main purpose of this investigation is to analyse the current usage of acquired bilingual linguistic skills once participants have completed the English Program.RESUMENAprender una lengua extranjera facilita el desarrollo social, económico y cultural en una sociedad. Por esa razón, y con el fin de satisfacer la demanda laboral bilingüe actual, el Centro de Idiomas de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia UNED (State University Distant modality) en Costa Rica, brinda a su estudiantado una beca total mediante un Programa de Inglés. En vista de la necesidad de una sociedad bilingüe, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el uso actual de las habilidades lingü.sticas adquiridas por las personas graduadas del Programa de Inglés.

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Rodríguez Arce, José M., and Marco A. Arce cerdas. "Ritual consumption of psychoactive fungi and plants in ancestral Costa Rica." Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.010.

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Not much is known from an ethnohistorical perspective about the use of psychoactive substances in southern Central America; it is mainly through the archeological record that their presence in the past has been inferred. This article reviews evidence for the use of mind-altering plants and mushrooms in the societies that inhabited the current Costa Rican territory during pre-Columbian times, and explores the cultural significance of this activity. Historical, ethnographic, archeological, and paleobotanical information was examined and integrated with the data obtained from the analysis of 46 artifacts with a presumed linkage to psychoactive drug use that were selected from an exhaustive search in the collections of the Museums of the Central Bank of Costa Rica and the National Museum of Costa Rica. Preliminary results suggest the consumption of tobacco (Nicotianaspp. L.), morning glory (Ipomoeaspp. L.),cohoba[Anadenanthera peregrina(L.) Speg.], psychedelic fungi [Amanita muscaria(L.) Lam. andPsilocybe(Fr.) P. Kumm. species], as well as various alcoholic and invigorating beverages was present in ancient times. This use was likely connected to shamanistic healing practices, social–ceremonial events, and the ritual activities of people who held positions of religious and political importance within society.

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Huber, Brad R., and Richard Scaglion. "Gender Differences in Computer Education: A Costa Rican Case Study." Journal of Educational Computing Research 13, no. 3 (October 1995): 271–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kjrn-kael-3fyl-vd84.

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A time allocation study was designed to determine how two types of teachers spend their time in a primary school computer lab in Costa Rica. As a group, teachers of both types were found to allocate more of their time to boys than to girls. Moreover, boys were found to monopolize the primary teaching resource (the formally trained lab teacher), leaving girls to seek assistance from the secondary resource (their regular classroom teacher). Results of the study have important implications both for the anthropology of education and for Costa Rican society at large.

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Aguilar, Sergio. "Investigaciones científicas en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco y aguas adyacentes del Pacífico de Costa Rica." Revista de Biología Tropical 64, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i1.23410.

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<p>This Special Issue of the Revista de Biología Tropical, “Scientific Research at Isla del Coco National Park and Adjacent Waters, Pacific Costa Rica” (Volume 64, Supplement 1, 2016) contains 20 papers, with topics ranging from atmospheric sciences to an analysis of conservation public policies, including also papers on physical oceanography, chemistry, botany and marine biodiversity of Isla del Coco National Park, its adjacent waters and regions between the continent and the island. The 20 papers were written by 54 authors, including 15 students, from 13 national and international institutions. The manuscripts were reviewed by more than 75 researchers to whom I am greatly thankful. (The list of reviewers is presented at the end; several requested to remain anonymous.) Their corrections, suggestions and comments greatly contributed to improve the papers. Most of the publications are the product of research projects funded by the Vice-rectory for Research of the University of Costa Rica, the French Fund for the World Environment, the National Council of Rectors of the Public Universities of Costa Rica (CONARE), Conservation International, the Undersea Hunter Group, and other funding agencies. I acknowledge the unconditional support, once more, of the Revista de Biología Tropical. The publication of this Special Issue was possible thanks to the financial contributions by the Costa Rican National Academy of Science, the Undersea Hunter Group, the Pristine Seas Project (National Geographic Society, thanks to Enric Sala), and Conservation International (CI). Finally, I want to thank each and every one of the authors for contributing with their manuscripts for this new Special Issue on scientific research at Isla del Coco National Park and its surrounding waters. I hope that this Special Issue, as well as the previous ones, contributes to increase awareness of the importance of Isla del Coco for Costa Rica and the entire world.</p><div> </div>

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Woodward, Ralph Lee, and Lowell Gudmundson. "Costa Rica before Coffee: Society and Economy on the Eve of the Export Boom." American Historical Review 93, no. 1 (February 1988): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1865891.

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Newson, Linda A., and Lowell Gudmundson. "Costa Rica before Coffee: Society and Economy on the Eve of the Export Boom." Bulletin of Latin American Research 7, no. 1 (1988): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3338450.

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Ameringer, Charles D. "Costa Rica Before Coffee: Society and Economy on the Eve of the Export Boom." Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-67.4.729.

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Ameringer, Charles D., and Lowell Gudmundson. "Costa Rica before Coffee: Society and Economy on the Eve of the Export Boom." Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 4 (November 1987): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516072.

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Donoso Gonzalez, Macarena, Laura Arguedas Mejía, María Martha Durán Rodríguez, and Virginia Ramírez Cascante. "look at educational and gender equality in the public policies of Costa Rica and Spain." Revista de Estilos de Aprendizaje 14, Especial (October 25, 2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55777/rea.v14iespecial.3814.

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Education as a fundamental human right and the foundation of a more just and egalitarian society has traditionally been the object of attention of public policies of various kinds. The promotion of equal opportunities between men and women in different social spheres has been a principle, intended by all nations, materialized in inclusive education and social justice as guarantors for a society built upon the foundations of equity and equality. Accordingly, an approach to public policies in Costa Rica and Spain has been made to analyze their treatment of equal educational and gender opportunities. Both countries have developed educational and social policies to guarantee education for all, prevent segregation and social exclusion, and strengthen the role of women in all areas. Despite this historical trajectory in pursuit of a just, democratic, and egalitarian society, the new world scenario brought about by COVID-19 forces us to rethink crucial educational and social aspects to overcome the current crisis we are facing. The educational and social challenges are today of significant importance for society. The world needs political, economic, labor, and social approaches to address this present situation, and education is the fundamental weapon capable of offering productive answers in the current scenario.

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Davis, Charles L., Edwin E. Aguilar, and John G. Speer. "Associations and Activism: Mobilization of Urban Informal Workers in Costa Rica and Nicaragua." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41, no. 3 (1999): 35–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166158.

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Studies of Latin American civil society tend to assume that popular organizations promote “high-intensity” forms of political participation while political parties mainly encourage voting. This study compares the influence of these two forces in the urban informal sector. Association involvement, low in both samples, is related to “higher-intensity” participation, but the differential influence of associations and parties holds only for Costa Rica; Nicaragua’s revolutionary FSLN has fostered a more politically active citizenry.

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Stephen, David. "The Catholic church and politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica and Sandinistas: the party and the revolution." International Affairs 65, no. 4 (1989): 777–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622682.

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Baltodano-Goulding, Rafael. "Unsaturated seepage analysis at the Guayabo National Archaeological Monument, Costa Rica." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501026.

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The Guayabo National Archaeological Monument is considered one of the most important historical and political ceremonial centers of pre-Columbian Costa Rica, Central America, and it depicts the ingenuity and the quality of life of Costa Rica´s inhabitants between 800 BC and AD 1400. This site was named International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2009 by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Evaluation of the unsaturated flow at the Northwestern slope using a two-dimensional model was performed. It was determined from field and modeling that at a relatively shallow depth the soil is relatively impermeable; thus, producing a large amount of run-off that tends to deteriorate the archaeological structures, and induce landslides. As part of the site investigation, exploratory borings were performed, and piezometers were installed in the upper, middle, and bottom parts of the slope. A series of laboratory testing was also performed to obtain index soil and permeability properties. The soil-water characteristic used to develop the K-Curve was also obtained. Additionally, a groundwater model was created using the geotechnical model and a water balance analysis for the area, where different scenarios of recharge and precipitation were analyzed taking into consideration the observed data. The volume of slope run-off through towards the archaeological site was estimated and the areas where it emerges, as well as the field groundwater.

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Purcell, Trevor. "Structural Transformation and Social Inequality in a Plural Society: The Case of Limon, Costa Rica." Caribbean Quarterly 33, no. 1-2 (March 1987): 20–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00086495.1987.11671706.

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Rodríguez Chaves, Alonso. "Blancos perfectos: obsesión y delirio de la Costa Rica del siglo XIXPerfect Whites: Obsession and Delirium of Costa Rica in 19th century." Vínculos de Historia. Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 5 (May 23, 2016): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh.v0i5.212.

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RESUMEN El trabajo académico se empeña en desenmarañar uno de los capítulos más velados por la historiografía costarricense. En primera parte se exponen antecedentes generales, en los que se sostiene la idea que en la mayoría de los imaginarios colectivos ha prevalecido, la creencia dicotómica de la existencia de seres humanos superiores e inferiores. En ese nivel, se revelan teorías racistas que han justificado y sustentado la supuesta superioridad de algunos colectivos y el consecuente derecho de subyugar a otros en su calidad de inferiores. En segunda parte del texto se profundiza en el discurso oficial liberal costarricense vigente en el ocaso del siglo XIX; influenciado por teorías racistas de la época que exaltaban y defienden la supremacía genética de la población blanca, en detrimento de la diversidad étnica originaria. Dentro de esta lógica, el escrito presenta varias acciones y manifestaciones racistas emprendidas por los sectores hegemónicos, con los que se trató insistentemente de blanquear la población costarricense. En otras palabras, el artículo se refiere en su parte más importante, al mito de la blancura y a la fijación del proyecto liberal por conseguir la homogeneidad racial de la población. PALABRAS CLAVES: imaginario colectivo, grupos hegemónicos, racismo, siglo diecinueve, Costa Rica ABSTRACT This text seeks to throw light on one of the most obscure chapters of Costa Rican historiography. It first sets out a general background which holds that the majority of collective imaginations have accepted a difference between superior and inferior types of human beings. Racist theories which have justified and sustained the supposed superiority of various groups and their supposed right to subjugate others are examined. Then the official Costa Rican liberal discourse prevalent at the end of the nineteenth century is looked at; a discourse influenced by various racist theories which exalted and defended the supposed genetic superiority of the white population by comparison to the ethnic diversity of the original population of the country. In this context the paper then examines various racist activities carried out by the dominant sectors of society to “whiten” the population of Costa Rica. In other words the bulk of the article deals with the myth of whiteness and the attempts of the liberal project to achieve a racially homogenous population. KEY WORDS: collective imagination, hegemonic groups, racism, ninetieth century, Costa Rica

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Gooren, Henri. "Towards a New Model of Conversion Careers: the Impact of Personality and Contingency Factors." Exchange 34, no. 2 (2005): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543054068514.

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AbstractThe central question of this article — why people may change their religious affiliation or become disaffiliated — is relevant from both an academic and a practical point of view. The article makes first an inventory of existing literature on religious conversion. Next I sketch the contours of the new conversion careers approach I am currently working on. I make some comparisons with a region that is not usually mentioned in the literature on conversion: Latin America. These comparisons are based on my earlier fieldwork on Roman Catholicism, Pentecostalism, and Mormonism in Costa Rica and Guatemala (H. Gooren, Rich among the Poor: Church, Firm, and Household among Small-scale Entrepreneurs in Guatemala City, Amsterdam: Thela Thesis 1999).

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Castro-Arce, Karina, and Frank Vanclay. "Community-Led Green Land Acquisition: Social Innovative Initiatives for Forest Protection and Regional Development." Land 9, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9040109.

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Land acquisition often involves power and displacement and can be carried out on a large scale. There are many forms of land acquisition, including for environmental and conservation purposes as well as for production activities. While green grabbing has joined land grabbing as an environmental justice issue of concern, it is not necessarily the case that all green land acquisition is large scale, done by powerful outsiders, or leads to displacement and exclusion. The outcomes of green land acquisition are dependent on the mechanisms used, the adequacy of resettlement and/or compensation, and the social and environmental context in which it happens. We discuss the outcomes of community-led land acquisition for conservation purposes in Costa Rica. We considered a special case of green land acquisition done by local civil society to defend the forest and water resources of the Juan Castro Blanco National Water Park in Costa Rica. We used the literature on green grabbing, social ecological systems, and social innovation to discuss local environmental governance and regional sustainable development. This paper makes a fresh contribution to environmental planning and environmental governance by bringing in aspects of green land acquisition that have not been previously explored.

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Chavarría, Stephanie, Tania Bermúdez, Narcy Villalobos, and Bernal Morera. "El modelo Bandler-Grinder de aprendizaje y la enseñanza de genética mendeliana en estudiantes costarricenses de décimo año." UNED Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v4i2.10.

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En Costa Rica existen muy pocas investigaciones en el área de la enseñanza de la genética en secundaria, a pesar de la importancia que tiene esta disciplina actualmente, siendo base fundamental para otras áreas de las ciencias como las de la salud, las agrarias o ambientales. El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las técnicas utilizadas por dos profesoras para desarrollar los temas de genética mendeliana e identificar los diferentes estilos de aprendizaje que poseen los estudiantes de décimo año de dos colegios diurnos de Costa Rica. La investigación se desarrolló en un enfoque mixto, utilizando tres tipos de instrumentos. Entre los resultados más destacables se observó poco conocimiento del tema de estilos de aprendizaje por parte de las docentes; las clases que se desarrollan son del tipo magistral, además, los temas con mayor y menor dificultad en los tópicos de genética mendeliana no concuerdan entre profesoras y estudiantes. Existe diversidad de estilos de aprendizaje en los estudiantes, siendo el auditivo el de mayor predominancia a nivel general. Así mismo, se identificaron estudiantes que pueden desarrollar una alta o baja predominancia simultáneamente en los tres estilos de aprendizaje (visual, auditivo, kinestésico), indicando que por lo general las personas durante su proceso de aprendizaje presentan varios estilos, cuya predominancia es posiblemente multifactorial.ABSTRACTThe Bandler-Grinder Learning Model and teaching techniques forMendelian genetics in Costa Rican tenth grade students. Educationin genetics is basic for learning in other areas such as health, agricultureand environmental sciences. In Costa Rica, little is known about geneticseducation in high school, despite the importance of this disciplineto society. Here we analyze the techniques used in two Costa Ricaninstitutions to teach Mendelian genetics, and identify the learningstyles based on the NLP Bandler & Grinder Learning Model. The researchwas conducted under a mixed approach in ten-grade students fromtwo daytime high schools. We used three kinds of instruments: semi-structured interview, observation by recording critical incidents inclass and a learning styles test. We found that the teachers had littleknowledge of learning styles, and that lessons are developed mainlyas master classes. Teachers and students do not agree on the degree ofdifficulty of several subtopics of Mendelian genetics. Even though theauditory style was predominat, we found that the prevalence is probablymultifactorial.

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Rodríguez Barahona, Julia V. "¿Los servicios de salud pública veterinaria en Costa Rica son accesibles para todos?" Universidad en Diálogo: Revista de Extensión 10, no. 2 (November 13, 2020): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/udre.10-2.7.

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La accesibilidad a los servicios de salud pública veterinaria en zonas indígenas requiere la migración de médicos veterinarios de zonas urbanas, ya que el centro médico más cercano está aproximadamente a una hora u hora y media de camino en bus y lancha. En el periodo 2016-2019 se visitaron las comunidades de Pavones, Santa Rosa, Alto Conte, Las Vegas, Alto Unión, La Pita, Busmallis, Amubri, Cachabri, Daytonia, Roca Quemada, Yordi, Psipirí, Paso Marcos, Casona, Keköldi, Vereh, Tongibe y Margarita. Se cuenta con la coordinación de la Asociación ProQuirco y la red institucional de la Universidad Nacional. Recientemente, existen vínculos con CREW (Costa Rican Equine Welfare), Senasa (Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal de Costa Rica) y HSI (Human Society International). Para cumplir con el protocolo de control de enfermedades cada comunidad es asistida dos veces por año. Se lleva un registro de los animales atendidos que incluye: especie, tratamiento profiláctico y/o terapéutico, según sea el caso. Se han atendido un total de 5 777 animales, de ellos 3 024 fueron perros, 2 279 caballos, 240 gatos, 211 cerdos, 9 vacas, 4 ovejas, 2 gallinas, 1 cabra, 1 lora y 1 perico. En el primer periodo 2007-2011 (primeras dos fases del proyecto) se atendió un promedio de 529 animales por año, en el segundo periodo 2012-2015 (tercera fase) 1 465 y en el último periodo 2016-2019 (cuarta fase) 1 444. Se concluye que Costa Rica requiere la implementación de una política pública que incentive a los médicos veterinarios a trabajar en zonas rurales para mejorar el bienestar animal y la salud pública.

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Mora Ramírez, Andrés. "Globalización neoliberal en Costa Rica: panorama de las tendencias en políticas culturales (1990-2010)." LETRAS, no. 50 (September 22, 2011): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.2-50.6.

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En los últimos dos decenios, la sociedad costarricense ha pasado por considerables transformaciones enmarcadas en el contexto de la globalización, y bajo el signo del neoliberalismo, visibles en la organización del Estado, la definición del modelo de desarrollo y en el papel de la empresa privada en la definición y promoción de políticas culturales. Las principales tendencias indican que son las fuerzas del mercado y las industrias mediáticas e infocomunicacionales las fuentes del cambio cultural y de una nueva noción de identidad nacional. Over the last two decades, Costa Rican society underwent profound changes in the context of globalization, and under the influence of neoliberalism. Such changes can be identified in the organization of the State, the definition of the development model, and particularly, in the role that private enterprise assumes in defining and promoting cultural policies. The main trends indicate that there are market forces, and media and infocommunication industries that are sources of cultural change and the construction of a new national identity.

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Araújo, Kárita de Fátima. "AS MINAS GERAIS DO SÉCULO XVIII: IDENTIDADE NACIONAL E FORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL SOB O OLHAR DE CLÁUDIO MANUEL DA COSTA." Revista Cerrados 15, no. 01 (March 17, 2020): 130–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22238/rc24482692v15n12017p130a155.

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Este trabalho, fruto da dissertação de Mestrado, tem como objetivo resgatar e compreender o modo pelo qual se processou a construção da identidade nacional e a formação territorial brasileira no contexto das Minas Gerais do século XVIII, buscou-se, desta feita, fazê-lo à luz das obras literárias dos poetas inconfidentes. Nesse sentido, a obra Vila Rica de Cláudio Manuel da Costa cumpre o papel de aliar Geografia e Literatura ao possibilitar o diálogo entre as manifestações artísticas do poeta e os componentes espaciais e temporais que compuseram a sociedade mineira do século XVIII. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi fundamental analisar alguns elementos, tais como, o conceito de sertão e sua condição de ocupação e isolamento para o período, diretamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento e decadência do chamado “ciclo do ouro”, além da formação daquela sociedade e do estabelecimento de uma “identidade nacional”, responsáveis por delinear para as Minas Gerais a possibilidade de compor uma nação independente de Portugal. Desta forma, o enredo literário permitiu observar qual compreensão do intelectual Cláudio Manuel da Costa acerca daquele aquele espaço e tempo. Sua visão do mundo refletiu-se nas entrelinhas do texto literário, revelando percepções, opiniões e posições diferenciadas acerca daquela realidade, aspectos fundamentais do processo de construção da nacionalidade e da territorialidade brasileiras. Palavras-chave: Geografia; Literatura; Vila Rica. THE MINAS GERAIS OF THE XVIII CENTURY: NATIONAL IDENTITY AND TERRITORIAL TRAINING UNDER THE LOOK OF CLÁUDIO MANUEL DA COSTA Abstract This work, the result of the dissertation of Master, aims to rescue and understand the way in which the construction of the national identity and the Brazilian territorial formation in the context of the Minas Gerais of the XVIII century was processed, this time it was sought to do so in the light of the literary works of the poets of the Inconfidência Mineira. In this sense, the book Vila Rica by Cláudio Manuel da Costa fulfills the role of allying Geography and Literature by enabling the dialogue between the artistic manifestations of the poet and the spatial and temporal components that composed the mining society of the eighteenth century. To reach the proposed objective, it was fundamental to analyze some elements, such as the concept of sertão and its condition of occupation and isolation for the period, directly related to the development and decay of the so-called "gold cycle", besides the formation of that society and of the establishment of a "national identity", responsible for outlining for Minas Gerais the possibility of composing an independent nation of Portugal. In this way, the literary plot allowed to observe what understanding of the intellectual Cláudio Manuel da Costa about that space and time. His vision of the world was reflected in the lines of the literary text, revealing different perceptions, opinions and positions about that reality, fundamental aspects of the process of construction of Brazilian nationality and territoriality. Keywords: Geography; Literature; Vila Rica. LAS MINAS GERAIS DEL SIGLO XVIII: IDENTIDAD NACIONAL Y FORMACIÓN TERRITORIAL BAJO LA MIRADA DE CLÁUDIO MANUEL DA COSTA Resumen Este trabajo, el resultado de la tesis de Maestría, pretende rescatar y entender la forma en la que demandó la construcción de la identidad nacional y la formación territorial de Brasil en el contexto de las Minas Gerais del siglo XVIII, se buscó, esta vez, lo hacen a la luz de las obras literarias de poetas de la Inconfidência Mineira. En este sentido, el trabajo de Vila Rica de Cláudio Manuel da Costa desempeña el papel de la combinación de Geografía y Literatura para facilitar el diálogo entre las expresiones artísticas del poeta y los componentes espaciales y temporales que componían la sociedad minera del siglo XVIII. Para lograr el objetivo propuesto, que era esencial para analizar algunos elementos, tales como el concepto de zona de influencia y su condición de ocupación y aislamiento para el período, directamente relacionada con el desarrollo y la decadencia de la "fiebre del oro", además de la formación de que la sociedad y el establecimiento de una "identidad nacional", responsable del diseño de Minas Gerais, la posibilidad de componer una nación independiente de Portugal. De este modo, la trama literaria ha observado que la comprensión intelectual de Cláudio Manuel da Costa acerca de aquél espacio y el tiempo. Su visión del mundo se refleja en las líneas del texto literario, que revela las percepciones, opiniones y posiciones diferentes sobre esa realidad, los aspectos fundamentales del proceso de construcción de la nacionalidad y territorialidad brasileñas. Palabras clave: Geografía; Literatura; Vila Rica.

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MATLAND, RICHARD E., and MICHELLE M. TAYLOR. "Electoral System Effects on Women's Representation." Comparative Political Studies 30, no. 2 (April 1997): 186–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414097030002003.

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This study considers the effects of electoral system structure on women's representation in national legislatures. Research done in Western Europe finds women's representation is positively affected by party magnitude; tests for similar effects in Costa Rica are done and confirm this hypothesis. The effects of electoral thresholds are also considered. The Costa Rican electoral threshold increases disproportionality and enhances the likelihood of producing parliamentary majorities, as expected. Moving beyond these traditional findings, the threshold also has a positive effect on the descriptive representativeness of the legislature by increasing party magnitudes and thereby increasing the representation of women. The study ends by suggesting the electoral studies field needs to expand its evaluation criteria to not only consider representativeness in terms of reflecting party support, but also consider representativeness in terms of accurately mirroring society at large, that is, descriptive representation.

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Silva, Jaqueline da, Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura, Octavio Muniz da Costa Vargens, Cristina Maria Douat Loyola, Daniel Gonzalo Eslava Albarracín, Jorge Diaz, Gladys Magdalena Rodríguez Funes, Mabell Granados Hernández, Ruth Magdalena Gallegos Torres, and Ruth Jakeline Oviedo Rodriguez. "Illicit drug use in seven Latin American countries: critical perspectives of families and familiars." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 17, spe (2009): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692009000700002.

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This cross-sectional multi-centre study explored how family members and friends of illicit drug users perceived protective and risk factors, treatment facilities and policies and laws regarding illicit drug use. Family members and friends of illicit drug users were recruited in 10 urban health care outpatient units in 7 Latin American countries (Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico) to complete a questionnaire. The majority of the respondents chose psycho-social factors over genetic or biological explanations as causes of drug problems. Respondents felt that families and governments were responsible for preventing drug problems. Church/religious institutions were most often mentioned in the context of accessible treatment. When asked about access to treatment facilities, the majority said that there were not enough. Shame about drug use, cost, and limited treatment options were most often cited as barriers to treatment.

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Arias-Rodríguez, Jazmín, and José María Gutiérrez. "Circumstances and Consequences of Snakebite Envenomings: A Qualitative Study in South-Eastern Costa Rica." Toxins 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010045.

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A qualitative study was carried out in south-eastern Costa Rica on the circumstances and consequences of snakebite envenomings. This region has the highest incidence of snakebites and the lowest per capita and per family income in the country. There is a high degree of destitution and an unstable labor situation in the region. This study was based on semistructured interviews with 15 people who had suffered snakebite envenomings. This sample size was established on the basis of data saturation. Bites occurred mostly while doing agricultural work, either as salaried workers, as occasional workers, or working on their own. Although all people were attended in health centers of the public health system, and received antivenom free of charge, the majority of them did not receive compensation or rehabilitation upon discharge from the health facilities as a result of not being regular salaried workers. People described many difficulties as a consequence of these envenomings, such as permanent physical sequelae, including two amputations, psychological consequences, economic hardships, and difficulties for reinsertion into agricultural work. In spite of the significant advances that Costa Rica has made for reducing the impact of these envenomings, results reveal issues that require urgent attention by government and civil society organizations, to compensate for the physical, psychological, social, and economic consequences of these envenomings.

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Sáenz Leandro, Ronald Andrés, and Roberto Luis Sánchez Moreno. "From technological disruption to political mobilization: an approach to social protest on lean platforms." PAAKAT: Revista de Tecnología y Sociedad 11, no. 21 (August 26, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/pk.a11n21.606.

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In order to carry out a first approach to the dynamics of political mobilization associated with the arrival and consolidation of digital platforms in national contexts, this article seeks to characterize the field of protest against lean platforms, in terms of the repertoires, demands and modalities of collective action, this from the construction of a database for the case of Costa Rica under the methodology of Protest Event Analysis (PEA) and Political Claims Analysis (PCA). The results of the descriptive statistical analysis allow us to observe that the contentious dynamics has gone from being totally dominated by the traditional taxi driver sector, to showing the entry of new actors such as platform workers and some civil society groups that have come to complicate the panorama of action for the Costa Rican government in terms of regulation and, therefore, to incorporate new demands and decision arenas within the political-social field.

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McCook, Stuart. "‘Giving Plants a Civil Status’: Scientific Representations of Nature and Nation in Costa Rica and Venezuela, 1885-1935." Americas 58, no. 4 (April 2002): 513–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0050.

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In a 1924 essay, the botanist Henri Pittier worried that many of Latin America's tropical products—particularly its plants—lacked a ‘civil status.’ By this, Pittier meant that they had not yet been identified and named scientifically. He likened the plants’ lack of a botanical ‘civil status’ to a person's lacking a passport or credentials that proved their citizenship. This was more than a casual analogy. Over the previous half-century, many states in Latin America had begun to take inventories of their plants, just as they had begun taking censuses of their citizens, and surveying and mapping their national territories. These botanical inventories helped states establish control over the natural world, just as censuses helped the state establish control over civil society. Between 1885 and 1935, governments throughout Latin America began to fund botanical research institutions and to finance the publication of national floras. Pittier had been actively involved in this process: he had helped establish national natural history museums in Costa Rica and Venezuela, and wrote or edited three national flora: thePrimitiae Florae Costaricensis(1891-1901), theEnsayo sobre las plantas usuales de Costa Rica(1908), and theManual de las plantas usuales de Venezuela(1926). National floras such as these were not simply ‘entertainment for intellectuals’ but also part of broader programs by Latin American governments to incorporate the natural world into the national political and economic order.

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CHANT, SYLVIA. "Dowell Gudmundson, "Costa Rica before Coffee: Society and Economy on the Eve of the Export Boom" (Book Review)." Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 66, no. 2 (April 1989): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bhs.66.2.195a.

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Alho, Carlos F. B. V., Amanda F. da Silva, Chantal M. J. Hendriks, Jetse J. Stoorvogel, Peter J. M. Oosterveer, and Eric M. A. Smaling. "Analysis of banana and cocoa export commodities in food system transformation, with special reference to certification schemes as drivers of change." Food Security 13, no. 6 (October 13, 2021): 1555–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01219-y.

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AbstractFood systems analysis is increasingly being applied to understand relations between production, distribution, and consumption of food products, the drivers that influence the system, and the outcomes that show how well the food system performs on health and nutrition, on environmental sustainability, and on income and inclusiveness. Little attention has gone to the position of global export commodities, where production and consumption are far apart. Banana in Costa Rica and cocoa in Cote d’Ivoire were the subject of this study to find out what major drivers determine the functioning of these systems. Next to identifying drivers such as population growth and increased plant disease pressure, it was found that the typical far-away setting and different living conditions between producer and consumer countries required a special eye on governance as a tripartite arena (government, private sector, civil society) with their power relations, and on certification schemes as a driver that follows from corporate social responsibility. The certification schemes addressed cover all food system outcomes, although health and nutrition in a less conspicuous way. The descriptions of the functioning of the schemes were also linked to living wages and incomes for banana plantation workers in Costa Rica and cocoa smallholder farmers in Côte d’Ivoire. Although very meaningful, certification schemes so far do not prove to be a silver bullet, but they do have the potential, in combination with other measures, to help positive food system transformations.

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Guzmán Hernández, Tomás De Jesús, Freddy Araya Rodríguez, Javier Mauricio Obando Ulloa, Mikel Rivero Marcos, and Guillermo Castro Badilla. "Evaluación de sistemas térmicos y fotovoltaicos solares en unidades de producción agropecuaria, Región Huetar Norte, Costa Rica." Agronomía Mesoamericana 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v28i3.26442.

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The dependence on fossil fuels urges society to seek for clean energy alternatives, in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of solar energy used for water heating and electricity generation. The study was conducted at the dairy of the Technology Institute of Costa Rica, San Carlos Headquarter, from May 15 to April 2016. The data related to the amount of the electricity produced and the temperature reached by water was obtained from the installed photovoltaic and thermal systems, the data was recorded by a computerized register. The obtained information about electricity production allowed researchers to calculate the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent that was not emitted into the atmosphere, and also the acquired economic saving on consumption. The use of these systems allowed the production unit have a self- sufficient source of electrical energy percentage, actually around 30 to 40% of the total electrical consumption. According to the energy production, the solar thermal system was capable to increase water temperature between 20 to 37 °C, temperature that represents more than 70% of the energy needed in order to reach the required water temperature (70 °C) for cleaning and sanitizing the milking equipment, and also an economical saving around $90 per month was achieved. The results showed that these systems allow to improve the economical and productive efficiency of agricultural production units in the Northern Huetar Region of Costa Rica.

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Wilson, Bruce M., and Juan Carlos Rodríguez Cordero. "Legal Opportunity Structures and Social Movements." Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 3 (April 2006): 325–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414005281934.

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How does institutional change in established democracies affect the distribution of political power in society? The new constitutional court in Costa Rica allows the authors to analyze the effects of judicial reform on the capacity of politically marginalized groups to safeguard their constitutional rights. Particular attention is paid to homosexuals, AIDS patients, and labor unions. The authors argue that it was not the establishment of the court as such but rather the specific rules regulating access to and cost of approaching the court that enabled marginalized groups to push for their rights and effectively circumvent the traditional policy-making process. Although these groups did not win all their cases, they have nonetheless been able to achieve considerable success in the protection of their previously denied constitutional rights. The legal reform partially redistributed power in society from policy makers to social groups and individuals.

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Mainwaring, Scott. "The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. By Philip J. Williams. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989. 228p. $34.95." American Political Science Review 84, no. 2 (June 1990): 704–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1963604.

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O'Shaugnessy, Laura. "Philip J. Williams, The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, 1989), pp. x + 228, £29.50." Journal of Latin American Studies 22, no. 1-2 (March 1990): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0001573x.

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McDermott, Anthony Goebel, and Ronny J. Viales Hurtado. "Blaming It on the Weather: The Role of “Inclement” Rainfall in Society-Nature Relations in Liberal Costa Rica (1860-1940." Global Environment 3, no. 6 (January 1, 2011): 8–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2011.030602.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Church and society in Costa Rica'

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