Academic literature on the topic 'Church and state, latin america'

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Journal articles on the topic "Church and state, latin america"

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Stewart-Gambino, Hannah. "Church and State in Latin America." Current History 93, no. 581 (March 1, 1994): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1994.93.581.129.

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Goldfrank, Benjamin, and Nick Rowell. "Church, State, and Human Rights in Latin America." Politics, Religion & Ideology 13, no. 1 (March 2012): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2012.659492.

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Escobar, Samuel. "Missions and Renewal in Latin-American Catholicism." Missiology: An International Review 15, no. 2 (April 1987): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182968701500203.

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Not enough attention has been paid to the impact of Catholic North American and European missionary work on the contemporary state of Christianity in Latin America. Another important aspect of recent missionary history is the effect of the Protestant missionary presence in Latin America on the Catholic Church there. This article makes an initial exploration into these processes, examining especially how Latin-American Catholicism is experiencing a change in three areas: a self-critical redefinition of the meaning of being a Christian, a fresh understanding of the Christian message in which the Bible plays a vital role, and a change of pastoral methodologies more relevant to the situation of the continent.
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Klaiber, Jeffrey L. "Prophets and Populists: Liberation Theology, 1968-1988." Americas 46, no. 1 (July 1989): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007391.

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Although liberation theology may still be considered a “current event,” nevertheless, given its very evident and widespread impact on Latin American Christianity and elsewhere, it seems fairly safe to state that it is the most important theological movement which has emerged in Latin America in the four centuries since evangelization. Many authors would further contend that liberation theology symbolizes the coming of age of the Latin American church: from a peripheral, somewhat dormant and intellectually dependent church to one which actively contributes to Catholic and Protestant thought throughout the world. For this reason alone, without mentioning the many political ramifications of liberation theology, it merits attention as one of the key themes in Latin American church history. The aim of this article is threefold: to briefly outline the origins and development of liberation theology; to examine the different ecclesial, social and political factors which influenced its development, and finally, to indicate what direction liberation theology seems to be taking currently.
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Myazin, Nikolay. "The spread of Pentecostalism in Latin America." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 9 (2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0017752-6.

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This article presents an essay on the emergence and spread of Pentecostalism in Latin America and forecasts the further spread of Pentecostalism on the continent. The scientific novelty is due to the lack of research literature on the issue when the Pentecostal movement grew significantly in a region traditionally dominated by Catholicism. The 19th century saw the separation of church and state in most countries and the opening of borders to immigrants from Protestant countries, and at the end of the 20th century the largest Protestant Pentecostal churches became widespread. The role of international churches in Latin American Pentecostalism is analyzed, as well as regional characteristics of Protestantism development; the place of Pentecostalism in the Protestant movement is outlined. In the last decade the growth of Pentecostalism has slowed due to the secularization of society. It concludes that most of Latin America will remain Catholic, with many in the region viewing Catholicism solely as part of a cultural tradition.
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Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and Politics in Brazil: The Genesis of Change." Journal of Latin American Studies 17, no. 2 (November 1985): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00007896.

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The Catholic Church in Brazil has undergone a fundamental transformation in its role in state and society during the past decade and a half, making it probably the most progressive Church in Latin America, if not the world. Based on theological innovations since the Second Vatican Council (1962–5) and the CELAM meeting in Medellín, Colombia (1968), the Church in Brazil has made a ‘preferential option for the poor’.
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Barrow, Lynda K., and Anthony Gill. "Rendering Unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America." Review of Religious Research 40, no. 2 (December 1998): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3512301.

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Leaman, David E., and Anthony Gill. "Rendering Unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America." Sociology of Religion 59, no. 4 (1998): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3712125.

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Maxwell, Kenneth, Anthony James Gill, and Brian H. Smith. "Rendering unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America." Foreign Affairs 78, no. 2 (1999): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049241.

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Sherkat, Darren E., and Anthony Gill. "Rendering unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America." Social Forces 77, no. 3 (March 1999): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3005986.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Church and state, latin america"

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Dunkley, Daive Anthony. "The slaves, the state and the church : slavery and amelioration in Jamaica 1797-1833." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/876/.

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This study explores slave agency and slave abolitionism during amelioration in Jamaica. The amelioration period was chosen because it offered the slave opportunities to acquire their freedom and improve their condition. Therefore, slave agency and abolitionism occurred more frequently after the start of amelioration, which officially began in Jamaica in 1797 when the planters embarked on a programme designed to improve slavery and prolong its existence. Amelioration continued until the British Parliament voted to abolish slavery in 1833.
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Leib, Joelle. "How to be a Good Neighbor: Christianity's Role in Enacting Non-interventionist Policies in Latin America During the 1930s and 1940s." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1069.

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This thesis attempts to demonstrate how Reverend and Professor Hubert Herring’s dedication to Congregationalism motivated him to advocate for the autonomy of Latin American nations through the pursuit of non-interventionist policies, an approach the U.S. government ultimately adopted when it best suited its interests during World War II.
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Gouran, Roger David. "A study of two attempts by President Plutarco Elías Calles to establish a national church in Mexico." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3561.

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In the one-hundred years between 1810 and 1926 there were many civil wars in Mexico. The last of these wars. La Cristiada, was not fought, as were the previous civil wars, by groups seeking political control of Mexico. Rather, the genesis of this war was a question of who would control the Church in Mexico. The war began when President Plutarco Elias Calles attempted to enforce rigorously certain articles of the Constitution of 1917 as well as two laws which he promulgated. If Calles had succeeded, he would, in fact, have created a church in Mexico controlled by the federal government. The material to support this thesis was taken largely from the Mexican legal documents, the writing of Calles, other sources contemporary with the events described and some secondary sources. This thesis stresses the religious reasons for the La Cristiada and discusses the war itself not at all.
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Pinon-Farah, Marco A. "The Mexican Hydra: How Calderón's Pursuit of Peace Led to the Bloodiest War in Mexican History? Will the Mexican People Inherit a Failed State in 2012?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/200.

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THE MEXICAN HYDRA: HOW CALDERÓN’S PURSUIT OF PEACE LED TO THE BLOODIEST WAR IN MEXICAN HISTORY. WILL THE MEXICAN PEOPLE INHERIT A FAILED STATE IN 2012? Abstract Marco Antonio Pinon-Farah The drug-war in Mexico (2006-present) has accelerated at a chilling rate, claiming the lives of 35,000 Mexican people. Since President Felipe Calderón assumed office, Mexico has been battling an internal beast unlike any it has known, the Mexican Hydra. Like the mythical creature, the Mexican cartels have proven capable of not only combating the government forces, but also of regenerating and strengthening themselves in the face of increasing government scrutiny and the loss of several prominent Mexican cartel leaders. Feuding between individual cartels and the Mexican government continue to maintain a significant portion of the country, particularly the states of Chihuahua and Sinaloa, in a paralytic state of fear. Struggling to maintain the safety of all people in Mexico, the military must also contend with the reality that it is often outgunned by the increasingly powerful drug-trafficking organizations (DTOs). Given the historical accusations of corruption in Mexican judicial, military, and police authorities, this branch of the government is constantly fighting for the trust and support of the Mexican people in order to fulfill its duties and obligations. The moral guide of Mexican society since Spanish conquest, the Catholic Church, has been notably missing from the debate until recent years in which it has chosen to speak up more frequently on behalf of those who have suffered human rights violations. In recent months, the Church and the State have been working towards a partnership to publicly condemn the violence and fear that has become all too common in Mexico. This state of chaos has been further examined by the musical phenomenon, “el narcocorrido,” (drug song). Derived from the “corrido,” one of Mexico’s most valued methods of cultural expression and storytelling, this new take on the genre provides a controversial view and analysis of the Mexican drug-trafficker. Much like the American gangsta-rap genre, the narcocorrido glamorizes the lives of individuals who are considered criminals by society. With police being criticized and the government accused of corruption and abuse, the narcocorrido is a manifestation of the sentiments of many Mexican people past and present. This cultural force allows for a greater understanding of the complexity of the drug-war in Mexico, in that it is not simply a struggle between the people and the drug industry, but rather it exposes the nature of the war for what it truly is, a battle between one Mexican presidential administration and the drug trafficking industry. President Calderón’s strategy has been successful in eliminating various important Mexican DTO leaders, however it also has been responsible for a rise in violence between the cartels and government. His strategy has left thousands dead and set a precedent for future Mexican presidents in that they are now all committed to this war, for a withdrawal from the conflict would be catastrophic for the Mexican state. Calderón is already struggling to maintain his government’s legitimacy, and it is becoming increasingly true that his state verges on failure due to its inability to guarantee and protect the rights afforded to its citizens by the Mexican Constitution.
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Jones, Cameron David. "The Will of God and the Will of the King: The Missionaries of Ocopa and Conflicts between Church and State in Mid-Eighteenth Century Colonial Peru." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1236284274.

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Brink, Paul William. "Resources for church planters in urban Latin America." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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Ramirez, Luis Alvaro Mogollon. "Revolutionary violence and state legitimacy in Latin America." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283041.

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Levi, Amanda. "Street children in Latin America moral issues and proposed solutions with an emphasis on the work of the Latin America Mission /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2000. http://www.tren.com.

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Mancini, Mark Ryan. "Liberation theology : politics and religion in Latin America /." Click for abstract, 1997. http://library.ctstateu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/1498.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Central Connecticut State University, 1997.
Thesis advisor: Lilian Uribe. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in International Studies." Includes bibliographical references.
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Rubio, José Antonio. "An historical survey and theological analysis of the relationship of Roman Catholics and Pentecostals in the Latino community in the United States." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2000. http://www.tren.com.

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Books on the topic "Church and state, latin america"

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Dermot, Keogh, ed. Church and politics in Latin America. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990.

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Library, Princeton University, ed. Princeton University Latin American pamphlet collection. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Library, 1986.

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Library, Princeton University, ed. Princeton University Latin American pamphlet collection. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Library, 1988.

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Brading, D. A. The first America: The Spanish monarchy, Creole patriots and the liberal state, 1492-1867. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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Floria, Juan Gregorio Navarro, and Daniela Milani. Diritto e religione in America Latina. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2010.

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Löwy, Michael. The war of gods: Religion and politics in Latin America. London: Verso, 1996.

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R, Pattnayak Satya, ed. Organized religion in the political transformation of Latin America. Lanham: University Press of America, 1997.

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R, Pattnayak Satya, ed. Organized religion in the political transformation of Latin America. Lanham [Md.]: University Press of America, 1995.

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Library, Princeton University, ed. Princeton University Latin American pamphlets. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Libraries, 2004.

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Torres, Carlos Alberto. The Church, society, and hegemony: A critical sociology of religion in Latin America. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Church and state, latin america"

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O’Brien, Andrea. "The Catholic Church and State Tension in Paraguay." In Church and Politics in Latin America, 344–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09661-9_18.

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García Portilla, Jason. "Summary Overview of the Four Case Studies." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 329–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_22.

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AbstractThis chapter presents a brief comparative summary overview of the four cases.In Switzerland, most conservative Catholics escaped modernisation and centralism by relocating to the mountains, while Liberals and Protestants mostly remained in flat areas that became industrialised (Obinger, 2009). The federal government has been mainly liberal (anti-clerical) and close to Protestantism. Likewise, the Protestant population was in the majority until the 1970s. Currently, the Protestant cantons are the most competitive, while the mountainous Roman Catholic cantons are the least competitive.Uruguay exhibits the highest levels of social progress in Latin America (Sect. 10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_4#Sec2) as well as high safety. Along with Chile, it is the only country in Latin America with low perceptions of corruption. Further, Uruguay is by far Latin America’s most secular country with the lowest religiosity and lowest proportion of Roman Catholics on the continent. The Roman Catholic Church-State did not significantly establish itself in Uruguay, unlike in most Latin American countries. After gaining independence in 1828, Uruguay continued a secular direction with the recognition of civil unions in 1837. In 1917, the Uruguayan constitution completely separated church and state.Cuba ranks in the middle of world distribution on the transparency index. Compared to the cases studied (Europe and the Americas), the countries clustering with Cuba exhibit moderate to high corruption due to their Socialist Legal Origin.Colombia is one of the most inequitable and dangerous countries in the world. A “Catholic and conservative hegemony” has existed in Colombia until 1991, when the Constitution of Rights was promulgated and religious pluralism became legally recognised. However, as a result of centuries of hegemony, the Roman Catholic Church-State still enjoys ample privileges with the Colombian state.
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Estrada-Carrasquillo, Wilmer. "A Latina/o Pentecostal Response to the Mcdonaldization Process of the Church in the United States." In Pentecostals and Charismatics in Latin America and Latino Communities, 199–210. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137550606_14.

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García Portilla, Jason. "Institutions, Corruption/Prosperity, and Religion (A), (B), (D), (1), (3), (6)." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 77–123. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_8.

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AbstractThis chapter characterises the relations between religion, institutions, and the transparency–prosperity nexus. It explains how economic prosperity, democracy, and transparency are part of a feedback loop that constitutes a single phenomenon. More importantly, this chapter deepens the institutional analysis by concentrating on the particular historical influence of religion on the different legal traditions in Europe and the Americas. It is the cornerstone of Part 3 and, as such, of the entire book.The Reformation brought forth a wide range of modern institutions. Among these, education and democracy are the most crucial ones for ensuring prosperity/transparency outcomes. Likewise, Protestantism has impacted the secularisation of the state in Protestant countries (and also in Roman Catholics, albeit to a lesser, more indirect extent). Protestantism fosters horizontal power relations and secular-rational attitudes towards authority. Thus, such egalitarian and secular attitudes are linked to greater transparency and prosperity.The Lutheran German Revolution formed the basis of the various later Protestant, dissenting revolutions and legal traditions (i.e. British and American). Some of its concepts (e.g. separation of state functions from the church; state-sponsored education) permeate all modern legal systems to this day and ended the monopoly of Roman canon law.Regardless of the advances made by Roman Catholicism in the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II: 1962–1965), corporatist ideologies remain prevalent, mostly in Latin America. But while Roman Catholic discourse has shifted, the institutional inertia persists and maintains the hierarchical status quo and longstanding feudal structures.
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Whitehead, Laurence. "Latin American State Organization." In Latin America, 69–117. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403977229_3.

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Davis, Derek. "Church and State." In The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America, 42–56. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444324082.ch4.

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Brachet-Márquez, Viviane. "Mexico’s Welfare State: Birth, Growth and Retrenchment (1822–2002)." In Latin America, 117–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230625259_3.

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Draibe, Sônia M. "The Brazilian Developmental Welfare State: Rise, Decline and Perspectives." In Latin America, 239–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230625259_7.

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Carvalho, Marcone Bezerra. "Presbyterian Church in Latin America." In Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08956-0_589-1.

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Carvalho, Marcone Bezerra. "Presbyterian Church in Latin America." In Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions, 1310–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4_589.

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Conference papers on the topic "Church and state, latin america"

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Castillo, M. R. M., J. B. A. London, and N. G. Bretas. "Branch parameters validation for state estimation purpose." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2008.4641733.

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Oliveira, P. S., L. S. Barros, and L. G. de Q. Silveira Junior. "Genetic algorithm applied to state feedback control design." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2010.5762925.

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Narvaez, A., and S. Grijalva. "Robust state estimator applied to the Ecuadorian electric power system." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2008.4641855.

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Canonico, R. B., V. A. F. Silva, A. J. Prado, S. Kurokawa, and L. F. Bovolato. "Simulations of electromagnetic transients in a transmission line using state variables." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2008.4641715.

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Gonzalez-Hernandez, Servando, Edgar Moreno-Goytia, M. Fraga-Aguilar, and O. Anaya-Lara. "Integration of wind power using a multiterminal VSC-HVDC link: Steady-state analysis." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2008.4641778.

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Kurokawa, S., F. N. R. Yamanaka, A. J. Prado, and J. Pissolato. "Using state-space techniques to represent frequency dependent single-phase lines directly in time domain." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2008.4641842.

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Alves, Erick Fernando, Masato Lucio Yano, and Marcus Hofmann. "Integration of control, protection and supervisory systems in hydro power plants - state of art and trends." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2010.5762895.

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Sosa-Ruiz, J., E. Moreno-Goytia, H. Ruiz-Paredes, and O. Anaya-Lara. "Wind generation and multilevel VSC-NPC integration to distribution networks: Analysis under steady-state and transient conditions." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2008.4641777.

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Dufour, Christian, Jean Mahseredjian, Jean Belanger, and Jose Luis Naredo. "An Advanced Real-Time Electro-Magnetic Simulator for power systems with a simultaneous state-space nodal solver." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2010.5762905.

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Oliveira, C. B. M., M. F. de Medeiros, J. T. Oliveira, and B. A. da Silva Pires. "Techniques for network simplification for voltage variation analysis in steady-state caused by wind farm integrated on power system." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2010.5762879.

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Reports on the topic "Church and state, latin america"

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González Jauregui, Juliana, Alejandra Gutierrez, Francisca Aguayo Armijo, and Yanqiu Zheng. Latin America-Caribbean-China Knowledge Networks: State of the Field. CPPF, Social Science Research Council, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/cppf.3048.d.2022.

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Lora, Eduardo. Should Latin America Fear China? Inter-American Development Bank, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012218.

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This paper compares growth conditions in China and Latin America to assess fears that China will displace Latin America in the coming decades. China's strengths include the size of the economy, macroeconomic stability, abundant low-cost labor, the rapid expansion of physical infrastructure, and the ability to innovate. China's weaknesses, stemming from insufficient separation between market and state, include poor corporate governance, a fragile financial system and misallocation of savings. Both regions share important weaknesses: the rule of law is weak, corruption endemic, and education is poor and very poorly distributed.
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Musacchio, Aldo, Emilio Pineda, and Gustavo A. García. State-Owned Enterprise Reform in Latin America: Issues and Possible Solutions. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000128.

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Valverde, Gilbert, and Emma Näslund-Hadley. The State of Numeracy Education in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008690.

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Through this review we have sought to further understanding of the state of preprimary, primary, and secondary numeracy education in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Research on the opportunities available to students in the region presents a troubling picture. Young people are not being properly prepared for the numeracy requirements of an increasingly interconnected world economy. Culprits include weak curricula, inadequate learning materials, and teachers¿ lack of proficiency in mathematics and the natural sciences.
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Carranza, Rafael, Mauricio De Rosa, and Ignacio Flores. Wealth Inequality in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004945.

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How much wealth has accumulated in the region and how is it distributed across households? Despite being widely recognized for its extreme income inequality, reliable data on wealth is scarce, partial and oftentimes contradictory, making it difficult to answer these basic questions. In this study, we estimate aggregates based on macroeconomic data, and inequality based on recently available surveys. We contrast our results with the literature, with a handful of state-of-the-art estimates from administrative sources, and with more available but extrapolated estimates from Credit Suisse and wid.world. Considering all the evidence, we distinguish reliable facts from what can only be conjectured or speculated. We find that aggregate wealth increased over two decades in four countries, now ranging close to 3.5 the national income for market value estimates and 5-6 times at book values. We also find that wealth inequality is amongst the highest in the world were it can be measured. Given data limitations, one can only speculate about aggregates in opaque countries and about inequality trends in any country in the region. Although recent research in the developed world has focused in combining data sources to better understand wealth, the region lags behind and urgently requires more and better public information.
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Bolton, Laura. Criminal Activity and Deforestation in Latin America. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.003.

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This review examines evidence on criminal deforestation activity in Latin America (particularly, but not exclusively the Amazon) and draws from the literature on the lessons learned in combatting criminal deforestation activity. This review focuses on Brazil as representative of the overwhelming majority of literature on criminal activity in relation to deforestation in the Amazon. The literature notes that Illegal deforestation occurs largely through criminal networks as they have the capacity for coordination, processing, selling, and the deployment of armed men to protect operations. Bribery, corruption, and fraud are deeply ingrained in deforestation. Networks may bribe geoprocessing experts, police, and public officials. Members of the criminal groups may become council members, mayors, and state representatives. Land titles are fabricated and trading documentation fraudulent. The literature also notes some interventions to combat this criminal deforestation activity: monitoring and law enforcement; national systems for registry and monitoring; legal enforcement for compliance of environmental law; International agreements and action; and Involving indigenous communities in combatting deforestation.
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Lora, Eduardo, and Ugo Panizza. Structural Reforms in Latin America under Scrutiny. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012220.

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The future of structural reforms in Latin America is under discussion. The purpose of this document is to synthesize the facts and opinions that underlie this debate. The first section shows that although the reform process has not ground to a halt, it has been incomplete and uneven, both across countries and different areas of reform. The greatest progress has been made in reforming the trade and financial sectors. In terms of tax reform and privatization, the record has been mixed across countries. The most modest progress has been made in the area of labor code reform. The second section analyzes the status of public opinion of the reform process. Disillusionment with the reforms has been growing, particularly among the middle class. This disapproval, rather than reflecting concerns about the state of the economy or the degree of progress of the reforms, stems from the corruption that has tainted the privatization process in some countries. The third section reviews the effects of the reforms. Their impact on growth seems to have been positive, albeit temporary, but the effects on employment and income distribution have varied in different areas of reform and according to the particular context in each country. Specifically, the effectiveness of reforms has depended heavily on the quality of public institutions. The fourth section summarizes the main proposals to expand or reorient the reform agenda in the region. One set of proposals suggests broadening the Washington Consensus with more active policies aimed at addressing the need for greater economic stability, social integration and equitable income distribution. Another set of proposals, guided by a more encompassing view of the goals of development, emphasizes the interaction among civil society, the private sector, and the government. Finally, a more radical vision proposes a new national and international institutional architecture that would limit the role of markets and mitigate the effects of globalization.
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Heredia, Blanca. Civil Service Reform in Latin America: Tying Politicians' Hands. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006674.

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This presentation was commissioned by the Public Management and Transparency Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the III Hemispheric Meeting celebrated on November 14th and 15th, 2002. Reform wave triggered by: fiscal duress Electoral competition; market-centered openess; Dominant ideological trends internationally: anti-state, anti-bureaucracy, Managerialism on the rise, Central objectives: cost and size reduction, efficiency enhancement, increased efficacy, responsability and probity.
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Guzmán, Julio, Nohra Rey de Marulanda, and Jorge Ugaz. The Orientation of Social Spending in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012216.

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The orientation of social spending is a decisive element for the creation and allocation of opportunities for all because it reveals, to some degree, the priorities and relative importance a government assigns to directly and indirectly tackling poverty, inequality and their consequences. Paradoxically, there are only a few studies that analyze the orientation of social spending by socioeconomic groups in Latin America. The present study tries to solve this, presenting and analyzing the incidence of social spending on education, health, and social security for the majority of Latin American countries in order to understand how State actions contribute to providing for the needs of the poorest groups of the population. This study concludes that only five of the 11 countries under examination had progressive social expenditures; furthermore, the pace of change seems to be very slow. Although there are some positive trends - for example, spending in primary education - social spending in secondary education, tertiary education, and social security and pensions are highly regressive, even more than expected. This creates a greater sense of urgency in the region to deal forcefully with the issue of equity in social spending.
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Maeglin, Robert R. Forest products from Latin America : an almanac of the state of the knowledge and the state of the art. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-67.

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