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Journal articles on the topic 'Church discipline'
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1
Ballor, Jordan J., and Jordan J. Ballor. "Church discipline and excommunication." Reformation & Renaissance Review 15, no. 1 (April 2013): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1462245913z.00000000021.
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Taylor, Brian. "Church Art and Church Discipline round about 1939." Studies in Church History 28 (1992): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042420840001264x.
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On 3 May 1939 Dr Francis Carolus Eeles, General Secretary of the Central Council of Churches, wrote to Dr John Victor Macmillan, second Bishop of the new diocese of Guildford. He began by praising the Guildford Advisory Committee, ‘one of the best in the country; its businesslike methods and its thoroughness leave nothing to be desired.’ It was not one of the six on which Eeles himself served. He went on to speak about Guildford St Nicolas’.
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Van Graan, Bianca R., and Johan Van der Merwe. "Die relevansie van die kerklike tug." STJ | Stellenbosch Theological Journal 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2016): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.17570/stj.2016.v2n1.a24.
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<b>The relevance of church discipline</b> <br /> In 2004 the General Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church gave an order that an investigation should be done regarding the implementing of church discipline (repeated in 2007 and 2011). There is a need for re-evaluating church discipline and developing a new understanding thereof. This article argues that church discipline is necessary, if the church is serious about protecting the holiness of God and the church. Church discipline should thus be understood, not as punishment, but as brothers and sisters helping each other lovingly to obey God’s orders and to maintain and protect the holiness of God and of His church.
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Bremer, Tomas. "Crkveni pristanak za nastavnike teologije – razmišljanja sa strane." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 71, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_23106a.
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The past discussion on the necessity of church blessing for university theology instructors in Serbia has highlighted the legal elements and problems related to this issue. However, there is a theological dimension that is linked to the self-understanding of theology as a scholarly discipline: when theology is understood as a scholarly discipline, the same epistemological and theoretical conditions apply to it as to any other discipline – which does not exclude a special role of the church. Other scholarly disciplines also function in certain social and political contexts and are dependent on them to a certain extent. The role of theology is therefore not that exceptional. It is the right of every church to preserve its theological tradition, but the question remains open how this is best achieved. It is in the interest of theology, as well as of the church itself, to cede control over theology mostly to the scholarly discourse.
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Andre, A., and S. Susanto. "Implikasi Pentingnya Pelaksanaan Disiplin Gereja." KAPATA: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristen 1, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55798/kapata.v1i1.1.
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In the development of the church today, the problem that arises is the confusion of people who sin, the church seems to ignore the implementation of church discipline. This neglect is wrong attitude, because it does not carry out church discipline that means the church allows a person to fall into sin the reason of fear for making the person offended even though this kind of attitude makes the person's spiritual growth die. Death spiritual growth will become the root of the problem in the church and have an adverse effect on other congregations, therefore church leaders must be brave in making decisions. The method used in this paper is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The results of this study indicate that church discipline is very important in correcting mistakes so that the congregation can live righteously according to God's Word. The church needs to be brave in taking decisions in carrying out church discipline, and must not neglect the implementation of church discipline, because church discipline is God's command according to the truth of God's Word.
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Bagan, Priest Vladislav. "Teaching of the church law in secular educational institutions of the Russian Empire: The origins." Issues of Theology 4, no. 4 (2022): 693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2022.409.
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The article presents an excursion into the history of the origin of the scientific discipline of “church law” in the system of humanitarian knowledge of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Church law throughout the 18th century was considered part of the spectrum of theological disciplines and was developed exclusively by professors of theology. The idea of teaching “ecclesiastical jurisprudence” in secular universities of the Russian Empire remained controversial for a long time. But with the change in the Statutes of Imperial Universities at the beginning of the 19th century, the practice of teaching church law began to enter university education. By the middle of the 19th century, the situation had completely transformed; church-legal topics became the object of scientific research by secular lawyers and jurists. The article reflects the institutional changes in the field of university education that have influenced the state of teaching church law. The work demonstrates the evolution of methods and approaches within the discipline of “church law”. Institutional changes in the charters of secular educational institutions gave a powerful impetus to the development of a unified methodology for teaching church law. Two research areas (theological and legal) that dominate the system of church law have improved this discipline, enriching it with methodological findings. In conclusion, the complexity and relevance of this problem in the study of church law at the present stage is presented.
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Bender, Kimlyn J. "The Reformers as fathers of the church: Luther and Calvin in the thought of Karl Barth." Scottish Journal of Theology 72, no. 4 (November 2019): 414–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930619000620.
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AbstractKarl Barth's understanding of Luther and Calvin is not best illumined by an examination of his direct citation of their work, but by a consideration of his description of their vocation as church fathers as outlined in Church Dogmatics, I/2, a position held with remarkable consistency over the course of his career. Barth's discussion of Luther and Calvin there not only sets forth his understanding of the Reformers in a historical genealogy of revelation and its witnesses, but places them in an ordering of church authorities. Moreover, his description of their unique vocation sheds important light upon his understanding of the modern discipline of church history itself. His treatment of the Reformers thus both exemplifies and follows from his conviction that church history is not an independent theological discipline but can only accompany the central disciplines of exegetical, dogmatic and practical theology.
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Rybacki, Rafał. "Historia jako szczególne wyzwanie Kościoła w ujęciu Józefa Nowackiego i Mariana Banaszaka." Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne, no. 35 (September 3, 2020): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pst.2019.35.09.
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In the presented article history is shown as a special challenge for the Church. The issue raised is presented in relation to historical research and didactic activity of two Polish historians, Józef Nowacki and Marian Banaszak. Two basic questions are asked: what is the specificity of the history of the Church in all theological disciplines? and: What is the basic requirement that this discipline is in the reality of the Church?
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Harrod, Joseph C. "The Neglected Discipline of Almsgiving." Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care 12, no. 1 (November 22, 2018): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1939790918812460.
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Though the early church practiced almsgiving as a normative act of piety its role as a formative spiritual discipline has been largely ignored in contemporary evangelical works on the disciplines. In this article, I argue that intentional and real care for the poor, though rarely mentioned today as a formative practice in evangelical circles, ought to be included in normative discussions of the spiritual disciplines.
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Leontev, A. A., and L. V. Alieva. "CHURCH DISCIPLINE IN THE PSKOV EPARCHY IN THE XIX-XX CENTURIES. ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCE BASE." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 03, no. 07 (September 27, 2021): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2021-05-03-110-117.
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Despite the large volume of archival materials on church discipline in Russia of the XIX – early XX centuries, this topic has been studied rather poorly. This article analyzes the source base on the church discipline in the Pskov diocese based on the materials of the State Archive of the Pskov region. During the study of these sources, a count of specific violations of the church discipline among the laity, church officers and the clergy was made, and the main categories of offenses were identified. The main types of punishments for violating church discipline are shown. The gender composition of laypeople in the structure of offenses is considered. The structure of the titles of archival cases concerning violations of the church discipline is also addressed. The author came to the conclusion that clerics were punished mainly for drunkenness and official misconduct. In relation to the laity, the Pskov Spiritual Consistory most often considered cases related to the violations of sexual morality and illegal marriages, as well as murders and suicide attempts. This work is relevant because at present the Russian Orthodox Church is continuing to create unified documentation regulating the issues of the church court. This study, in turn, allows us to update the historical experience of regulating the church discipline and assigning punishments for its violation. The uniqueness of this work lies in the fact that the materials on the church discipline of the Pskov diocese of the XIX – early XX centuries have been analyzed for the first time, and the data obtained were introduced into scientific circulation.
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Leontev, A. A., and L. V. Alieva. "CHURCH DISCIPLINE IN THE PSKOV EPARCHY IN THE XIX-XX CENTURIES. ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCE BASE." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 03, no. 07 (September 27, 2021): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2021-05-03-110-117.
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Despite the large volume of archival materials on church discipline in Russia of the XIX – early XX centuries, this topic has been studied rather poorly. This article analyzes the source base on the church discipline in the Pskov diocese based on the materials of the State Archive of the Pskov region. During the study of these sources, a count of specific violations of the church discipline among the laity, church officers and the clergy was made, and the main categories of offenses were identified. The main types of punishments for violating church discipline are shown. The gender composition of laypeople in the structure of offenses is considered. The structure of the titles of archival cases concerning violations of the church discipline is also addressed. The author came to the conclusion that clerics were punished mainly for drunkenness and official misconduct. In relation to the laity, the Pskov Spiritual Consistory most often considered cases related to the violations of sexual morality and illegal marriages, as well as murders and suicide attempts. This work is relevant because at present the Russian Orthodox Church is continuing to create unified documentation regulating the issues of the church court. This study, in turn, allows us to update the historical experience of regulating the church discipline and assigning punishments for its violation. The uniqueness of this work lies in the fact that the materials on the church discipline of the Pskov diocese of the XIX – early XX centuries have been analyzed for the first time, and the data obtained were introduced into scientific circulation.
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Whiteley, J. B. "Church Discipline in the Loughwood Records." Baptist Quarterly 31, no. 6 (January 1986): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0005576x.1986.11751720.
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LILLBACK, PETER A. "Church Discipline: Interview with Alfred Poirier." Unio Cum Christo 9, no. 2 (October 31, 2023): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.35285/ucc9.2.2023.int.
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Fanmabi, Yosina Pada, Jamin Tanhidy, and Sabda Budiman. "Evaluasi Terhadap Proses Pelaksanaan Disiplin Gereja di Gereja Kemah Injil Indonesia Petleng Alor Baru Berdasarkan Matius 18:15-17." Matheteuo: Religious Studies 2, no. 2 (December 16, 2022): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52960/m.v2i2.137.
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The background of the process of implementing church discipline in GKII Petleng Alor Baru Region is that GKII Petleng Alor Baru Region has its own church discipline rules, namely there are congregations who sin, are not reprimanded first, but are directly subject to church discipline. This process of implementing church discipline is not in accordance with the teachings of the Bible in Matthew 18:15-17. This study aims to explain the evaluation of the process of implementing church discipline in GKII Petleng, Alor Baru Region based on Matthew 18:15-17. The method used in this study is qualitative with a type of evaluation research to evaluate the problems that occur and compare the problems with existing theories. To obtain the data the author conducted interviews with the Congregational Pastor, the Congregational Governing Body, the disciplined congregation and the Deputy Regional Chairperson. Based on the results of research that the author has conducted at GKII Petleng, Alor Baru Region, the author finds that GKII Petleng Alor Baru Region has not carried out the process of applying church discipline based on Matthew 18:15-17.
Latar belakang proses pelaksanaan disiplin gereja di GKII Petleng Daerah Alor Baru adalah GKII Petleng Daerah Alor Baru memiliki aturan disiplin gereja yang tersendiri yaitu ada jemaat yang berbuat dosa, tidak ditegur terlebih dahulu, namun langsung dikenakan disiplin gereja. Proses pelaksanaan disiplin gereja ini, belum sesuai dengan ajaran Alkitab dalam Matius 18:15-17. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan evaluasi terhadap proses pelaksanaan disiplin gereja di GKII Petleng Daerah Alor Baru berdasarkan Matius 18:15-17. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian evaluasi untuk mengevaluasi masalah yang terjadi dan membandingkan masalah tersebut dengan teori yang telah ada. Untuk mendapatkan data penulis melakukan wawancara kepada Gembala Sidang, Badan Pengurus Jemaat, jemaat yang didisiplin dan Wakil Ketua Daerah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah penulis lakukan di GKII Petleng Daerah Alor Baru, maka penulis menemukan bahwa GKII Petleng Daerah Alor Baru belum melakukan proses penerapan disiplin gereja berdasarkan Matius 18:15-17
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Gedicks, Frederick Mark. "Church Discipline and the Regulation of Membership in the Mormon Church." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 7, no. 32 (January 2003): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00004920.
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, more commonly known as the ‘LDS’ or ‘Mormon’ Church, regulates its membership by means of a system that recalls the Old Testament far more than the modern West. All important decisions relating to joining and leaving the church are invested in the inspired discretion of local priesthood authorities who are governed by general standards rather than rules that have the character of law.
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Knight, Frances. "‘A Church without Discipline is No Church at All’: Discipline and Diversity in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Anglicanism." Studies in Church History 43 (2007): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400003375.
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In the early years of the twenty-first century, ecclesiastical discipline in an Anglican context has been very much a hot topic. Internationally, there has been intense debate over the decision by the Episcopal Church in the United States of America to ordain Gene Robinson, a continent yet avowedly homosexual priest, as one of its bishops, and over the decision of the diocese of New Westminster in Canada to authorize liturgical services of blessing for same-sex couples. The Windsor Report of 2004 was commissioned in order to formulate a Communion-wide response to these developments,1 and although ‘discipline’ is a word which is very seldom in its pages, it is, in effect, a study of the disciplinary framework which its authors believe necessary in order for the Anglican Communion to hold together. At a local level, the Church of England’s clerical discipline procedures are being thoroughly overhauled, following the General Synod of the Church of England’s 1996 report on clergy discipline and the ecclesiastical courts. This paper seeks to explore the themes of discipline and diversity in both an international and an English context. It attempts to shed a little more light on how the Anglican Communion, particularly in the former British Empire, got itself into its current position, as a loosely-federated assembly of provincial synods, without a central framework for handling disciplinary matters. Secondly, it examines how the Church of England has handled discipline in relation to its clergy since the mid-nineteenth century.
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Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Church History as Vocation and Moral Discipline." Church History 70, no. 1 (March 2001): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3654408.
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I should like to acknowledge at the outset that I harbor no grandiose illusions about the import of what I will say this afternoon. As any veteran of annual meetings readily knows, presidential addresses are a time-honored ritual in the life of learned societies, a ritual comparable to the prayers spoken in the United States Congress, well meant, but stirring only mild interest. Alas, they all tend to be written as on water.
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White, Robert. "Oil and Vinegar: Calvin on Church Discipline." Scottish Journal of Theology 38, no. 1 (February 1985): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600041600.
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Despite the excessive claims sometimes made for the unity and consistency of Calvin's thought, there is no evidence to suggest that he ever varied his views on the distinctive marks of the church. From the first edition of the Institute to the last, the formula remains unchanged: ‘Wherever we see the Word of God purely preached and heard, and the sacraments administered according to Christ's institution, there, it is not to be doubted, a church of God exists.’ It has long been recognized that the notion of the two marks of the church is not original to Calvin, but derives from the Augsburg Confession of 1530, in which the faithful teaching of the gospel and the proper administration of the sacraments are said to designate the assembly of all believers (art. 7). Like Luther and Melanchthon, but unlike the framers of the Scots and Belgic Confessions, the French Reformer does not make discipline an explicit mark of the church. Nevertheless, so central an element is it in his ecclesiology that it is always found in the closest relationship with Word and sacraments. The Word is not only to be preached but ‘reverently heard’; it is a ‘royal sceptre’ to which all hearts and minds are to be brought in willing submission. Similarly the sacraments are, through the Spirit, manifest signs of God's work within us, ‘softening the stubbornness of our heart, and composing it to that obedience which it owes the Word of the Lord’.
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Parker, Charles. "Pilgrims' Progress: Narratives of Penitence and Reconciliation in the Dutch Reformed Church." Journal of Early Modern History 5, no. 3 (2001): 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006501x00186.
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AbstractHistorians over the past twenty years have utilized consistory records to analyze long-term patterns of illicit behavior and church punishment in Reformed congregations across Europe. Despite the value of these studies, a narrative approach to consistory records offers an opportunity to penetrate the assumptions of local church leaders and to discover real men and women in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Using examples from the pivotal moments in the discipline process in the Dutch Reformed Church at Delft, this article reconstructs the narrative framework of discipline there. The author argues that consistory secretaries recorded discipline cases as ongoing stories of penitence and reconciliation in the lives of all sorts of church members.
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Turner, Bryan S. "Discipline." Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 2-3 (May 2006): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276406062698.
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There are broadly five interconnected meanings of the noun ‘discipline’. Disciplinawere instructions to disciples, and hence a branch of instruction or department of knowledge. This religious context provided the modern educational notion of a ‘body of knowledge’, or a discipline such as sociology or economics. We can define discipline as a body of knowledge and knowledge for the body, because the training of the mind has inevitably involved a training of the body. Second, it signified a method of training or instruction in a body of knowledge. Discipline had an important military connection involving drill, practice in the use of weapons. Third, there is an ecclesiastical meaning referring to a system of rules by which order is maintained in a church. It included the use of penal methods to achieve obedience. To discipline is to chastise. Fourth, to discipline is to bring about obedience through various forms of punishment; it is a means of correction. Finally there is a rare use of the term to describe a medical regimen in which ‘doctor's orders’ brings about a discipline of the patient. In contemporary society, there is, following the work of Michel Foucault, the notion of increasing personal regulation resulting in a ‘disciplinary society’ or a society based upon carceral institutions.
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Harris, Gerald. "The Beginnings of Church Discipline: 1 Corinthians 5." New Testament Studies 37, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500015290.
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Since the rise of the interdisciplinary approach to the study of Christian origins in the 1970s, little attention has been given to the problem of social control within the early church. This is true although control issues arose early in the Christian movement and have continued throughout Christian history. Before 1970 scholars treated the problem historically and theologically under the topic of discipline. Among scholars who utilize the social sciences in their approach to Christian origins, there are some scattered materials on internal social control but little direct, sustained investigation.
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Smith, Nigel. "Literature and Church Discipline in Early Modern England." Studies in Church History 43 (2007): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400003302.
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That English literature is suffused with religion is news to no one; the English language is throughout history part of the structure of the Church or churches. But there is a way in which Church history and English literature have been missing each other for a good many years. This is in part because, until recently, religion in literature has been the preserve of relatively small groups of enthusiasts with partisan views. Their work has appeared unattractive or irrelevant to a largely secular mainstream that has been preoccupied with the ‘political’ (as opposed to the religious) in early modern literary studies (this is especially so with regard to the drama). But we now have an account of Church history that is more sophisticated and variegated, more attuned to confessional variety and its politics, local and national. This is crying out for engagement with literary studies in ways that literary scholars would find compelling, not least in offering many solutions to the kinds of questions they have come to ask. To some extent the dialogue has already begun, and indeed several exemplary studies are cited in what follows. Nonetheless, we are at the beginning of what may well be a long and extremely fruitful interdisciplinary encounter.
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Binfield, Clyde. "Freedom through Discipline: the Concept of Little Church." Studies in Church History 22 (1985): 405–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042420840000810x.
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Methodism … left a stigma on the mind of the eighteenth-century poor whilst helping at the same time to smother the growth of a working-class consciousness. Its doctrines perverted all that was healthy in men’s emotions, its creed was cruel and grim, its view of life bleak and joyless. Its place in society closely resembled that of a malignant tumour.Thus a Sheffield undergraduate essayist, year of 1983. The essayist was Methodist bred. For him liberation lay in bondage to E. P. Thompson, year of 1963. His student vigour is as much to be applauded as his interpretation is to be deplored. For him as for so many much older historians the bold stroke or the broad view has become in fact a sweeping into tunnel vision and the emancipation has become in fact a confirmation of old folk wisdom: Methodism is puritanism is repressive is reprehensible. We come very close to the heart of the present volume’s matter: asceticism, or the attainment of spiritual perfection by means of self-discipline. Or at least we come very close to the heart of the matter as it is vulgarly seen, for although asceticism is not a word which is too frequently applied to English protestant Dissent, its associations with discipline, abstinence and repression are far too frequently so applied.
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Hehir, J. Bryan. "The discipline and dynamic of a public church." Social Thought 11, no. 1 (December 1985): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15426432.1985.10383503.
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Cranmer, Frank. "Employment Rights and Church Discipline: Obst and Schüth." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 13, no. 2 (April 26, 2011): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x1100007x.
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The Equal Treatment Directive ‘respects and does not prejudice the status under national law of churches and religious associations or communities in the member states and … of philosophical and non-confessional organisations’ and empowers member states to make ‘specific provisions on genuine, legitimate and justified occupational requirements which might be required for carrying out an occupational activity’. Specifically, Article 4 permits member states to make such provision taking account of their ‘constitutional provisions and principles, as well as the general principles of Community law’. Crucially, Article 4 concludes as follows: … this Directive shall thus not prejudice the right of churches and other public or private organisations, the ethos of which is based on religion or belief, acting in conformity with national constitutions and laws, to require individuals working for them to act in good faith and with loyalty to the organisation's ethos.
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Wrogemann, Henning. "On the Profile of Intercultural Theology: A Discipline (Still) in the Making." International Bulletin of Mission Research 47, no. 4 (August 28, 2023): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969393231167777.
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This article distinguishes the discipline of Intercultural Theology from other theological disciplines (exegesis, church history, Systematic Theology) and from World Christianity and Anthropology of Christianity. The main thesis is that although Intercultural Theology has a broader methodological spectrum than Mission Studies, and although it approaches its subject matter in a far more differentiated way, the discipline will need to maintain its basis in mission theology lest it dissolve into pure cultural studies. Based on this premise, the article proceeds to discuss both methodological questions and the subject matter of the discipline. Finally, it highlights the following topics as of particular relevance at present: intercultural hermeneutics and the understanding of power, theologies of mission and the understanding of universality, and theologies of religion and the understanding of recognition.
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Davies, Catharine, and Jane Facey. "A Reformation Dilemma: John Foxe and the Problem of Discipline." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 39, no. 1 (January 1988): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900039063.
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John Foxe's De censura, sive excommunicatione ecclesiastica, rectoque eius usu, published in 1551, was the earliest tract to be written by an English Protestant on the subject of ecclesiastical discipline and, as such, deserves a closer examination than it has received to date. Given that continental Protestants and, later on, Puritan apologists alike accepted as axiomatic that the Reformation could only be established on the twin pillars of pure doctrine and right discipline, the appearance at this time, amid a stream of doctrinal polemic, of a tract on discipline, was significant. It indicated that Protestants had become confident enough, after waging war on the claims of the Church of Rome, to regulate the lives of its members, to assert similar claims in the name of Scripture and reformed ‘true religion’. That this tract should appear in Edward VI's reign, and not earlier, was important in this respect, for the effect of the Henrician Reformation had been to render impossible any suggestion that the Church should or could be autonomous in discipline. The psychological climate - as well as the theoretical framework - of the Supremacy persisted throughout Edward's reign, but the fact that the king was a minor gave Protestants a breathing space in which to approach the problem of trying to bring the Church into line with pure, apostolic models. In terms of quantity of published material, doctrine, rather than discipline, was undoubtedly much the more important of the issues discussed; by dealing with discipline a Protestant writer was grasping the nettle, for the subject raised questions about the relative roles of Church and State in the reformation of society and, ultimately, about the structure of the national Church. Foxe's tract was the first attempt to face the question of discipline; that it was the only one, even in Edward vi's reign, showed what a hold the Supremacy had taken. The aim of this article, therefore, is to bring out the significance of Foxe ‘s tract and to explore some of the tensions in mid-Tudor Protestant thought which it reflects. The first part (by Catharine Davies) aims to set it more precisely in its Edwardian context; the second (by Jane Facey) uses it to illuminate the changed emphasis of Foxe's thought on the relationship of Church and State required by the writing of the Acts and Monuments.
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Тупикин, И. "Features of the System of «Church Jurisprudence» in the Writings of Bishop John (Sokolov) MATERIALS OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN POKROVSK ACADEMIC SCIENTIFIC THEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE." Праксис, no. 2(7) (December 27, 2021): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/praxis.2021.7.2.006.
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В представленной статье автор проанализировал состояние богословской дисциплины «канонического права» в высших духовных заведениях Русской Православной Церкви ХIХ столетия на примере исследования системы «церковного законоведения» за авторством Преосвященного Иоанна (Соколова). «Каноническое право» было молодой учебной дисциплиной среди всего спектра богословских предметов. ХIХ столетие для высшего духовного образования Русской Православной Церкви отмечено фундаментальными изменениями, а именно дифференциацией и специализацией богословских дисциплин. К середине ХIХ века вышло несколько авторских церковноправовых систем, среди которых необходимо выделить исследовательский опыт епископа Иоанна (Соколова). Начальный этап развития «канонического права» связан с выработкой научной методологии этой дисциплины, а также исследованием церковноправовых источников. Преосвященный Иоанн (Соколов) придерживался богословского направления в формировании «канонического права». Для этого направления была свойственна теологическая проблематика, отраженная в виде церковных законов, норм, постановлений. Основополагающей для отечественных канонистов середины ХIХ столетия стала тема церковно-государственных взаимоотношений, правового статуса религиозных организаций, взаимодействия Церкви с общественными институтами, и пр. Преосвященный Иоанн (Соколов) своей церковноправовой системой определил трехчастную структуру для последующих опытов изложения дисциплины «канонического права». Качественный прорыв в области «канонического права», отмеченный в середине ХIХ столетия и произведенный усилиями еп. Иоанна (Соколова), арх. Гавриила (Воскресенского), прот. Иоанна Скворцова, предопределил высочайший уровень учебных пособий и научных монографий к началу ХХ в. К этому времени отечественные исследователи церковного права с успехом конкурировали с западноевропейскими канонистами. In the presented article, the author analyzed the state of the theological discipline of “canon law” in the higher ecclesiastical institutions of the Russian Orthodox Church in the 19th century, using the example of the study of the system of “church jurisprudence” authored by the Right Reverend John (Sokolov). Canon Law was the youngest academic discipline among the entire spectrum of theological subjects. The nineteenth century for the higher spiritual education of the Russian Orthodox Church is marked by fundamental changes, namely, the differentiation and specialization of theological disciplines. By the middle of the 19th century, several a uthor’s church legal systems had come out, among which it is necessary to highlight the research experience of Bishop John (Sokolov). The initial stage in the development of “canon law” is associated with the development of the scientific methodology of this discipline, as well as the study of church law sources. His Grace John (Sokolov) adhered to the theological direction in the formation of “canon law”. This trend was characterized by theological problems, reflected in the form of church laws, norms, regulations. The theme of church-state relations, the legal status of religious organizations, the interaction of the Church with public institutions, etc., became fundamental for Russian canonists in the middle of the 19th century. His Right Reverend John (Sokolov) defined a threepart structure for subsequent experiments in the presentation of the discipline of “canon law”. A qualitative breakthrough in the field of “canon law”, noted in the middle of the nineteenth century and produced by the efforts of bishop. John (Sokolova), arch. Gabriel (Voskresensky), prot. John Skvortsov, predetermined the highest level of textbooks and scientific monographs by the beginning of the twentieth century. By this time, domestic researchers of church law successfully competed with Western European canonists.
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Black, J. William. "From Martin Bucer to Richard Baxter: “Discipline” and Reformation in Sixteenthand Seventeenth-Century England." Church History 70, no. 4 (December 2001): 644–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3654544.
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Already famous for his best-selling books on Christian devotion and increasingly infamous for his attempts at a theological synthesis of Calvinist and Arminian perspectives on salvation—which (no surprise) pleased hardly anyone—Richard Baxter (1615–91) nearly succeeded in redefining English pastoral practice before the Restoration brought his experiment in pastor-led, parish-based reformation to a frustrating end. At the core of his efforts to bring reformation to Kidderminster lay his efforts to establish a parish-based system of church discipline that would preserve the integrity of the sacraments and thus rob separatists of one of their primary excuses for abandoning the parochial system. This article seeks to place Baxter's effort to develop a strategy for an effective church discipline in its historical context. In particular, I will first consider the precedents to the system which Richard Baxter developed for St. Mary's parish. Special attention will be given to Martin Bucer's Reformation-era prescription for reforming the discipline of the church and the intriguing possibility that Baxter's strategy was actually a recovery of Bucerian pastoral emphases. Second, I will trace the evolution of Baxter's own program for discipline. Finally, I will discuss the impact Baxter's discipline had on his wider goal of reformation, both in his parish and beyond.
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FULOP, TIMOTHY E. "The Third Mark of the Church? - Church Discipline in the Reformed and Anabaptist Reformations." Journal of Religious History 19, no. 1 (June 1995): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.1995.tb00243.x.
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O’Malley, John W. "Catholic Church History: One Hundred Years of the Discipline." Catholic Historical Review 101, no. 2S (2015): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2015.0044.
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Caiger, B. J. "Doctrine and Discipline in the Church of Jean Gerson." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 41, no. 3 (July 1990): 389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900075205.
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The problem of ascertaining by what means and what authority true teachings may be distinguished from false is fundamental to any ecclesiology, since the ecclesiastical community is based, above all, on commonly accepted doctrine. It is a community whose limits are defined — and the parameters within which it operates set — by the body of teachings which is accepted within it as true. Thus, the fundamental practical question which any ecclesiology must address becomes, in effect, who has authority to determine what is taught and what is not; and the answer reveals the main thrust ofthat ecclesiology. In broad terms, two principal, and often conflicting, emphases may be noted: on the community of Christian pilgrims (whom any structure exists to serve), and on the formal ecclesiastical structure (within which the faithful may find security). Pastorally, these emphases are associated to some degree with two different assumptions: either that the believer gains confidence in the institution because of the truth that is taught in it, or that a teaching will be received with confidence by believers ior he reason that it is taught within the institution. In the second case, the pursuit of truth may be subordinated to the support of the expedient.
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Beck, Brian E. "Ministerial Discipline in the Methodist Church in Great Britain." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 3, no. 12 (January 1993): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00001708.
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Lumsden, Christine. "Church discipline in nineteenth-century Edinburgh: Contrasts and Comparisons." Scottish Church History 38, no. 1 (June 2008): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/sch.2008.38.1.6.
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SNOW, JENNIFER C. "The Troubled Knot: Tying Church Discipline to ‘Christian Marriage’ in African Contexts." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 71, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046919000666.
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This article examines the historic discourse on public discipline around sexuality in the African context and its ascendancy, through missionary emphasis on Christian marriage, across multiple denominations and cultural locations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Foreign missionaries and African leaders struggled with abuses of discipline and were aware of the inequity of discipline globally. Public discipline was extremely uncommon at this time in North Atlantic contexts, but became a foundational aspect of African Christian life.
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Harding, Matthew Scott. "A Calvinist and Anabaptist Understanding of the Ban." Perichoresis 10, no. 2 (June 2012): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10297-012-0008-2.
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A Calvinist and Anabaptist Understanding of the BanAmidst a growing renewal of interest in Calvinism and Calvin scholarship throughout the globe in the wake of John Calvin’s 500th anniversary of his birth (1509-2009), this article focuses on John Calvin’s early ecclesiological development. In contrast to advancing theories that Calvin developed his ecclesiological understanding of church discipline from earlier Anabaptist doctrines and leaders which he would have been exposed to intimately during his exile in Strasbourg (1538-1541), this article argues that Calvin had already determined and articulated a well-balanced and detailed understanding of the ban (church discipline) before his arrival in the protestant refuge city of Strasbourg. Further, this article argues that Calvin’s sojourn and interaction with Anabaptists in Strasbourg cannot adequately explain Calvin’s ecclesiological understanding or increasing practice of Church discipline in Strasbourg or Geneva, but rather displays a vivid disparity between Calvin and the Anabaptist position on the ban which Calvin denounces as false perfectionism.
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Akinloye, Idowu A. "Legal Disputes Involving Clergy Discipline: Perspectives from Nigeria and South Africa." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 22, no. 2 (May 2020): 194–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x20000058.
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To preserve the integrity and purity of the church, the policies of churches commonly provide for the enforcement of discipline whenever a cleric errs. The concern is that despite these provisions in the governing documents of churches, disputes challenging churches’ disciplinary exercise over their clergy are increasingly finding their way into the civil courts for adjudication. These disputes have implications for the reputation, governance and flourishing of a church. Against this backdrop, this article analyses a number of case studies to examine some legal issues arising from the churches’ exercise of disciplinary powers over their clergy within the Nigerian and South African contexts. From the analysis of the cases, a wide variety of legal issues associated with implementing church disciplinary procedures are identified to offer some lessons that may enhance the quality of legal risk management for churches.
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Кузнець, Тетяна. "Church chanting in the spiritual education of Kyiv Eparchy in 19 – early 20 centuries." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University Series History, no. 24 (February 8, 2016): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2016-24-41-57.
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The article justifies the peculiarity of such discipline in schools of Kyiv eparchy as church chanting which had a special importance for church life. Orthodox population highly appreciated andliked church chanting as a part of liturgical practice. So the Orthodox Church held under close supervision the teaching of this course in all types of schools, training of teachers and their constant skills advancement through training in special courses.
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Blake, Garth. "Ministerial Duty and Professional Discipline in the Anglican Church of Australia." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 12, no. 1 (January 2010): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x0999038x.
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This article considers the question whether ministry in the Anglican Church of Australia is a profession as well as a vocation. After considering the context of child sexual abuse in the Church, and the contemporary practice of ministry, it examines whether it exhibits the four commonly recognised sociological marks of a profession: (1) specialised knowledge and skills; (2) service of fundamental human needs; (3) commitment to the other's best interest; and (4) structures for accountability.
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Halawa, Murnibudi Arti. "HUBUNGAN DISIPLIN KELUARGA KRISTEN DENGAN TINGKAH LAKU ANAK USIA 9-12 TAHUN GEREJA BNBKP GLORIA DESA URBAN AEK MUARA PINANG SIBOLGA SELATAN 2017 ." Areopagus : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Teologi Kristen 16, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46965/ja.v16i2.286.
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Abstract, This research aims to know the relationship of christian families with the behavior of children aged 9-12 years in the church BNKP Gloria urban village Aek Muara Pinang Sibolga South 2017. Research hypothesis is there is a positive relationship between the discipline of the christian family with the behavior of children ages 9-12 year in the church BNKP Gloria urban Aek Muara Pinang Sibolga South 2017. This research is a correlational research using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The population is all children aged 9-12 years in church BNKP Gloria amounted to 36 people. The sample is the entire population, thus this study is a population study. The research instrument is a closed questionnaire. Result of analysis value rxy = 0, 523 rtable = 0, 329 and t count = 3, 578 t table = 2,042 show Ho rejected and Ha accepted that there is a positive relationship between family discipline of christen with behaviorof child age 9-12 year. This study concluded that the discipline of christian families has a relationship with the behaviour of children aged 9-12 years. In connection with the results of this study, the authors provide input for the observers, especially “Christian Parents” to improve family discipline so that the behavior of children aged 9-12 years can be built. Keywords: Christian family discipline, Children’s behavior
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Rowell, Geoffrey. "An Historical Perspective on Doctrine and Discipline in the Church of England." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 8, no. 36 (January 2005): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00005998.
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Doctrinal discipline is a necessary concomitant of ministerial accountability and ecclesial integrity. When there is division in the Church the consequence of that division is expressed in articles or confessions of faith which, in the words of the Declaration of Assent, indicate how that Church ‘bears witness’ to the Christian Gospel and the faith once delivered to the saints.
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Bulan, Susanti Embong, and Juli Santoso. "Aktualisasi Disiplin Rohani Pada Kepemimpinan Gereja Lewat Model Kepemimpinan J. Oswald Sender." RERUM: Journal of Biblical Practice 2, no. 2 (September 11, 2023): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.55076/rerum.v2i2.137.
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According To J. Oswald Senders that effective church leadership involves a blend of inner life growth and the use of leadership abilities from the outside. This approach emphasizes the importance of spiritual discipline in the character development of church leaders, which helps them lead the congregation effectively. Prayer, scripture study, communion, and Sabbath giving are identified as the four main areas of spiritual discipline in the Senders leadership paradigm. Church leaders can improve their relationship with God, gain insight into the needs of their community, and build a culture of spiritual growth within their church by prioritizing these behaviors. The purpose of this study that we need a leadership that is able to transform the character of the church, provide strategic changes, as well as those that can increase the potential of the individuals it leads, effectively manage resources and have the desire to be actively involved in the process of fighting discrimination still occurs in many parts. J. Oswald provided the basis for good spiritual leadership in church leadership. The research method used is to examine the leadership model J. Oswald Senders and his application in church leadership in today's context. The result is the leadership model of J. Oswald Sanders applied to spiritual discipline in church leadership, namely establishing personal discipline, demonstrating discipline in how to manage others, and reviewing progress in achieving their goals regularly and adjusting strategies accordingly. Menurut J. Oswald Senders bahwa kepemimpinan gereja yang efektif melibatkan perpaduan antara pertumbuhan kehidupan batin dan penggunaan kemampuan kepemimpinan dari luar. Pendekatan ini menekankan pentingnya disiplin rohani dalam pengembangan karakter pemimpin gereja, yang membantu mereka memimpin jemaat secara efektif. Doa, penelaahan kitab suci, persekutuan, dan sabat memberikan diidentifikasi sebagai empat bidang utama disiplin rohani dalam paradigma kepemimpinan Senders. Pemimpin gereja dapat meningkatkan hubungan mereka dengan Tuhan, mendapatkan wawasan tentang kebutuhan komunitas mereka, dan membangun budaya pertumbuhan rohani di dalam gereja mereka dengan memprioritaskan perilaku ini. Tujuan penelitian ini bahwa kita membutuhkan kepemimpinan yang mampu mentransformasikan karakter gereja, memberikan perubahan-perubahan strategis, sekaligus yang dapat meningkatkan potensi individu-individu yang dipimpinnya, efektif mengelola sumber daya dan memiliki keinginan untuk aktif terlibat dalam proses melawan diskriminasi masih terjadi dalam banyak bagian. J. Oswald memberikan dasar kepemimpinan rohani yang baik dalam kepemimpinan gereja. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah meneliti kepemimpinan model J. Oswald Senders dan penerapannya di kepemimpinan gereja dalam konteks sekarang ini. Hasilnya adalah model kepemimpinan J. Oswald Sanders menerapkan pada disiplin rohani dalam kepemimpinan gereja, yaitu membangun disiplin pribadi, menunjukkan disiplin dalam cara mengatur orang lain, dan meninjau kemajuan dalam mencapai tujuan mereka secara teratur dan menyesuaikan strategi sebagaimana mestinya.
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XIUQING, LONG. "Developing a Discipline: The Recent Study of Western Church History in the People's Republic of China." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 56, no. 3 (July 2005): 514–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046905004318.
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The growth in the study of church history in China is one outcome of Deng Xiaoping's policy of ‘reform and opening’, as well as a result of increasing exchanges of scholars and ideas between China and the west during recent years. Since the 1980s Chinese scholars have to a great degree abandoned the Marxist interpretative framework, and gradually developed their own interpretations and methodologies for the study of church history. In consequence, academic studies in the 1990s displayed a fair, honest and objective character which marked the process of maturation in the development of church history as a discipline. In this process Professor Yu Ke played an important role, of inheriting the past and ushering in the future as the real founder of the discipline in China.
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Tomlin, Graham. "Apocalyptic Apologetics and the Witness of the Church." Religions 14, no. 4 (April 10, 2023): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14040518.
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The discipline of apologetics has always been somewhat controversial in Christian theology. In the early church, the Greek-speaking apologists were often opposed for their attempts to express the gospel in the terms of Greek thought. In more recent times, the critiques of Soren Kierkegaard and Karl Barth, that it is an attempt to appeal to foundations that have nothing to do with the gospel, have cast a shadow over the discipline in recent years. This paper seeks to take those critiques seriously, yet argues that the discipline of apologetics is vital for the ongoing witness of the Church. It offers a new vision of apologetics based on the theological Apocalyptic genre. Rather than attempt to prove the existence of God or the truth of the Christian faith by rational means, Apologetics can be reconceived as an essentially narrative or descriptive discipline. The Apocalyptic genre thinks of the gospel as the result and announcement of the good news as a radical incursion of God into human life and history in the Incarnation and Resurrection. Apocalyptic Apologetics thus becomes an attempt to describe the world of history, politics, relationships and art (in fact, everything created) as lit up by the light of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. It becomes a wide-ranging and imaginative venture to redescribe the world in the light of the gospel. This approach re-establishes Apologetics as a crucial part of the Church’s witness while avoiding the critique that it smuggles in assumptions and foundations from outside the gospel itself.
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Latkovic, Mark S. "The Catholic Church in America, the Discipline of Bioethics, and the Culture of Life." Linacre Quarterly 78, no. 4 (November 2011): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002436311803888221.
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In this paper, I will first briefly discuss why the Catholic Church has always had and continues to have such a great concern for bioethics or health-care ethics, while I also highlight the biblical roots of this concern. Secondly, I will describe some of the ways in which the Catholic Church in America has exercised a positive influence in the field of bioethics, or what was in the mid-twentieth century often called medical ethics. Thirdly, I will sketch how and why the Church has to a large extent lost this influence, tracing how secularization both inside and outside the Church contributed to the destruction of the so-called “Catholic ghetto” and to the assimilation of ideas from the culture that were often alien to the Gospel and sound moral reasoning. Finally, I will offer some general reflections on how the Church can regain her influence in this area—especially with the goal in mind of building a culture of life in American society—and how Catholic scholars in particular can contribute to this effort by following the lead of the late Pope John Paul II's 1995 encyclical on bioethics, Evangelium vitae, whose twentieth anniversary is fast approaching.
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Van Wyk, Barry. "Kerkbegrip en kerkorde." STJ | Stellenbosch Theological Journal 6, no. 3 (January 8, 2021): 141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17570/stj.2020.v6n3.a4.
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Church concept and church order: a comparative study between the four Afrikaans reformed churches in South AfricaThis article is about the church concept and church order as formulated by churches of Reformed offspring, especially since the Reformation. To be more specific: since the day when Martin Luther voiced his disgust in the church of his days in public on 10 December 1520. Church concept and church order is a Scriptural debate because both follows from a Christological ecclesiology.The second part of the article compares the church orders of the churches in South Africa with themes typically inherent to church orders of Reformed standing. This includes themes like the offices of the church, church discipline, as well as matters related to being anti-hierarchical and anti-independentistic with reference to the Reformed churches.
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Seleznev, Mikhail G., and Alexander I. Kyrlezhev. "Biblical studies as a modern humanitarian discipline and its connection with theology." Issues of Theology 2, no. 3 (2020): 502–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2020.309.
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A conversation with the famous Russian biblical scholar Mikhail Seleznev is devoted to the modern humanitarian discipline of biblical studies. The conversation examines the origins of this scientific discipline, its formation and development, internal structure, its connection with other humanitarian disciplines, as well as with theology understood as a reflection of believers on the foundations of their faith. Examples of the achievements in biblical studies in the 19th and 20th centuries are provided, which as a result have changed our understanding of the origin of biblical texts and the context in which they were created. The article analyzes the attitude towards scientific study of the Bible in various Christian confessions, in particular, the perception of biblical studies in the Orthodox community and the related problems of modern church consciousness. The current state and the prospects of development of biblical studies in Russia are reported on in the article. The issue of the so-called “intertestamental studies” and its significance for comprehending early Christianity is discussed, as well as that of biblical exegesis from the point of view of its understanding in modern science and church tradition. Bibliographic recommendations are provided for those who wish to begin a more detailed acquaintance with modern biblical studies.
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Hammond, Geordan. "Versions of Primitive Christianity: John Wesley's Relations with the Moravians in Georgia, 1735-1737." Journal of Moravian History 6, no. 1 (2009): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41179847.
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Abstract This article is an examination of John Wesley's relationship with the German Moravians in Georgia, which focuses on their respective conceptions of primitive Christianity. Wesley saw Georgia as a laboratory to implement his High Church Anglican/Nonjuror inspired vision of introducing the doctrine, discipline, and practice of the primitive church in the new colony. Wesley's determination to implement his views of primitive Christianity affected all of his relationships in Georgia including his interactions with the Moravians. A close investigation of Wesley's journals and diary along with the journals and letters of the leaders of the Moravians shows that discussion of the nature of the primitive church dominated their conversations. Wesley believed that primitive Christianity could be restored by renewing the precise doctrine, liturgy, discipline, and devotional practice of the primitive church, while the Moravians stressed the communal spirit of the primitive church as worthy of contemporary emulation. Although the Moravians claimed to maintain episcopal apostolic succession, they did not agree with Wesley that it was essential to an efficacious ministry. The leaders of the Moravians, while showing some sympathy with Wesley's High Church primitivism, retained their focus on the spirit and communal form of the early church. Therefore, relations between Wesley and the Moravians in Georgia were marked by mutual respect and tension due to their differing conceptions of primitive Christianity.
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Janse, Wim. "A Century of Historiography: The Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis, 1900–2000." Church History and Religious Culture 90, no. 4 (2010): 651–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124110x545209.
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AbstractChurch History and Religious Culture (formerly Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis. Since 1829) is the oldest scholarly journal in the Netherlands that still appears to this day. A reflection of the discipline of academic historiography, the journal is a historical source in itself. This essay focuses on the 1,162 articles that appeared in the Archief between 1900 and 2000, in an attempt to discern in this mirror some developments, changes, and tendencies in twentieth-century Dutch church historiography. The following topics are discussed: 2. the contextuality of church historiography; 1. the effect of the church historian's personality on church historiography; 3. the geographical and chronological range of the Archief; and 4. the Archief and general historiography. The conclusions are that until the 1960s Dutch church historiography, as far as reflected in the Archief, shared the general pillarization of the Dutch establishment. The personal orientations of especially the editors were decisive; the journal's focus was on national Dutch church history; the main object of attention was the late Middle Ages and the early modern period, most of all the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation. The twentieth-century church historiography in the Archief was a modest reflection of the developments within general historiography; it recognized the importance of interdisciplinarity, but should be characterized as a strong classical discipline based on the study and interpretation of primary sources.
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Lehmann, Hartmut. "The History of Twentieth-Century Christianity as a Challenge for Historians." Church History 71, no. 3 (September 2002): 585–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700130288.
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One hundred years ago, the discipline of church history was well established within institutions of higher learning in Western societies. The heirs of Leopold von Ranke and Philip Schaff were well versed in the range of topics that church history comprised. Church history was an integral part of the study of theology. Church historians published handbooks and had their own journals. All church historians—those with a Catholic and those with a Protestant affiliation, the members of state churches, and those belonging to church bodies, built on the principle of voluntarism—seemed to have a common agenda. This was the story of Christian churches throughout the centuries.