Journal articles on the topic 'Church (Newark, N.J.)'

The making of a South African church historical bibliography: An historical and bibliographic survey The compilation of the History of the church in Southern Africa: a select bibliography of published material (compiled and edited by J W Hofmeyr and K E Cross) is discussed especially in historical perspective. The prime purpose of this article is to provide information both for the continuation of the project itself and to give for various purposes the outsider an insight into the compilation of a bibliography of this nature.

The approach and conclusions of the ATEOS project will be examined with an emphasis on future design considerations and strategies to address and reduce exposures. The ATEOS was a five year project that conducted field sampling in the summer and winter for the years 1981 through 1983. Eighty-five outdoor air pollutants were measured including the composition of inhalable particulate mass, and volatile organic compounds. The particulate mass components measured were the non-polar through polar organic fractions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, SO-24, trace elements and alkylating agents. From the numerous volatile organic compounds present in the atmosphere measurements were made of 10 chlorinated compounds, the automobile by products, e.g., benzene, o and p xylene, and 13 solvents. Other measurements included local meteorology. Besides the wealth of variables an important component of the study was the selection of the outdoor sites. The approach was to choose specific types of population — industrial-commercial locales with increasing (or decreasing) complexity. The sites were located in the New Jersey urban centers of Newark, Elizabeth and Camden, and a rural setting in Ringwood, N. J. The Newark site was the most complex industrial-commercial-residential interface followed in decreasing order by Elizabeth, Camden and Ring-wood. The manuscript will emphasize the characteristics of the measured variables in relation to the differences in the neighborhoods surrounding each site. Summary information on source — receptor modeling, pollution accumulation processes, episode analyses, and exposure assessment studies will be presented. These will be all evaluated with respect to future study design questions, including monitoring frequency, epidemiological exposure assessments and indoor air pollution.

In 2002 a number of biblical scholars in South Africa published a book with the title Die Nuwe Hervorming (= The New Reformation). Since then reformed theologians and church councils in South Africa reacted vehemently and accused these scholars of heresy. The debate about a possible new reformation has not abated. Professor J J F Durand, theologian and former vice-principal of the University of Western Cape, recently published a book with the title Doodloopstrate van die geloof – ’n Perspektief op die Nuwe Hervorming (= Culs-de-sac of the Christian religion – a perspective on the New Reformation). He is of the opinion that the scholars who advocate a new reformation are merely followers of Rudolf Bultmann. The article argues that Durand and like minded reformed theologians in South Africa ignore the latest research in biblical studies and therefore adhere to fundamentalist opinions about the Bible and church doctrines.

The department of Old Testament, fifty years The department of Old Testament (Section B) at the University of Pretoria is celebrating its fiftieth year. At the beginning of 1938 the faculty opened with four professors and six students. This article briefly investigates the contribution of four professors who taught the Old Testament. As a rather conservative theologian J H Kritzinger strongly emphasized the importance of a scientific approach to Old Testament and of sound exegetical study. He was succeeded by A H van Zyl who had a more historical approach to the Old Testament, took the historical critical method seriously and made its results useful to the church. W S Prinsloo focussed on the text as we have it today and paid much attention to its structure by means of syntactical analysis. To a certain extent W Vosloo continued the line of Van Zyl and Prinsloo: he emphasized the importance of a historical approach, but also investigated the structure of a text to determine its theology.

The debate about the social and political attitudes associated with Pelagian theology has exercised a stranglehold on the discussion of Pelagianism in Britain in recent years. Edward Thompson's new book on Saint Germanus and the end of Roman Britain prompts a re-examination of the nature of Pelagianism, a re-examination in which its fate in Britain must take a key part. It will not be necessary to recall here the interesting views on Pelagianism and the end of Roman Britain associated with Dr J. N. L. Myres and the late Dr John Morris which, as Gerald Bonner has rightly remarked, have ‘always appealed to historians of Roman Britain rather than to church historians who approached Pelagianism as a Christian movement of the Mediterranean region’. I do not want to take sides between the historians of Roman Britain and the church historians; and from the debate aroused by Myres and Morris I want to stand aside. In this paper I pursue the implications of thoughts which have germinated in the course of reading Thompson's fascinating book.

Turner, T. D., Jensen, J., Pilfold, J. L., Prema, D., Donkor, K. K., Cinel, B., Thompson, D. J., Dugan, M. E. R. and Church, J. S. 2015. Comparison of fatty acids in beef tissues from conventional, organic and natural feeding systems in western Canada. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 49–58. The effect of production system on intramuscular and associated trim fatty acid (FA) profiles of retail ribeye steaks from conventional and niche market organic and natural (grain- or grass-fed) beef were compared. Meat from organic grain- and grass-fed systems was leaner, containing greater proportions of polyunsaturated FA, i.e., 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3. Correspondingly, the n-6/n-3 ratios of organic grain- and grass-fed systems were 3:1, while conventional and natural grain systems had ratios of 8:1. High forage-to-grain ratio production systems increased proportions of desirable biohydrogenation intermediates (BI), including t11-18:1 and c9,t11-18:2, whereas conventional and natural grain systems elevated t10-18:1. Trim fat was similarly affected by production system, and was a relatively richer source of BI. Overall, proportions of desirable FAs, including n-3 and BI, were greater for organic grain- and grass-fed systems, emphasizing the importance of a high forage-to-grain ratio to enhance the healthfulness of beef, whereas conventional and natural grain-fed systems were largely equivalent.

Vanda orchids are epiphytes grown for their attractive flowers by commercial producers and hobbyists throughout Florida. In August 2007, five Vanda hybrids, with an economic value of $150 each, were found at a nursery in central Florida with leaves that were macerated, brown, and water soaked. According to the growers, the plants were normal the previous day but symptoms developed rapidly. The plants were immediately removed from the greenhouse to prevent potential disease spread. Bacteria were isolated according to the method of Schaad et al. (1). Isolated bacteria grew at 37°C, were gram negative, degraded pectate, and produced phosphatase. MIDI (Sherlock version TSBA 4.10; Microbial Identification 16 System, Newark, DE) (SIM 0.906) identified the bacteria as Erwinia chrysanthemi (Dickeya chrysanthemi Burkholder et al. 1953) Samson et al. 2005. PCR was performed on the 16S rRNA gene (GenBank Accession No. EU526397) with primers 27f (5′-GAGAGTTTGATCCTG GCTCAG-3′) and 1495r (5′-TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGA-3′) (2). Subsequent DNA sequencing and GenBank search showed the isolated strain is 99% identical to that of Dickeya chrysanthemi. Four leaves each of six Vanda hybrids were inoculated by injecting approximately 150 μl of a bacteria suspension at 1 × 108 CFU/ml into each leaf. One plant was inoculated with water in each of four leaves. Plants were enclosed in plastic bags and returned to the greenhouse under 50% shade at 29°C day and 17°C night temperatures. Within 24 h, soft rot symptoms appeared on inoculated leaves. The water control appeared normal. D. chrysanthemi was reisolated and identified with the above method, thus Koch's postulates were fulfilled. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a soft rot caused by D. chrysanthemi on Vanda hybrids. Because of the popularity and high value of Vanda orchids, proper identification of this rapidly progressing bacterial disease is of great importance for the commercial producer and homeowner alike. References: (1) N. W. Schaad et al. Erwinia soft rot group. Page 56 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. N. W. Schaad et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 2001. (2) W. G. Weisburg. J. Bacteriol. 173:697, 1991.

Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., Shah, M. A., Church, J. S., Haley, D. B., Janzen, K., Truong, G., Atkins, R. P. and Crowe, T. J. 2012. A comparison of commonly used and novel electronic techniques for evaluating cattle temperament. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 21–31. The temperament of steers (n=28) was assessed using five quantitative techniques including: flight time, flight distance, electronic (strain-gauge and accelerometer) tests, and three visual scores (VS) made during entry, restraint and exit from a squeeze chute. The objective of this study was to determine the most important predictive parameters based on those measurements and evaluate the relationship between the techniques. Flight time and distance were correlated with exit VS (r=−0.51, and 0.41, P<0.05; n=56), but were not related to restraint VS. Data from strain-gauge and accelerometer sensors were used to generate parameters such as peak response and area under the curve that were correlated with all three VS. Regression models using VS as the dependent variable and a combination of 2 to 5 parameters from the strain-gauge and accelerometer tests as independent variables predicted temperament with values of 29 to 65 or 41 to 57%, respectively. When all techniques, excluding VS, were used as independent variables, model accuracy increased to 72, 81 and 77% for restraint, exit and the sum of all VS, respectively. These findings suggest the objective measures of temperament assessed in this study could be used to identify highly reactive animals.

“My men should use their swords and bucklers…but if John Stanshaw is in one alehouse then I will be in another.”To historians of medieval and Reformation England, these lines should not be all that surprising. Throughout the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, the heyday of livery and maintenance, ritualized effrontery was in vogue among the affluent and they often employed large retinues of armed servants as signs of potency and prestige. However, it may surprise some to learn that the above statement was uttered by a priest, Geoffrey Elys, vicar of Thatcham (Berks.), around the beginning of the sixteenth century. Though the medieval Church tirelessly struggled to convince its flock of the wickedness of interpersonal aggression, its own servants were not immune to bouts of conflict and strife. As R. N. Swanson cautions in his study of parish priests, the clergy “can be considered as a group; but they were also individuals who created their own careers and had their own personal relations with their parishioners.” Indeed, the conduct of clerics in their parish communities, especially their violent conduct, can be quite baffling if one only evaluates it by the criteria of ecclesiastical proscription and fails to recognize that such proscription was just one thick strand of an intricate web of relations and expectations. In his examination of thirteenth-century parish priesthood, J. Goering has traced the transition of pastors from merely members of the village to semi-detached individuals who were compelled to abide by both village customs and the values of a more unified and doctrinally authoritative Church.

Oncidium orchids have been subjected to extensive cultivation in the pot-plant and cut flower industries because of their attractive and numerous flowers. In August 2008, approximately 50 Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey’ orchids were discovered at a commercial orchid nursery in South Florida with brown, macerated leaves typical of soft rot disease reported in other orchids. Ten plants were selected, and sections were removed from the edge of symptomatic tissue and bacteria were isolated according to the method described by Schaad et al. (3). All isolates were gram negative, anaerobic, degraded pectate, grew at 37°C, produced blue-to-brown pigment on nutrient agar-glycerol-manganese chloride (NGM) medium (1), were sensitive to erythromycin, oxidase negative, and positive for phosphatase and indole production. Further analyses were performed on four of the isolates. MIDI analysis (Sherlock version TSBA 4.10; Microbial Identification, Newark, DE) identified the isolates as Erwinia chrysanthemi (SIM 0.880 to 0.929). Polymerase chain reactions were performed with the 16S primers 27f and 1495r (4) and 1,423 bp of the 16S rDNA gene showed 98 to 99% sequence identity to Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (GenBank Accession No. FM946179). Sequences were deposited in GenBank (Nos. HQ287572–HQ287575). Pathogenicity tests were performed by injecting 10 Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey’ orchids with 100 μl of a bacterial suspension at 1 × 108 CFU/ml. Ten plants were inoculated with 100 μl of sterile water as controls. Plants were placed in a greenhouse at 26.0°C to 30.0°C and 50 to 83% relative humidity. Soft rot symptoms were observed on all inoculated plants within 24 h while control plants appeared normal. A Dickeya sp. was reisolated and identified according to the method described above. Oncidium orchids are known to be highly susceptible to P. carotovora (= E. carotovora) and soft rot caused by P. carotovora is known to occur frequently on Oncidium orchids (2). Although, an Erwinia sp. has been reported to cause soft rot symptoms on Oncidium aureum, to our knowledge, this is the first report of a Dickeya sp. (= P. chrysanthemi) causing soft rot symptoms on Oncidium orchids grown in large-scale commercial production in the United States. References: (1) Y. A. Lee and C. P. Yu. J. Microbiol. Methods 64:200, 2006. (2) C. H. Liau et al. Transgenic Res. 12:329, 2003. (3) N. W. Schaad et al. Erwinia soft rot group. Page 56 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. N. W. Schaad et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001. (4) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173:697, 1991.

The binding of iron by transferrin leads to a significant conformational change in each lobe of the protein. Numerous studies have shown that the transferrin receptor discriminates between iron-saturated and iron-free transferrin and that it modulates the release of iron. Given these observations, it seems likely that there is contact between each lobe of transferrin and the receptor. This is the case with chicken transferrin, in which it has been demonstrated unambiguously that both lobes are required for binding and iron donation to occur [Brown-Mason and Woodworth (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 1866–1873]. Further support to this contention is added by the ability of both N- and C-domain-specific monoclonal antibodies to block the binding of a solution containing both lobes [Mason, Brown and Church (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9011–9015]. In the present study a similar conclusion is reached for the binding of human serum transferrin to the transferrin receptor. With the use of recombinant N- and C-lobes of human transferrin produced in a mammalian expression system, we show that both lobes are required to achieve full binding. (Production of recombinant C-lobe in the baby hamster kidney cell system is reported here for the first time.) Each lobe is able to donate iron to transferrin receptors on HeLa S3 cells in the presence of the contralateral lobe. The results are not identical with the chicken system, because the C-lobe alone shows a limited ability to bind to receptors and to donate iron. Further complications arise from the relatively weak re-association between the two lobes of human transferrin compared with the re-association of the ovotransferrin lobes. However, domain-specific monoclonal antibodies to either lobe block the binding of N- and C-lobe mixtures in the human system, thus substantiating the need for both.

Tolumnia orchids are small epiphytic orchids grown for their attractive flowers. In the fall of 2008, approximately 100 Tolumnia orchids with soft, brown, macerated leaves were brought to the University of Florida Extension Plant Diagnostic Clinic in Homestead. Ten plants were randomly selected and bacteria were isolated from the margins of symptomatic tissues of each of the 10 plants on nutrient agar according to the method described by Schaad et al. (2). Four reference strains were used in all tests, including the molecular tests: Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (obtained from J. Bartz, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville), E. chrysanthemi (ATCC No. 11662), Pectobacterium cypripedii (ATCC No. 29267), and Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae (ATCC No. 10200). All 10 of the isolated bacteria were gram negative, grew at 37°C, degraded pectate in CVP (crystal violet pectate) medium, grew anaerobically, produced brown pigment on NGM (nutrient agar-glycerol-manganese chloride) medium (1), were sensitive to erythromycin, and produced phosphatase. Three of the strains were submitted for MIDI analysis (Sherlock version TSBA 4.10; Microbial Identification, Newark DE) (SIM 0.732 to 0.963), which identified them as E. chrysanthemi. A PCR assay was performed on the 16S rRNA gene with primers 27f and 1495r described by Weisburg et al. (3) from two of the isolates and a subsequent GenBank search showed 99% identity of the 1,508-bp sequence to that of Dickeya chrysanthemi (Accession No. FM946179) (formerly E. chrysanthemi). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. GQ293897 and GQ293898). Pathogenicity was confirmed by injecting approximately 100 μl of a bacterial suspension at 1 × 108 CFU/ml into leaves of 10 Tolumnia orchid mericlones. Ten plants were also inoculated with water as controls. Plants were placed in a greenhouse at 29°C with 60 to 80% relative humidity. Within 24 h, soft rot symptoms appeared on all inoculated leaves. The water controls appeared normal. A Dickeya sp. was reisolated and identified using the above methods (biochemical tests and MIDI), fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a soft rot caused by a Dickeya sp. on Tolumnia orchids. Although 16S similarity and MIDI results suggest the isolated bacteria are D. chrysanthemi because of its close similarity with other Dickeya spp., these results are not conclusive. Further work should be conducted to confirm the identity of these isolates. Through correspondence with South Florida Tolumnia growers, it appears this disease has been a recurring problem, sometimes affecting international orchid shipments where plant losses have been in excess of 70%. References: (1) Y. A. Lee and C. P. Yu. J. Microbiol. Methods 64:200, 2006. (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Erwinia soft rot group. Page 56 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. N. W. Schaad et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 2001. (3) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173:697, 1991.

O constante e crescente uso de ferramentas digitais no ensino de línguas tem (re)significado a prática de professores (DOOLY; SADLER, 2016). Do mesmo modo, esse fenômeno tem influenciado campos de pesquisa na área da Linguística Aplicada como, por exemplo, processos de ensino e aprendizagem, que focam em affordances promovidas pelo uso de ferramentas digitais em aulas de língua inglesa (DOOLY; SADLER, 2016; RAMA et al, 2012; SILVA, 2015; TOUR, 2015). Este trabalho, de natureza teórico-prática, visa a aproximar conceitos de Leitura Crítica (SCOTT, 1988) e Letramento Crítico (LANKSHEAR; KNOBEL, 1997; SINGH; MORAN, 1997) do Letramento Digital (DOOLY; SADLER, 2016). Após advogar o uso de ferramentas digitais para a leitura e transformação da realidade social, apresenta-se uma proposta didática que materializa tais conceitos teóricos. Referências:AGUDELO, O. L.; SALINAS, J. Flexible Learning Itineraries Based on Conceptual Maps. New Approaches in Educational Research, Colombia, v.4, n.2, p.70-76, 2015.CORADIM, J. N. Ensino de língua inglesa e letramento crítico: uma proposta didática de leitura e produção escrita. In: EL KADRI, M. S.; PASSONI, T. P.; GAMERO, R. (Org.). Tendências contemporâneas para o ensino de língua inglesa: propostas didáticas para a educação básica. Campinas: Pontes, 2014, p.99-124.DAWSON, M. A. (Ed.) Developing comprehension – including critical reading. Newark: International Reading Association, 1968.D’ALMAS, J. Da passividade à agência: desenvolvimento de professoras como resultado de empoderamento. 2016. 314f. Tese (Doutorado em Estudos da Linguagem) – Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 2016.DOOLY, M.; SADLER, R. Becoming little scientists: Technologically-enhanced project-based language learning. Language Learning and Technology, Hawai, v.20, n.1, 54-78. 2016.FAIRCLOUGH, N. Language and power. London: Longman, 1989.FRANCESCON, P. K.; REIS, S. Contexto da situação em foco em leituras críticas do cotidiano. In: EL KADRI, M. S.; PASSONI, T. P.; GAMERO, R. (Org.). Tendências contemporâneas para o ensino de língua inglesa: propostas didáticas para a educação básica. Campinas: Pontes, 2014, p.83-98.FREIRE, P. Pedagogia do oprimido. São Paulo, SP: Paz Terra, 2015 [1974], 59ed.______. Education for critical consciousness. New York, NY: Continuum, 2005 [1974].GIROUX, H. A. Os professores como intelectuais: rumo a uma pedagogia crítica da aprendizagem. Porto Alegre, RS: Artes Médicas, 1997 [1988].GOODMAN, K. The reading process. In: CARRELL, P. L.; DEVINE, J.; ESKEY, D. (Eds.). Interactive Approaches to Second Language Reading. London, UK: Cambridge Press, 1988, p.11-21.GUILLEMIN, M.; GILLAM, L. Ethics, reflexivity, and “ethically important moments” in research. Qualitative Inquiry, California, n.10, v.2, p.261-280. 2004.HALLIDAY, M. A. K.; HASAN, R. Language, Context, and Text: aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989.LANKSHEAR, C.; KNOBEL, M. Critical Literacy and Active Citizenship. In: MUSPRATT, S.; LUKE, A.; FREEBODY, P. (Eds.). Constructing Critical Literacies: Teaching and Learning Textual Practice. Broadway, NY: Hamption Press, 1997, p.95-124.LEFFA, V. J. Perspectivas no estudo da leitura: texto, leitor e interação social. In: ______. (Org.). O ensino da leitura e produção textual: alternativas de renovação. Pelotas, RS: EDUCAT, 1999, p.13-37.LINCOLN, Y. S.; GUBA, E. G. Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and Emerging Confluences. In: DENZIN, N. K.; LINCOLN, Y. S. (Ed.). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000. p. 253-291.MOORE, J. et al. Effectiveness of Adaptive Concept Maps for Promoting Conceptual Understanding: Findings from a Design-Based Case Study of a Learner-Centered Tool. Advances in Engineering Education, Virginia, v.[s], n.[s], p.1-35, 2015.PESSOA, R. R.; URZÊDA-FREITAS, M. T. Challenges in Critical Language Teaching. TESOL Quartely, v. [s], n.[s], p.1-24, 2012.REA-RAMIREZ, M. A.; RAMIREZ, T. M. Changing Attitudes, Changing Behaviors. Conceptual Change as a Model for Teaching Freedom of Religion or Belief. Journal of Social Science Education, Germany, v.16, n.4, p.97-108.REIS, S.; EGIDO, A. A. Ontologia, Epistemologia e Ética como determinantes metodológicos em Estudos da Linguagem. In: REIS, S. (Org.). História, Políticas e Ética na área profissional da linguagem. Londrina: Eduel, 2017. p.227-250.REIS, S.; D’ALMAS, J.; MANTOVANI, L. Leituras críticas para transformação do cotidiano. In: EL KADRI, M. S.; PASSONI, T. P.; GAMERO, R. (Org.). Tendências contemporâneas para o ensino de língua inglesa: propostas didáticas para a educação básica. Campinas: Pontes, 2014, p.125-150.SAITO, L. M. Leitura crítica: origens conceituais e sugestões de atividades didáticas para aulas de língua inglesa. 2018. 72f. Dissertação (Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Letras Estrangeiras Modernas) – Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 2018.SCOTT, M. Critical reading needn’t be left out. The ESPecialist, São Paulo. v.9, n.1, p.123-137. 1988. SELWYN, N. Discourses of digital “disruption” in education: A critical analysis. Paper presented to Fifth International Roundtable on Discourse Analysis, City University, Hong Kong. 2013.SILVA, A. T. Affordances e restrições na interação interpessoal escrita online durante a aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira. 2015. 342 f. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Humanidades.SINGH, M. G.; MORAN, P. Critical Literacies for Informed Citizenship: Further Thoughts on Possible Actions. In: MUSPRATT, S.; LUKE, A.; FREEBODY, P. (Eds.). Constructing Critical Literacies: Teaching and Learning Textual Practice. Broadway, NY: Hamption Press, 1997, p.125-136.STREET, B. V. Letramentos sociais: abordagens críticas do letramento no desenvolvimento, na etnografia e na educação. São Paulo, SP: Parábola, 2014 [1995],TOUR, E. Digital Mindsets: Teachers’ technology use in personal life and teaching. Language Learning Technology, Hawai, v.19, n.3, p.124-139, 2015.URZÊDA-FREITAS, M. T.; PESSOA, R. R. Discursos de identidades, ensino crítico de línguas e mudança social: análise de uma experiência localizada. In: MATEUS, E.; OLIVEIRA, N. B. (Org.). Estudos Críticos da Linguagem e Formação de Professores/as de Línguas: contribuições Teórico-Metodológicas. Campinas: Pontes, p. 365-396, 2014.VAN LIER, L. From input to affordance: Social-interactive learning from an ecological perspective. In: LANTOLF, J. (Ed.). Sociocultural theory and second language learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000.Recebido em 31-12-2018.Aceito em 21-03-2019.

In December 2007, stem rot symptoms on orchids (Oncidium Gower Ramsey) were observed at a flower nursery in the Zhejiang Province of China. Initial symptoms were water-soaked lesions starting at the base of the stem. As these lesions expanded and elongated, the stem and leaf tissues became soft and watery. When examined with a microscope, cut edges of symptomatic stem and leaf tissues consistently exhibited bacterial streaming. The bacteria were isolated by streaking on nutrient agar (3). All isolates were gram-negative, facultative, anaerobic rods with peritrichous flagella. Infiltration of tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) with the bacterial suspension of 108 CFU/ml resulted in typical hypersensitivity reactions within 24 h. Five representative isolates were further characterized by the Biolog Microbial Identification System, version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) and gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by the Microbial Identification System (MIDI Inc., Newark, DE) with aerobic bacterial library (TSBA50). The five isolates were identified as Erwinia chrysanthemi (Pectobacterium chrysanthemi) with a Biolog and FAME similarity index of 0.81 to 0.88 and 0.62 to 0.75, respectively. The transfer of P. chrysamthemi to a novel genus, Dickeya gen. nov., was recently proposed (2). The almost complete 16S rDNA sequence from Oncidium isolate SCH-01 (1,604 bp; EMBL Accession No. FM946179) was determined according to the method of Li et al. (1). A subsequent GenBank search showed that this isolate is 98% identical to that of type strain CFBP 1269T of Dickeya dadantii (EMBL Accession No. AF520707) and CFBP 1200T of Dickeya dianthicola (EMBL Accession No. AF520708). Nevertheless, species identification within genus Dickeya is still difficult since only a limited number of strains of each species have been characterized fully. Koch's postulates were completed with the inoculation of Oncidium seedlings with cell suspensions (108 CFU/ml) by a pinprick at the base of the stem. All five representative isolates induced stem rot similar to that observed in natural infections. No symptoms were noted on the control plants inoculated with sterilized distilled water by the same method. The bacterium was reisolated from symptomatic stems of Oncidium plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of stem rot on Oncidium orchid in Mainland China caused by the bacterium formerly referred to as P. chrysanthemi, now proposed as Dickeya sp. References: (1) B. Li et al. J. Phytopathol. 154:711, 2006. (2) R. Samson et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55:1415, 2005. (3) N. W. Schaad et al. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 2001.

During the 2003 winter growing season, a disease occurred on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cvs. Selin, Astona, 198 RN, Malike, and Tulin that were growing in almost all greenhouses of Serik, Aksu, Kumluca, Demre, and Kinik in the Antalya Province, and Keçiborlu, Çandir, and Şeyhler in the Isparta Province in the western Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Disease incidence ranged from 26 to 65%, resulting in economically heavy losses. Symptoms were water-soaked, dark brown-to-black lesions on the leaf margins and asymmetrical wilting of the leaflets. In advanced stages of disease, vascular tissue had a light brown discoloration. A gram-positive bacterium was consistently isolated and formed light gray colonies with internal light gray flecks approximately 2 to 3 mm in diameter on the modified semiselective medium (SCM) (2). Thirty isolates were identified as Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers CMM 5 and CMM 6 on the basis of consistent amplification of a 614-bp DNA fragment (1). The isolates were also identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (similarity 0.810 to 0.888%) using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and Sherlock Microbial Identification System software (Microbial ID, Newark, DE). A pathogenicity test was done by spraying a 6-week-old tomato seedling (cv. Selin) with the bacterial concentration of 108 CFU/ml in sterile water. Control tomato seedlings were only sprayed with sterile water. The inoculated plants were covered with polyethylene bags for 48 h and kept in a growth chamber at 25°C. Symptoms developed on the inoculated plants within approximately 10 days and were similar to those observed in the greenhouse. No symptoms developed on control plants. The bacterium was reisolated from inoculated plants, and its identity was confirmed by colony type on SCM, PCR, and FAME analysis. Although it has been known to be present previously in Aegean, eastern Mediterranean, and the eastern Anatolia regions of Turkey, to our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial canker on greenhouse tomatoes in the western Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Occurrence of the disease in almost all greenhouses may be the result of the high relative humidity present and the lack of protective bactericide applications in many greenhouses of the region. References: (1) J. Dreier et al. Phytopathology 85:462, 1995. (2) M. Fatmi and N. W. Schaad. Phytopathology 78:121, 1988.

N. F. S. Grundtvigs syn på skabelse, åbenbaring og nærværelse belyst ved en sammenligning med Jürgen Moltmann [N. F. S. Grundtvig's views upon creation, revelation and presence in the light of a comparison with J. M. ]Af Betina HjorthIn this article N. F. S. Grundtvig is compared with the living German protestant theologian Jürgen Moltmann and Grundtvig’s continuous and actual ecumenical relevance is emphasized.Unlike most Western theologians both Grundtvig and Moltmann show an interest in the trinitarian and liturgical tradition of the Orthodox Church. Instead of the typical western focus on the revelation of Christ and the difference between revelation and history, Grundtvig and Moltmann as well as most Orthodox theologians focus on the Trinity and the nearness of God in everyday life.Because of their ontological concept of theology, which is related to Grundtvig’s and Moltmann’s desire to avoid the western distinction between Gott and sich and Gott für mich, they both stress the investigation of the relationship between the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit as the most important theological task. God is recognized as an open and integral fellowship of three divine persons - that is as love instead of as a transcendent subject. Most interesting is their analysis of the Holy Spirit whom they, in contrast to the western filolioque-tmdition, conceive as a person equal to the Father and the Son. In the first part of the article the similarities between Grundtvig and Moltmann are described by means of the old Orthodox concept of Perichoresis.Even though there are many similarities between the two theologians a more specific analysis of their literature on the Eucharist also reveals many differences between them. While Grundtvig’s theology is inspired by Luther, Moltmann shows what trinitarian and Orthodox theology looks like in a Calvinistic context. Furthermore the second part of the article describes how the inter-subjective concept of God as a fellowship causes a new social concept of theology: Theology is no longer a private reflection but a social experience - taking place in a historical (Moltmann) or liturgical and doxological (Grundtvig) context.Finally the article contains a discussion on strengths and weaknesses of the two theologians. Although the analysis shows that especially Grundtvig’s concept of the Trinity makes God living and present, both theologians offer a fruitful new understanding of theology which makes it possible to avoid the common distinction between theologia prima and theologia secunda. If one believes that Christianity is relevant in everyday life outside the university, the distinction should be avoided (though not completely eliminated).

In 2005, a new disease was detected on commercial, organically grown romanesco (green) cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) grown in San Benito County, California. Initial symptoms consisted of small (1 to 2 mm in diameter), angular, water-soaked flecks. These flecks developed into tan-to-gray, angular lesions measuring as much as 5 mm in diameter. Lesions were usually surrounded by chlorotic borders. Coalescing lesions caused the leaf to turn papery in texture and have a blighted appearance. A blue-green fluorescing pseudomonad was consistently isolated from lesions on King's medium B. Strains were levan positive, oxidase negative, and arginine dihydrolase negative. Strains did not rot potato slices but induced a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun). These data indicated that the bacteria belonged to Lelliot's LOPAT group 1 (2). This was confirmed with data from fatty acid methyl ester analysis (MIS-TSBA version 4.10, MIDI, Inc., Newark, DE), which showed that the strains were highly similar (similarity = 0.921 or greater) to Pseudomonas syringae. Amplification of repetitive bacterial sequences (rep-PCR) using the BOXA1R primer and the polymerase chain reaction resulted in identical banding patterns for the romanesco strains and the P. syringae pv. alisalensis pathotype strain. Pathogenicity was demonstrated by growing inoculum of six strains in nutrient broth shake cultures for 48 h (24°C), adjusting the bacterial suspension to 106 CFU/ml, and spraying the resulting suspension onto green cauliflower (cv. Romanesco Precoce). Plants were enclosed in plastic bags for 24 h and then incubated in a greenhouse (24 to 26°C). Control plants were misted with sterile water and treated the same way. After 5 days, foliar symptoms identical to symptoms seen in the field developed on all inoculated plants, and reisolated strains were characterized and found to be identical to P. syringae pv. alisalensis by the tests described above. Control plants remained symptomless. The results of two sets of pathogenicity tests were the same. To our knowledge, this is the first report of commercially grown romanesco green cauliflower as a host of P. syringae pv. alisalensis. The infested field had approximately 30% of the plants affected, with perhaps 10% sustaining some crop loss. This bacterial pathogen has previously been reported on commercial plantings of arugula (Eruca sativa), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), and broccoli raab (Brassica rapa var. rapa) and under experimental (greenhouse) conditions causes disease on additional hosts, including members of the Poaceae (1). References: (1) N. A. Cintas et al. Plant Dis. 86:992, 2002. (2) R. A. Lelliott. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966.

In 2005, commercial, organically grown rutabaga (Brassica napus var. napobrassica) in San Benito County, CA showed symptoms of a previously undescribed disease on approximately 30% of the plants. Initial symptoms consisted of small (1 to 2 mm in diameter), angular, water-soaked flecks that often were surrounded by chlorotic haloes. These flecks enlarged and coalesced into large, irregularly shaped, gray brown lesions that could be as long as 10 mm. Lesions were visible from both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces and generally retained the chlorotic borders. A blue-green fluorescing pseudomonad was consistently isolated from lesions on King's medium B. Eight isolates were characterized and were levan positive, oxidase negative, and arginine dihydrolase negative. Isolates did not rot potato slices but induced a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun). These data indicated that the bacteria belonged to Lelliot's LOPAT group 1 (2). This was confirmed with data from fatty acid methyl ester analysis (MIS-TSBA version 4.10; MIDI, Inc., Newark, DE) that showed that the isolates were highly similar (similarity = 0.922 or greater) to Pseudomonas syringae. Amplification of repetitive bacterial sequences (rep-PCR) using the BOXA1R primer and the polymerase chain reaction resulted in identical banding patterns for the rutabaga isolates and the P. syringae pv. alisalensis pathotype strain. Pathogenicity was demonstrated by growing inocula of six isolates in nutrient broth shake cultures for 48 h (24°C), adjusting the bacterial suspension to 106 CFU/ml, and misting the resulting suspensions onto rutabaga (cv. American Purple Top). Plants were enclosed in plastic bags for 24 h and then incubated in a greenhouse (24 to 26°C). Control plants were misted with sterile water and treated the same way. After 5 to 7 days, foliar symptoms similar to symptoms seen in the field developed on all inoculated plants, and reisolated bacteria were characterized and found to be P. syringae pv. alisalensis. Control plants remained symptomless. The results of two sets of pathogenicity tests were the same. To our knowledge, this is the first report of commercially grown rutabaga as a host of P. syringae pv. alisalensis and the first report of a B. napus host of this pathogen. This bacterial pathogen has previously been reported on commercial plantings of arugula (Eruca sativa), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), and broccoli raab (Brassica rapa var. rapa) in California and under experimental conditions it causes disease on additional hosts, including members of the Poaceae (1). References: (1) N. A. Cintas et al. Plant Dis. 86:992, 2002. (2) R. A. Lelliott. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966.

During warm and humid periods in the winters from 2005 to 2008, head rot symptoms on broccoli (cv. Sijilv) (Brassica oleracea L. var italica Planch) were observed in commercial fields in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China. In agreement with the report of Cui and Harling (1), water-soaked lesions developed on the buds and then progressed into a brown-black soft rot. Longitudinal sections of the symptomatic inflorescences showed brown discoloration and rotting of the internal tissues. Broccoli production is hampered by the disease, with disease incidence ranging from 65 to 81%. Bacteria were isolated by streaking on nutrient agar (3) and individual colonies formed after 2 to 3 days of incubation at 28°C. Fifteen of thirty isolates induced hypersensitive reactions (HR) on tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) within 48 h. All the HR-positive strains were fluorescent on King's medium B and the colonies were smooth, convex, entire, and round. Classical bacteriological tests indicated that the fluorescent strains were gram negative, obligate aerobes, arginine dihydrolase positive, and oxidase positive. Also, the fluorescent strains were positive for the production of levan from sucrose. Five representative strains were further characterized by the Biolog Microbial Identification System, version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) and gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using the Microbial Identification System (MIDI Inc., Newark, DE) with the aerobic bacterial library (TSBA50). The five strains were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens with Biolog and FAME similarity indexes of 0.61 to 0.68 and 0.52 to 0.58, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of broccoli strain PFB-01 (GenBank Accession No. GQ352649) was determined according to Li et al. (2). A subsequent GenBank search showed that this sequence had 98% nucleotide identity with the type strain of P. fluorescens (ATCC 17386T, GenBank Accession No. AF094726). Koch's postulates were completed by the inoculation of broccoli heads (cv. Sijilv) with cell suspensions (107 CFU/ml) of the above five strains by spraying on the surface of subcorymbs. Each treatment had five replicates. All strains induced head rot symptoms similar to those observed in natural infections. No symptoms were noted on the control plants inoculated with sterile water. Bacteria were successfully reisolated from symptomatic heads and confirmed by the cellular fatty acid composition. To our knowledge, this is the first report in China that P. fluorescens is the causal pathogen of bacterial head rot of broccoli. References: (1) X. Cui and R. Harling. Phytopathology 96:408, 2006. (2) B. Li et al. J. Phytopathol. 154:711, 2006. (3) N. W. Schaad et al. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 2001.

The contribution starts with a status quaestionis which concerns its title about the hermeneutics of Vatican ii, well based in historical background. The roots are grounded in the difference between “event” and “occurrence” – in italian “evento” e “avvenimento”. This is linked with the change in the perspective of historiography realized in the first part of the last century. The vision of continuity (see “Annales”) was put aside, introducing the one of “events”, which are linked with “ruptures” and not continuity in the course of history. With this frame we can understand that in the one of the Church there must be consideration for the hermeneutics expressed finally in the formula of the title closed by a question mark, that is: D.H.: rupture or reform and renewal in the continuity of the unique subject the Church? The answer is: no rupture in discontinuity but reform and renewal. The initial input of the contribution are the speeches of Pope Francis in the U.S.A. and U.N., an answer to the actual Sitz im Leben as far as religious freedom in nowadays society, 50 years after D.H., in a moment in which more attention is given to the texts of Vatican ii, concretely avoiding to consider “the Council of the Press” (Pope Benedict) instead of the one “of the conciliar Fathers” (= participants). The procedure of the author is certainly inspired by the volume Vatican ii. La liberté religieuse, ed. by J. Hamer and Y. Congar. The first point of attention therefore in the analysis is “homogeneous evolution of the pontifical doctrine on the matter”. It is a fundamental vision which allows even a dogmatic evolution, if it is homogeneous. In fact, the Declaration represented a development of the doctrine, a step forward in the progress of civilization, a progress in the catholic doctrine but in the line of no contradiction. And at this point the thoughts of the two fundamental pillars allowing this step forward are presented; they are J. Courtney Murray and P. Pavan. Very important is the Courtney’s statement in this regard, the following: “The doctrine of D.H. is in plenitude traditional, but it is also new, in the sense that tradition is always a developing and progressive tradition”. The author presents later on some essential elements of the right to religious freedom, with the most important and solemn affirmation in the text (N. 2): This Vatican Council declares that the human person has the right to religious freedom. It is truly an historical affirmation in the life of the Church and also for the human family. It follows the study of the relation between religious freedom and the public powers and the illustration of the education to exercise freedom under the light of the Revelation. In the final part of the essay the author analyses…some consequences of D.H. without forgetting a judgment about the actual situation of religious freedom in the world which is becoming always more serious and worrying. Here two citations of Archbishop Paul R. Gallagher, Secretary of the Relations with the States of the Papal Secretariat, are exemplary, that is: “Unfortunately we have to admit that for years the question of the violence against Christians was not taken in serious consideration. – He concluded: Even if we cannot speak of persecution in the old continent [Europe] nevertheless we must not underestimate the rather alarming phenomenon of the intolerance of religious character”.

In 2001, a new disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by Erwinia rhapontici (Millard) Burkh. was detected in seed samples from southern Alberta, Canada. Infected seeds had pink or pinkish-brown lesions on the seed coat. The disease was found in great northern (cv. US1140), pink (cv. Viva), and pinto (cv. Othello) beans at low (<0.1%) frequencies. Isolation from surface-sterilized pink seeds resulted in bacterial cultures, which produced a water-soluble pink pigment on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Seven isolates were tested for physiological characteristics using conventional tests (1) and API 50CHE test strips (bioMérieux Canada, St. Laurent, Quebec), and tested for cellular fatty acids using the MIDI system (Newark, DE). All isolates were gram-negative, motile, facultative anaerobic rods with mucoid colonies and produced a pink pigment on PDA. They were positive for citrate utilization, catalase, methyl red, and Voges-Proskauer, and negative for arginine dihydrolase, lysine and ornithine decarboxylases, urease, gelatin liquification, indole production, oxidase, and gas production. Fatty acid profiles matched with E. rhapontici (approximately 30% each 16:0 and 16:1 ω7c/15:0 iso 2OH; 12% 18:1 ω7c: 8% each 17:0 cyclo and 14:0 3OH/16:1 iso; 4 to 5% each 12:0 and 14:0). Isolates were positive for acid production from: N-acetyl glucosamine, l-arabinose, amygdalin, arbutin, cellobiose, esculin (hydrolysis), d-fructose, d-fucose, d-galactose, β-gentiobiose, d-glucose, glycerol, i-myo-inositol, lactose, maltose, d-mannitol, d-mannose, melibiose, d-raffinose, l-rhamnose, ribose, salicin, d-sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and d-xylose. These results match published results for E. rhapontici (4). For pathogenicity tests, each isolate was inoculated in 30 pods from six bean plants (cv. US1140) as described for pink seed of peas (2). Each pod was inoculated with 0.1 ml of bacterial suspension, approximately 109 CFU/ml, by injection through the mid-rib at the basal end. The same number of uninoculated and water-inoculated pods served as controls. Plants were kept in the greenhouse (20 ± 5°C) for 4 weeks, after which isolations were done as described above. In duplicate experiments, all isolates caused lesions on pods extending up to 5 cm from the inoculation point with corresponding discoloration of seeds. The frequency of infected seeds varied among isolates, ranging from 20 to 50%. E. rhapontici was reisolated from seeds with lesions, but not asymptomatic seeds. The study concludes that pink seed of common bean is due to E. rhapontici, a pathogen previously reported on peas in Alberta, Canada (2), and Montana (3). References: (1) D. J. Brenner. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol.1, Williams and Wilkens, Baltimore, MD, 1984. (2) H. C. Huang et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 12:445, 1990. (3) B. K. Schroeder et al. Plant Dis. 86:188, 2002. (4) L. Verdonck et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:4, 1987.

During the summer of 2005, an uncharacterized disease was observed on sweet corn ‘Mirai 301BC’ commercially grown in Sunflower County, Mississippi. Initial symptoms developing at the base of the ear on interior husk leaves were brown, water-soaked, irregular lesions. These gradually enlarged up to 10 cm in diameter. Market value was significantly affected when the corn ears had visible symptoms of this disease. Bacterial cell streaming was observed at a magnification of ×675 from the diseased husk. A bacterium was consistently isolated from lesions on nutrient broth yeast (NBY) agar. Colonies on NBY were yellowish white, slightly convex, shiny, and circular with entire margins. Isolates MS102 and MS103, which were chosen for further characterization, were gram negative, lacked arginine dihydrolase, did not produce fluorescent pigment on Pseudomonas F medium, accumulated poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, and grew aerobically. The isolates were able to utilize l-arabinose, d-mannitol, N-acetylglucosamine, capric acid, malic acid, adipic acid, and phenylacetic acid, but not d-maltose. These characteristics are the same as those described previously for Burkholderia gladioli (3). Analysis of fatty acid methyl ester profiles (Sherlock version TSBA 4.10; Microbial Identification System, Newark, DE) characterized the isolates as B. gladioli (similarity indices: 0.23 to 0.38) and revealed that they have C16:0 3OH, the most characteristic fatty acid for the genus Burkholderia. Confirmation was made by PCR amplification of the nearly complete16S rRNA gene (1,471 bp; GenBank Accession No. EU053154) using universal primers (forward: 5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG and reverse: 5′-GGCTACCTTGTTACGACTTC). DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterium shared highest identities (99.4 to 99.6%) with that of B. gladioli strains 321gr-6, 223gr-1, and S10 (4). A PCR product (approximately 300 bp) characteristic of B. gladioli also was obtained from both isolates using species-specific primers GLA-f and GLA-r (2). To confirm pathogenicity, cell suspensions (108 CFU/ml in phosphate buffer) of isolates MS102 and MS103 were injected into interior husk leaves of field-grown sweet corn with a 20-gauge needle and syringe (2 ml per ear). Control corn ear husks were injected with phosphate buffer. After 3 days, ear rot symptoms were observed on all plants inoculated with the isolates but not those injected with phosphate buffer. Cell suspension of isolates dropped on nonwounded husks also incited the same symptoms as those inoculated with the syringe. Koch's postulates were fulfilled with reisolation from the inoculated tissues. The identity of the reisolated pathogen was proved by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. This disease was previously reported in Brazil (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. gladioli causing a disease of corn in the United States. Although the impact of this disease was not observed from 2005 to 2006 because of dry weather and rotation to other crops in the affected field, there is a potential that the bacterium could become established in corn-producing areas as a member of the corn ear rot complex if environmental conditions are favorable. Reference: (1) I. M. G. Almeida et al. Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo 66:141, 1999. (2) N. Furuya et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 68:220, 2002. (3) M. Gillis et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45:274, 1995. (4) R. Nandakumar et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 95(suppl.):S73, 2005.

Bacterial gall symptoms were observed on Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliv. in two separate commercial nurseries in South Alabama during the spring of 2012. Limb dieback and plant death was first reported by the growers. Plants with dieback symptoms had galling and irregular dark callus formation on the lower stem and lower branches. Galls were small, 0.2 to 1 cm, inconspicuous, and in some cases girdled the stem causing breakage of the main stem. In both locations, 30 to 40% of the crop was affected. Similar symptoms have been observed on L. chinense in nursery and landscape plantings in central Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia in previous years. Bacterial colonies were isolated from four plants representing two different locations. Isolates were recovered from surface sterilized symptomatic tissue on nutrient agar and King's medium B (KMB). All isolates were gram-negative and fluoresced blue-green under UV light after 48 h of growth at 28°C on KMB. One representative isolate from each site was identified as Pseudomonas savastanoi based on their fatty acid profiles (similarity index of 0.776; MIS-TSBA, version 4.0, MIDI Inc., Newark, DE) and LOPAT tests (2). The identity was confirmed by sequencing a 900-bp portion of the 16S rDNA gene, which revealed 98% similarity to the P. savastanoi type strain in NCBI (Accession No. AB021402). In greenhouse pathogenicity tests, eight Loropetalum liners were inoculated with a bacterial suspension (107 CFU/ml) of each of the two isolates. Plants were inoculated by injecting the suspension into the lower stem after wounding by puncturing with needles or slicing sections of the bark. Controls were inoculated with water. All plants inoculated with the bacteria developed gall symptoms in 8 weeks under 90% relative humidity at 30°C. The bacteria were reisolated from five inoculated plants. DNA was extracted from each isolate, amplified using primer pair 27F/1492R targeting the 16S rDNA gene (1), and sequenced. Sequences (900 bp) from all isolates shared 98 to 99% similarity to P. savastanoi type strain in GenBank (Accession No. AB021402). Nucleotide sequence data reported are available in GenBank under accessions JX915832 to 37. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial gall of L. chinense caused by P. savastanoi in the United States. Given the increasing prevalence of this disease in South Alabama, its confirmation is a significant step toward management recommendations for growers. References: (1) D. J. Lane. 16S/23S rRNA sequencing. Page 115-175 in: Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics. E. Stackebrandt and M. Goodfellow, eds. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991. (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001.

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is the biggest flowering potted-plant culture in Norway with approximately six million plants produced yearly. A considerable percentage is produced from imported cuttings. In September 2010, we received diseased poinsettias with necrotic leaf spots from a commercial poinsettia grower in Hordaland County. Leaf spots on the upper sides of leaves were brownish, necrotic, irregular in shape, and surrounded by yellow halos. Small, grayish brown, water-soaked spots were observed on the abaxial sides of the leaves from the same plants. Some of the latter carried crusty, dried residues of bacterial exudates. Leaves were surface sterilized and small pieces were excised from the transition area between healthy and diseased tissue. Leaf pieces were soaked in 0.2 ml of sterile phosphate buffered saline (SPBS) for 30 min. The resulting solution was diluted and streaked on several common media suited for the recovery of plant pathogenic bacteria, among them YDC (yeast dextrose chalk agar). The plates were incubated at 25°C in the dark. After 48 to 72 h, pale yellow, smooth, convex, round, and shiny colonies appeared on YDC. On the basis of plant symptoms and colony morphology, the isolated bacteria were expected to be Xanthomonas axonopodis pv poinsettiicola, which is a known pathogen of poinsettia. One isolate was analyzed by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis according to Sasser (2) and partial gyrase B sequencing as described by Ah-You et al. (1). A strain of X. axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola (NCPPB 581) from the National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (UK) was included as a control in both analyses. The isolates were identical to NCPPB581 with respect to the FAME analysis (species level) and the gyrase B sequence. Furthermore, the gyrB sequence was identical to the sequence of strain LMG 849 in GenBank (Accession No. EU015342.1; identities = 774 of 774). Leaf inoculation of disease-free poinsettia was carried out by spraying a solution (approximately 108 CFU ml–1) on the leaves, covering the plants with wetted plastic bags, and placing the plants in a greenhouse maintained at 21°C for 4 weeks. Leaf spot symptoms consistent with the previously observed ones appeared after 2 weeks of incubation. No symptoms were observed on the negative control plant, which was sprayed with SPBS only. The bacterium was successfully reisolated from the induced symptoms and identified by FAME analysis and gyrase B sequencing. In the period following the first detection, Norwegian poinsettia growers were advised to inspect their produce. Suspected samples were sent to us from 28 producers from around the country. The pathogen was detected at 15 production places. Growers were recommended to disinfect their premises and be vigilant with respect to starting up the new season with healthy propagation material. To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola causing bacterial leaf spot on poinsettia in Norway, providing further data on the occurrence of the disease in Europe. References: (1) N. Ah-You et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59:306, 2009. (2) M. J. Sasser. MIDI Tech. Note No. 102. MIDI, 115 Barksdale Prof. Center, Newark, DE, 1990.

-A. James Arnold, Michael Gilkes, The literate imagination: essays on the novels of Wilson Harris. London: Macmillan, 1989. xvi + 180 pp.-Jean Besson, John O. Stewart, Drinkers, drummers, and decent folk: ethnographic narratives of village Trinidad. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1989. xviii + 230 pp.-Hymie Rubinstein, Neil Price, Behind the planter's back. London: MacMillan, 1988. xiv + 274 pp.-Robert Dirks, Joseph M. Murphy, Santería: an African religion in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1988. xi + 189 pp.-A.J.R. Russell-Wood, Joseph C. Miller, Way of Death: merchant capitalism and the Angolan slave trade, 1720-1830. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. xxx + 770 pp.-Anne Pérotin-Dumon, Lawrence C. Jennings, French reaction to British slave Emancipation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. ix + 228 pp.-Mary Butler, Hilary McD. Beckles, White servitude and black slavery in Barbados, 1627-1715. Knoxville: University of Tennesse Press, 1989. xv + 218 pp.-Franklin W, Knight, Douglas Hall, In miserable slavery: Thomas Thistlewod in Jamaica, 1750-1786. London: MacMillan, 1989. xxi + 322 pp.-Ruby Hope King, Harry Goulbourne, Teachers, education and politics in Jamaica 1892-1972. London: Macmillan, 1988. x + 198 pp.-Mary Turner, Francis J. Osbourne S.J., History of the Catholic Church in Jamaica. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1988. xi + 532 pp.-Christina A. Siracusa, Robert J. Alexander, Biographical dictionary of Latin American and Caribbean political leaders. New York, Westport, London: Greenwood Press, 1988. x + 509 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Brenda F. Berrian ,Bibliography of women writers from the Caribbean (1831-1986). Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1989. 360 pp., Aart Broek (eds)-Romain Paquette, Singaravélou, Pauvreté et développement dans les pays tropicaux, hommage a Guy Lasserre. Bordeaux: Centre d'Etudes de Géographie Tropicale-C.N.R.S./CRET-Institut de Gépgraphie, Université de Bordeaux III, 1989. 585 PP.-Robin Cohen, Simon Jones, Black culture, white youth: the reggae traditions from JA to UK. London: Macmillan, 1988. xxviii + 251 pp.-Bian D. Jacobs, Malcom Cross ,Lost Illusions: Caribbean minorities in Britain and the Netherlands. London: Routledge, 1988. 316 pp., Han Entzinger (eds)

In 2003, a new disease was observed on commercial strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) grown in multiple fields in Watsonville, CA. Initial symptoms consisted of brown lesions on the undersides of the sepals of strawberry flowers. The lesions coalesced and spread to upper sepal surfaces and anther bases. No leaf symptoms were observed. Fields affected with this disease appeared to have a greater number of deformed fruit, though incidence data were not collected. A gram-negative, blue-green fluorescent pseudomonad was isolated from lesions on King's medium B agar from both sepals and anthers from 23 of 24 samples from three different fields. All isolates were levan, oxidase, and arginine dihydrolase positive. The strains did rot potato slices but did not induce a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Sansun), indicating that the bacteria belonged to Lelliot's LOPAT group IVa, P. marginalis (3). Isolates from strawberry were compared with pathotype strains of Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis, P. marginalis pv. alfalfae, and P. marginalis pv. pastinaceae. The 16S rDNA sequence of type strain of P. marginalis (Z76663) was 97 to 99% similar to the four strawberry isolates sequenced (GQ845121). Identity was further supported by analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (MIS-TSBA version 4.10; MIDI, Inc., Newark, DE). Polymerase chain reaction using BOX-A1R primers (repetitive sequence-based (rep)-PCR [1]) resulted in DNA fragment banding patterns that were identical among strawberry isolates. These banding patterns were different from the three distinct patterns of the P. marginalis pathotypes. Pathogenicity on strawberry (cv. Albion) was confirmed in three experiments using four strawberry isolates originally isolated from plants from three different fields and the P. marginalis pathotype strains. Inoculum was produced by growing bacteria in nutrient broth shake cultures for 48 h (24°C) and washing and suspending the cultures in 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Three to five attached strawberry flowers on separate plants were dipped in the bacterial suspensions (106 CFU/ml) or sterile buffer for 1 min. To maintain high humidity, flower buds were enclosed in plastic bags for 36 to 48 h and then incubated in the greenhouse (24 to 26°C). After 7 days, approximately half of the flowers inoculated with the strawberry isolates had symptoms on sepals that were identical to symptoms seen in the field. Additionally, reisolates obtained from the symptomatic, inoculated flowers were identical to those used to inoculate the plants as confirmed by LOPAT reactions and rep-PCR, thus completing Koch's postulates. Flowers dipped in phosphate buffer or the P. marginalis pathotype strains did not develop symptoms and no bacteria were reisolated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of blossom blight of strawberry caused by P. marginalis and the first report of P. marginalis on strawberry in California. P. marginalis causes leaf bud rot of strawberry in Japan (2). Further research is needed to determine if the strawberry isolates represent a new or previously described pathovar of P. marginalis. References: (1) N. A. Cintas et al. Plant Dis. 86:992, 2002. (2) T. Kijima et al. Bull. Tochigi. Agric. Exp. Stn. 36:59, 1989. (3) R. A. Lelliott. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966.

Beginning in 1995, a leaf spot disease has occasionally developed on the leafy crucifer arugula (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa) that is grown in coastal California as a fresh market commodity used mostly in bagged salad mixes. Initially, symptoms consist of small (<2 mm in diameter), angular, water-soaked spots that are visible from both sides of the leaf. The spots later enlarge, remain angular in shape, and turn brown to tan. A purple margin sometimes occurs around the spots. An important diagnostic feature is that this disease closely resembles downy mildew infections that have not produced sporangia (3). A blue-green fluorescent pseudomonad was consistently isolated from both types of lesions on King's medium B. Strains were levan positive, oxidase negative, and arginine dihydrolase negative. Strains did not rot potato slices but induced a hypersensitive reaction on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Turk). These data indicated that the bacteria belonged to Lelliot's LOPAT group 1 (4). This was confirmed with data from fatty acid methyl ester analysis (MIS-TSBA version 4.10; MIDI, Inc., Newark, DE), which indicated that the strains were highly similar (similarity > = 0.758) to Pseudomonas syringae. Amplification of repetitive bacterial sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) was used to determine the relationship between the P. syringae strains isolated from arugula and two common crucifer pathogens, P. syringae pv. maculicola and P. syringae pv. alisalensis (1). Using the BOXA1R primer, banding patterns for the arugula strains and the P. syringae pv. alisalensis pathotype were similar, differing by only one band. In contrast, the banding patterns of the arugula strains differed significantly from those of P. syringae pv. maculicola. Additionally, the arugula isolates were sensitive to a bacteriophage originally isolated for its ability to lyse P. syringae pv. alisalensis (1). Previously, the pathogen from arugula was reported to be P. syringae pv. maculicola (2). It is the intent of this disease note to clarify this identification. We completed Koch's postulates by confirming pathogenicity on arugula (cv. Rocket Salad). The strains were grown as nutrient broth shake cultures for 48 h at 24°C, adjusted to 108 CFU/ml, and misted onto 2- to 3-week old plants. Control plants were misted with sterile nutrient broth. After 4 to 5 days in a greenhouse (24 to 26°C), large, angular leaf lesions developed on all inoculated arugula plants. Strains were reisolated from symptomatic tissue and identified as P. syringae pv. alisalensis. Control plants remained symptomless. Similar methods confirmed that the host range of the arugula isolates were identical to that of P. syringae pv. alisalensis. The arugula and P. syringae pv. alisalensis isolates caused disease on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cvs. Patriot and Titleist), broccoli raab (B. rapa subsp. rapa cv. Sorento), and oats (Avena sativa cv. Montezuma), while P. syringae pv. maculicola caused disease on broccoli only. Pathogenicity tests were conducted two times with identical results. This confirms that the bacterial blight that has been occurring on commercial plantings of arugula is caused by P. syringae pv. alisalensis. References: (1) N. A. Cintas et al.Plant Dis. 86:992, 2002. (2) S. T. Koike et al. Plant Dis. 80:464, 1996. (3) S. T. Koike. Plant Dis. 82:1063, 1998. (4) R. A. Lelliott, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966.

RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. 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Background Chemotherapy refractoriness and disease relapse continue to be significant obstacles to therapeutic success in AML. We have recently identified bone marrow (BM) transcriptomic profiles that stratify patients with AML into an immune-infiltrated and an immune-depleted subtype and that refine the accuracy of survival prediction in response to conventional chemotherapy beyond that afforded by cytogenetic and molecular prognosticators (Vadakekolathu J, et al. Sci. Transl. Med. 2020; 12: eaaz0463). Importantly, AML CD8+ T cells exhibit features of immune exhaustion and senescence (IES), including the upregulation of natural killer (NK) cell-associated transcripts, which persist only in chemotherapy non-responders (Knaus HA, et al. JCI Insight 2018; 3: e120974). The aim of the current study was to determine whether IES correlate with immune infiltration and with clinical outcomes in AML. Methods We used prior knowledge and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to derive a 68-gene IES signature score (computed as the cohort-wide average of gene expression) from publicly available RNA-sequencing datasets (TCGA and Beat-AML Master Trial; 162 and 281 AML patients, respectively). The wet-lab AML cohorts used in this study included a total of 382 BM samples from children and adults with AML treated with curative intent. BMs were collected at time of diagnosis, complete remission (CR) and relapse (PMCC, SAL and CHOP series). BM RNAs were profiled on the nCounter platform using the PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel (NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA). Results In the AML discovery cohort, the IES score significantly correlated with BM lymphoid infiltration (R=0.958) and with CD8+ T cell (R=0.88), cytotoxic T cell (R=0.90) and tumor inflammation signature scores (R=0.82, P&lt;0.0001 for all; Fig. 1A). The novel IES gene signature showed minimal overlap with previously discovered interferon (IFN)-related gene sets with prognostic relevance in AML (Fig. 1B) and was higher in TP53-mutated (P&lt;0.0001) and RUNX1-mutated (P=0.0071) compared with WT AML. Overall survival (OS) was significantly shorter in patients with higher than median IES scores (Fig. 1C). IES signature scores were also associated with worse clinical outcomes in Beat-AML cases (median OS of 10.6 and 21.1 months, respectively, in patients with higher and lower than median IES scores; Fig. 1D) and were higher in primary induction failures (PIF) compared with chemotherapy responders (Fig. 1E). The top IES genes associated with survival prediction both in TCGA and Beat-AML, although not overlapping with published IFN-related gene sets, were still significantly enriched in type I/II IFN signaling pathways and in molecular functions indicative of heightened ion-gated channel activity, as shown by protein-protein interaction network analyses. The above findings were validated in independent wet-lab cohorts comprising adults (PMCC series; n=290; SAL series; n=46) and children (CHOP series; n=46) with AML. In the ELN adverse risk subgroup (PMCC cohort), both relapse-free survival (RFS) and OS were significantly shorter in patients with higher than median compared with lower than median IES scores (median RFS time of 6.93 versus not reached [log-rank P=0.0053], and median OS of 10.5 months versus 18 months [log-rank P=0.0011], respectively). In contrast, the IES signature score failed to stratify survival in patients with ELN favorable and intermediate risk. Finally, a pairwise comparison of matched diagnostic, CR and relapse BM samples (SAL series; n=22 patients and CHOP series; n=46 patients) showed significantly higher IES signature scores at time of CR, congruent with chemotherapy-induced acceleration of IES, and at time of post-chemotherapy relapse compared with disease onset (Fig. 1F). Notably, CD8A, TBX21, a Th1 transcription factor, and markers of NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, including KLRK1, KLRD1, KLRC2, GNLY, and granzymes, were among the top ranked immune genes associated with AML relapse (Fig. 1G). Conclusions Patients with immune-infiltrated AML exhibit features of IES, which may correlate with adverse-risk molecular features, chemotherapy refractoriness and shorter survival. Molecular circuits reflective of IES might also underpin AML relapse after conventional induction chemotherapy. IES T cells could be functionally rejuvenated by novel immunotherapies being investigated in AML. Figure 1 Disclosures Church: NanoString Technologies, Inc.: Current Employment. Davidson-Moncada:Macrogenics: Current Employment. Tasian:Incyte Corporation: Research Funding; Aleta Biotherapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead Sciences: Research Funding. Gojo:Amphivena: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Luznik:WindMil Therapeutics: Patents & Royalties: Patent holder; AbbVie: Consultancy; Merck: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Genentech: Research Funding. Rutella:Kura Oncology: Research Funding; MacroGenics, Inc.: Research Funding; NanoString Technologies, Inc.: Research Funding.

RÉSUMÉLe principal objectif de cet article est d’encourager une approche plus large, supraconfessionnelle, du mariage et de la famille à l’époque moderne. La conjugalité a été “désacralisée” par les réformateurs protestants du 16e siècle. Martin Luther, parmi d’autres, a refusé le statut de sacrement au mariage, tout en valorisant celui-ci comme une arme contre le péché. En réaction, le concile de Trente a réaffirmé avec force que le mariage est bien un des sept sacrements chrétiens. Mais, promouvant la supériorité du célibat, l’Église catholique n’a jamais beaucoup insisté sur les vertus de la vie et de la piété familiales avant le 19e siècle. En parallèle, les historiens décèlent des signes de “sacralisation” de la famille protestante à partir du 16e siècle. Leurs conclusions doivent être relativisées à la lumière de recherches plus récentes et plus critiques, centrées sur les rapports et les représentations de genre. Elles peuvent néanmoins inspirer une étude élargie et comparative, inexistante dans l’historiographie traditionnelle, des réalités et des perceptions de la famille chrétienne au-delà des frontières confessionnelles.MOTS-CLÉ: Époque Moderne, mariage, famille, protestantisme, Concile de TrenteABSTRACTThe main purpose of this paper is to encourage a broader supra-confessional approach to the history of marriage and the family in the Early Modern era. Wedlock was “desacralized” by the Protestant reformers of the 16th century. Martin Luther, among others, denied the sacramental status of marriage but valued it as a weapon against sin. In reaction, the Council of Trent reinforced marriage as one of the seven sacraments. But the Catholic Church, which promoted the superiority of celibacy, did little to defend the virtues of family life and piety before the 19th century. In parallel, historians have identified signs of a “sacralization” of the Protestant family since the 16th century. 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David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum, eds. Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. Nashville: American Assocation for State and Local History, 1984. Pp. xxiii, 436. Paper, $17.95 ($16.15 to AASLH members); cloth $29.50 ($26.95 to AASLH members). Review by Jacob L. Susskind of The Pennsylvania State University at Harrisburg. Salo W. Baron. The Contemporary Relevance of History: A Study in Approaches and Methods. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986. Pp. viii, 158. Cloth, $30.00; Stephen Vaughn, ed. The Vital Past: Writings on the Uses of History. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1985. Pp. 406. Paper, $12.95. Review by Michael T. Isenberg of the United States Naval Academy. Howard Budin, Diana S. Kendall and James Lengel. Using Computers in the Social Studies. New York and London: Teachers College Press, 1986. Pp. vii, 118. Paper, $11.95. Review by Francis P. Lynch of Central Connecticut State University. David F. Noble. Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. Pp. xviii, 409. Paper, $8.95. Review by Donn C. Neal of the Society of American Archivists. Alan L. Lockwood and David E. Harris. Reasoning with Democratic Values: Ethical Problems in United States History. New York and London: Teachers College Press, 1985. Volume 1: Pp. vii, 206. Paper, $8.95. Volume 2: Pp. vii, 319. Paper, $11.95. Instructor's Manual: Pp. 167. Paper, $11.95. Review by Robert W. Sellen of Georgia State University. James Atkins Shackford. David Crocketts: The Man and the Legend. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1986. Pp. xxv, 338. Paper, $10.95. Review by George W. Geib of Butler University. John R. Wunder, ed. At Home on the Range: Essays on the History of Western Social and Domestic Life. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1985. Pp. xiii, 213. Cloth, $29.95. Review by Richard N. Ellis of Fort Lewis College. Sylvia R. Frey and Marian J. Morton, eds. New World, New Roles: A Documentary History of Women in Pre-Industrial America. New York, Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 1986. Pp. ix, 246. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Barbara J. Steinson of DePauw University. Elizabeth Roberts. A Woman's Place: An Oral History of Working-Class Women, 1890-1940. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Pp. vii, 246. Paper, $12.95. Review by Thomas T. Lewis of Mount Senario College. Steven Ozment. When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press, 1983. Pp. viii, 283. Cloth, $17.50; Paper, $7.50. Review by Sanford Gutman of State University of New York, College at Cortland. Geoffrey Best. War and Society in Revolutionary Europe, 1770-1870. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 336. Paper, $9.95; Brian Bond. War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 256. Paper, $9.95. Review by Bullitt Lowry of North Texas State University. Edward Norman. Roman Catholicism in England: From the Elizabethan Settlement to the Second Vatican Council. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 138. Paper, $8.95; Karl F. Morrison, ed. The Church in the Roman Empire. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Pp. viii, 248. Cloth, $20.00; Paper, $7.95. Review by Raymond J. Jirran of Thomas Nelson Community College. Keith Robbins. The First World War. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. Pp. 186. Paper, $6.95; J. M. Winter. The Great War and the British People. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp. xiv, 360. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Roger D. Tate of Somerset Community College. Gerhardt Hoffmeister and Frederic C. Tubach. Germany: 2000 Years-- Volume III, From the Nazi Era to the Present. New York: The Ungar Publishing Co., 1986. Pp. ix, 279. Cloth, $24.50. Review by Abraham D. Kriegel of Memphis State University. Judith M. Brown. Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. xvi, 429. Cloth, $29.95; Paper, $12.95. Review by Steven A. Leibo of Russell Sage College.

-Stanley L. Engerman, B.W. Higman, Slave populations of the British Caribbean, 1807-1834. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture, 1984. xxxiii + 781 pp.-Susan Lowes, Gad J. Heuman, Between black and white: race, politics, and the free coloureds in Jamaica, 1792-1865. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies No. 5, 1981. 20 + 321 pp.-Anthony Payne, Lester D. Langley, The banana wars: an inner history of American empire, 1900-1934. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1983. VIII + 255 pp.-Roger N. Buckley, David Geggus, Slavery, war and revolution: the British occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793-1798. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1982. xli + 492 pp.-Gabriel Debien, George Breathett, The Catholic Church in Haiti (1704-1785): selected letters, memoirs and documents. Chapel Hill NC: Documentary Publications, 1983. xii + 202 pp.-Alex Stepick, Michel S. Laguerre, American Odyssey: Haitians in New York City. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984. 198 pp-Andres Serbin, H. Michael Erisman, The Caribbean challenge: U.S. policy in a volatile region. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1984. xiii + 208 pp.-Andres Serbin, Ransford W. Palmer, Problems of development in beautiful countries: perspectives on the Caribbean. Lanham MD: The North-South Publishing Company, 1984. xvii + 91 pp.-Carl Stone, Anthony Payne, The politics of the Caribbean community 1961-79: regional integration among new states. Oxford: Manchester University Press, 1980. xi + 299 pp.-Evelyne Huber Stephens, Michael Manley, Jamaica: struggle in the periphery. London: Third World Media, in association with Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society, 1982. xi + 259 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, Epica Task Force, Grenada: the peaceful revolution. Washington D.C., 1982. 132 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, W. Richard Jacobs ,Grenada: the route to revolution. Havana: Casa de Las Americas, 1979. 157 pp., Ian Jacobs (eds)-Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, Andres Serbin, Geopolitica de las relaciones de Venezuela con el Caribe. Caracas: Fundación Fondo Editorial Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 1983.-Idsa E. Alegria-Ortega, Jorge Heine, Time for decision: the United States and Puerto Rico. Lanham MD: North-South Publishing Co., 1983. xi + 303 pp.-Richard Hart, Edward A. Alpers ,Walter Rodney, revolutionary and scholar: a tribute. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies and African Studies Center, University of California, 1982. xi + 187 pp., Pierre-Michel Fontaine (eds)-Paul Sutton, Patrick Solomon, Solomon: an autobiography. Trinidad: Inprint Caribbean, 1981. x + 253 pp.-Paul Sutton, Selwyn R. Cudjoe, Movement of the people: essays on independence. Ithaca NY: Calaloux Publications, 1983. xii + 217 pp.-David Barry Gaspar, Richard Price, To slay the Hydra: Dutch colonial perspectives on the Saramaka wars. Ann Arbor MI: Karoma Publishers, 1983. 249 pp.-Gary Brana-Shute, R. van Lier, Bonuman: een studie van zeven religieuze specialisten in Suriname. Leiden: Institute of Cultural and Social Studies, ICA Publication no. 60, 1983. iii + 132 pp.-W. van Wetering, Charles J. Wooding, Evolving culture: a cross-cultural study of Suriname, West Africa and the Caribbean. Washington: University Press of America 1981. 343 pp.-Humphrey E. Lamur, Sergio Diaz-Briquets, The health revolution in Cuba. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983. xvii + 227 pp.-Forrest D. Colburn, Ramesh F. Ramsaran, The monetary and financial system of the Bahamas: growth, structure and operation. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1984. xiii + 409 pp.-Wim Statius Muller, A.M.G. Rutten, Leven en werken van de dichter-musicus J.S. Corsen. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1983. xiv + 340 pp.-Louis Allaire, Ricardo E. Alegria, Ball courts and ceremonial plazas in the West Indies. New Haven: Department of Anthropology of Yale University, Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 79, 1983. lx + 185 pp.-Kenneth Ramchand, Sandra Paquet, The Novels of George Lamming. London: Heinemann, 1982. 132 pp.

The aim of this research was to examine the effect of fermentation time by Aspergillus niger on peanut shells ammoniated on VFA and NH3 production. The research was allocated in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were fermentation process of 0 days (T0), 5 days (T1), 10 days (T2) and 15 days (T3). The results showed that fermentation process with A. niger on the ammoniated peanut shells increased (p<0.05) the VFA and NH3 production. In an incubation time of 15 days, the highest VFA and NH3 production waas obtained. The average production of VFA were T0=153; T1=188; T2=193 and T3=203 mM respectively. Average of NH3 production in this study were T0=2,89; T1=3,61; T2=3,74 dan T3=3,90 mM respectively. It was conclusded that the fermentation process with A. niger on peanut shells ammoniated increased the VFA and NH3 production. The 15 days of fermentation process was the best time which produced the highest of VFA and NH3 production. Key words: Aspergillus niger, NH3, peanut shells, VFA DAFTAR PUSTAKA Badan Pusat Statistik. 2018. Provinsi Jawa Tengah dalam Angka. Semarang (ID): Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Tengah Basri E & Tambunan RD. 2016. Kajian pemanfaatan pakan berbasis bahan lokal yang berwawasan lingkungan untuk sapi potong di Lampung. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Inovasi Teknologi Pertanian Puslitbangtan. Banjar Baru (ID): Puslitbangtan Church DC& Pond WG. 1988. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. 3rd edition. New York (US): John Wiley and Sons Danuarsa. 2006. Analisis proksimat dan asam lemak pada beberapa komunitas kacang-kacangan. Buletin Teknik Pertanian. 11(1): 1-9 DeVries &Visser J. 2001. Aspergillus enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Microbiology Molecular Biology Review. 65 (4): 497-522 Gunam IBWG, Buda K & Guna IMYS. 2010. Pengaruh perlakuan delignifikasi dengn larutan NaOH dan kosentrasi substrat jerami padi terhadap produksi enzim selulase dari Aspergillus niger. Jurnal Biologi. 15 (1): 55-61 Hastuti D, Shofia NA &. Tampoebolon BIM. 2010. Pengaruh perlakuan teknologi amofer (amoniasi fermentasi) pada hasil samping tongkol jagung sebagai alternative pakan berkualitas ternak ruminansia. Jurnal Mediagro. 7 (1): 55-65 Nurhaita, Definiati N & Suliasih. 2017. Pengolahan jerami padi sebagai pakan ternak sapi pada kelompok tani sido urip Desa Srikuncoro. Malang (ID): Prosiding Seminar Nasional dan Gelar Produk, UMM Prasetyo, H. 2014. Polimerisasi karet alam secara mekanis untuk bahan adiktif aspal. Jurnal Penelitian Karet. 32 (1): 81-87 Junior LKP, Swastini DA & Leliqia NPE. 2015. Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol kulit kacang tanah dengan metode maserasi terhadap profil lipid pada tikus Sprague Dawley diet lemak tinggi. Jurnal Farmasi. 4 (1): 18-25 Komar, A. 1984. Teknologi Pengolahan Jerami sebagai Makanan Ternak. Bandung (ID): Yayasan Dian Grahita Indonesia Retnani Y, Permana IG, Kumalasari NR & Taryati. 2015. Teknik Membuat Biskuit Pakan Ternak dari Limbah Pertanian. Jakarta (ID): Penebar Swadaya Steel RGD & Torrie JH. 1991. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika. Terjemahan. Jakarta (ID): Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakart. Suhartati FM. 2005. Proteksi Protein Daun Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) Menggunakan Tanin, Saponin, Minyak dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Ruminal Undegradable Protein (RUDP) dan Sintesis Protein Mikrobia Rumen. [skripsi] Purwokerto (ID): Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman Tillman, Harihartadi AD, Reksodiprojo S, Prawirokusumo S & Lebdosoekojo. 1998. Ilmu Makanan Ternak Dasar. Yogyakarta (ID): Gajah Mada University Press

The challenge for rural communities to provide quality education for early childhood in Indonesia is difficult. National politics, policies, and economic and cultural conditions affect the Early Childhood Education system, and Indonesia is a large multicultural country, so, even the quality of education is difficult. This study aims to look at the quality of children's education in Pandalungan. Using qualitative methods with ethnographic design, data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that educational institutions for children in urban areas can be categorized quite high. However, for early childhood education services in Desa Sukorambi Pandalungan, the quality is quite poor. Research suggestions are the need for follow-up related to social, economic, cultural and environmental factors at the level of Pandalungan community awareness of early childhood education. Keywords: Early Childhood, Learning Quality, Pandalungan Community References: Bernal, R., & Ramírez, S. M. (2019). Improving the quality of early childhood care at scale: The effects of “From Zero to Forever.” World Development, 118, 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.02.012 Bers, M. U., González-González, C., & Armas-Torres, M. B. (2019). Coding as a playground: Promoting positive learning experiences in childhood classrooms. Computers and Education, 138, 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.04.013 Biersteker, L., Dawes, A., Hendricks, L., & Tredoux, C. (2016). Center-based early childhood care and education program quality: A South African study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.01.004 Burchinal, M. (2018). Measuring Early Care and Education Quality. Child Development Perspectives, 12(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12260 Church, A., & Bateman, A. (2019). Methodology and professional development: Conversation Analytic Role-play Method (CARM) for early childhood education. Journal of Pragmatics, 143(xxxx), 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.01.022 Ciolan, L. E. (2013). Play to Learn, Learn to Play. Creating Better Opportunities for Learning in Early Childhood. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 76, 186–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.096 Correia, N., Camilo, C., Aguiar, C., & Amaro, F. (2019). Children’s right to participate in early childhood education settings: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.031 Cycyk, L. M., & Hammer, C. S. (2018). Beliefs, values, and practices of Mexican immigrant families towards language and learning in toddlerhood: Setting the foundation for early childhood education. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.09.009 Dick, C. & C. (2009). The Sistematic Design Of Instruction. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River. Grindal, T., Bowne, J. B., Yoshikawa, H., Schindler, H. S., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2016). The added impact of parenting education in early childhood education programs: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.018 Herbers, J. E., Cutuli, J. J., Jacobs, E. L., Tabachnick, A. R., & Kichline, T. (2019). Early childhood risk and later adaptation: A person-centered approach using latent profiles. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 62(January), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.01.003 Hunkin, E. (2018). Whose quality? The (mis)uses of quality reform in early childhood and education policy. Journal of Education Policy, 33(4), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1352032 Johson, J. E, & Roopnarine, J. L. (2011). Pendidikan anak usia dini dalam berbagai pendekatan. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Lucas, F. M. M. (2017). The Game as an Early Childhood Learning Resource for Intercultural Education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237(June 2016), 908–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.127 Atwi Suparman. (2012). Desain Intruksional Modern. Jakarta: Erlangga. Mapiare, A. (2013). Tipe-tipe Metode Riset Kualitatif Untuk Eksplanasi Sosial Budaya Dan Bimbingan Konseling. Malang: Elang Emas & Prodi Bimbingan Dan Konseling Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Malang. Milner, K. M., Bhopal, S., Black, M., Dua, T., Gladstone, M., Hamadani, J., … Lawn, J. E. (2019). Counting outcomes, coverage and quality for early child development programmes. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 104, S3–S12. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315430 Morrison, G. S. (2012). Dasar-dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Indeks. Nutbrown, C. (2011). Key Concepts in Early Childhood Education and Care (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publication Ltd. Perpres. Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. , 6 Peraturan Presiden RI § (2017). Puspita, W. A. (2013). Multikulturalisme dalam Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Ilmiah VISI P2TK PAUDNI, 8(2), 144–152. Raikes, A., Sayre, R., Davis, D., Anderson, K., Hyson, M., Seminario, E., & Burton, A. (2019). The Measuring Early Learning Quality & Outcomes initiative: purpose, process and results. Early Years, 39(4), 360–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2019.1669142 Satrio Roefandi, P. (2019). Keluarga Pendalungan, Keluarga Berbasis Budaya Madura Atau Jawa? 10 Th Psychofest Conference, (March), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/v8g5b Stokoe, E. (2014). The Conversation Analytic Role-play Method (CARM): a method for training communication skills as an alternative to simulated role-play. Res. Lang. Soc. Interact, 47(3), 255–265. Sutarto, A. (2006). Sekilas Tentang Masyarakat Pandalungan. Jelajah Budaya 2006, 1–7. Suyadi. (2010). Psikologi Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Insan Madani. Tapscott, D. (2011). Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World. Bucharest: Publica. Wijana, W. D. (2014). Konsep-Konsep Dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. In UT. https://doi.org/10.1101/112268 Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A. J., Raikes, A., Kim, S., & Kabay, S. B. (2018). Toward High-Quality Early Childhood Development Programs and Policies at National Scale: Directions for Research in Global Contexts. Social Policy Report,31(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.2018.tb00091.x

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. 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-John Parker, Norman J.W. Thrower, Sir Francis Drake and the famous voyage, 1577-1580. Los Angeles: University of California Press, Contributions of the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Vol. 11, 1984. xix + 214 pp.-Franklin W. Knight, B.W. Higman, Trade, government and society in Caribbean history 1700-1920. Kingston: Heinemann Educational Books, 1983. xii + 172 pp.-A.J.R. Russel-Wood, Lyle N. McAlister, Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion Volume III, 1984. xxxi + 585 pp.-Tony Martin, John Gaffar la Guerre, The social and political thought of the colonial intelligentsia. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1982. 136 pp.-Egenek K. Galbraith, Raymond T. Smith, Kinship ideology and practice in Latin America. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1984. 341 pp.-Anthony P. Maingot, James Pack, Nelson's blood: the story of naval rum. Annapolis MD, U.S.A.: Naval Institute Press and Havant Hampshire, U.K.: Kenneth Mason, 1982. 200 pp.-Anthony P. Maingot, Hugh Barty-King ,Rum: yesterday and today. London: William Heineman, 1983. xviii + 264 pp., Anton Massel (eds)-Helen I. Safa, Alejandro Portes ,Latin journey: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. xxi + 387 pp., Robert L. Bach (eds)-Wayne S. Smith, Carlos Franqui, Family portrait wth Fidel: a memoir. New York: Random House, 1984. xxiii + 263 pp.-Sergio G. Roca, Claes Brundenius, Revolutionary Cuba: the challenge of economic growth with equity. Boulder CO: Westview Press and London: Heinemann, 1984. xvi + 224 pp.-H. Hoetink, Bernardo Vega, La migración española de 1939 y los inicios del marxismo-leninismo en la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1984. 208 pp.-Antonio T. Díaz-Royo, César Andreú-Iglesias, Memoirs of Bernardo Vega: a contribution to the history of the Puerto Rican community in New York. Translated by Juan Flores. New York and London: Monthly Review, 1984. xix + 243 pp.-Mariano Negrón-Portillo, Harold J. Lidin, History of the Puerto Rican independence movement: 20th century. Maplewood NJ; Waterfront Press, 1983. 250 pp.-Roberto DaMatta, Teodore Vidal, Las caretas de cartón del Carnaval de Ponce. San Juan: Ediciones Alba, 1983. 107 pp.-Manuel Alvarez Nazario, Nicolás del Castillo Mathieu, Esclavos negros en Cartagena y sus aportes léxicos. Bogotá: Institute Caro y Cuervo, 1982. xvii + 247 pp.-J.T. Gilmore, P.F. Campbell, The church in Barbados in the seventeenth century. Garrison, Barbados; Barbados Museum and Historical Society, 1982. 188 pp.-Douglas K. Midgett, Neville Duncan ,Women and politics in Barbados 1948-1981. Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute of Social and Economic Research (Eastern Caribbean), Women in the Caribbean Project vol. 3, 1983. x + 68 pp., Kenneth O'Brien (eds)-Ken I. Boodhoo, Maurice Bishop, Forward ever! Three years of the Grenadian Revolution. Speeches of Maurice Bishop. Sydney: Pathfinder Press, 1982. 287 pp.-Michael L. Conniff, Velma Newton, The silver men: West Indian labour migration to Panama, 1850-1914. Kingston: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1984. xx + 218 pp.-Robert Dirks, Frank L. Mills ,Christmas sports in St. Kitts: our neglected cultural tradition. With lessons by Bertram Eugene. Frederiksted VI: Eastern Caribbean Institute, 1984. iv + 66 pp., S.B. Jones-Hendrickson (eds)-Catherine L. Macklin, Virginia Kerns, Woman and the ancestors: Black Carib kinship and ritual. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press, 1983. xv + 229 pp.-Marian McClure, Brian Weinstein ,Haiti: political failures, cultural successes. New York: Praeger (copublished with Hoover Institution Press, Stanford), 1984. xi + 175 pp., Aaron Segal (eds)-A.J.F. Köbben, W.S.M. Hoogbergen, De Boni-oorlogen, 1757-1860: marronage en guerilla in Oost-Suriname (The Boni wars, 1757-1860; maroons and guerilla warfare in Eastern Suriname). Bronnen voor de studie van Afro-amerikaanse samenlevinen in de Guyana's, deel 11 (Sources for the Study of Afro-American Societies in the Guyanas, no. 11). Dissertation, University of Utrecht, 1985. 527 pp.-Edward M. Dew, Baijah Mhango, Aid and dependence: the case of Suriname, a study in bilateral aid relations. Paramaribo: SWI, Foundation in the Arts and Sciences, 1984. xiv + 171 pp.-Edward M. Dew, Sandew Hira, Balans van een coup: drie jaar 'surinaamse revolutie.' Rotterdam: Futile (Blok & Flohr), 1983. 175 pp.-Ian Robertson, John A. Holm ,Dictionary of Bahamian English. New York: Lexik House Publishers, 1982. xxxix + 228 pp., Alison Watt Shilling (eds)-Erica Williams Connell, Paul Sutton, Commentary: A reply from Williams Connell (to the review by Anthony Maingot in NWIG 57:89-97).

How the Grundtvig Society was foundedA paper read by Henning Høirup to the Annual Conference of the GS on 15th January 1988This paper was given close to the fortieth anniversary of the date when the GS made itself known to the public with a press notice announcing its foundation at a meeting, held at Vartov on 13th January 1948 when the Society was formally constituted. The notice includes the names of the fifteen founder members. The reason why the GS has nevertheless insisted on 8th September 1947 as the date of its foundation is given by Bishop Høirup in this paper. The latter date is the correct one, and the place where the GS was founded is the episcopal residence at Ribe, but the six founders (who had come together at a meeting of Grundtvig scholars) agreed to widen the circle so as to include nine co-founders who were present at the meeting on 13th January 1948.Concurring with Albeck Høirup maintains that the renewed interest in Grundtvig began in the Thirties when the literary historian Georg Christensen had completed Svend Grundtvig’s edition of his father’s Poetiske Skrifter, which had come to a standstill after the Editor’s death in 1889. Approximately at the same time the Haandbog i N. F. S. Grundtvig’s Skrifier by Ernst J. Borup and Fr. Schrøder was published. It was also the time of appearance of Edvard Lehmann’s book on Grundtvig in Swedish with a Danish version following later on. All this occured about ten years earlier than the so-called Grundtvig Renaissance launched by Hal Kochs university lectures on Grundtvig in 1940.However, to Høirup the most important event in the Thirties was the appearance of the eleventh edition of the song-book of the folk high school with the scores for tunes by Carl Nielsen, Thomas Laub and Thorvald Aagaard, which gave new life to Grundtvig’s songs and hymns. Høirup’s pastor colleague of the adjacent parish in Funen, Kaj Thaning at Asperup, had started a card index on main concepts in Grundtvig’s work, and the two clerics got permission to take out Grundtvig mss. on loan pledging that they would keep the invaluable fascicles in the fire-proof safes of their vicarages. Bishop Hans .llgaard of Odense supported research on Grundtvig’s theology as when he convened a working synod of his diocese in 1946, where both Thaning and H.irup presented results of the research projects that led to their doctoral dissertations. At the Royal Library in Copenhagen Høirup met other Grundtvig scholars, Steen Johansen, William Michelsen and Helge Toldberg. In September 1947 those three and Høirup came to Ribe to meet Bishop C. I. Scharling and Villiam Grønbæk, the Diocesan Dean, both known as “High Church” men. But all misgivings about them were soon laid aside. Scharling was able to present his book on “Grundtvig and Romanticism”, that appeared in the same year. At this meeting the idea to set up a society for the advancement of cooperation in research and in the editing of documentary scholarly editions of Grundtvig’s writings was discussed along with a proposal from Bishop Øllgaard that a future yearbook be called Grundtvig-Studier. On the following day, Grundtvig’s birthday, regulations were drafted, just as it was agreed to widen the circle so as to include Bishop Øllgaard and Professor Poul Andersen and Hal Koch, as well as the literary historians Gustav Albeck, Georg Christensen and Magnus Stevns. Helge Toldberg was appointed Secretary and Høirup himself Editor of Grundtvig-Studier. The meeting at Ribe was not convened with the foundation of the GS as its aim. The resolve tofound it grew out of a feeling of the value that working together would entail. The proposed co-founders were all in favour and were joined by Pastor Balslev of Vartov. At the meeting at Vartov, where the Society was constituted, Bishop Scharling was elected President. When he died in 1951, Ernst J. Borup, the Warden of Vartov, rightly said that thanks to Scharling the Society “had been taken beyond the limitations of the partisan dominance to which it might otherwise have been confined.” The circle of co-founders were further augmented with Kaj Thaning and Holger Kjær, a folk high school teacher. An invitation to membership was issued, and at the first annual conference in 1948 the membership stood at 333. At the conference Magnus Stevns lectured on “The Kingo Hymn and Grundtvig”, though he was already hampered by the disease that was to bring him to his grave shortly afterwards.After some remarks about the activities of the Society over the past forty years Høirup pointed out that new scholars constantly have come forward including undergraduates, as those who wrote most of the chapters in the book “For the Sake of Continuity” (1977), which was published as a double-volume of Grundtvig Studier.The 1988 volume of Grundtvig Studier opens with an obituary on P. G. Lindhardt. He was a professor of ecclesiastical history in the University of Aarhus and a member of the Committee of the GS from 1956. He is the author of a biography of Grundtvig in English and contributed an article “Some Light Thrown on Grundtvig’s Trip to England in 1843” to Kirkehistoriske Samlinger 1972. He made an edition of Grundtvig’s sermons 1854-56 with a commentary (1974-1977). His monumental scholarly work was chiefly concerned with the rise of the revivalist movements in the 19th century. The obituarist is J. H . Schjørring, D.D ., who was elected a member of the Commitee of the GS in 1988.The Grundtvig Manuscript .Fragen aus Dänemark an die Universitäten Deutscher Zunge., an unpublished fragment lodged in the Grundtvig Archives of the Royal Library in Copenhagen (fasc. 168), dates from the period 1816-1820. It contains an appeal to the professors of German universities that they offer themselves to the German princes as intermediaries between these and their subjects in setting up constitutional rules of government after the Vienna Conference 1815-1816. As the situation changed, when the writer August von Kotzebue was murdered on 23. March 1819, the manuscript was probably written shortly before this date.

Prof Dr S J Botha: An appreciation of his life and work. In this article the life and work of Prof Dr S J Botha are briefly considered. It focuses on his work as minister and pastor in parishes of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika and his work as church histoian and lecturer in Church History and Church Polity in the Faculy of Theology at the Universiy of Pretoia.

J P Oberholzer: A tribute This article pays tribute to Professor J P Oberholzer. He is depicted as a church and cultural leader who enjoys enormous respect and appreciation both inside and outside the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika. As minister and theologian, Professor Oberholzer served in several influential ecclesiastical offices. His sharp intellect, enormous zeal, and extraordinary ability to judge matters objectively put him above all his contemporaries in the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk. As a result he exercised a unique and an enormous influence upon the theological and clerical thought of the Hervormde Kerk and upon the directions it took.