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Journal articles on the topic 'Chytridiomycota'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Rocha, Maristela da, and Carmen Lidia Amorim Pires Zottarelli. "Chytridiomycota e Oomycota da Represa do Guarapiranga, São Paulo, SP." Acta Botanica Brasilica 16, no. 3 (September 2002): 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062002000300005.

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Quinze táxons de Chytridiomycota e 18 de Oomycota foram isolados de amostras de água e solo na Represa do Guarapiranga, por meio de técnica de iscagem, com substratos celulósicos, queratinosos e quitinosos. Dos táxons de Chytridiomycota isolados, um pertence aos Blastocladiales, onze aos Chytridiales e três aos Spizellomycetales. Dos táxons de Oomycota, treze pertencem aos Saprolegniales e cinco aos Peronosporales. Septochytrium marilandicum Karling é citada pela primeira vez para o Brasil.

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2

Li, Jinliang, I. Brent Heath, and Laurence Packer. "The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiomycota. II. Cladistic analysis of structural data and description of Neocallimasticales ord.nov." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-044.

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We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the Chytridiomycota and the chytridiomycetous gut fungi with a cladistic analysis of 42 morphological, ultrastructural, and mitotic characters for 38 taxa using both maximum parsimony and distance algorithms. Our analyses show that there are three major clades within the Chytridiomycota: the gut fungi, the Blastocladiales, and the Spizellomycetales–Chytridiales–Monoblepharidales. Consequently, we elevated the gut fungi to the order Neocallimasticales ord.nov. Our results suggest that a modified Chytridiales, including the Monoblepharidales, is a monophyletic group. In contrast the Spizellomycetales are paraphyletic because the Chytridiales arose within them. The separation of the traditional Chytridiales into two orders is thus doubtful. Although the Blastocladiales are closer to members of the Spizellomycetales than the Chytridiales, the cladistic analyses of both structural and rRNA sequence data do not support the idea that the Blastocladiales were derived from the Spizellomycetales. We suggest emendations to the classification of the Chytridiomycota and note which groupings require further analysis. Our phylogeny for the currently recognized species of gut fungi is inconsistent with the existing classification. Nonetheless, pending further investigations, we prefer to retain the existing, easily defined genera for which a key is provided. Key words: Chytridiomycota, rumen fungi, phylogeny, morphology, ultrastructure, mitosis.

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3

Gleason, Frank H., Sharon E. Mozley-Standridge, David porter, Donna G. Boyle, and Alex D. Hyatt. "Preservation of Chytridiomycota in culture collections." Mycological Research 111, no. 2 (February 2007): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.10.009.

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4

Letcher, Peter M., Martha J. Powell, Donald J. S. Barr, Perry F. Churchill, William S. Wakefield, and Kathryn T. Picard. "Rhizophlyctidales—a new order in Chytridiomycota." Mycological Research 112, no. 9 (September 2008): 1031–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.03.007.

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5

Mozley-Standridge, Sharon E., Peter M. Letcher, Joyce E. Longcore, David Porter, and D. Rabern Simmons. "Cladochytriales—a new order in Chytridiomycota." Mycological Research 113, no. 4 (April 2009): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.004.

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6

Li, Jinliang, and I. Brent Heath. "The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiomycota. I. Cladistic analysis of rRNA sequences." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-215.

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To clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the Chytridiomycota and the anaerobic fungi from the rumen and caecum of herbivorous animals, we analyzed the partial 18S rRNA sequences from 28 species ranging from protists to mammals and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and its adjacent sequences from four gut fungi and one chytrid by using three algorithms from the Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP). To get the confidence limits for each branch, we applied bootstrapping for each algorithm. Our analysis on partial 18S rRNA sequences shows that the Chytridiomycota are clustered with other fungi with 98, 76, and 30% confidences in the Fitch–Margoliash, neighbour-joining, and maximum parsimony algorithms. None of these three algorithms place any of 17 protists from 12 phyla with the fungi, including the chytrids. The same analysis also shows that the Spizellomycetales and Chytridiales cluster with the gut fungi but does not identify which order is closest to them. These results suggest that the Chytridiomycota, including the gut fungi, are indeed fungi but the gut fungi might not belong to the Spizellomycetales. The phylogenetic trees generated by the above three algorithms, plus the maximum likelihood algorithm, based on ITS1 and its adjacent regions show that Anaeromyces is more distant from Orpinomyces, Neocallimastix, and Piromyces. However, they failed to determine the relationships among the last three genera. Key words: Chytridiomycota, gut fungi, rumen fungi, phylogeny, rRNA sequences.

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7

James, Timothy Y., David Porter, Celeste A. Leander, Rytas Vilgalys, and Joyce E. Longcore. "Molecular phylogenetics of the Chytridiomycota supports the utility of ultrastructural data in chytrid systematics." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 3 (April 20, 2000): 336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-009.

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The chytrids (Chytridiomycota) are morphologically simple aquatic fungi that are unified by their possession of zoospores that typically have a single, posteriorly directed flagellum. This study addresses the systematics of the chytrids by generating a phylogeny of ribosomal DNA sequences coding for the small subunit gene of 54 chytrids, with emphasis on sampling the largest order, the Chytridiales. Selected chytrid sequences were also compared with sequences from Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota to derive an overall fungal phylogeny. These analyses show that the Chytridiomycota is probably not a monophyletic group; the Blastocladiales cluster with the Zygomycota. Analyses did not resolve relationships among chytrid orders, or among clades within the Chytridiales, which suggests that the divergence times of these groups may be ancient. Four clades were well supported within the Chytridiales, and each of these clades was coincident with a group previously identified by possession of a common subtype of zoospore ultrastructure. In contrast, the analyses revealed homoplasy in several developmental and zoosporangial characters.Key words: zoospore ultrastructure, Chytridiales, molecular phylogeny, Chytridiomycota, operculum.

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8

Simmons, D. Rabern, Timothy Y. James, Allen F. Meyer, and Joyce E. Longcore. "Lobulomycetales, a new order in the Chytridiomycota." Mycological Research 113, no. 4 (April 2009): 450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.019.

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9

Letcher, Peter M., and Martha J. Powell. "Kappamyces, a new genus in the Chytridiales (Chytridiomycota)." Nova Hedwigia 80, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2005): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2005/0080-0115.

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10

Letcher, Peter M., Carlos G. Vélez, Sabina Schultz, and Martha J. Powell. "New taxa are delineated in Alphamycetaceae (Rhizophydiales, Chytridiomycota)." Nova Hedwigia 94, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2012/0094-0009.

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11

Jones, E. B. Gareth, Satinee Suetrong, Jariya Sakayaroj, Ali H. Bahkali, Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab, Teun Boekhout, and Ka-Lai Pang. "Classification of marine Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota." Fungal Diversity 73, no. 1 (July 2015): 1–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0339-4.

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12

Demchenko, E. M. "New for Ukraine species of chytrids (Chytridiomycota) parasitizing algae." Ukrainian Botanical Journal 76, no. 4 (September 2, 2019): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj76.04.367.

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13

Gleason, F. H., A. V. Marano, A. L. Digby, N. Al-Shugairan, O. Lilje, M. M. Steciow, M. D. Barrera, S. Inaba, and A. Nakagiri. "Patterns of utilization of different carbon sources by Chytridiomycota." Hydrobiologia 659, no. 1 (September 16, 2010): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0461-y.

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14

Steciow, Mónica M., and Angélica M. Arambarri. "Southernmost occurrence of a tropical fungus: Monoblepharella mexicana (Gonapodyaceae, Chytridiomycota)." Nova Hedwigia 70, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2000): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/70/2000/107.

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15

Letcher, Peter M., and Martha J. Powell. "Hypothesized evolutionary trends in zoospore ultrastructural characters in Chytridiales (Chytridiomycota)." Mycologia 106, no. 3 (May 2014): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/13-219.

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16

Letcher, Peter M., Martha J. Powell, and William J. Davis. "A new family and four new genera in Rhizophydiales (Chytridiomycota)." Mycologia 107, no. 4 (July 2015): 808–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/14-280.

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17

GLEASON, Frank H., David J. MIDGLEY, Peter M. LETCHER, and Peter A. McGEE. "Can soil Chytridiomycota survive and grow in different osmotic potentials?" Mycological Research 110, no. 7 (July 2006): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.04.002.

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18

Gleason, Frank H., Peter M. Letcher, and Peter A. McGee. "Some Chytridiomycota in soil recover from drying and high temperatures." Mycological Research 108, no. 5 (May 2004): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756204009736.

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19

Letcher, Peter M., and Martha J. Powell. "Three new genera of soil-inhabiting chytrids in Spizellomycetaceae (Chytridiomycota)." Nova Hedwigia 107, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2017/0458.

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20

Ibelings, Bas W., Arnout De Bruin, Maiko Kagami, Machteld Rijkeboer, Michaela Brehm, and Ellen Van Donk. "HOST PARASITE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FRESHWATER PHYTOPLANKTON AND CHYTRID FUNGI (CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA)." Journal of Phycology 40, no. 3 (June 2004): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03117.x.

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21

de Jesus, Ana Lucia, and Carmen Lidia Amorim Pires-Zottarelli. "Chytridiales and Rhizophydiales (Chytridiomycota): new species and new records for Brazil." Nova Hedwigia 110, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2020/0581.

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During a survey of Chytridiomycota in the "Mosaico de Unidade de Conservação JuréiaItatins", São Paulo State from August/2016 to October/2017, we identified new records for Brazil: Karlingiomyces marylandicus, Podochytrium chitinophilum and Rhizoclosmatium globosum in the Chytridiales and Angulomyces argentinensis in the Rhizophydiales. In addition, we found and describe a new species, Kappamyces microporosus (Kappamycetaceae, Rhizophydiales). All taxa were analysed morphologically and illustrated. The phylogeny of the Rhizophydiales members was inferred based on combined partial LSU and ITS rDNA regions.

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22

Bertrand, C., A. Couté, and A. Cazaubon. "Fungal parasitism of the diatom Asterionella formosa Hassall (Bacillariophyceae) by Chytridiomycota." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 40, no. 1 (March 2004): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2004006.

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23

Nascimento, Cristiane de Almeida, and Carmen Lidia Amorim Pires-Zottarelli. "Chytridiales (Chytridiomycota) do Parque Estadual da Serra da Cantareira, SP, Brasil." Acta Botanica Brasilica 23, no. 2 (June 2009): 459–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062009000200018.

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Para o estudo da diversidade de Chytridiales, coletas mensais de água e solo foram realizadas, de junho/2005 a junho/2006, no Parque Estadual da Serra da Cantareira, Estado de São Paulo. O isolamento destes fungos foi realizado por meio do método de iscagem múltipla de amostras de água e solo, em laboratório, com substratos celulósicos, quitinosos e queratinosos. Dezenove espécies foram identificadas, sendo quatro novas ocorrências para o Brasil, Cladochytrium setigerum Karling, Diplophlyctis intestina (Schenk) J. Schröt, Rhizophydium macroporosum Karling e Solutoparies pythii Whiffen ex W.H. Blackw. & Powell, e Septochytrium willoughbyi Dogma primeira citação para o Estado de São Paulo.

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24

Tessa, G., C. Angelini, J. Bielby, S. Bovero, C. Giacoma, G. Sotgiu, and T. W. J. Garner. "The pandemic pathogen of amphibians,Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Phylum Chytridiomycota), in Italy." Italian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 1 (March 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2012.753473.

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25

Procter, Andrew C., J. Christopher Ellis, Philip A. Fay, H. Wayne Polley, and Robert B. Jackson. "Fungal Community Responses to Past and Future Atmospheric CO2Differ by Soil Type." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 23 (September 19, 2014): 7364–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02083-14.

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ABSTRACTSoils sequester and release substantial atmospheric carbon, but the contribution of fungal communities to soil carbon balance under rising CO2is not well understood. Soil properties likely mediate these fungal responses but are rarely explored in CO2experiments. We studied soil fungal communities in a grassland ecosystem exposed to a preindustrial-to-future CO2gradient (250 to 500 ppm) in a black clay soil and a sandy loam soil. Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing of the rRNA gene cluster revealed that fungal community composition and its response to CO2differed significantly between soils. Fungal species richness and relative abundance of Chytridiomycota (chytrids) increased linearly with CO2in the black clay (P< 0.04,R2> 0.7), whereas the relative abundance of Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) increased linearly with elevated CO2in the sandy loam (P= 0.02,R2= 0.63). Across both soils, decomposition rate was positively correlated with chytrid relative abundance (r= 0.57) and, in the black clay soil, fungal species richness. Decomposition rate was more strongly correlated with microbial biomass (r= 0.88) than with fungal variables. Increased labile carbon availability with elevated CO2may explain the greater fungal species richness and Chytridiomycota abundance in the black clay soil, whereas increased phosphorus limitation may explain the increase in Glomeromycota at elevated CO2in the sandy loam. Our results demonstrate that soil type plays a key role in soil fungal responses to rising atmospheric CO2.

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26

van de Vossenberg, Bart T. L. H., Charlotte Prodhomme, Gert van Arkel, Marga P. E. van Gent-Pelzer, Marjan Bergervoet, Balázs Brankovics, Jarosław Przetakiewicz, Richard G. F. Visser, Theo A. J. van der Lee, and Jack H. Vossen. "The Synchytrium endobioticum AvrSen1 Triggers a Hypersensitive Response in Sen1 Potatoes While Natural Variants Evade Detection." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 11 (November 2019): 1536–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-19-0138-r.

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Synchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic fungus of division Chytridiomycota. It causes potato wart disease, has a worldwide quarantine status and is included on the Health and Human Services and United States Department of Agriculture Select Agent list. S. endobioticum isolates are grouped in pathotypes based on their ability to evade host resistance in a set of differential potato varieties. Thus far, 39 pathotypes are reported. A single dominant gene (Sen1) governs pathotype 1 (D1) resistance and we anticipated that the underlying molecular model would involve a pathogen effector (AvrSen1) that is recognized by the host. The S. endobioticum-specific secretome of 14 isolates representing six different pathotypes was screened for effectors specifically present in pathotype 1 (D1) isolates but absent in others. We identified a single AvrSen1 candidate. Expression of this candidate in potato Sen1 plants showed a specific hypersensitive response (HR), which cosegregated with the Sen1 resistance in potato populations. No HR was obtained with truncated genes found in pathotypes that evaded recognition by Sen1. These findings established that our candidate gene was indeed Avrsen1. The S. endobioticum AvrSen1 is a single-copy gene and encodes a 376-amino-acid protein without predicted function or functional domains, and is the first effector gene identified in Chytridiomycota, an extremely diverse yet underrepresented basal lineage of fungi.

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27

Song, P., R. Yi, S. Tanabe, N. Goto, K. Seto, M. Kagami, and S. Ban. "Temporal variation in community structure of zoosporic fungi in Lake Biwa, Japan." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 87 (June 17, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01970.

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Zoosporic fungi play an important role in aquatic environments, but their diversity, especially that of parasitic fungi of phytoplankton, has still not been fully revealed. We conducted monthly analyses of the community structure of zoosporic fungi at a pelagic site in Lake Biwa, Japan, from May to December 2016. Metabarcoding analysis, targeted to a large subunit region of ribosomal DNA in the nano-size fraction of particles (2-20 µm), was carried out on the samples. We also counted large phytoplankton and chytrid sporangia attached to the hosts. We detected 3 zoosporic fungal phyla (Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota and Cryptomycota) within 107 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), in which Chytridiomycota was the most diverse and abundant phylum. Few fungal OTUs overlapped between months, and specific communities were detected in each month. These results showed that diverse zoosporic fungi with high temporal variability inhabited the lake. Five large phytoplankton species were found to be infected by chytrids: Staurastrum dorsidentiferum, S. rotula, Closterium aciculare, Asterionella formosa and Aulacoseira granulata. Some chytrids were detected by metabarcoding analysis: Zygophlyctis asterionellae infecting A. formosa, Staurastromyces oculus infecting S. dorsidentiferum and Pendulichytrium sphaericum infecting A. granulata. One OTU detected in association with infected C. aciculare by microscopic counting might have been an obligate parasitic chytrid of C. aciculare. The results indicated that a combination of metabarcoding and microscopic analysis revealed more information on zoosporic fungi, including those that are parasitic.

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28

Dee, Jaclyn M., and Mary L. Berbee. "Diverse organizations of actin and nuclei underpin the evolution of indeterminate growth in Chytridiomycota and Dikarya." Botany 99, no. 6 (June 2021): 303–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0170.

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Indeterminate growth, as in the hyphae of the “Humongous Fungus” of Michigan, requires sustained nuclear migration and cell wall remodeling. In this study, we compare actin organization and patterns of nuclear positioning among four distantly related, indeterminate species of phylum Chytridiomycota: Cladochytrium replicatum Karling (Cladochytriaceae), Physocladia obscura Sparrow (Chytriomycetaceae, Chytridiales), Nowakowskiella sp. J. Schröt. (Nowakowskiellaceae), and Polychytrium aggregatum Ajello (Polychytriales). We combined light microscopy, nuclear staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, and actin staining with rhodamine phalloidin to analyze actin distribution and nuclear migration during somatic growth in the four Chytridiomycota species. Actin formed plaques, filaments, cables, and perinuclear shells in patterns that varied across the four species. All four species initiated indeterminate growth by extending branching, anucleate rhizomycelium, <1 µm in diameter. Nuclei, some elongated as if migrating, first appear in intercalary segments that widened to diameters >1 µm. After mitosis, an intercalary swelling in C. replicatum became septate and a single, distal nucleus migrated tipwards to a new swelling. In Physocladia obscura, swellings were aseptate and multinucleate, and several nuclei migrated tipwards into a new swelling. Nuclei migrated tipwards from irregularly cylindrical filaments in Nowakowskiella sp., and in Polychytrium aggregatum, from regular, hypha-like filaments. Thus, distantly related lineages of zoosporic fungi deploy ancestral morphogenetic machinery in differing patterns that result in convergent, indeterminate growth.

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29

Letcher, Peter M., Martha J. Powell, Perry F. Churchill, and James G. Chambers. "Ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic delineation of a new order, the Rhizophydiales (Chytridiomycota)." Mycological Research 110, no. 8 (August 2006): 898–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.06.011.

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30

Scholz, Bettina, Frithjof C. Küpper, Wim Vyverman, and Ulf Karsten. "Eukaryotic pathogens (Chytridiomycota and Oomycota) infecting marine microphytobenthic diatoms - a methodological comparison." Journal of Phycology 50, no. 6 (September 18, 2014): 1009–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12230.

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31

Tanabe, Yuuhiko, Makoto M. Watanabe, and Junta Sugiyama. "Evolutionary relationships among basal fungi (Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota): Insights from molecular phylogenetics." Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 51, no. 5 (2005): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2323/jgam.51.267.

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32

Nyvall, Pi, Marianne Pedersen, and Joyce E. Longcore. "THALASSOCHYTRIUM GRACILARIOPSIDIS (CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA), GEN. ET SP. NOV., ENDOSYMBIOTIC IN GRACILARIOPSIS SP. (RHODOPHYCEAE)." Journal of Phycology 35, no. 1 (February 1999): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3510176.x.

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33

Midgley, David J., Peter M. Letcher, and Peter A. McGee. "Access to organic and insoluble sources of phosphorus varies among soil Chytridiomycota." Archives of Microbiology 186, no. 3 (July 26, 2006): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-006-0136-2.

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34

Blaalid, Rakel, and Maryia Khomich. "Current knowledge of Chytridiomycota diversity in Northern Europe and future research needs." Fungal Biology Reviews 36 (June 2021): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2021.03.001.

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35

Angga Syatriandi and Nurhayati. "Inventarisasi Jenis Jamur Makro di Kawasan Stasiun Penelitian Soraya Kecamatan Sultan Daulat Kota Subulussalam, Aceh." Jurnal Riset dan Pengabdian Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jrpm.v1i2.1122.

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Macro fungi are fungi whose body parts can be seen clearly without a tool (microscope), while micro fungi are used to see their physical form using a tool (microscope). Based on the classification, mushrooms are divided into five groups, namely Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. This study aims to determine the diversity and abundance of mushroom species found at the Soraya Research Station. The most common types were bowl and coral mushrooms, while the least common species were the bridal hood mushrooms.

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36

Le Calvez, Thomas, Gaëtan Burgaud, Stéphane Mahé, Georges Barbier, and Philippe Vandenkoornhuyse. "Fungal Diversity in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Ecosystems." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 20 (July 24, 2009): 6415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00653-09.

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ABSTRACT Deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems are considered oases of life in oceans. Since the discovery of these ecosystems in the late 1970s, many endemic species of Bacteria, Archaea, and other organisms, such as annelids and crabs, have been described. Considerable knowledge has been acquired about the diversity of (micro)organisms in these ecosystems, but the diversity of fungi has not been studied to date. These organisms are considered key organisms in terrestrial ecosystems because of their ecological functions and especially their ability to degrade organic matter. The lack of knowledge about them in the sea reflects the widely held belief that fungi are terrestrial organisms. The first inventory of such organisms in deep-sea hydrothermal environments was obtained in this study. Fungal diversity was investigated by analyzing the small-subunit rRNA gene sequences amplified by culture-independent PCR using DNA extracts from hydrothermal samples and from a culture collection that was established. Our work revealed an unsuspected diversity of species in three of the five fungal phyla. We found a new branch of Chytridiomycota forming an ancient evolutionary lineage. Many of the species identified are unknown, even at higher taxonomic levels in the Chytridiomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. This work opens the way to new studies of the diversity, ecology, and physiology of fungi in oceans and might stimulate new prospecting for biomolecules. From an evolutionary point of view, the diversification of fungi in the oceans can no longer be ignored.

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37

P Symonds, Emma. "Amphibian disease and declines: Chytridiomycosis." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 2 (2005): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05085.

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Chytridiomycosis is caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a unique fungal organism of the phylum Chytridiomycota, a large group of ubiquitous fungi better known as silent digesters of organic waste or as parasites of nematodes and unicellular organisms such as pollen or algae. Chytr is the Greek root for earthen pot, Batracho ? frog and dendrobates the genus of frogs from which it was first formally described in 1999. When viewed with a scanning electron microscope it is easy to understand the origins of the name chytrid given to this group of fungi.

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Seto, Kensuke, and Yousuke Degawa. "Cyclopsomyces plurioperculatus: a new genus and species of Lobulomycetales (Chytridiomycota, Chytridiomycetes) from Japan." Mycologia 107, no. 3 (May 2015): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/14-284.

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Letcher, Peter M., Carlos G. Vélez, María Eugenia Barrantes, Martha J. Powell, Perry F. Churchill, and William S. Wakefield. "Ultrastructural and molecular analyses of Rhizophydiales (Chytridiomycota) isolates from North America and Argentina." Mycological Research 112, no. 7 (July 2008): 759–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2008.01.025.

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Ishii, Nobuyoshi, Seiji Ishida, and Maiko Kagami. "PCR primers for assessing community structure of aquatic fungi including Chytridiomycota and Cryptomycota." Fungal Ecology 13 (February 2015): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2014.08.004.

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Gleason, Frank H., Peter M. Letcher, Zoe Commandeur, Cho Eun Jeong, and Peter A. McGee. "The growth response of some Chytridiomycota to temperatures commonly observed in the soil." Mycological Research 109, no. 6 (June 2005): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756204002163.

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Jerônimo, Gustavo Henrique, D. Rabern Simmons, Timothy Yong James, and Carmen Lidia Amorim Pires-Zottarelli. "Boothiomyces angulosus and Boothiomyces elyensis: two new combinations in the Terramycetaceae (Rhizophydiales, Chytridiomycota)." Nova Hedwigia 109, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2019/0536.

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The genus Rhizophydium was proposed by A. Schenk in 1858 to accommodate the inoperculate taxa previously placed in Chytridium. The morphological delineation encompassed around 235 species that have now been segregated into different genera based on molecular and zoospore ultrastructural analyses. However, some taxa have never been investigated for phylogenetic position or zoospore ultrastructural characters. The aim of this study was to use morphology, zoospore ultrastructure and molecular analyses to verify the placement of our isolates of Rhizophydium angulosum and R. elyense in the Rhizophydiales phylogeny. These isolates produced angular zoosporangia, characteristic of Terramycetaceae representatives, and grouped within the Boothiomyces clade in analyses of complete ITS and partial LSU regions of rDNA. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that R. angulosum produces zoospores with the same ultrastructural characters described from Boothiomyces representatives. In addition, R. elyense presented sufficient characteristics that support its morphological delineation from Boothiomyces macroporosus, the type species of the genus. Based on molecular, morphological, and ultrastructural analyses, we transfer R. angulosum and R. elyense to Boothiomyces.

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Seto, K., S. Van Den Wyngaert, Y. Degawa, and M. Kagami. "Taxonomic revision of the genus Zygorhizidium: Zygorhizidiales and Zygophlyctidales ord. nov. (Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycota)." Fungal Systematics and Evolution 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.05.02.

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During the last decade, the classification system of chytrids has dramatically changed based on zoospore ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny. In contrast to well-studied saprotrophic chytrids, most parasitic chytrids have thus far been only morphologically described by light microscopy, hence they hold great potential for filling some of the existing gaps in the current classification of chytrids. The genus Zygorhizidium is characterized by an operculate zoosporangium and a resting spore formed as a result of sexual reproduction in which a male thallus and female thallus fuse via a conjugation tube. All described species of Zygorhizidium are parasites of algae and their taxonomic positions remain to be resolved. Here, we examined morphology, zoospore ultrastructure, host specificity, and molecular phylogeny of seven cultures of Zygorhizidium spp. Based on thallus morphology and host specificity, one culture was identified as Z. willei parasitic on zygnematophycean green algae, whereas the others were identified as parasites of diatoms, Z. asterionellae on Asterionella, Z. melosirae on Aulacoseira, and Z. planktonicum on Ulnaria (formerly Synedra). According to phylogenetic analysis, Zygorhizidium was separated into two distinct order-level novel lineages; one lineage was composed singly of Z. willei, which is the type species of the genus, and the other included the three species of diatom parasites. Zoospore ultrastructural observation revealed that the two lineages can be distinguished from each other and both possess unique characters among the known orders within the Chytridiomycetes. Based on these results, we accommodate the three diatom parasites, Z. asterionellae, Z. melosirae, and Z. planktonicum in the distinct genus Zygophlyctis, and propose two new orders: Zygorhizidiales and Zygophlyctidales.

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Gachon, Claire M. M., Hendrik Küpper, Frithjof C. Küpper, and Ivan Šetlík. "Single-cell chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic microscopy ofPylaiella littoralis(Phaeophyceae) infected byChytridium polysiphoniae(Chytridiomycota)." European Journal of Phycology 41, no. 4 (November 2006): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670260600960918.

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Jerônimo, Gustavo H., Ana L. Jesus, D. Rabern Simmons, Timothy Y. James, and Carmen L. A. Pires-Zottarelli. "Novel taxa in Cladochytriales (Chytridiomycota): Karlingiella (gen. nov.) and Nowakowskiella crenulata (sp. nov.)." Mycologia 111, no. 3 (April 23, 2019): 506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2019.1588583.

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Ruggeri, Joice, Luís Felipe Toledo, and Sergio Potsch de Carvalho-e-Silva. "Stream tadpoles present high prevalence but low infection loads of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Chytridiomycota)." Hydrobiologia 806, no. 1 (September 1, 2017): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3367-0.

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Hassett, Brandon T., Tobias R. Vonnahme, Xuefeng Peng, E. B. Gareth Jones, and Céline Heuzé. "Global diversity and geography of planktonic marine fungi." Botanica Marina 63, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0113.

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AbstractGrowing interest in understanding the relevance of marine fungi to food webs, biogeochemical cycling, and biological patterns necessitates establishing a context for interpreting future findings. To help establish this context, we summarize the diversity of cultured and observed marine planktonic fungi from across the world. While exploring this diversity, we discovered that only half of the known marine fungal species have a publicly available DNA locus, which we hypothesize will likely hinder accurate high-throughput sequencing classification in the future, as it does currently. Still, we reprocessed >600 high-throughput datasets and analyzed 4.9 × 109 sequences (4.8 × 109 shotgun metagenomic reads and 1.0 × 108 amplicon sequences) and found that every fungal phylum is represented in the global marine planktonic mycobiome; however, this mycobiome is generally predominated by three phyla: the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota. We hypothesize that these three clades are the most abundant due to a combination of evolutionary histories, as well as physical processes that aid in their dispersal. We found that environments with atypical salinity regimes (>5 standard deviations from the global mean: Red Sea, Baltic Sea, sea ice) hosted higher proportions of the Chytridiomycota, relative to open oceans that are dominated by Dikarya. The Baltic Sea and Mediterranean Sea had the highest fungal richness of all areas explored. An analysis of similarity identified significant differences between oceanographic regions. There were no latitudinal gradients of marine fungal richness and diversity observed. As more high-throughput sequencing data become available, expanding the collection of reference loci and genomes will be essential to understanding the ecology of marine fungi.

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Letcher, Peter M., Martha J. Powell, and Kathryn T. Picard. "Zoospore ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Phlyctochytrium aureliae Ajello is revealed (Chytridiaceae, Chytridiales, Chytridiomycota)." Mycologia 104, no. 2 (March 2012): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/11-153.

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Digby, Alana L., Frank H. Gleason, and Peter A. McGee. "Some fungi in the Chytridiomycota can assimilate both inorganic and organic sources of nitrogen." Fungal Ecology 3, no. 3 (August 2010): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2009.11.002.

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Seto, Kensuke, Maiko Kagami, and Yousuke Degawa. "Phylogenetic Position of Parasitic Chytrids on Diatoms: Characterization of a Novel Clade in Chytridiomycota." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 64, no. 3 (November 14, 2016): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12373.

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