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1
Desjardins, Julie K. Balshine Sigal. "Behavioural ecology and endocrinology of cooperative breeding in the cichlid, neolamprologus pulcher." * McMaster only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1367843081&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1194636578&clientId=22605.
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Schedel, Frédéric Dieter Benedikt [Verfasser], and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Haszprunar. "Phylogeny, divergence time estimates and systematics of African cichlids (Cichlidae: Pseudocrenilabrinae), with a focus on the rheophilic cichlids of East and Central Africa / Frédéric Dieter Benedikt Schedel ; Betreuer: Gerhard Haszprunar." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219852236/34.
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Losseau-Hoebeke, Michèle. "The biology of four haplochromine species of Lake Kivu (Zaïre) with evolutionary implications." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005082.
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Four species were selected within the littoral of Tshegera Island, and include H. astatodon, H. olivaceus, H. crebridens and H. paucidens. These species, identified on basis of the SMRS, express their individuality most strongly with respect to dentition, breeding colours, normal habitat and preferred breeding territory. All four species are maternal mouthbrooders. This reproductive strategy is characterized by complete division of labour and polygamy. Breeding males compete for optimal territories and ready to spawn females. They are characterized by fast growth, large size and overall low condition factor. Females invest in few but large yolked ova and go through a fasting period while incubating the eggs. Females are generally characterized by slower growth, smaller size and higher condition factor when compared to males. In females the energy turnover during gonadal development and subsequent mouthbrooding is high, but the energy expenditure low. Mean fecundity varies between 25 and 36 eggs per brood and mean egg size between 2.6 and 2.7 rnrn. The right ovary, although small, is functional. Breeding of variable intensity goes on throughout the year. The main dry season corresponds to synchronized breeding. During the other months of the year species breed asynchronously. Both types of breeding are related to food availability for adults and offspring. The major breeding peak which starts in July coincides to improved body condition in both sexes. In similarity with the East African flocks, the Lake Kivu haplochromines display subdivision within the major trophic groups and invasion of the major lacustrine habitats. They are nevertheless morphologically and ecologically generalized. They tend to be plesiomorphic with low diversification within each trophic group, have a lake wide distribution (eurytopic) and incline to be altricial within their specialized reproductive guild. The evolutionary status of the Lake Kivu haplochromines may be explained by survival of members of an ancestral fauna in an isolated bay during the Recent volcanic events which destroyed life in the Main Basin. The Lake Kivu flock, therefore, is a relict and is believed not to have evolved within the confines of the present-day lake.
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Murray, Alison M. "The Eocene cichlids (Perciformes:Labroidei) of Mahenge, Tanzania /." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37794.
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A new genus and five new species of fossil cichlid fishes (Perciformes: Labroidei) are described from Mahenge, Tanzania. These cichlids represent the oldest confirmed fossils of the family, dating from the middle of the Eocene. The specimens share many lepidological characters, and, from comparison with other members of the family, are identified as being a monophyletic group. Therefore, they are described as belonging to a single genus, Mahengechromis gen. nov., named for the type locality. Detailed anatomical study of the well-preserved specimens allows five species to be identified, M. plethos, M. rotundus, M. brachycranium , M. ellipticus, and M. curvifrons spp. nov. These species are distinguished on the basis of osteological characters, including the shape of the frontal bones, hyomandibulae and opercular bones. The species are believed to be endemic to the type locality, which, along with monophyly of the species, indicates that these fishes formed a species flock. This suggests that the capacity for cichlids to form species flocks arose early in the family's history.Previously published phylogenetic analyses of the family Cichlidae have included few characters that can be used to incorporate fossil material. Osteological features that may be useful for determining relationships are identified and used in a phylogenetic analysis of the family. The results of this analysis are compared with the results of previous analyses to determine the usefulness of the characters. This comparison indicates that most osteological characters are homoplastic among cichlids, although some of the characters may prove to be phylogenetically useful. Although phylogenetic analysis of osteologic characters does not result in a well-resolved phylogeny, the most parsimonious placement of the fossil cichlids from Mahenge is in a relatively basal position among the African lineages, as the sister group to the hemichromine cichlids from West Africa.
The biogeographic relationships of members of the Cichlidae are examined based on information from the fossil record and the interrelationships of the lineages within the family. Two suggestions have been made for the age of the family; either the cichlids originated in the Early Cretaceous or they evolved near the end of the Mesozoic. The later time of origin would have required a trans-Atlantic dispersal. Based on the distribution of Recent and fossil cichlids, the latter hypothesis is accepted. A reconstruction of the dispersal patterns and possible means of dispersal are evaluated.
5
Jambo, Collins Mayeso. "Aspects of the ecology and reproductive biology of three cichlid fish species of Southern Lake Malombe (Malawi)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005067.
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The three major species Lethrinops ''pinkhead'', Otopharynx argyrosoma "red" and Copadichromis. cf virginalis which used to dominate the catches (by weight) of Lake Malombe in the past decade were investigated. In order to make rational recommendations regarding size and boundary of the existing sanctuary area (lightly fished), distribution and abundance, population structure and reproductive biology of the three species were related to habitat types of the southern part of the lake (south western side and south eastern side). Analysis of catch composition showed that species richness was higher in the south eastern side than in the south western side of the lake. Rare species such as Labeo mesops and Opsaridium microiepis were observed in the south eastern side and there was visual absence of such species in the south western side of the lake. The overall fish abundance was significantly greater in the south eastern side than in the south western side of the lake. In the south eastern side, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) was twice that of the south western side (P< 0.05). Seasonal fluctuations in CPUE were also prominent, with the highest peak occurring during September-October period. However, there was an indication of weak relationship among CPUE, phytoplankton biomass, temperature and water depth. The length-weight relationships revealed that growth of the three species closely followed the cubic law for isometric growth in both sides of the lake. Differences in regression coefficients between sides were not significant (ttest, P>0.05). The length-frequency distribution analysis revealed that the three species had the same growth rate regardless of habitat type. However, females grew faster than males. An investigation of reproductive biology showed that the three species have low fecundity and they are asynchronous spawners, with a breeding peak during August and September period. Furthermore, the length-fecundity relationships for L. ''pinkhead'', and 0. argyrosoma "red" indicated that fecundity was more closely related to length in the south eastern side than in the south western side. Based on the above characteristics of L. ''pinkhead'', 0. argyrosoma "red" and C. cf virginalis, and the substrate types, it was strongly suggested that the existing sanctuary (lightly fished) in the south eastern side of the lake could immediately be enlarged to conserve the fish stocks, favourable substratum and aquatic animals that may be of tourists concern.
6
Impson, N. D. (Neville Dean). "A contribution towards an understanding of the intensive tank culture of an ornamental Cichlid, Aulonocara Baenschi, from Chipoka, Lake Malawi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004596.
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The intensive tank culture of ornamental mouthbrooding cichlids poses several problems which limit their aquaculture potential. This project addressed some of these problems for Aulonocara baenschi. The production of juveniles in 2501 aquaria was accelerated when: a) aquaria were equipped with refuges, b) females of less than 70mm in standard length were used as broodstock, c) mouthbrooding females were replaced with gravid females at seven day intervals, and d) embryos were removed from the mouths of females at replacement times for artificial incubation. Two sex ratios also accelerated juvenile production. The sex ratio (male:females) 1:30 yielded the highest spawning returns per tank, and therefore represented the most effective utilization of aquarium space (a critical consideration for the small-scale culturist). Contrastingly, the sex ratio 1:12 yielded the highest clutch sizes and a high percentage female spawning return, and therefore represented the most effective utilization of broodstock (an important consideration for culturists inhibited by financial constraints or having an abundance of culture vessels). The reproductive behaviour of A. baenschi was described. Emphasis was given to aspects of reproduction of relevance to culture, for example; spawning times and seasons, clutch size and its relationship with female size, age and size of sexes at first spawning, embryo development rate and size of first swimming juveniles. The slow growth rate of juveniles, combined with a late attainment of marketable size (± seven months) was a major limitation affecting the cuIture potential of A. baenschi. Two factors favouring the cuIture of this species was the high survival rate recorded for both adults and juveniles, and the comparatively high prices fetched by fish on domestic wholesale markets (R4,00 per fish). It is recommended that A. baenschi should not be cultured exclusively for the relatively small South African ornamental fish market. A more profitable strategy for domestic culturists should involve a major production effort with A. baenschi and other desirable species of Aulonocara (e.g . A. ethelwynnae; A. hansbaenschi; A. stuartgranti & A. maylandi) for foreign markets (in particular, the U.S.A.; Western Europe & Japan). Not only are these markets massive, but prevailing exchange rates of the Rand with these currencies favour such a strategy.
7
Nyalungu, Nonhlanhla Precotia. "Species recognition and reproductive isolation in Malawi cichlid fishes, Metriaclima estherae and M. callainos (Teleostei: Cichlidae)." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7073.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDCichlids are one of the most diverse groups of fishes in the world. The highest concentration of cichlids is found in Lake Malawi, where over 1500 species are recorded to occur, which are dominated by the haplochromine tribe. Several authors proposed that sexual selection has been a major contributor in the high rate of speciation of haplochromine cichlids. However, sexual selection alone may not be sufficient to fully explain high speciation rates among cichlids. Many closely related cichlids in Lake Malawi differ only in coloration, yet occur in sympatry. It is still not fully understood how they remain reproductively isolated. Previous studies suggest that visual cues are primarily used for reproductive isolation and species recognition. In the current study, visual, chemical and acoustic cues were investigated to observe how they may potentially influence species recognition and reproductive isolation between two closely related species, Metriaclima estherae and M. callainos, as well as between alternate colour morphs of M. estherae.
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Bills, Ian Roger. "Eco-ethology of shell-dwelling cichlids in Lake Tanganyika." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005109.
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Observations of habitats are reported. A series of underwater experiments were conducted in natural habitats to answer questions concerning a) why Lamprologus ocellatus and Lamprologus ornatipinnis bury gastropod shells refuges into the substrate, and b) to examine interspecies differences in shell-using behaviours. Some behaviour patterns were analysed using phylogenetic methods. Lamprologus ocellatus and L. ornatipinnis responded to new shells in a variety of ways, shells were moved, buried (and used) or hidden (buried and not used). How shells are utilised seems to be dependant on a complex of factors such as the size and quality of new the shell and the number already in the territory. Shell use may also be affected by neighbour species, sex, size and predation levels. There are interspecific differences in the size of shells used and the methods of shell use. The latter results in species-characteristic shell orientations, vertical burial in L. ocellatus and horizontal burial in L. ornatipinnis. Shell orientation does affect other species/use of shells. Shell movement and vertical orientation appear to be apomorphic while shell hiding and burial are pleisiomorphic within the genus Lamprologus. Numerous cues are involved in stimulating shell burial. Most of these cues are actively sought by the fish by external and internal inspections. Shell burial therefore appears to be a method of reducing the information gathering ability of potential shell-dwelling competitors. Shell burial can therefore be regarded as an investment process which enhances the residents ability to defend its territory. Males can also control the distribution of open shells within teritories and thus control mate access to shells. This behaviour could be a significant factor in the evolution of marked sexual dichromatism exhibited within the genus.
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Cochran, Jennifer Lynn. "Diet, habitat and ecomorphology of cichlids in the Upper Bladen River, Belize." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86072.
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Cichlids are among the most species rich and ecologically diverse families of
freshwater fishes. Life history attributes vary greatly among cichlids across their global
range, and in the Neotropics alone studies have revealed a great deal of diversity in cichlid
ecology, morphology and behavior. This study investigated the habitat use, diet, and
ecomorphology of an assemblage of cichlids in the Upper Bladen River, Belize.
Mesohabitats, including riffles, runs, deep pools, vegetated areas and adjacent streams,
were surveyed and snorkeled, and physicochemical and habitat variables were measured at
each site where cichlids were observed or collected. Between 12 and 65 stomachs of each
cichlid species were analyzed for diet composition. In addition, traditional morphometrics
were completed on five individuals of each species in order to investigate the relationships
between morphology, diet, and habitat use. The present study revealed patterns of trophic
and morphological diversity consistent with a hypothesis of resource partitioning in
accordance with adaptive divergence in morphological traits that influence ecological
performance. The Bladen cichlid assemblage has one algivore with a long, coiled gut
(Archocentrus spilurus), one piscivore with an elongated body and highly protrusbile jaws
(Petenia splendida), two substrate sifters that feed extensively on benthic invertebrates
(Astatheros robertsoni and Thorichthys meeki), one midwater invertebrate feeder ('Cichlasoma' salvini), and one large-bodied, trophic generalist (Vieja maculicauda).
Species in this assemblage display divergent ecological patterns supported by
morphological and behavioral adaptations that yield a degree of diet and habitat
segregation. The present study provides not only basic ecological data essential for
effective conservation, but also evidence of niche diversification within a local assemblage
of heroine cichlids that will be useful for ecological and evolutionary analyses at larger
scales of taxonomy, geography, and time.
10
Holden, Kathleen Karen. "A life-history approach to the early ontogeny of Oreochromis Mossambicus (Peters)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005143.
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The adult ecophenotype of an animal is the result of interactive events which occur during its early ontogeny through a series of sequential steps of increasing morphological complexity. At the step boundaries, there are qualitative and quantitative changes in the structures present which will allow the developing animal to successfully cope with new trophic features of its internal and external environment. There is some controversy as to whether the shifts that occur at these step boundaries are gradual or saltatory. Environmental parameters, early life-history plasticity and genetic instructions are the interactive events which produce the ecophenotype. The early ontogeny of Oreochromis mossambicus was followed from the time of egg activation until juvenilization. The eggs, embryos and larvae were artificially incubated at 25±0.5ºC. The descriptive text and the figures are composites derived from drawings, photomicrographs and observational notes of live and preserved individuals. It was found that the early ontogeny of O. mossambicus consists of an embryonic period of approximately 11 days and a truncated larval period of about 4-5 days. The embryonic period can be further divided into a cleavage, an embryonic and a free-embryonic phase. Comparisons of the early development of three other mouthbrooding and one substrate-spawning cichlid done by other researchers, revealed that the early ontogeny of O. mossambicus closely resembles that of Sarotherodon melanotheron (also a mouthbrooding species). Embryo length and yolksac area changed gradually in the cleavage and embryonic phases, showed little or no change in the free-embryonic phase, and changed rapidly in the larval period. Heart rate increased gradually in the embryonic phase and peaked just before the shift into the free-embryonic phase. Gradual decrease in heart rate occurred in the free-embryonic phase followed by a second peak at the boundary between the embryonic and larval periods. In the larval period, heart rate levelled off. Although distinctive boundaries were not clearly evident at all steps, it was concluded that there are three definite ontogenetic steps which occur at the boundaries between the embryonic phase, the free-embryonic phase and the larval period. These thresholds occur at a point where shifts in the trophic features of the external environment are expected. Regression analysis revealed that two regimes exist for changes in embryo length and yolksac area and that a breakpoint occurs just prior to the boundary between the embryonic and larval periods. It appears that ontogeny is saltatory at points where a change in the trophic features of the environment requires a new set of interactions to occur between the environment and the ecomorphological and eco-ethological features of the animal.
11
Henning, Frederico [Verfasser]. "Evolutionary Genetics of Coloration in Cichlids / Frederico Henning." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1099913462/34.
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Idid, Mohammed Rizman. "Phylogenetics and population structure of Lake Malawi cichlids." Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418795.
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Knight, Mairi E. "Sexual selection and speciation in Lake Malawi cichlids." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285660.
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Smith, Peter F. "Evolution of Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes (Perciformes: Teleostei)." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SmithPF2002.pdf.
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Twentyman, Jones Vanessa. "Morphological variation and its taxonomic implications for insular populations of Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Pisces: Cichlidae)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005146.
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The cichlid fish Pseudocrenilabrus philander is widely distributed in southern Africa. Many of the populations occur in small, insular, geographically isolated water bodies, some of which are in arid areas. These small allopatric populations have been isolated for thousands of years and gene flow between them is non-existent or severely restricted. Populations were found to be different in terms of coloration, size of individuals, sexual dimorphism and behaviour. This thesis involved the determination of the taxonomic status of these isolated populations, from a morphological point of view. This has been part of a larger project, involving genetic and behavioural studies, to determine whether the different populations are geographic races of a single species, or whether they are species. Heritability of the observed differences was tested by breeding through three generations under uniform laboratory conditions. The populations from which wild-caught individuals were drawn could be identified on the basis of colour. There were some differences in anatomy between populations, but none of these were entirely distinctive for a particular population. When bred under laboratory conditions, populations did not show a tendency towards uniformity, as would be expected if morphological differences were environmentally induced. However, there were slight changes in the oral and pharyngeal bone form which may be diet related. Although there are morphological differences between populations and between wild-caught and laboratory-bred populations, it is suggested that the populations of P. philander are not fully differentiated and thus in the stages of incipient speciation. other studies on P. philander have introduced an element of uncertainty in that they show different results. Behavioural work suggests that different populations would behave as different species if they were to become sympatric. Karyological and mitochondrial studies showed that there were no differences between populations. Protein electrophoresis showed that populations were genetically unique. Since the various species and subspecies of Pseudocrenilabrus have been based on morphological criteria, the approach and conclusions in this study are based entirely on morphological criteria. These studies have practical implications for conservation, as some of the small populations are threatened with extinction. If the differences between the populations were ecophenotypic (i.e. related to their environment), then threats to some populations would not affect the conservation status of the species as a whole. If, however, such differences were genetic (i.e. the populations have evolved separately), then the extinction of small, isolated populations could mean the loss of actual species. This study strongly suggests that populations are incipient species and thus should be conserved.
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Hernan, Lopez Fernandez. "Phylogeny of Geophagine cichlids from South America (Perciformes: Labroidei)." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1129.
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Three new species of cichlid fishes of the genus Geophagus, part of the Neotropical subfamily Geophaginae, are described from the Orinoco and Casiquiare drainages in Venezuela. Phylogenetic relationships among 16 genera and 30 species of Geophaginae are investigated using 136 morphological characters combined with DNA sequences coding for the mitochondrial gene NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and the nuclear Recombination Activating Gene 2 (RAG2). Data from previous studies are integrated with the new dataset by incorporating published DNA sequences from the mitochondrial genes cytochrome b and 16S and the microsatellite flanking regions Tmo-M27 and Tmo-4C4. Total-evidence analysis revealed that Geophaginae is monophyletic and includes eighteen genera grouped into two major clades. In the first clade, the tribe Acarichthyini (genera Acarichthys and Guianacara) is sister-group to a clade in which Gymnogeophagus, 'Geophagus' steindachneri, and Geophagus sensu stricto are sister to 'Geophagus' brasiliensis and Mikrogeophagus; all these are in turn sister-group to Biotodoma, Dicrossus and Crenicara. In the second clade, Satanoperca, Apistogramma (including Apistogrammoides), and Taeniacara are sister to Crenicichla and Biotoecus. Monophyly and significantly short branches at the base of the phylogeny indicate that genera within Geophaginae differentiated rapidly within a relatively short period. High morphological, ecological, and behavioral diversity within the subfamily suggest that geophagine divergence may be the result of adaptive radiation.
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Katz, Michelle. "The embryological development of the Tilaiine fishes /." Online version of thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/8686.
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Munthali, Simon Muchina. "Ecological interaction between the introduced and native rock-dwelling cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi National Park, Malawi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005110.
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More than twenty years ago, over twenty species of the rock-dwelling cichlid species (Mbuna) were translocated from the northern Lake Malawi, where they are endemic, to Thumbi West Island, Lake Malawi National Park, in the southern part of Lake Malawi. Among these species, Cynotilapia afra, Pseudotropheus callainos and Pseudotropheus tropheops 'red cheek' are strongly territorial, and have increased substantially in number and are widely distributed, particularly in the three to seven metre depth band of the rocky habitats at the Island of Thumbi West. It is feared that the increase in population density of translocated species (hereafter referred to as introduced species) may be at the expense of ecologically equivalent native species which could be eliminated. In this thesis the following key hypotheses have been tested: (i) that the introduced species having originated from a region of Lake Malawi which is generally poor in nutrients and introduced in an area which is richer in nutrients, would cope better than the native species during periods of nutrient scarcity which occur frequently, often seasonally in oligotrophic lakes, such as Lake Malawi; (ii) that the introduced species are fitter than their ecologically equivalent native species in the acquisition of territorial space in which they breed, feed and seek shelter, and (iii) that introduced and native species coexist by utilizing different microhabitats. Results show that: 1. the introduced species, P. callainos and P. tropheops 'red cheek' may have responded positively to enhanced nutrient availability, as they were found to have better condition factors and fecundity indices at Thumbi West Island than at sites of their origin, in the northern lake Malawi. Cynotilapia afra, P. callainos and P. tropheops 'red cheek' also maximise their life-span fecundity by starting to reproduce at relatively smaller size than the native species with which they overlap in microhabitat requirements. Similarly, their breeding peaks precede the breeding peaks of the native species with which they overlap in microhabitat requirements. Consequently, due to priority residence effects, the offspring of introduced species may have a competitive edge in the use of essential resources, e.g., refuge over the offspring of the native species whose peak-recruitment occurs later in the year. 2. There is an overlap between the introduced and native species in their microhabitat requirements. Consequently, interference competition between them for territorial sites occurs. The choice of optimal territory sites is constrained by the fact that females preferentially mate with males that defend significantly smaller holes, or crevices among the rocks, probably as a means of minimizing egg predation during spawning. 3. The population of territorial males of introduced species seems to grow exponentially, depending on the availability of suitable microhabitats, and an equilibrium between them and males of the native species may be reached. Competition for optimal territory sites seems to intensify, once the carrying capacity in a particular area has been reached, and it is at this stage that some territorial males of the introduced and native species with similar microhabitat requirements, e.g., C. afra and P. zebra, or P. tropheops 'red cheek' and its sibling native species, P. tropheops 'orange chest' displace each other. However, it seems unlikely that any of the native species which were compared with the introduced species would be driven to extinction because: (a) there is a considerable interspecific territory turn-over between the introduced and native species that overlap in microhabitat requirements. (b) Even in situations where some of the native species occur in microhabitats that are not of their preference, they occupy patches of suitable sites and are capable of breeding. (c) It has been suggested that since introduced and native species breed throughout the year and are polygamous and have intraspecifically shared paternity, they are capable of fertilizing many gravid females of their own species. Therefore, the population of native species may not be detrimentally limited by the presence of introduced species. (d) The introduced and native Mbuna species that prefer small rocks coexist in the same microhabitats, partly by feeding at different sites with different intensity and they also feed at different heights in the water column. 4. The following studies have been recommended before any management intervention, such as culling is adopted: (i). interaction between the introduced and native species in the shallow and deep rocky habitats; (ii) space utilization and survivorship of juveniles of the introduced and native species; (iii) laboratory studies to confirm the role of different nutrient regimes on the fecundity of Mbuna; (iv) the possibility of hybridization between the introduced and native species; (v) monitoring of population growth and distribution of the introduced species around Thumbi West Island should continue in order to detect their long-term effects on the native species.
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Takeuchi, Yuichi. "Dynamics of laterality in shrimp-eating cichlids in Lake Tanganyika." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136929.
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Nilakarawasam, Nayanakanthi. "Ecological studies on the parasites of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) (Pisces: Cichlidae) with special reference to Enterogyrus spp. (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalinae)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21889.
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Brief history and background of aquaculture and fish health in Sri Lanka In the past, the Sri Lankan fish industry was mainly comprised of capture fisheries, with a heavy dependence on the marine section. Landings from inland fisheries increased enormously following the introduction of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) in 1952. Sri Lanka has a high potential for the development of freshwater fisheries in its several thousand irrigation reservoirs. Therefore, in the last few decades, attention has been focused on reservoirs mainly for the following reasons; their high potential. there is less cost incurred in their development than in marine fisheries, and because of their great socio-economic importance with regard to food supply and employment opportunities.
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Quick, Arthur Joseph Rex. "The effect of the pesticide, endosulfan, on hepatic cytochrome P-450, liver and gill ultrastructure, and selected haematological parameters of Oreochromis Mossambicus (Peters, 1852) (Pisces : Cichlidae)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001971.
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Two possible ways in which fish may acclimate to prolonged exposure· to sublethal levels of endosulfan were investigated: induction of the hepatic monooxygenase system and changes in haematology. These studies also involved an examination of the ultrastructure of liver and gill tissue. Endosulfan caused none of the characteristic phenobarbital-type inductive effects on the liver of Oreochromis mossambicus. There was no increase in cytochrome P-450 levels, microsomal protein or hepatosomatic index. The reasons for the lack of induction are discussed. The effect of endosulfan on the following haematological parameters was determined: haemoglobin, erythrocyte count, microhaematocrit, mean erythrocyte volume and mean erythrocyte haemoglobin concentration. The only effect was an increase in erythrocyte count. The value of changes in haematological parameters as indicators of pollutioninduced anemia in the field is discussed. No changes in gill ultrastructure were noted although electron micrographs of liver tissue showed lesions in hepatocytes. The diagnostic value of pollution-induced pathological changes on cell ultrastructure are discussed. Recommendations are made with regard to future large scale application of pesticides on or near large water bodies
22
Marsh, Alan Clive. "A contribution to the ecology and systematics of the genus Petrotilapia (Pisces : Cichlidae) in Lake Malawi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009513.
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The nominal species Petrotilapia tridentiger Trewavas, a rock-frequenting fish from Lake Malawi, occurs in three distinct male and female colour forms at Monkey Bay. Field observations on courtship and aggression indicate that the three colour forms are distinct species. The taxonomy of the three species of Petrotilapia that occur at Monkey Bay is revised. R. tridentiger is redescribed and two new species, P. genalutea and P. nigra, are described. The three species are very similar morphologically and are considered to be sibling species. The only morphological character which reliably separates the three sibling species is live coloration: Live coloration is considered to be an important component of the specific mate recognition systems in Petrotilapia species. The coloration of a further fourteen forms of Petrotilapia is described and it is suggested that these forms are valid species. Space resource partitioning plays an important role in facilitating the coexistence of Petrotilapia sibling species. Space is partially partitioned in terms of depth range. In shallow water, where all three species are sympatric, there are differences in the feeding sites used by the various Petrotilapia forms. Changes in niche breadth and overlap, which are associated with changes in the abundance of epilithic algae, indicate that competition for feeding space occurs between the three Petrotilapia species. The Petrotilapia species partition their resources according to a social dominance hierarchy. Dominant forms, such as territorial males, R. tridentiger females and schooling R. genalutea females, have access to rich food supplies which occur within the territories of certain highly aggressive Pseudotronheus species. are facultative and opportunistic .feeders. Petrotilapia species Speciation in allopatry is considered to be the mechanism which adequately explains the current diversity of the genus Petrotilapia. The importance of an integrative approach to future systematic and ecological research on Lake Malawi cichlids is stressed.KMBT_363
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Thorpe, Peter Stuart. "An investigation into the dietary requirements of Oreochromis Mossambicus fry and the formulation and preparation of a dry food for use in aquaculture." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001960.
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The need for developing a dry feed which satisfied the nutrient requirements of Oreochromis mossambicus fry was identified. The spawning and grading techniques which resulted in a higher fecundity and ensured uniformity within and between samples of fry are discussed. Preparation techniques were developed which met the physical requirements of fry feeds. An analysis of the flesh and yolk sac fry for amino acid composition was undertaken. The initial test diet was based on these results, as well as on the natural feeding ecology of the species. Feeding trials were undertaken and growth responses monitored to determine the optimum levels of the various dietary components. A feed was developed which gave superior growth to that obtained with natural food organisms. This feed consisted of Torula yeast (47%), Weider Super Protein (44.39%), Vitamin supplement (0.45% - multivitamin), additional vitamin C supplement (0.16%), Spirulina (5%), and methionine supplement (3%). An optimum particle size range for O. mossambicus fry (between 5 & 25mm) was established at 125-200um. The fry should be fed the following feed ratios depending on age: 30.4% body weight/day up to day 5, 30.6% body weight/day up to day 10 and 25.1% body weight/day up to day 15. An optimum feeding frequency of 8/10hr day was recommended. A feed conversion ratio of 1.24:1 and a protein efficiency ratio of 0.682:1 was obtained. Digestable energy of the feed was determined at 16.1 kj/g feed. The established dry feed is suitable for use in commercial hatcheries, and as a formulation for further research on the intensive rearing of O. mossambicus fry.
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Azzouzi, Naoual. "Analyse comparative des génomes d’espèces majeures pour l’aquaculture par cartographie RH et Identification des répertoires des récepteurs olfactifs (OR) et TAAR des cichlides." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S152/document.
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La construction de cartes de génomes consiste à baliser les chromosomes par des repères : les marqueurs. Plus une carte est dense en marqueurs régulièrement espacés, plus elle est informative et donc plus les applications ultérieures sont nombreuses. Parmi les différentes stratégies de cartographie, celle exploitant les hybrides d'irradiation dite carte RH, présente de nombreux avantages. Ainsi, des marqueurs polymorphes tels que les microsatellites, utiles pour les analyses de liaisons génétiques et des marqueurs de gènes, polymorphes ou non polymorphes permettant d'établir des cartes comparées avec d'autres génomes et définir des zones de conservation ou de rupture de synténie, peuvent être localisés sur une carte RH. Ces cartes comparées sont utiles non seulement pour l'identification de gènes d'intérêts mais également pour l'étude de l'évolution des génomes. Parmi les nombreux vertébrés d’intérêt, nous nous sommes particulièrement attachés à la construction de cartes RH de poissons et de cichlidés en particulier. Ceux-ci constituent en effet un modèle génétique très intéressant du point de vue économique et évolutif. La réalisation de cartes des génomes de plusieurs poissons devrait aider à l'identification de gènes impliqués dans des traits phénotypiques ou pathologiques voire même des marqueurs liés aux stress et à la reproduction. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à construire une carte du génome du bar, un panel RH de tilapia et la carte RH attenante qui a été utilisée dans la phase finale de l’assemblage des données de séquence du génome de Tilapia. Par ailleurs nous avons construit un panel RH d’esturgeon et un autre d’huitre. La cartographie du génome de tilapia, réalisée dans le cadre d’un consortium international, nous a donné un accès privilégié aux données de séquences des génomes de cinq cichlidés (O. niloticus, P. nyererei, H. burtoni, N. brichardi et M. zebra) et nous a permis de participer à l’annotation de ces séquences génomiques en nous intéressant plus particulièrement à l’identification des répertoires des gènes codant pour les récepteurs olfactifs (OR) et les récepteurs connus sous le vocable de TAAR pour ‘ Trace Amine-Associated Receptors’. C’est ainsi que nous avons identifié et caractérisé 158, 88, 90, 69, 102 gènes OR et 45, 19, 23, 12, 20 gènes TAAR dans les génomes de ces cinq poissons (O. niloticus, P. nyererei, H. burtoni, N. brichardi et M. zebra)The construction of genome maps consists in placing tags, called markers, on the chromosomes. The denser in evenly spaced markers is a map, the more it is informative, leading to the development of more future applications. Among the different mapping strategies, those using radiation hybrids (RH) have numerous advantages. Indeed, polymorphic markers such as microsatellites, useful for linkage analyses, as well as gene markers, polymorphic or not and allowing comparative mapping with other genomes and definition of synteny breaks and conservation, can be localized on a RH map. Not only these maps are useful to identify genes of interest but they are also essential tools to study genome evolution. Among numerous vertebrates of interest, we constructed RH maps of fishes and cichlids in particular. Indeed these fishes constitute interesting genetic models from economical and evolution points of view. Having genome maps of several of these fishes would help to identify genes implicated in phenotypical or pathological traits, or even markers linked to stress and reproduction. My thesis work consisted in the construction of a genome map of the sea bass, a tilapia RH panel and its RH map, a sturgeon RH panel as well as an oyster RH panel. The tilapia map was used for the assembly of the sequencing data of the tilapia genome. Thanks to this last work realized with an international consortium we had a privileged access to the sequencing data of five cichlid genomes (O. niloticus, P. nyererei, H. burtoni, N. brichardi and M. zebra). We then participated to the annotation of these genomic sequences. In particular we have identified and characterized the olfactory receptor gene (OR) repertoires and of the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) gene repertoires of these five cichlids. Which are then made of 158, 88, 90, 69, 102 OR genes and 45, 19, 23, 12, 20 TAAR genes respectively
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Geiger, Matthias. "Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary ecology of nicaraguan midas-cichlids(Amphilophus SPP.)." Diss., lmu, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-138206.
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Chan, Tin-Yam. "The role of male competition and female choice in the mating success of a Lek-breeding Southern African Cichlid fish Pseudocrenilabrus Philander (Pisces: Cichlidae)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002049.
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A lek-breeding cichlid fish Pseudocrenilabrus philander was studied experimentally. Females in choice-chamber experiments showed no active choice for male size and colour, or for other male attributes, but preferred males which courted most actively. In a laboratory lek, the significant determinants of the strongly skewed mating success in males were territory size, side-shake and female chasing frequency. Together these three variables explained 79% of the variation in male mating success, with territory size alone accounting for 75% of the variation and the other two variables each accounting for 2% of the remaining variation. As there was no difference in territory quality in the laboratory lek, territory size became the principal measure of the effect of male-male competition since it was directly related to dominance. Both side-shake and female chasing could be identified as the basic factors influencing female choice, as they had an immediate effect on the display-response mating system of females. Thus, the relative importance of these three variables indicated that sexual selection in this particular lek mating species operated chiefly through the agency of intrasexual competition for dominance. However, both female behaviour and their requirement for a prolonged pre-spawning courtship had the effect of promoting male rivalry and favouring mating with dominant males. Although the intense male competition excluded subordinate males from practising normal courtship behaviour, competitively inferior males might "make the best of a bad situation" by facultatively adopting an alternative sneaking tactic to gain access to females. Spawning intrusions by females to steal freshly-laid eggs also occurred frequently. However, territorial males appeared to be relatively more tolerant of female intruders than male sneakers. Interference during spawning could lead to a longer pre-spawning courtship and even multiple-mating by females. The results of the present study and the behavioural evidence shown by males and females did not support the ʺrunaway selection modelʺ of the mating pattern in terms of sexual selection in leks, but conformed to the rival ʺwar propaganda modelʺ
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Owusu, Christian Kwasi. "Comparative analysis of endoparasitic helminths in Lake Tanganyikan cichlids: host body mass and social interaction as determinants of parasite load." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-220107.
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Parasites are an important component of every ecosystem, and their interactions with hosts can directly impact the fitness of the host organisms. Despite their significance, it is still largely unknown which host traits predispose a species to increased risk of parasite attack. In the present study, I investigated host and ecological correlates of parasite load in Lake Tanganyikan cichlids using phylogenetic comparative analyses. Specifically, I tested the effect of body size, brain mass, gut length, depth, trophic level, habitat complexity and mating system on parasite prevalence and diversity. I found that the variation in both average infracommunity richness and parasite prevalence were partly explained by host body mass and habitat complexity. Total parasite diversity, on the other hand, was significantly related to mating behaviour as well as habitat complexity. The comparative analysis presented here is, to the best of my knowledge, the first to investigate determinants of parasite load in Lake Tanganyikan cichlids. As such, my results support several major hypotheses concerning the factors that underlie parasite prevalence and diversity and have broad implications for our understanding of parasite-host interactions.
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James, Nick 1955. "A life-history approach to the biology of Oreochromis mossambicus (Pisces : Cichlidae) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001963.
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The phenotypic plasticity of the cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus was examined in fresh and brackish water populations living in the eastern Cape near the southern extremity of the natural range. The primary goal of the study was to examine the wide variety of life-history styles which were expressed in relation to the varying environmental conditions. Four natural populations were studied during 1986 and 1987, and some experimental work under artificial conditions was carried out at the Rhodes University fishfarm during 1988. This comparative approach gave insights into the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors which are exploited by this hardy species. O. mossambicus displayed a wide variety of life-history tactics under harsh environmental conditions. The growth of juvenile fish was rapid and mortality of the young-of-the-year was high. Age at first onset of sexual maturity ranged from one to three years. Under harsh conditions growth rate was markedly reduced after maturity, which occurred during the second or third summer and growth disparity between the sexes was more pronounced. Longevity was found to vary from five to ten years for different populations. Under more favourable conditions (resembling the typical "floodplain" habitats of this species at lower latitudes) very rapid juvenile growth, and a high maximum mass of over 2300 g for both sexes was iii achieved. Sexual maturity under these conditions could be delayed until the third or fourth summer of life. O. mossambicus demonstrated an ability to withstand and even benefit from fluctuating water levels, and adjusted its life style according to the prevailing conditions: at times of high water level recruitment was low and sexual maturity delayed. During low water periods reproductive rates increased. Q. mossambicus showed a distinct preference for gentle gradients and well-vegetated habitats for feeding, nesting and refuge. During the study winter temperatures were near and at some times below the generally accepted lower limits for this species. This implies that these indigenous populations have a degree of cold tolerance. A further implication is that Q. mossambicus has the ability to thrive under adverse conditions which may partially explain its wide and successful colonisation of water bodies far from its natural range, and its obvious fisheries potential.
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Urban, Sabine [Verfasser]. "Genetic Basis of Color Pattern Evolution in East African Cichlids / Sabine Urban." Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222909650/34.
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Winkelmann, Kai. "Of large and small fish : testing ecological speciation in Lake Tanganyika cichlids." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633437.
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A central question in evolutionary biology is how do new species evolve? Recent advances stem from studies of ecological speciation, where reproductive isolation among incipient species is promoted by divergent adaptation to local habitats. The cichlid fish Telmatochromis temporalis from Lake Tanganyika has evolved two ecologically distinct ecomorphs that occupy different habitats, with large bodied fish on rock habitat, and small bodied fish on shell-bed habitat. It has been suggested that the diversification of these two ecomorphs has taken place repeatedly and has been driven by ecological processes. In this thesis population genetic and phylogenetic analyses are presented of geographically-distinct populations. The results provide evidence for a repeatedly and independently-derived adaptation from rock to shell bed habitat, consistent with parallel evolution. Demographic expansions of most populations and splitting time estimates indicate that the age of habitat and hence habitat availability is vital in shaping population dynamics and evolutionary trajectories. A series of behavioural studies on wild caught fish demonstrated that body-size dependent competition is a fundamental mechanism that determines habitat use and mediates assortative mating in laboratory conditions. The extent of phenotypic plasticity in ecomorph-specific trait evolution was studied under controlled laboratory conditions on first generation offspring. The results suggest that absolute body size is subject to plasticity in both ecomorphs but size at sexual maturity is strongly heritable, with the shell ecomorph maturing at smaller body size. Overall these findings demonstrate how extrinsic factors and divergent selection continue to shape the evolution of novel phenotypes and genotypes in T. temporalis, despite ongoing genetic exchange between diverging lineages.
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Takahashi, Rieko. "Feeding specialization and morphological diversification in scale eating cichlids from Lake Tanganyika." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/73214.
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Smith, Adam R. "Is Acoustic Communication a Candidate Signal for Sexual Selection in Malawian Cichlids?" Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1182183308.
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Sodsuk, Panom Krachangpoj. "Molecular genetics and systematics of tilapiine cichlids using allozymes and morphological characters." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385126.
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Higgins, Elizabeth Lee. "Plasticity of Visual Acuity in Cichlids with Changes in Habitat and Social Complexity." Thesis, Boston College, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/416.
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Thesis advisor: Daniel KirschnerThesis advisor: Caroly Shumway
Species-specific differences in visual acuity have been demonstrated across species of cichlids differing in social and habitat complexity. What is the role of plasticity? A visual acuity assay on two species of fish reared in different habitat and social complexity was used to study brain plasticity in Xenotilapia flavipinnis and Asprotilapia leptura juveniles. The X. flavipinnis lives in sandy habitats and schools as juveniles. These fry were raised in an impoverished social environment in one case and an enriched habitat environment in another. The A. leptura lives in rocky habitats naturally. These fry were raised in an impoverished habitat environment. All conditions were compared to control groups with natural social and habitat conditions. I found that a change in social complexity had a plastic effect on visual acuity but a change in habitat complexity in both cases did not
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2006
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Biology
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Bloomquist, Ryan F. "Developmental plasticity of stem cells in teeth and taste bud renewal." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53565.
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Science and medicine have progressed in unfathomable ways over the past century. Paradoxically, as our result of our advancements in medicine we live in a progressively aging society where the majority of people will have multiple morbidities associated with senescence. The World Health Organization estimates that nearly 100% of the population will suffer dental maladies, which left untreated compound with age.
We hope to gain new biomedical insight applicable to the advancing field of dental regenerative therapeutics. This dissertation reveals new dental biology through studying the embryology, genetics and evolution of teeth across patterning, morphogenesis and regeneration. We exploit an innovative model, the Lake Malawi cichlid fishes, to study these processes in a natural system. Malawi cichlids have rapidly evolved diverse species-specific dentitions, ranging from hundreds to thousands of teeth that represent a rainbow of shapes and sizes, yet Malawi cichlid species has nearly identical genomes, offering us a powerful genetic system. Furthermore, unlike classic vertebrate models in embryology such as zebrafish, chicken or mice, cichlids have oral teeth and the ability to replace each tooth constantly throughout their lifetimes.
In the first study, we break-down the process of whole de-novo tooth replacement in cichlids. We then explore the re-deployment of initiating gene pathways later in the morphogenesis of each replacement tooth (RT). In the second study we investigate the co-patterning of two placode derived oral organs, teeth and taste buds (TBs), and uncover new genes that may modulate their number and size. We subsequently discover a bipotency of progenitor tissue to form both organs and a later plasticity to trans-fate it through coordination of a Wnt-BMP- Hh genetic hierarchy. In the last study, we explore the stem cells that are responsible for the phenomenon of lifelong cichlid tooth replacement. We describe a common epithelium connected to TBs and rich in stem cells, with a newly discovered stem cell niche at the tip of the RT. We uncover the transcriptomes of both organs, and through differential gene expression informed manipulations, coerce dental cells to display TB characteristics. We hypothesize that TB stem cells may be used in dental therapeutics.
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Kim, Lesley Yu-Jung. "Effect of increased temperature and decreased food quality on metabolism and growth of an algivorous cichlid, Tropheus duboisi and effect of food habit on the field metabolism of African Cichlids." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1409625207.
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Munubi, Renalda Nanziga. "Algal quality controls the distribution, behavior and growth of algivorous cichlids in Lake Tanganyika." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1453230220.
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Porter, Ashley Elizabeth. "Multiple Predator Effects and Native Prey Behavioral Responses to Two Non-native Everglades Cichlids." NSUWorks, 2008. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/243.
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Ecological communities consist of multiple predators and prey, in which predators have varied hunting strategies and foraging preferences and the prey have varied antipredator responses. Multiple predators can combine to have linear or non-linear effects that can either enhance or reduce the risk of predation experienced by prey. How this occurs in novel systems where predators and prey lack a coevolutionary history, and thus prey may be naïve to predation threats posed by non-indigenous predators, is not well understood. This study examined the predatory effect of two non-native fishes, the African jewelfish (Hemichromis letourneuxi) and the Mayan cichlid (Cichlasoma urophthalmus) and the behavioral responses of a native Everglades prey assemblage. We used an in situ enclosure experiment to compare predation rates and prey selectivity, followed by behavioral trials in the laboratory to examine predator foraging tactics and prey responses to predation (microhabitat use and activity levels). When both predator species were present, we found no evidence that native prey experience a release from predation resulting from interference competition. C. urophthalmus exhibited a higher predation rate and different foraging preferences than H. letourneuxi. Overlap in habitat domain of predators and prey was important in predicting prey consumption, as prey were most often consumed when they occupied the same space in the water column as predators. The predators were found to be functionally different and the behavioral responses of prey varied among species in response to the non-native predators. It is important to examine the behavior of predators and the responses of prey to determine the nature of these multiple predator interactions and the resulting impacts of non-native predators, especially as these predators continue to spread in the Everglades ecosystem.
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Estivals, Guillain. "Spéciation sympatrique chez les cichlidés en Amazonie ? : spéciation et sélection sexuelle dans le modèle Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875)." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MNHN0002.
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Nous avons choisi le modèle Apistogramma agassizii pour tester la spéciation rapide en sympatrie chez les cichlidés Amazoniens. A. agassizii partage de nombreuses similitudes avec les cichlidés Haplochromines qui sont des exemples remarquables de radiations adaptatives chez les vertébrés. Tout comme les Haplochromines A. agassizii est philopatrique, et présente : un important polymorphisme de couleur avec un dimorphisme sexuel marqué, un choix de partenaire différentiel, et une garde parentale. Nous avons échantillonné 1170 individus d’A. agassizii provenant de 36 popsites (unité de collecte la plus petite) au Loreto en Amazonie péruvienne. La variabilité génétique d'A. agassizii a été étudiée en utilisant 2 marqueurs mitochondriaux (COI et Cyt b) et 10 locus microsatellites. Les 1170 individus ont été génotypés parmi lesquels 104 ont été séquencés pour les deux marqueurs mitochondriaux. Au total 44 haplotypes ont été obtenus à partir des séquences concaténées. Les analyses ont mis en évidence 3 « species flocks » (nommés Sp1, Sp2 et Sp3) vicariants, qui auraient commencé à diverger de leur ancêtre commun le plus récent (MRCA) il y a 1,83 Ma (calibration à partir de fossiles). Les degrés de différentiation génétique des 3 « species flocks » s’organiseraient de façon fractale suivant la hiérarchisation du réseau hydrographique. Les valeurs de différenciations génétiques (estimateur θ du FST) que nous avons observé dans les « species flocks », n’avaient encore jamais été observés sur de si petites échelles géographiques pour un poisson en Amazonie (Sp1 : 0,04 - 0,37, moy. = 0,16 ± 0,06 (σ) ; Sp2 : 0,08 - 0,40, moy. = 0,17 ± 0,09 (σ)). Les rivières Marañon, l’Ucayali et l’Amazone, constitueraient le niveau hiérarchique de rang 1 en limitant la dispersion des 3 « species flocks », favorisant la spéciation allopatrique. Les microbassins hydrographiques constitueraient le niveau de hiérarchisation inférieur de rang 2, avec des différenciations génétiques d’amplitude variable structurant les species flocks en sympatrie. Le terme de « sympatrie » étant ici employé au sens large. Enfin, à l’intérieur des microbassins, les ruisseaux constitueraient le niveau hiérarchique de rang 3 dans lequel des proto-espèces (unité génétique dont le processus de spéciation peut être réversible) divergeraient en sympatrie stricte. L’histoire évolutive du « species flock » Sp1 a été conditionnée par des événements hydro-géomorphologiques multiples qui auraient alternativement favorisés des évènements de fragmentation ou de dispersion induisant des mélanges de populations mises en contacts secondaires. Des expérimentations sur le mode du choix de partenaire ont été réalisées en tenant compte des 3 niveaux hiérarchiques identifiés. Au niveau de hiérarchie de rang 1 (sous-bassin), les femelles Sp1 et Sp2 ont choisi préférentiellement des mâles de leur propre « species flock » (Sp1 : p-value = 0,0005 ; Sp2 : p-value = 0,0029). Pour le rang 2 nous avons testé le choix des femelles Sp1 en leur proposant un mâle de leur ruisseau (même microbassin) et un mâle d’un ruisseau d’un autre microbassin. Pour le rang 3 nous avons testé le choix des femelles Sp1 en leur proposant un mâle de leur ruisseau et un mâle d’un autre ruisseau appartenant au même microbassin. Dans les deux configurations, les femelles marquaient généralement une préférence sexuelle selon l’origine des mâles, sans que celle-ci ait pu être testée de façon suffisamment approfondie pour corroborer que la sélection sexuelle jouerait un rôle moteur dans le processus de spéciation en sympatrie. Les mécanismes évolutifs mis en évidence dans le modèle Apistogramma agassizii pourraient également être impliqués dans la diversification d’autres espèces de Cichlidés, voire d’autres groupes d’organismes en Amazonie et expliquer pour partie l’hyper diversité spécifique dans le plus grand bassin hydrographique du mondeWe chose the Apistogramma agassizii model to test for rapid, potentially sympatric, speciation in Amazonian cichlids. A. agassizii shares many similarities with Haplochromines cichlids which are remarkable examples of adaptive radiations in vertebrates. Like the Haplochromines, A. agassizii is philopatric, and show: an important colour polymorphism with marked sexual dimorphism, a differential partner selection, and parental care. We sampled 1170 individuals of A. agassizii from 36 popsites (smallest collection unit) located in the Loreto region of the Peruvian Amazon. The genetic variability of A. agassizii throughout the study area was studied using 2 mitochondrial markers (COI and Cyt b) and 10 microsatellite loci.The 1170 individuals was genotyped, of which 104 were sequenced for both mitochondrial markers. A total of 44 haplotypes were obtained from the concatenated sequences. The results revealed 3 vicarious "species flocks" (named, Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3) that would have started to diverge from their most recent common ancestor (MRCA) 1.83 Ma ago (calibration from fossils).The degrees of genetic differentiation of the 3 "species flocks" would be fractally organised according to the hierarchy of the hydrographic network. The values of genetic differentiation (FST estimator θ) that we observed within the "species flocks" had never before been observed on such small geographical scales for a fish in the Amazon (Sp1: 0.04 - 0.37, avg. = 0.16 ± 0.06 (σ); Sp2: 0.08 - 0.40, avg. = 0.17 ± 0.09 (σ)). Thus, large rivers within sub-watersheds, such as the Marañon, Ucayali and Amazon, would constitute the hierarchical level of rank 1. They would limit the dispersion of the 3 evidenced "species flocks" Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, by constituting barriers to genes flow and possible allopatric speciation. The micro-watersheds would constitute the lower hierarchical level of rank 2, with genetic differentiations of variable amplitude structuring the species flocks in sympatry. The term "sympatry" being used here in the broad sense, considering that these micro-watersheds are very close to each other and are connected by a main river on the same bank. Finally, within the micro-watersheds, the streams would constitute the hierarchical level of rank 3 in which proto-species (genetic unit whose speciation process may be reversible) would diverge in strict sympatry, between connected streams, or even within the same stream (within the same popsite or collecting site). We have shown that the evolutionary history of the "species flock" Sp1 had been conditioned by multiple hydro-geomorphological events which would have alternately favoured fragmentation or dispersion events inducing mixtures of populations in secondary contact. Mate choice experiments were carried out taking into account the 3 identified hierarchical levels. At hierarchy level 1 (sub-watersheds), females Sp1 and Sp2 preferentially chose males of their own "species flock" (Sp1: p-value = 0.0005; Sp2: p-value = 0.0029). Mate choice experiment for level 2 (micro-watersheds) and 3 (stream) were carried out within the species flock Sp1. We tested the choice of females by offering them a male from their stream (same micro-watersheds) and a male from a stream in another micro-watersheds. For level 3 we tested the choice of females by offering them a male from their stream and a male from another stream belonging to the same micro-watersheds. In both configurations, females generally showed sexual preference according to male origin, but this could not be tested in sufficient depth to corroborate that sexual selection would play a driving role in the process of sympatric speciation.The evolutionary mechanisms highlighted in the Apistogramma agassizii model could also be involved in the diversification of other Cichlid species, or even other groups of organisms in the Amazon, and partly explain the exceptional species diversity in the world's largest watershed
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Grassi, Thiago Luís Magnani [UNESP]. "Qualidade de filés de tilápia alimentadas com pigmentante de origem bacteriana: Thiago Luís Magnani Grassi. -." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124481.
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000836384.pdf: 412403 bytes, checksum: 5c3371fcf3a2491bbc23d94ad1d0711f (MD5)O tom avermelhado de alguns peixes age como um fator distintivo em relação ao pescado convencional de carne branca, agregando valor e propiciando o surgimento de um novo produto. Por esse motivo, o estudo de fontes pigmentantes para utilização em dietas de peixes de importância econômica é assunto de considerável interesse para a aquicultura e a indústria de alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de carotenoides adicionados à ração de tilápias sobre o desempenho zootécnico e as características de qualidade dos filés. Novecentas e sessenta tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) pesando entre 10 - 30 g foram distribuidas em 24 tanques e, após um período de adaptação, receberam as rações experimentais durante 80 dias. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de um grupo controle, correspondente a uma dieta basal sem aditivos pigmentantes, um grupo contendo astaxantina e quatro grupos contendo diferentes concentrações da biomassa de Rubrivivax gelatinosus como aditivo pigmentante. As variáveis analisadas incluíram consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar aparente das tilápias e pH, composição centesimal, concentração de carotenoides e cor dos filés. Os índices zootécnicos não diferiram estatisticamente, indicando que o uso dos pigmentantes não causou prejuízo ao desempenho produtivo. Os teores de umidade dos grupos que receberam pigmentantes foram inferiores aos encontrados nos filés do grupo controle, sendo este resultado relevante para a estabilidade microbiológica. O teor proteico dos filés dos grupos suplementados com biomassa bacteriana foi superior ao do grupo controle e os valores de pH, cinzas e lipídeos não variaram entre os tratamentos. A luminosidade e a intensidade de amarelo dos filés não diferiram entre os grupos e todos os tratamentos contendo pigmentantes provocaram aumento na intensidade...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
The reddish hue of some fish acts as a distinctive factor from traditional white flesh, adding value to the product and providing a new product to consumer market. Because of that, the investigation on pigmenting sources for the diets of fish with economic importance is a matter of great interest for aquaculture and food industry. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different carotenoids sources in tilapia fish diets on animals' performance and fillets characteristics. Nine hundred sixty tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) weighing 10 - 30 g were distributed in 24 tanks and, after an adaptation time, they received the experimental diets for 80 days. Treatments consisted of one control group receiving a basal diet with no pigment, one group receiving asthaxanthin and four groups receiving different concentrations of Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass as the pigmenting ingredient. Variables analyzed included feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion for the animals and pH, proximate composition, carotenoids content and color for the fillets. Productive parameters did not differ statistically, showing that the use of the pigments did not cause any damage to animals' performance. Moisture contents of the fillets from the groups that received pigments were lower than those in the fillets from control group, what represents an important factor for the product conservation. The protein contents of the fillets from diets supplemented with the bacterial biomass were higher than those in control group while pH, ash and lipids did not vary among treatments. Lightness and yellowness did not differ among the groups but redness and carotenoids contents were higher for the fillets from all groups that received the pigments than for the control group. So, it can be concluded that the use of the pigmenting ingredients did not alter productive parameters but increased...(Complete abstract eletronic access below)
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Grassi, Thiago Luís Magnani. "Qualidade de filés de tilápia alimentadas com pigmentante de origem bacteriana / Thiago Luís Magnani Grassi. -." Araçatuba, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124481.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Elisa Helena Giglio PonsanoBanca:Rachel Cristina Prehl Alves
Banca: Silvia Helena Venturoli Perri
Resumo: O tom avermelhado de alguns peixes age como um fator distintivo em relação ao pescado convencional de carne branca, agregando valor e propiciando o surgimento de um novo produto. Por esse motivo, o estudo de fontes pigmentantes para utilização em dietas de peixes de importância econômica é assunto de considerável interesse para a aquicultura e a indústria de alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de carotenoides adicionados à ração de tilápias sobre o desempenho zootécnico e as características de qualidade dos filés. Novecentas e sessenta tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) pesando entre 10 - 30 g foram distribuidas em 24 tanques e, após um período de adaptação, receberam as rações experimentais durante 80 dias. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de um grupo controle, correspondente a uma dieta basal sem aditivos pigmentantes, um grupo contendo astaxantina e quatro grupos contendo diferentes concentrações da biomassa de Rubrivivax gelatinosus como aditivo pigmentante. As variáveis analisadas incluíram consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar aparente das tilápias e pH, composição centesimal, concentração de carotenoides e cor dos filés. Os índices zootécnicos não diferiram estatisticamente, indicando que o uso dos pigmentantes não causou prejuízo ao desempenho produtivo. Os teores de umidade dos grupos que receberam pigmentantes foram inferiores aos encontrados nos filés do grupo controle, sendo este resultado relevante para a estabilidade microbiológica. O teor proteico dos filés dos grupos suplementados com biomassa bacteriana foi superior ao do grupo controle e os valores de pH, cinzas e lipídeos não variaram entre os tratamentos. A luminosidade e a intensidade de amarelo dos filés não diferiram entre os grupos e todos os tratamentos contendo pigmentantes provocaram aumento na intensidade...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The reddish hue of some fish acts as a distinctive factor from traditional white flesh, adding value to the product and providing a new product to consumer market. Because of that, the investigation on pigmenting sources for the diets of fish with economic importance is a matter of great interest for aquaculture and food industry. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different carotenoids sources in tilapia fish diets on animals' performance and fillets characteristics. Nine hundred sixty tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) weighing 10 - 30 g were distributed in 24 tanks and, after an adaptation time, they received the experimental diets for 80 days. Treatments consisted of one control group receiving a basal diet with no pigment, one group receiving asthaxanthin and four groups receiving different concentrations of Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass as the pigmenting ingredient. Variables analyzed included feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion for the animals and pH, proximate composition, carotenoids content and color for the fillets. Productive parameters did not differ statistically, showing that the use of the pigments did not cause any damage to animals' performance. Moisture contents of the fillets from the groups that received pigments were lower than those in the fillets from control group, what represents an important factor for the product conservation. The protein contents of the fillets from diets supplemented with the bacterial biomass were higher than those in control group while pH, ash and lipids did not vary among treatments. Lightness and yellowness did not differ among the groups but redness and carotenoids contents were higher for the fillets from all groups that received the pigments than for the control group. So, it can be concluded that the use of the pigmenting ingredients did not alter productive parameters but increased...(Complete abstract eletronic access below)
Mestre
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Ribeiro, Heraldo Brum. "Estrutura e evolução cariotípica de peixes ciclídeos sul americanos /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87554.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Cesar MartinsBanca: Antonio Carlos Bertollo
Banca: Claudio Oliveira
Resumo: Os ciclídeos são considerados peixes secundários adaptados à água doce e distribuídos principalmente pela África, América Central e América do sul. Nesse trabalho foram realizados estudos citogenéticos em 24 espécies representantes das principais subfamílias de ciclídeos sul-americanos com o objetivo de fornecer contribuições ao entendimento das tendências que governam a evolução cromossômica no grupo. Para isto foram realizadas análises da macroestrutura cariotípica através de coloração convencionais com Giemsa, localização das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (RONs) através de coloração com Nitrato de Prata e identificação de regiões heterocromáticas através de bandamento C. A análise da macroestrutura cariotípica revelou que, embora eventos de rearranjos cromossômicos ocorreram no grupo, os ciclídeos mantém ainda as características basais do cariótipo dos Perciformes composto por 48 cromossomos subtelo-acrocêntricos. As RONs estiveram presentes em um único par cromossômico, porém em posições variáveis, caracterizando a ocorrência de rearranjos envolvendo estes cromossomos. Embora blocos de heterocromatina tenham sido identificados principalmente no centrômero de todas as espécies analisadas, algumas espécies apresentaram grandes segmentos heterocromáticos intersticiais caracterizando eventos de ganhos de heterocromatina que levaram a diferenciação de cariótipos específicos. As análises citogenéticas realizadas mostram que, embora aparentemente conservada, a estrutura cariotípica dos ciclídeos tem sofrido inúmeros rearranjos ao longo da sua história evolutiva.
Abstract: Cichlids are considered secondary fish adapted to the freshwater and distributed mainly in Africa, Central America and South America. Cytogenetic studies in 24 representative species of the main subfamilies of South American cichlids were conducted with the objective to supply informations about the chromosome evolution in the group. The karyotype macrostructure was analized through Giemsa stainning an localization of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) through silver staining technique and the identification of heterochromatic regions through C-banding. The analysis of the karyotype macrostructure showed that although events of chromosome rearrangements occurred in the group, the cichlids still mantain the basic karyotype structure of Perciformes with 48 subtelocentric and acrocentric chromosomes. The NORs were observed in only one chromosome pair, however in different positions, characterizing the occurrence of rearrangements involving the NOR-bearing chromosomes. Although heterochromatic blocks have been mainly identified in centromeres of all analyzed species, some species presented large interstitial heterochromatin segments characterizing events of heterochromatin accumulation that had lead to the differentiation of specific karyotypes. Although the cytogenetic data obtained showed an apparently conserved chromosome structure, the cichlid karyotipes have suffered rearrangements throughout its evolutionary history.
Mestre
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Stamey, Kamela De. "Sex-Specific Aggressive Decision-Making In The African Cichlid Melanochromis Auratus." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1402774541.
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Schwarzer, Julia [Verfasser]. "Cichlids of the lower Congo River - a new model system in speciation research? / Julia Schwarzer." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1044970634/34.
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Daigle, William R. "Assessment of swimming performance, body size and aggression in a dwarf cichlid, nannacara anomala." Link to electronic thesis, 2001. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0806101-164347.
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Robinson, Rosanna Lesley. "The dynamics of space use in some Lake Malawi fishes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005108.
Full textAbstract:
Behaviour and space utilisation of rock-dwelling cichlids were observed at Thumbi East Island, Lake Malawi. 1. Males of five species of the mbuna complex held long-term territories. Pseudotropheus elongatus "aggressive" vigorously defended a feeding area and sometimes a spawning site interspecifically, but did not feed in the peripheral part of their territory. Spawning sites of Pseudotropheus zebra, Pseudotropheus tropheops "orange chest", Labeotropheus fuelleborni, and Petrotilapia nigra were interspecifically-defended, while larger mating territories were defended against conspecific neighbours. Feeding areas were shared with many fish and often extended beyond the defended area. There was considerable variation in behaviour and space use within and between species and between times of day. 2. Non-territorial P. zebra used larger ranges than territorial conspecifics, and fed more on plankton, but individuals had preferred benthic feeding areas, often in conspecific territories. These 'floaters' were often aggressive. Both size and relative brightness independently predicted the outcome of aggressive interactions between floaters, and a site-specific dominance hierarchy was suggested, with some individuals appearing to be semi-territorial. 3. Males and females of 21 and 13 species respectively were found to establish temporary breeding territories. Overall breeding seasonality was bimodal, but reproductive timing and territory characteristics differed among species. Temporary territories had a considerable impact on the behaviour and habitat use of all resident mbuna species, even causing abandonment of territories. 4. Non-breeding Protomelas taeniolatus had limited home ranges, and showed little aggression. During the highly-synchronised reproductive season, males defended spawning sites and females fry-guarding territories. Most chases were directed towards the commonest fish, but predators were chased further and faster. Female behaviour changed over the guarding period. Females generally continued territorial defence after the brood had disappeared. Most broods contained fry of different sizes and species. Significant benefits were found for guarding females with clustered territories, but females did not appear to choose sites adjacent to conspecific parental females. 5. Territoriality in fish is taxonomically widespread and may serve several functions according to species, sex and developmental stage. It also varies according to genotype- and phenotype-limited strategies and short term costs and benefits. Territories may be simultaneously multifunctional.
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Geiger, Matthias [Verfasser], and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Haszprunar. "Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary ecology of Nicaraguan midas-cichlids (Amphilophus SPP.) / Matthias Geiger. Betreuer: Gerhard Haszprunar." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1018847200/34.
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Scherer, Ulrike [Verfasser], and Wiebke [Akademischer Betreuer] Schütt. "Does sexual selection favour consistent behavioural differences in bi-parental cichlids? / Ulrike Scherer ; Betreuer: Wiebke Schütt." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1196296014/34.
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Ribeiro, Heraldo Brum [UNESP]. "Estrutura e evolução cariotípica de peixes ciclídeos sul americanos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87554.
Full textAbstract:
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ribeiro_hb_me_botib.pdf: 818945 bytes, checksum: 0dcdc893d82479fdd59b8e9e10c78d34 (MD5)Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Os ciclídeos são considerados peixes secundários adaptados à água doce e distribuídos principalmente pela África, América Central e América do sul. Nesse trabalho foram realizados estudos citogenéticos em 24 espécies representantes das principais subfamílias de ciclídeos sul-americanos com o objetivo de fornecer contribuições ao entendimento das tendências que governam a evolução cromossômica no grupo. Para isto foram realizadas análises da macroestrutura cariotípica através de coloração convencionais com Giemsa, localização das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (RONs) através de coloração com Nitrato de Prata e identificação de regiões heterocromáticas através de bandamento C. A análise da macroestrutura cariotípica revelou que, embora eventos de rearranjos cromossômicos ocorreram no grupo, os ciclídeos mantém ainda as características basais do cariótipo dos Perciformes composto por 48 cromossomos subtelo-acrocêntricos. As RONs estiveram presentes em um único par cromossômico, porém em posições variáveis, caracterizando a ocorrência de rearranjos envolvendo estes cromossomos. Embora blocos de heterocromatina tenham sido identificados principalmente no centrômero de todas as espécies analisadas, algumas espécies apresentaram grandes segmentos heterocromáticos intersticiais caracterizando eventos de ganhos de heterocromatina que levaram a diferenciação de cariótipos específicos. As análises citogenéticas realizadas mostram que, embora aparentemente conservada, a estrutura cariotípica dos ciclídeos tem sofrido inúmeros rearranjos ao longo da sua história evolutiva.
Cichlids are considered secondary fish adapted to the freshwater and distributed mainly in Africa, Central America and South America. Cytogenetic studies in 24 representative species of the main subfamilies of South American cichlids were conducted with the objective to supply informations about the chromosome evolution in the group. The karyotype macrostructure was analized through Giemsa stainning an localization of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) through silver staining technique and the identification of heterochromatic regions through C-banding. The analysis of the karyotype macrostructure showed that although events of chromosome rearrangements occurred in the group, the cichlids still mantain the basic karyotype structure of Perciformes with 48 subtelocentric and acrocentric chromosomes. The NORs were observed in only one chromosome pair, however in different positions, characterizing the occurrence of rearrangements involving the NOR-bearing chromosomes. Although heterochromatic blocks have been mainly identified in centromeres of all analyzed species, some species presented large interstitial heterochromatin segments characterizing events of heterochromatin accumulation that had lead to the differentiation of specific karyotypes. Although the cytogenetic data obtained showed an apparently conserved chromosome structure, the cichlid karyotipes have suffered rearrangements throughout its evolutionary history.
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Kautt, Andreas F. [Verfasser]. "Genome-wide Patterns of Adaptation and Speciation and Demographic Histories of Young Radiations of Cichlids / Andreas F. Kautt." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1156533872/34.
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