Journal articles: 'Cichlids Cichlids'

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van Snick Gray, Ellen, and Jay Stauffer. "Phenotypic plasticity: its role in trophic radiation and explosive speciation in cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae)." Animal Biology 54, no. 2 (2004): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570756041445191.

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AbstractPhenotypic plasticity is the capacity of an organism's phenotype to vary in different environments. Although diet-induced phenotypic plasticity has been documented in New World cichlids, it has been hypothesised that this type of plasticity would be limited in certain Old World cichlids, because of the morphological constraints on the jaw imposed by mouth-brooding. This hypothesis was experimentally tested by determining the effect of different diets on the head and jaw morphology of split broods of several species of haplochromine cichlids from Lake Malaŵi, Africa, and two substrate-spawning cichlids, one from the Old World, Tilapia mariae (Boulenger), and one from the New World, Herichthys cyanoguttatum (Baird and Girard). Different feeding regimes resulted in differences in head morphologies in both New and Old World cichlid species. Although Old World mouth-brooding haplochromine cichlids exhibited phenotypic plasticity, the magnitude of head-shape plasticity observed was greater in the New World substrate-spawning cichlid, H. cyanoguttatum . The Old World tilapiine cichlid, T. mariae , did not exhibit phenotypic plasticity of head morphology. Experiments with modified foods demonstrated that the observed changes were unrelated to dietary nutrition, but were a result of differing feeding modes. Phenotypic plasticity might have contributed to the extensive trophic radiation and subsequent explosive speciation observed in Old World haplochromine cichlids. The existence of phenotypic plasticity has implications for morphology-based species descriptions as well.

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Friedman, Matt, Benjamin P. Keck, Alex Dornburg, Ron I. Eytan, Christopher H. Martin, C. Darrin Hulsey, Peter C. Wainwright, and Thomas J. Near. "Molecular and fossil evidence place the origin of cichlid fishes long after Gondwanan rifting." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1770 (November 7, 2013): 20131733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1733.

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Cichlid fishes are a key model system in the study of adaptive radiation, speciation and evolutionary developmental biology. More than 1600 cichlid species inhabit freshwater and marginal marine environments across several southern landmasses. This distributional pattern, combined with parallels between cichlid phylogeny and sequences of Mesozoic continental rifting, has led to the widely accepted hypothesis that cichlids are an ancient group whose major biogeographic patterns arose from Gondwanan vicariance. Although the Early Cretaceous ( ca 135 Ma) divergence of living cichlids demanded by the vicariance model now represents a key calibration for teleost molecular clocks, this putative split pre-dates the oldest cichlid fossils by nearly 90 Myr. Here, we provide independent palaeontological and relaxed-molecular-clock estimates for the time of cichlid origin that collectively reject the antiquity of the group required by the Gondwanan vicariance scenario. The distribution of cichlid fossil horizons, the age of stratigraphically consistent outgroup lineages to cichlids and relaxed-clock analysis of a DNA sequence dataset consisting of 10 nuclear genes all deliver overlapping estimates for crown cichlid origin centred on the Palaeocene ( ca 65–57 Ma), substantially post-dating the tectonic fragmentation of Gondwana. Our results provide a revised macroevolutionary time scale for cichlids, imply a role for dispersal in generating the observed geographical distribution of this important model clade and add to a growing debate that questions the dominance of the vicariance paradigm of historical biogeography.

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Alemadi, Shireen, and Brian Wisenden. "Antipredator response to injury-released chemical alarm cues by convict cichlid young before and after independence from parental protection." Behaviour 139, no. 5 (2002): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390260136726.

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AbstractInjury-released chemical alarm cues are released when predators attack aquatic prey. These cues are generally released only in this context and as such, conspecific alarm cues form an important component of risk assessment. Minnows (Ostariophysi, Cyprinidae) possess a well-developed chemical alarm system. However, minnows do not respond to conspecific injury-released alarm cues until 30 to 50 d post-hatch. Non-ostariophysan fishes respond to chemical alarm cues with antipredator behavior but the ontogeny of this behavior is not known for any species. Here, we test convict cichlids (Acanthopterygii: Cichlidae), a species known to respond to alarm cues as adults. Convict cichlid parents care for their eggs and defend their developing young from predators for 4 to 6 weeks. In our experiment, we tested the ontogeny of antipredator response to chemical alarm cues in young convict cichlids well within and just beyond the size range typically defended by parents. We found that small convict cichlid young of a size typically defended by parents engaged in area avoidance and grouping behaviors in response to alarm cues and did so as effectively as young that would typically be independent of parental care.

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Fan, Shaohua, Kathryn R. Elmer, and Axel Meyer. "Genomics of adaptation and speciation in cichlid fishes: recent advances and analyses in African and Neotropical lineages." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1587 (February 5, 2012): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0247.

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Cichlid fishes are remarkably phenotypically diverse and species-rich. Therefore, they provide an exciting opportunity for the study of the genetics of adaptation and speciation by natural and sexual selection. Here, we review advances in the genomics and transcriptomics of cichlids, particularly regarding ecologically relevant differences in body shape, trophic apparatus, coloration and patterning, and sex determination. Research conducted so far has focused almost exclusively on African cichlids. To analyse genomic diversity and selection in a Neotropical radiation, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis between sympatric, ecologically divergent crater-lake Midas cichlids (Lake Xiloá Amphilophus amarillo and Amphilophus sagittae ). We pyrosequenced (Roche 454) expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries and generated more than 178 000 000 ESTs and identified nine ESTs under positive selection between these sister species ( K a/ K s > 1). None of these ESTs were found to be under selection in African cichlids. Of 11 candidate genes for ecomorphological differentiation in African cichlids, none showed signs of selection between A. amarillo and A. sagittae . Although more population-level studies are now needed to thoroughly document patterns of divergence during speciation of cichlids, available information so far suggests that adaptive phenotypic diversification in Neotropical and African cichlids may be evolving through non-parallel genetic bases.

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Ajagbe, S. O., R. O. Ajagbe, O. S. Ariwoola, F. I. Abdulazeez, O. O. Oyewole, M. T. Ojubolamo, A. O. Olomola, O. O. Oyekan, and O. S. Oke. "Diversity and abundance of cichlids in Ikere Gorge Reservoir, Iseyin, Oyo State, Nigeria." Zoologist (The) 18, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v18i1.9.

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Cichlids are highly abundant and commercially important fish in freshwater ecosystems in Nigeria. This study examined the diversity and abundance of cichlids in Ikere Gorge Reservoir. Four fishing villages were randomly selected from 12 fishing villages in Ikere Gorge Reservoir as sampling sites. Cichlids were sampled randomly and examined from fishermen catch in each selected fishing village; were identified with appropriate keys; the weight and abundance of the catches were recorded. The data obtained was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS (Version 20.0) software to determine the abundance of fish species. Fish species diversity was carried out by using Palaeontological Statistics (PAST). Eight species of cichlids were sampled in Ikere Gorge but Sarotherodon galilaeus was the most abundant species while the least abundant species was Pelmatolapia mariae. It was observed that, cichlids were abundant in rainy season than in the dry season. Likewise, cichlids were abundant in Ikere-gorge reservoir but they have low diversity. This may be as a result of unsustainable fishing pressure and deforestation of riparian forest and sedimentation in Ikere-gorge reservoir. Therefore, to maintain sustainable fishing activities and improve cichlids population in Ikeregorge reservoir, unsustainable activities in and around Ikere Gorge reservoir should be put under control. Keywords: Cichlidae; freshwater species; dominant; Sarotherodon galilaeus; Pelmatolapia mariae.

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Perez, Patricia Alano, Maria Claudia Malabarba, and Cecilia del Papa. "A new genus and species of Heroini (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from the early Eocene of southern South America." Neotropical Ichthyology 8, no. 3 (2010): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252010000300008.

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The Lumbrera Formation is the uppermost unit of the Salta Group, which crops out in northwestern Argentina. The paleoenvironment of the Lumbrera Formation is interpreted as a perennial lake deposited under temperate climatic conditions during the early to middle Eocene. Its fossil content is made up of palynomorphs, insects, crocodiles, turtles, lizards, and mammals, besides an ichthyofauna formed by cichlids, poeciliids and dipnoans. †Plesioheros chauliodus is described based on a single individual from this formation, which was fossilized as a lateral view impression (missing anal and caudal fins). It can be distinguished from other cichlids by a moderately deep body, enlarged anterior dentary teeth bearing subapical cusp, a low abdominal vertebral count (10), five canal openings in the dentary, and XI + 12 dorsal-fin rays. A phylogenetic analysis, using the matrix by Kullander (1998), recovered †Plesioheros within Heroini. This species was recovered most closely related to Australoheros and to the deep-bodied South American heroins. The occurrence of an Eocene Heroini, as well as of other cichlid lineages in the same stratigraphical level, is evidence of an ancient diversification in this family. This ancient age supports the hypothesis that the Cichlidae originated on Gondwana.

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Scaia, María Florencia, Luciano Cavallino, and Matías Pandolfi. "Social control of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in cichlid fish: a comparative approach." Reproduction 159, no. 1 (January 2020): R31—R43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-18-0650.

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Social animals with hierarchical dominance systems are susceptible to changes their environment. Interactions with conspecifics can greatly affect individual’s behavior and reproductive success. This review will show how social behavior modulates gonadal steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in African and Neotropical cichlid fish with different social systems and how this modulation regulates reproductive capacity. Social behavior and aggressiveness are strongly linked to sex steroids, glucocorticoids and neuropeptides. The challenge hypothesis suggests that behavioral interactions increase androgen levels in response to social instability, but there is little evidence regarding estradiol levels. It has been recently demonstrated that in male Cichlasoma dimerus, a Neotropical cichlid fish, the challenge hypothesis could also be extended to estrogens. In C. dimerus, dominant males have higher gonadosomatic index than subordinated; the percentage of spermatocytes and spermatids is higher in subordinates, while dominants show a greater percentage of spermatozoa. In other species of African cichlids, socially suppressed subordinate males are not reproductively incompetent maintaining some activity at every level of their reproductive axis. Axis reactivation upon social ascent is similar to the initiation of puberty in mammals, as well as the reoccurrence of puberty observed in seasonally breeding animals. In conclusion, social behavior and reproductive strategies in females cichlids are still understudied, and Neotropical cichlids still constitute a group that deserves more attention, considering cichlids’ diversity in mating systems, reproductive behavior and parental care. This review highlights the importance of performing further studies and additional research in these two areas, which still remain to be addressed.

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VERBURG, PIET, and ROGER BILLS. "Two new cichild species Neolamprologus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa." Zootaxa 1612, no. 1 (October 10, 2007): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1612.1.2.

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Two new cichlid species, Neolamprologus walteri sp. nov. and N. chitamwebwai sp. nov., from the Bangwe peninsula (Tanzania), on the east coast of Lake Tanganyika, are described. Both species belong to the N. savoryi species complex, characterised by a lunate tail with long filaments. Neolamprologus chitamwebwai and N. walteri are highly stenotopic species, restricted to rocky habitat. They occur sympatrically with each other and with two other species of the complex but occupy different microhabitats. Neolamprologus walteri lives in large numbers in sheltered areas with rubble substrate whereas N. chitamwebwai occurs in much lower numbers on more exposed parts of the rocky shores, with large boulders, lower sedimentation rates, coarser sediment, and higher visibility. The two new species although closely related, show clear ecological differentiation. Evidence of ecological differentiation between closely related sympatric cichlids is rare in literature. Closely related sympatric cichlids in the large African lakes (with literature mainly referring to Lake Victoria and Lake Malawi) have been suggested to differ little in diet and habitat use, which has encouraged the idea that cichlid species can coexist without niche partitioning. Our paper provides a different perspective with cichlids from Lake Tanganyika.

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Rometsch, Sina J., Julián Torres-Dowdall, and Axel Meyer. "Evolutionary dynamics of pre- and postzygotic reproductive isolation in cichlid fishes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1806 (July 13, 2020): 20190535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0535.

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Cichlid fishes are exceptionally species-rich, speciated at explosive rates and, hence, are a model system in speciation research. Yet, their reproductive isolating barriers have, so far, not been comprehensively studied. Here, we review current knowledge on pre- and postzygotic mechanisms in cichlids. While premating isolation is the norm in cichlids, its strength varies across lineages and with the geographical setting. Moreover, manipulations of ambient conditions tended to reduce assortative mating among closely related species, suggesting that premating isolation in cichlids is often fragile and context dependent. The observed lack of complete reproductive isolation is supported by past and present hybridization events that have contributed to diversity by creating novel allelic combinations. On the other hand, our meta-analysis highlights that intrinsic postzygotic isolation might accumulate faster than assumed. Mild forms of genetic incompatibilities, such as sex ratio distortion, can already be observed among closely related species. Therefore, cessation of gene flow by strong reproductive isolation in cichlids requires a combination of premating prezygotic isolation supplemented with intrinsic and extrinsic postzygotic barriers. Further, we suggest crucial next steps to improve our knowledge about reproductive barriers in cichlids to understand the evolutionary dynamics of pre- and postzygotic isolation mechanisms during adaptive radiations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers'.

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Kassam, Daud, Kosaku Yamaoka, Aggrey Ambali, and Dean Adams. "Body shape variation in relation to resource partitioning within cichlid trophic guilds coexisting along the rocky shore of Lake Malawi." Animal Biology 53, no. 1 (2003): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075603769682585.

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AbstractTo appreciate better how cichlids segregate along the trophic, spatial and temporal dimensions, it is necessary to understand the cichlids' body design, and its role in resource partitioning. We investigated body shape variation, quantified using landmark-based geometric morphometrics, among cichlid species belonging to algal and zooplankton feeders coexisting along the rocky shores of Lake Malawi, in order to elucidate the adaptive significance of body shape. Significant differences were found within zooplankton feeders in which Copadichromis borleyi had a shorter gape, smaller eyes and shorter caudal peduncle relative to Ctenopharynx pictus and, within algal feeders, Labeotropheus fuelleborni had a shorter and inferior subterminal gape, and shorter head relative to Petrotilapia genalutea. Variation among species is discussed with reference to trophic and feeding microhabitat differentiation which enables us to appreciate the role of body shape in enhancing ecological separation, and thus leads to coexistence among cichlid species.

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Garrone-Neto, Domingos, and Ivan Sazima. "The more stirring the better: cichlid fishes associate with foraging potamotrygonid rays." Neotropical Ichthyology 7, no. 3 (September 2009): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252009000300018.

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One hunting tactic of freshwater rays (Potamotrygonidae), termed "undulate the disc and stir substrate", is here reported to attract cichlids at two sites in the upper Paraná River. The ray species involved in such association are Potamotrygon falkneri and P. motoro, whose activity attract four cichlid species, namely Crenicichla britskii, Satanoperca pappaterra, Cichla kelberi, and Geophagus proximus, the two latter non-native species to the study area. The cichlids approach a ray when it begins to stir the substrate and form sediment clouds, and remain close to the ray during this activity only. The association is here regarded as following behavior even if very transient.

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Lukas, Juliane A. Y., Jonas Jourdan, Gregor Kalinkat, Sebastian Emde, Friedrich Wilhelm Miesen, Hannah Jüngling, Berardino Cocchiararo, and David Bierbach. "On the occurrence of three non-native cichlid species including the first record of a feral population of Pelmatolapia ( Tilapia ) mariae (Boulenger, 1899) in Europe." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 6 (June 2017): 170160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170160.

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Thermally influenced freshwater systems provide suitable conditions for non-native species of tropical and subtropical origin to survive and form proliferating populations beyond their native ranges. In Germany, non-native convict cichlids ( Amatitlania nigrofasciata ) and tilapia ( Oreochromis sp.) have established populations in the Gillbach, a small stream that receives warm water discharge from a local power plant. Here, we report on the discovery of spotted tilapia ( Pelmatolapia mariae ) in the Gillbach, the first record of a reproducing population of this species in Europe. It has been hypothesized that Oreochromis sp. in the Gillbach are descendants of aquaculture escapees and our mtDNA analysis found both O. mossambicus and O. niloticus maternal lineages, which are commonly used for hybrids in aquaculture. Convict cichlids and spotted tilapia were most probably introduced into the Gillbach by aquarium hobbyists. Despite their high invasiveness worldwide, we argue that all three cichlid species are unlikely to spread and persist permanently beyond the thermally influenced range of the Gillbach river system. However, convict cichlids from the Gillbach are known to host both native and non-native fish parasites and thus, non-native cichlids may constitute threats to the native fish fauna. We therefore strongly recommend continuous monitoring of the Gillbach and similar systems.

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Cohen, Marcus S., M. Brent Hawkins, David W. Stock, and Alexander Cruz. "Early life-history features associated with brood parasitism in the cuckoo catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0205.

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The cuckoo catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus , is the only known obligate brood parasite among fishes, exploiting the parental care of mouthbrooding cichlids endemic to Lake Tanganyika. Comparisons of this system to brood parasitism in birds may reveal broader principles that underlie the evolution of this life-history strategy in vertebrates. However, little is known about the features of the cuckoo catfish that enable this species to successfully parasitize cichlids. Here, we examine early ontogeny of the cuckoo catfish and compare it to that of its cichlid hosts as well as a non-parasitic congener. We found that cuckoo catfish embryos develop and hatch in advance of host embryos, and begin feeding on cichlid young just as they start to hatch. Overall timing of ontogeny in the cuckoo catfish was found to be similar to that of the substrate-spawning congener Synodontis lucipinnis , suggesting that more rapid development of the cuckoo catfish relative to cichlids is not a unique adaptation to brood parasitism. However, we found that cuckoo catfish progeny exhibit extensive morphological differences from S . lucipinnis , which may represent adaptations to brood parasitism. These life-history observations reveal both similarities and differences between the cuckoo catfish system and brood parasitism in other lineages. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

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Chang, Chia-Hsuan, Sayuj Poudyal, Theeraporn Pulpipat, Pei-Chi Wang, and Shih-Chu Chen. "Pathological Manifestations of Francisella orientalis in the Green Texas Cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus)." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082284.

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Francisella orientalis (Fo) is considered to be one of the major pathogens of tilapia because of the high mortalities observed during outbreaks. Other cichlids belonging to the same family (Cichlidae) as tilapia are also quite susceptible to this pathogen. On various occasions, Fo has also been isolated from other warm water fish, including three-line grunt, hybrid striped bass, French grunt, Caesar grunt, and Indo-Pacific reef fish. However, only a few studies have reported the pathogenicity of Francisella orientalis in ornamental cichlid fish. This study fulfills Koch’s postulates by showing that a strain of Fo obtained from green Texas cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus) was able to produce the same pathogenicity in healthy fish. A mortality of 100% was observed after healthy green Texas cichlid were experimentally injected with Fo at a dose of 8.95 × 105 CFU/fish. DNA extracted from the organs of predilection (spleen, head kidney) gave positive results by PCR for all fish that died during the experimental period. Spleen and head kidney presented with multifocal white nodules in the affected fish, corresponding to typical vacuolated granulomas on histopathological examination of the tissues. Based on the results of this study, it is evident that Fo can indeed infect green Texas cichlid and produce a disease typical of francisellosis.

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Smith, Adam R., Moira J. van Staaden, and Karen L. Carleton. "An Evaluation of the Role of Sensory Drive in the Evolution of Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012 (June 21, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/647420.

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Although the cichlids of Lake Malawi are an important model system for the study of sensory evolution and sexual selection, the evolutionary processes linking these two phenomena remain unclear. Prior works have proposed that evolutionary divergence is driven by sensory drive, particularly as it applies to the visual system. While evidence suggests that sensory drive has played a role in the speciation of Lake Victoria cichlids, the findings from several lines of research on cichlids of Lake Malawi are not consistent with the primary tenets of this hypothesis. More specifically, three observations make the sensory drive model implausible in Malawi: (i) a lack of environmental constraint due to a broad and intense ambient light spectrum in species rich littoral habitats, (ii) pronounced variation in receiver sensory characteristics, and (iii) pronounced variability in male courtship signal characteristics. In the following work, we synthesize the results from recent studies to draw attention to the importance of sensory variation in cichlid evolution and speciation, and we suggest possible avenues of future research.

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Feller, Anna F., Vera Ogi, Ole Seehausen, and Joana I. Meier. "Identification of a novel sex determining chromosome in cichlid fishes that acts as XY or ZW in different lineages." Hydrobiologia 848, no. 16 (March 13, 2021): 3727–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04560-7.

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AbstractSex determination systems are highly conserved among most vertebrates with genetic sex determination, but can be variable and evolve rapidly in some. Here, we study sex determination in a clade with exceptionally high sex chromosome turnover rates. We identify the sex determining chromosomes in three interspecific crosses of haplochromine cichlid fishes from Lakes Victoria and Malawi. We find evidence for different sex determiners in each cross. In the Malawi cross and one Victoria cross the same chromosome is sex-linked but while females are the heterogametic sex in the Malawi species, males are the heterogametic sex in the Victoria species. This chromosome has not previously been reported to be sex determining in cichlids, increasing the number of different chromosomes shown to be sex determining in cichlids to 12. All Lake Victoria species of our crosses are less than 15,000 years divergent, and we identified different sex determiners among them. Our study provides further evidence for the diversity and evolutionary flexibility of sex determination in cichlids, factors which might contribute to their rapid adaptive radiations.

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Gilbert, Michelle C., Emily Tetrault, Mary Packard, Dina Navon, and R. Craig Albertson. "Ciliary Rootlet Coiled-Coil 2 (crocc2) Is Associated with Evolutionary Divergence and Plasticity of Cichlid Jaw Shape." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 8 (March 15, 2021): 3078–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab071.

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Abstract Cichlid fishes exhibit rapid, extensive, and replicative adaptive radiation in feeding morphology. Plasticity of the cichlid jaw has also been well documented, and this combination of iterative evolution and developmental plasticity has led to the proposition that the cichlid feeding apparatus represents a morphological “flexible stem.” Under this scenario, the fixation of environmentally sensitive genetic variation drives evolutionary divergence along a phenotypic axis established by the initial plastic response. Thus, if plasticity is predictable then so too should be the evolutionary response. We set out to explore these ideas at the molecular level by identifying genes that underlie both the evolution and plasticity of the cichlid jaw. As a first step, we fine-mapped an environment-specific quantitative trait loci for lower jaw shape in cichlids, and identified a nonsynonymous mutation in the ciliary rootlet coiled-coil 2 (crocc2), which encodes a major structural component of the primary cilium. Given that primary cilia play key roles in skeletal mechanosensing, we reasoned that this gene may confer its effects by regulating the sensitivity of bone to respond to mechanical input. Using both cichlids and zebrafish, we confirmed this prediction through a series of experiments targeting multiple levels of biological organization. Taken together, our results implicate crocc2 as a novel mediator of bone formation, plasticity, and evolution.

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Recknagel, Hans, Kathryn R. Elmer, and Axel Meyer. "A Hybrid Genetic Linkage Map of Two Ecologically and Morphologically Divergent Midas Cichlid Fishes (Amphilophus spp.) Obtained by Massively Parallel DNA Sequencing (ddRADSeq)." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.112.003897.

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Abstract Cichlid fishes are an excellent model system for studying speciation and the formation of adaptive radiations because of their tremendous species richness and astonishing phenotypic diversity. Most research has focused on African rift lake fishes, although Neotropical cichlid species display much variability as well. Almost one dozen species of the Midas cichlid species complex (Amphilophus spp.) have been described so far and have formed repeated adaptive radiations in several Nicaraguan crater lakes. Here we apply double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing to obtain a high-density linkage map of an interspecific cross between the benthic Amphilophus astorquii and the limnetic Amphilophus zaliosus, which are sympatric species endemic to Crater Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. A total of 755 RAD markers were genotyped in 343 F2 hybrids. The map resolved 25 linkage groups and spans a total distance of 1427 cM with an average marker spacing distance of 1.95 cM, almost matching the total number of chromosomes (n = 24) in these species. Regions of segregation distortion were identified in five linkage groups. Based on the pedigree of parents to F2 offspring, we calculated a genome-wide mutation rate of 6.6 × 10−8 mutations per nucleotide per generation. This genetic map will facilitate the mapping of ecomorphologically relevant adaptive traits in the repeated phenotypes that evolved within the Midas cichlid lineage and, as the first linkage map of a Neotropical cichlid, facilitate comparative genomic analyses between African cichlids, Neotropical cichlids and other teleost fishes.

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Ahi, Ehsan P., Anna Duenser, Pooja Singh, Wolfgang Gessl, and Christian Sturmbauer. "Appetite regulating genes may contribute to herbivory versus carnivory trophic divergence in haplochromine cichlids." PeerJ 8 (January 20, 2020): e8375. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8375.

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Feeding is a complex behaviour comprised of satiety control, foraging, ingestion and subsequent digestion. Cichlids from the East African Great Lakes are renowned for their diverse trophic specializations, largely predicated on highly variable jaw morphologies. Thus, most research has focused on dissecting the genetic, morphological and regulatory basis of jaw and teeth development in these species. Here for the first time we explore another aspect of feeding, the regulation of appetite related genes that are expressed in the brain and control satiety in cichlid fishes. Using qPCR analysis, we first validate stably expressed reference genes in the brain of six haplochromine cichlid species at the end of larval development prior to foraging. We next evaluate the expression of 16 appetite related genes in herbivorous and carnivorous species from the parallel radiations of Lake Tanganyika, Malawi and Victoria. Interestingly, we find increased expression of two appetite-regulating genes (anorexigenic genes), cart and npy2r, in the brain of carnivorous species in all the three lakes. This supports the notion that appetite gene regulation might play a part in determining trophic niche specialization in divergent cichlid species, already prior to exposure to different diets. Our study contributes to the limited body of knowledge on the neurological circuitry that controls feeding transitions and adaptations in cichlids and other teleosts.

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Moser, Florian N., Jacco C. van Rijssel, Salome Mwaiko, Joana I. Meier, Benjamin Ngatunga, and Ole Seehausen. "The onset of ecological diversification 50 years after colonization of a crater lake by haplochromine cichlid fishes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1884 (August 15, 2018): 20180171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0171.

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Adaptive radiation research typically relies on the study of evolution in retrospective, leaving the predictive value of the concept hard to evaluate. Several radiations, including the cichlid fishes in the East African Great Lakes, have been studied extensively, yet no study has investigated the onset of the intraspecific processes of niche expansion and differentiation shortly after colonization of an adaptive zone by cichlids. Haplochromine cichlids of one of the two lineages that seeded the Lake Victoria radiation recently arrived in Lake Chala, a lake perfectly suited for within-lake cichlid speciation. Here, we infer the colonization and demographic history, quantify phenotypic, ecological and genomic diversity and diversification, and investigate the selection regime to ask if the population shows signs of diversification resembling the onset of adaptive radiation. We find that since their arrival in the lake, haplochromines have colonized a wide range of depth habitats associated with ecological and morphological expansion and the beginning of phenotypic differentiation and potentially nascent speciation, consistent with the very early onset of an adaptive radiation process. Moreover, we demonstrate evidence of rugged phenotypic fitness surfaces, indicating that current ecological selection may contribute to the phenotypic diversification.

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Schwarzer, Julia, Anton Lamboj, Kathrin Langen, Bernhard Misof, and Ulrich K. Schliewen. "Phylogeny and age of chromidotilapiine cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae)." Hydrobiologia 748, no. 1 (June 11, 2014): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1918-1.

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Hata, Hiroki, and Haruki Ochi. "Depth and substratum differentiations among coexisting herbivorous cichlids in Lake Tanganyika." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (November 2016): 160229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160229.

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Cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika represent a system of adaptive radiation in which eight ancestral lineages have diversified into hundreds of species through adaptation to various niches. However, Tanganyikan cichlids have been thought to be oversaturated, that is, the species number exceeds the number of niches and ecologically equivalent and competitively even species coexist. However, recent studies have shed light on niche segregation on a finer scale among apparently equivalent species. We observed depth and substratum preferences of 15 herbivorous cichlids from four ecomorphs (i.e. grazer, browser, scraper and scooper) on a rocky littoral slope for 14 years. Depth differentiation was detected among grazers that defended feeding territories and among browsers with feeding territories. Cichlid species having no feeding territory also showed specificity on depth and substratum, resulting in habitat segregation among species that belong to the same ecomorph. Phylogenetically close species did not occupy adjacent depths, nor the opposite depth zones. Our findings suggest that apparently equivalent species of the same ecomorph coexist parapatrically along depth on a few-metre scale, or coexist with different substratum preferences on the rocky shore, and this niche segregation may have been acquired by competition between encountering equivalent species through repetitive lake-level fluctuations.

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Bezault, Etienne, Xavier Rognon, Karim Gharbi, Jean-Francois Baroiller, and Bernard Chevassus. "Microsatellites Cross-Species Amplification across Some African Cichlids." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012 (June 4, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/870935.

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The transfer of the genomic resources developed in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, to other Tilapiines sensu lato and African cichlid would provide new possibilities to study this amazing group from genetics, ecology, evolution, aquaculture, and conservation point of view. We tested the cross-species amplification of 32 O. niloticus microsatellite markers in a panel of 15 species from 5 different African cichlid tribes: Oreochromines (Oreochromis, Sarotherodon), Boreotilapiines (Tilapia), Chromidotilapines, Hemichromines, and Haplochromines. Amplification was successfully observed for 29 markers (91%), with a frequency of polymorphic (P95) loci per species around 70%. The mean number of alleles per locus and species was 3.2 but varied from 3.7 within Oreochromis species to 1.6 within the nontilapia species. The high level of cross-species amplification and polymorphism of the microsatellite markers tested in this study provides powerful tools for a wide range of molecular genetic studies within tilapia species as well as for other African cichlids.

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Polačik, M., M. Reichard, C. Smith, and R. Blažek. "Parasitic cuckoo catfish exploit parental responses to stray offspring." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0412.

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Interspecific brood parasitism occurs in several independent lineages of birds and social insects, putatively evolving from intraspecific brood parasitism. The cuckoo catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus , the only known obligatory non-avian brood parasite, exploits mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika, despite the absence of parental care in its evolutionary lineage (family Mochokidae). Cuckoo catfish participate in host spawning events, with their eggs subsequently collected and brooded by parental cichlids, though they can later be selectively rejected by the host. One scenario for the origin of brood parasitism in cuckoo catfish is through predation of cichlid eggs during spawning, eventually resulting in a spatial and temporal match in oviposition by host and parasite. Here we demonstrate experimentally that, uniquely among all known brood parasites, cuckoo catfish have the capacity to re-infect their hosts at a late developmental stage following egg rejection. We show that cuckoo catfish offspring can survive outside the host buccal cavity and re-infect parental hosts at a later incubation phase by exploiting the strong parental instinct of hosts to collect stray offspring. This finding implies an alternative evolutionary origin for cuckoo catfish brood parasitism, with the parental response of host cichlids facilitating its evolution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

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Ota, Kazutaka, Mitsuto Aibara, Masaya Morita, Satoshi Awata, Michio Hori, and Masanori Kohda. "Alternative Reproductive Tactics in the Shell-Brooding Lake Tanganyika Cichlid Neolamprologus brevis." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012 (July 19, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/193235.

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Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are found in several Lake Tanganyika shell-brooding cichlids. Field studies were conducted in the Wonzye population to examine reproductive ecology and ARTs in the Lake Tanganyika shell-brooding cichlid Neolamprologus brevis. We discovered that this fish occurred in both rocky- and sandy-bottom habitats, but in rocky habitats, brood-caring females exclusively occurred in shell-patches that another cichlid species created. All N. brevis of both sexes in the patches were sexually mature, whereas immature males and females with unripe eggs were found frequently in sandy-bottom habitats. Males in sandy-bottom habitats were smaller, but fed more frequently and were in better somatic condition than males in the patches. Similar tendency was found in females. This indicates that N. brevis uses different habitats depending on the stage of its life history, with migration from sandy-bottom habitats to the shell-patches for reproduction. Males in the patches exhibited different behavior patterns: floating above the patches and lying in the patches. The former was larger, more aggressive, and invested less in gonads (relative to body size) than the latter. These results accord with those of other shell-brooding Lake Tanganyika cichlids with ARTs, and they therefore suggest the presence of ARTs in N. brevis.

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Arbour, Jessica Hilary, and Hernán López-Fernández. "Continental cichlid radiations: functional diversity reveals the role of changing ecological opportunity in the Neotropics." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1836 (August 17, 2016): 20160556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0556.

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Adaptive radiations have been hypothesized to contribute broadly to the diversity of organisms. Models of adaptive radiation predict that ecological opportunity and ecological release, the availability of empty ecological niches and the response by adapting lineages to occupy them, respectively, drive patterns of phenotypic and lineage diversification. Adaptive radiations driven by ‘ecological opportunity’ are well established in island systems; it is less clear if ecological opportunity influences continent-wide diversification. We use Neotropical cichlid fishes to test if variation in rates of functional evolution is consistent with changing ecological opportunity. Across a functional morphological axis associated with ram–suction feeding traits, evolutionary rates declined through time as lineages diversified in South America. Evolutionary rates of ram–suction functional morphology also appear to have accelerated as cichlids colonized Central America and encountered renewed opportunity. Our results suggest that ecological opportunity may play an important role in shaping patterns of morphological diversity of even broadly distributed lineages like Neotropical cichlids.

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Danley, Patrick D., Martin Husemann, Baoqing Ding, Lyndsay M. DiPietro, Emily J. Beverly, and Daniel J. Peppe. "The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012 (July 19, 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/574851.

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The cichlid fishes of the East African Great Lakes are the largest extant vertebrate radiation identified to date. These lakes and their surrounding waters support over 2,000 species of cichlid fish, many of which are descended from a single common ancestor within the past 10 Ma. The extraordinary East African cichlid diversity is intricately linked to the highly variable geologic and paleoclimatic history of this region. Greater than 10 Ma, the western arm of the East African rift system began to separate, thereby creating a series of rift basins that would come to contain several water bodies, including the extremely deep Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi. Uplifting associated with this rifting backponded many rivers and created the extremely large, but shallow Lake Victoria. Since their creation, the size, shape, and existence of these lakes have changed dramatically which has, in turn, significantly influenced the evolutionary history of the lakes' cichlids. This paper reviews the geologic history and paleoclimate of the East African Great Lakes and the impact of these forces on the region's endemic cichlid flocks.

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Takahashi, Tetsumi, and Stephan Koblmüller. "The Adaptive Radiation of Cichlid Fish in Lake Tanganyika: A Morphological Perspective." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (May 10, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/620754.

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Lake Tanganyika is the oldest of the Great Ancient Lakes in the East Africa. This lake harbours about 250 species of cichlid fish, which are highly diverse in terms of morphology, behaviour, and ecology. Lake Tanganyika's cichlid diversity has evolved through explosive speciation and is treated as a textbook example of adaptive radiation, the rapid differentiation of a single ancestor into an array of species that differ in traits used to exploit their environments and resources. To elucidate the processes and mechanisms underlying the rapid speciation and adaptive radiation of Lake Tanganyika's cichlid species assemblage it is important to integrate evidence from several lines of research. Great efforts have been, are, and certainly will be taken to solve the mystery of how so many cichlid species evolved in so little time. In the present review, we summarize morphological studies that relate to the adaptive radiation of Lake Tanganyika's cichlids and highlight their importance for understanding the process of adaptive radiation.

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Victor, Reginald, and Jacob Odenkey Tetteh. "Fish communities of a perturbed stream in Southern Nigeria." Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, no. 1 (February 1988): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002492.

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ABSTRACTFish communities of a fourth order stream impounded by a weir were studied in Southern Nigeria. Fifty-eight species were recorded of which 90% occurred upstream while reservoir and downstream accounted for 48% and 43% respectively. The distribution of some fish families indicated the effects of habitat alterations caused by reservoir and downstream conditions. The fauna upstream was different from that of reservoir and downstream. Relative abundance of non-cichlids common to reservoir and downstream showed 42% similarity. The longitudinal distribution of three non-cichlid populations was different in reservoir and downstream. Non-cichlid species richness was almost similar in reservoir and downstream, but its general diversity and evenness were higher in reservoir than its downstream. Fish community changes in this stream are discussed.

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Santos, M. E., and W. Salzburger. "How Cichlids Diversify." Science 338, no. 6107 (November 1, 2012): 619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1224818.

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Fernald, Russell D. "CICHLIDS IN LOVE." Sciences 33, no. 4 (July 8, 1993): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2326-1951.1993.tb03108.x.

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Vives, Stephen P. "Parent choice by larval convict cichlids, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Cichlidae, Pisces)." Animal Behaviour 36, no. 1 (February 1988): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(88)80245-8.

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Stiassny, Melanie L. J. "Taxonomy and systematics of South American Cichlidae: the other cichlids." Environmental Biology of Fishes 36, no. 1 (January 1993): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00005987.

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Leo Smith, Wm, Prosanta Chakrabarty, and John S. Sparks. "Phylogeny, taxonomy, and evolution of Neotropical cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Cichlinae)." Cladistics 24, no. 5 (October 2008): 625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00210.x.

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McGee, Matthew D., Brant C. Faircloth, Samuel R. Borstein, Jimmy Zheng, C. Darrin Hulsey, Peter C. Wainwright, and Michael E. Alfaro. "Replicated divergence in cichlid radiations mirrors a major vertebrate innovation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1822 (January 13, 2016): 20151413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1413.

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Decoupling of the upper jaw bones—jaw kinesis—is a distinctive feature of the ray-finned fishes, but it is not clear how the innovation is related to the extraordinary diversity of feeding behaviours and feeding ecology in this group. We address this issue in a lineage of ray-finned fishes that is well known for its ecological and functional diversity—African rift lake cichlids. We sequenced ultraconserved elements to generate a phylogenomic tree of the Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi cichlid radiations. We filmed a diverse array of over 50 cichlid species capturing live prey and quantified the extent of jaw kinesis in the premaxillary and maxillary bones. Our combination of phylogenomic and kinematic data reveals a strong association between biting modes of feeding and reduced jaw kinesis, suggesting that the contrasting demands of biting and suction feeding have strongly influenced cranial evolution in both cichlid radiations.

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Parkos, Joseph J., and Joel C. Trexler. "Origins of functional connectivity in a human-modified wetland landscape." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 9 (September 2014): 1418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0553.

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Spatial heterogeneity in habitat conditions within a landscape should influence degree of movement of species between natural and artificial environments. For wetland landscapes, this functional connectivity was predicted to emerge from the influence of spatiotemporal patterns of depth on permeability of habitat edges and distance and directedness of cross-habitat dispersal. We quantified how connectivity between canals and marshes of the Florida Everglades varies with species and landscape patterns bordering canals by using radio telemetry to measure movement of a native (Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus) and a nonnative species (Mayan cichlid, Cichlasoma urophthalmus) common to canals. Both species moved similar distances inside canal networks, but Mayan cichlids dispersed outside of canals more frequently, at shallower conditions, and over greater distances than Florida largemouth bass. As topographic relief increased in marshes bordering canals, dispersal between these habitats decreased in distance and became more directed, with Florida largemouth bass sensitive to depth variability at a smaller spatial scale than Mayan cichlids. The way fish traits interact with submerged landscape structure to influence connectivity can serve as a basis for predicting potential impacts of artificial habitats that arise from dispersal outside their borders.

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Dastanpoor, Neda, Yazdan Keivany, and Eisa Ebrahimi. "Comparative osteology of three endemic cichlids (Iranocichla spp.) (Actinopterygii, Perciformes, Cichlidae) from southern Iran." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 51, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/aiep.51.63218.

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Iranian cichlids are isolated disjunct populations of the African cichlids group, restricted to the Hormuz Strait region in the Hormuz basin, and are a very important group from both zoogeographic and phylogenetic points of view. Thus, the osteological structures, as one of the most reliable structures, of the three nominal species of Iranian cichlid fishes, Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982, from the Mehran River, Iranocichla persa Esmaeili, Sayyadzadeh et Seehausen, 2016, from Khorgo hot spring, and Iranocichla sp., from the Kol River were described and compared. Ten specimens of each species were cleared and stained with Alcian blue and Alizarin red. A digital camera was used for taking pictures and CorelDraw X6 software for preparing drawings. The three species have some differences in the caudal fin skeleton, shape of the urostyle, neural spine of preural 2, hypural spines 2, and 3, anterior part of parhypural and hypurapophysis, the size of neural spines of preural 2 and 3, hypural 3 and 4, and epurals. Although there are some differences among the species, osteology of these species is very conservative and other traits like behavioral and molecular should be used.

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Verzijden, Machteld N., and Carel ten Cate. "Early learning influences species assortative mating preferences in Lake Victoria cichlid fish." Biology Letters 3, no. 2 (February 7, 2007): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0601.

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The Lake Victoria ‘species flock’ of cichlids is puzzling because reproductive isolation often occurs in the absence of substantial ecological differences among species. Theory predicts that this cannot evolve with most genetic mechanisms for mate choice. We provide the first evidence that learning, in the form of sexual imprinting, helps maintain reproductive isolation among closely related cichlid species. Using a cross-fostering experiment, we show that young females develop a sexual preference for males of their foster mothers' species, even reversing species assortative mating preferences. We suggest that learning creates favourable conditions for reproductive isolation to evolve.

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Heg, Dik. "Reproductive suppression in female cooperatively breeding cichlids." Biology Letters 4, no. 6 (August 26, 2008): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0365.

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Suppression by dominants of female subordinate reproduction has been found in many vertebrate social groups, but has rarely been shown experimentally. Here experimental evidence is provided for reproductive suppression in the group-living Lake Tanganyika cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher . Within groups of three unrelated females, suppression was due to medium- and small-sized females laying less frequently compared with large females, and compared with medium females in control pairs. Clutch size and average egg mass of all females depended on body size, but not on rank. In a second step, a large female was removed from the group and a very small female was added to keep the group size constant. The medium females immediately seized the dominant breeding position in the group and started to reproduce as frequently as control pairs, whereas clutch size and egg mass did not change. These results show that female subordinate cichlids are reproductively capable, but apparently suppressed with respect to egg laying. Nevertheless, some reproduction is tolerated, possibly to ensure continued alloparental care by subordinate females.

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Burress, Edward D., and Peter C. Wainwright. "A peacock bass (Cichla) functional novelty relaxes a constraint imposed by the classic cichlid pharyngeal jaw innovation." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa050.

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Abstract Innovations may provide access to new resources but often result in significant trade-offs. Pharyngognathy is a classic pharyngeal jaw innovation in which the left and right lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ) bones are united into a single structure, producing a strong bite but reduced gape. Throughout cichlids, pharyngeal suturing occurs along the entire medial border between LPJ bones, except in peacock bass (Cichla), where these bones are connected by ligaments only in their anterior region. We show that this limited attachment permits the jaw bones to spread apart and we link this feature to an increase in pharyngeal gape that is comparable to non-pharyngognathous species. The capacity of the LPJ bones to spread apart is strongest in juveniles and is mostly lost during development. Juvenile Cichla exhibit size-specific pharyngeal gape similar to non-pharyngognathous percomorphs; however, adults exhibit pharyngeal gape on par with other predatory cichlids. Relaxation of pharyngeal suturing offsets a major deleterious consequence of pharyngognathy by reducing gape limitation and we propose this may accelerate the ontogenetic transition to piscivory. Partial reversal of the classic cichlid pharyngeal jaw innovation highlights the functional trade-offs that often accompany innovations and may be a major cause of variation in their macroevolutionary consequences.

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Lehtonen, Topi K. "Convict cichlids benefit from close proximity to another species of cichlid fish." Biology Letters 4, no. 6 (September 2008): 610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0378.

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The coexistence of species with overlapping resource use is often thought to involve only negative fitness effects as a consequence of interspecific competition. Furthermore, the scarce empirical research on positive species interactions has predominantly focused on sessile organisms. Here, I experimentally assessed the effect of close proximity of a potential brood predator and competitor on reproductive success of a neotropical cichlid fish. I demonstrate that convict cichlid ( Archocentrus nigrofasciatus ) broods have a higher survival rate near territories of the Nicaragua cichlid ( Hypsophrys nicaraguensis ), and that escape from predation and nest takeovers is the most likely explanation for the decreased offspring mortality.

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Pariselle, Antoine, Walter A. Boeger, Jos Snoeks, Charles F. Bilong Bilong, Serge Morand, and Maarten P. M. Vanhove. "The Monogenean Parasite Fauna of Cichlids: A Potential Tool for Host Biogeography." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (August 13, 2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/471480.

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We discuss geographical distribution and phylogeny of Dactylogyridea (Monogenea) parasitizing Cichlidae to elucidate their hosts' history. Although mesoparasitic Monogenea (Enterogyrus spp.) show typical vicariant distribution, ectoparasitic representatives from different continents are not considered sister taxa, hence their distribution cannot result from vicariance alone. Because of the close host-parasite relationship, this might indicate that present-day cichlid distribution may also reflect dispersal through coastal or brackish waters. Loss of ectoparasites during transoceanic migration, followed by lateral transfer from other fish families might explain extant host-parasite associations. Because of its mesoparasitic nature, hence not subject to salinity variations of the host's environment, Enterogyrus could have survived marine migrations, intolerable for ectoparasites. Host-switches and salinity transitions may be invoked to explain the pattern revealed by a preliminary morphological phylogeny of monogenean genera from Cichlidae and other selected Monogenea genera, rendering the parasite distribution explicable under both vicariance and dispersal. Testable hypotheses are put forward in this parasitological approach to cichlid biogeography. Along with more comprehensive in-depth morphological phylogeny, comparison with molecular data, clarifying dactylogyridean evolution on different continents and from various fish families, and providing temporal information on host-parasite history, are needed to discriminate between the possible scenarios.

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Bittencourt, Luana Silva, Douglas Anadias Pinheiro, Melissa Querido Cárdenas, Berenice Maria Fernandes, and Marcos Tavares-Dias. "Parasites of native Cichlidae populations and invasive Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in tributary of Amazonas River (Brazil)." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 23, no. 1 (March 2014): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014006.

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This study provides the first investigation on acquisition of parasites in invasive O. niloticus by parasite species of native Cichlidae from the Igarapé Fortaleza basin, Northern Brazil. There were examined 576 specimens of 16 species of native cichlids and invasive O. niloticus collected in the main channel and the floodplain area of this tributary of Amazon River. The invasive O. niloticus was poorly parasitized having only Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina centrostrigeata, Paratrichodina africana, Trichodina nobilis (Protozoa) and Cichlidogyrus tilapiae (Monogenoidea), and this host has not acquired any parasite species common to the native ichthyofauna region. In contrast, species of native cichlids showed rich fauna of parasites with predominance of Monogenoidea species, larvae and adults of Nematoda, Digenea, Cestoidea and Acanthocephala, besides four species of Protozoa and four Crustacea. However, only T. nobilis was acquired by native fish, the Aequidens tetramerus, which is a new host for this exotic Trichodinidae. In O. niloticus, well established in the region, the small number of helminth species may be associated with its rusticity, good adaptation in the new environment and also the presence of native parasites with relative specificity, but without ability to complete its life cycle in this invasive host of this ecosystem.

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Stauffer, Jay R. "Three New Rock-Dwelling Cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi, Africa." Copeia 1988, no. 3 (August 3, 1988): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445385.

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Schneider, Carlos Henrique, Maria Claudia Gross, Maria Leandra Terencio, Edika Sabrina Girão Mitozo Tavares, Cesar Martins, and Eiiana Feldberg. "Chromosomal distribution of microsatellite repeats in Amazon cichlids genome (Pisces, Cichlidae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 9, no. 4 (September 14, 2015): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v9i4.5582.

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Rahmouni, Chahrazed, Maarten P. M. Vanhove, and Andrea Šimková. "Seven new species ofCichlidogyrusPaperna, 1960 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) parasitizing the gills of Congolese cichlids from northern Lake Tanganyika." PeerJ 6 (October 23, 2018): e5604. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5604.

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Seven new species ofCichlidogyrusPaperna, 1960 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) isolated from the gills of six cichlid host species belonging to four tribes and sampled from the Congolese coastline of Lake Tanganyika (LT) are described:Cichlidogyrus adkoningsisp. nov. fromCyphotilapia frontosa(tribe Cyphotilapiini);C. koblmuellerisp. nov. fromCardiopharynx schoutedeni(Ectodini);C. habluetzelisp. nov. fromC. schoutedeniandC. frontosa;C. antoinepariselleisp. nov. fromInterochromis loocki(Tropheini);C. masilyaisp. nov. fromPetrochromis orthognathus(Tropheini);C. salzburgerisp. nov. fromP. trewavasae, andC. sergemorandisp. nov. fromTylochromis polylepis(Tylochromini). This study represents the first parasitological examination of cyphotilapiine cichlid hosts. Representatives of the Tanganyikan ectodine, tropheine, and tylochromine cichlids previously sampled from various localities in the lake yielded nine, twelve, and two described species ofCichlidogyrus, respectively. The study further includes a morphological characterization of the male copulatory organ of six undescribed species ofCichlidogyrusfound on the gills of the tropheinesI. loockiandP. orthognathus,and on those ofCallochromis melanostigmaandXenotilapia flavipinnis(both Ectodini). Geographical variation in the monogenean fauna ofI. loockiwas observed. The most closely related cichlid species investigated in this study harbouredCichlidogyrusspp. exhibiting some similarities in their sclerotized structures. Thus, our paper provides additional evidence of the high species richness ofCichlidogyrusand the link with their hosts’s phylogenetic affinities in LT.

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Loiselle, Paul V., Sven O. Kullander, and Han Nijssen. "The Cichlids of Surinam." Copeia 1991, no. 2 (May 16, 1991): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1446611.

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Yanong, Roy P. E., Ruth Francis-Floyd, Eric Curtis, Ruth Ellen Klinger, Mary F. Cichra, and Ilze K. Berzins. "Algal dermatitis in cichlids." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220, no. 9 (May 2002): 1353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.220.1353.

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McCune, A. "EVOLUTION: Games Cichlids Play." Science 291, no. 5501 (January 5, 2001): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.51.

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Paredes-Trujillo, A., A. Martínez-Aquino, R. Rodiles-Hernández, and D. González-Solís. "Metazoan parasite communities of three endemic cichlid fish species from the upper Grijalva River, Chiapas, Mexico." Helminthologia 57, no. 4 (November 19, 2020): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2020-0041.

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SummaryWe recorded the metazoan parasite communities in three endemic cichlids (Chiapaheros grammodes, Vieja breidohri and V. hartwegi) collected between November 2008 and July 2009 in the upper Grijalva River Basin (GRB), Chiapas, Mexico. In total, 6,287 individual parasites belonging to 18 taxa (1 monogenean, 6 digeneans, 1 cestode, 4 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans, 1 hirudinean, 2 copepods and 1 pentastomid) were found. Eleven metazoans were adult forms and 7 larvae; moreover, 14 were endoparasites and 4 ectoparasites. Sixteen parasite taxa represent new geographical and host records. The helminth community in the three cichlids was characterized by higher number of generalists than specialists, as well as a higher proportion of autogenics than allogenics. The metazoan parasites showed prevalence and mean abundances moderate to high. The infracommunities and component community of metazoan parasites had low diversity, richness, and number of individuals and are similar to those reported for other cichlids in Southeastern Mexico, characterized by the presence of typical parasites of cichlids, with a high number of digeneans and generalist parasites. We report the introduced Asian parasitic copepod Neoergasilus japonicus parasitizing endangered or threatened endemic cichlids in the upper GRB. This copepod have been widespread in other freshwater fish species, mainly in Asia (China, India, Japan, Russia, Taiwan), Europe (France, Hungary, Italy, Turkey), and America (Cuba, Mexico, Peru, United States).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cichlids Cichlids'

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