Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ciment – Effets du gel'
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Fabbri, Antonin. "Physico-mécanique des matériaux cimentaires soumis au gel-dégel." Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00276334.
Full textL'endommagement par le froid est une combinaison d'une micro-fissuration interne et d'un écaillage de surface. Ce dernier est largement augmenté en présence des sels de déverglaçage couramment utilisés afin de permettre une bonne praticabilité des routes en période hivernale.
L'objectif des travaux de recherche présentés dans ce mémoire est l'approfondissement de nos connaissances sur le comportement au gel-dégel de surface d'une structure poreuse en vue d'une prédiction de son comportement et de l'identification de paramètres matériaux clés relatifs à sa pérennité hivernale.
Pour cela, nous avons tout d'abord mené une étude à l'échelle du matériau afin de déterminer la (ou les) relation(s) permettant de caractériser à l'échelle macroscopique l'état de gel du milieu poreux à une température donnée. Dans le cas d'un système réversible, la relation mesurable entre la proportion de glace de glace formée et la température, identifiable à une fonction d'état thermodynamique, est suffisante. Afin de la mesurer, un dispositif basé sur une méthode capacitive a été mis au point. L'utilisation de cette méthode repose, dans le cas d'un matériau poreux partiellement gelé, sur le contraste entre la constante diélectrique réelle de l'eau (entre 80 et 100) et de la glace Ih (environ 3) dans le domaine des hautes fréquences radio (entre 10 et 100 MHz) et pour des températures comprises entre -40°C et 0°C. Ainsi, tout changement de phase en milieu poreux se traduit par une variation sensible de la constante diélectrique globale du matériau testé et la proportion volumique de glace formée peut être estimée par un schéma d'homogénéisation multi-échelles.
La comparaison entre les résultats de gel-dégel obtenus par ce dispositif et ceux provenant de tests de sorption-désorption permet de conclure sur la prédictibilité de l'état de solidification d'un milieu poreux par des tests routiniers de sorption-désorption d'eau.
Etant en mesure de caractériser l'état de gel du milieu poreux soumis au froid, il devient possible d'étudier, par une approche macroscopique de type poromécanique des milieux continus, son comportement mécanique. Le scénario de comportement retenu est basé sur le couplage entre l'augmentation volumique de 9% accompagnant la transformation de l'eau en glace, les transferts d'eau non gelée au sein du réseau poreux et le comportement thermomécanique de chaque constituant. L'étude menée se limite au problème linéarisé d'une structure unidimensionnelle soumise à l'action du froid en surface. De plus, l'hypothèse des petits déplacements et des petites déformations est adoptée, ce qui borne strictement cette étude à l'apparition de la première fissure.
L'utilisation de ce modèle permet : (1) d'identifier l'origine de l'endommagement de surface (ou écaillage) observé expérimentalement sur des échantillons de ciments soumis à des cycles de gel-dégel sous fort gradient thermique, (2) de quantifier le rôle protecteur des vides d'air vis-à-vis de la résistance à l'écaillage.
Zeng, Qiang. "Poromechanical behavior of cement-based materials subjected to freeze-thaw actions with salts : modeling and experiments." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1131/document.
Full textWhen subject to freezing/thawing cycles with or without deicing salt, cement-based materials can suffer severe damage, which raises the long term sustainability problem of concrete/mortar in cold regions. Leaving aside the precise fracture mechanics and damage processes in this kind of problem, this PhD deals with the physical and thermomechanical phenomena undergone by cohesive porous solids under freezing, with particular attention to the material properties arising from cement hydration and microstructure development. The present work revisits the poromechanics of freezing porous materials developed by Olivier Coussy. This gives the opportunity to add the effect of the bulk supercooling and of salt in the liquid saturating the porous space.We measured the relation between depressed temperature at the end of bulk supercooling and salt concentration. We then obtained that the contact angle between ice and pore wall by heterogeneous nucleation decreases as salt concentration increases. We showed that the instantaneous dilation at the end of bulk supercooling is related to the pore structure because the latter determines the in-pore ice content. Using the pore size distribution measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry, we estimated the ice saturation degree with temperature and NaCl solution at different concentration through the Gibbs-Thomson equation. We measured the deformation of saturated cement pastes. The poromechanical analyses show that the strains depend on the initial salt concentration and pore structure of our cement pastes. By the same experimental approach on dried cement pastes, we concluded that the porosity (with or without air voids) has significant influence on the thermal expansion coefficient of our cement pastes. We also performed measurements on the deformation of saturated air entrained cement pastes. The results obtained by both experiments and poromechanical analyses under drained and undrained conditions showed that the initial saturation degree in air-voids has significant influence on the deformation curves with temperature
Pham, Ngoc Phuong. "Rubberized cement-based composite as material for large surface applications : effect of the rubber-cementitious matrix bond." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30077.
Full textProperties of improved strain capacity and high shrinkage cracking resistance make rubberized cement-based composites suitable for large surface applications such as cement-based pavements and thin bonded overlays. However, bond defect between rubber aggregates (RA) and cement matrix is well-known and detrimental to properties of rubberized cement-based materials. It is universally accepted a reduction in some mechanical properties of rubberized cement-based composites mainly due to low stiffness of RA. Nevertheless, their transfer properties could indeed be competitive with control mortar (without RA) if bond at rubber-cement matrix interface is improved. In order to enhance the interface, RA were firstly coated with styrene-butadiene copolymer and after complete densification of this copolymer on surface of RA, they were mixed with the pre-mixed cementitious mixture. Microstructural analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) clarified that cement paste bonded firmly on copolymer-coated RA. Mechanical and transfer properties of this mortar were then compared to that of control mortar and two rubberized mortars in which one of them air-detraining admixture was added to produce rubberized mixture with the similar air content as the control mortar. Findings have demonstrated an enhanced rubber-cement matrix interface provided a significant improvement on transfer properties such as air permeability and water capillary absorption. However, a reduction in mechanical properties (compressive strength and modulus of elasticity) was still observed due to low stiffness of RA. Rubber coating appeared to limit the reduction in tensile strength and to result in a higher residual post-peak strength and fracture energy, demonstrating an improved material bridging effect made possible by the bond between RA and cement matrix. The bridging effect also contributed to improve resistance of rubberized composites to shrinkage cracking even under high restrained conditions. Based on above-mentioned characteristics, the study further investigated the durability of rubberized mortars under aggressive environments to observe the effects of RA incorporation and of an enhanced rubber-cement matrix interface. Regarding acetic acid attack, a low degraded depth and a reduction in loss of both mass and compressive strength of rubberized mortars, especially the one incorporating copolymer-coated RA, were observed compared to the ones of the control mortar. The coated rubberized mortar also behaves better in preventing sodium sulfate diffusion into the composite. The degradation of mortars under aggressive environments was also evaluated based on a damage variable, which was defined as a relative change in equivalent load-resisting area of mortar specimens between their original condition and at a given time when they were exposed to acid or sulfate solutions. From damage variable values, it can be concluded that coated rubberized mortar was more durable than the untreated one against aggressive environments. The durability of untreated and coated rubberized mortars under freeze-thaw cycles was also carried out and compared to that of control mortar. The rubberized cement- based composites were more resistant to freezing and thawing than the control one, especially in terms of dimensional expansion. The better performance can be attributed to high energy absorption of RA and to higher porosity, lower water capillary absorption and high strain capacity of rubberized mortars. Rubber coating, even reducing the permeability of rubberized cement-based composites, still remained high durability of their applications under frost environment
Turcanu, Vasile. "Valorisation des granulats recyclés dans les bétons soumis au gel/dégel sans saturation (classes d’exposition F et R)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10479.
Full textPoirier, Magalie. "Etude écophysiologique de l'endurcissement au gel des arbres : impact des conditions estivales de croissance sur la résistance au gel des arbres." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF21857.
Full textPham, Son Tung. "Etude des effets de la carbonatation sur les propriétés microstructurales et macroscopiques des mortiers de ciment Portland." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAR0003.
Full textCarbonation is one of the most important factors that initiate the corrosion of steel bars in reinforced concrete. Its kinetics are often used to model the durability of structures. Under the action of carbon dioxide from the air and with the presence of water in the pores, several hydrated phases of the cement paste are carbonated and form calcium carbonate. This process causes a decrease in pH of the pore water, which subsequently induces the depassivation and corrosion of the rebars. Although the carbonation of cementitious materials has been extensively studied in recent years, results in literature about changes in both micro and macroscopic levels are extremely contradictory. The aim of this work is to study the micro and macroscopic effects of carbonation on two standard cement mortars CEM I and CEM II. A wide experimental campaign was conducted on two standard mortars CEM I and CEM II in order to apprehend the physicochemical mechanisms of the carbonation. The following techniques were used to examine the impacts of carbonation on the microstructural characteristics of the cementitious matrix : thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, helium pycnometry, nitrogen and water vapor adsorption-desorption. As changes observed in the microstructure could consequently induce significant modifications in the macroscopic properties and the sustainability indicators, we examined the effects of carbonation on the gas permeability, the ultrasonic waves velocity, the thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity. Our work also studied the self-healing effect caused by carbonation of thermally damaged mortars. Finally, our experimental results were used as a database to elaborate a model of the propagation of CO2 in the cementitious matrix
Bresson, Alexa. "Influence de la minéralogie sur le comportement des mortiers de ciment au jeune âge." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23642/23642.pdf.
Full textHoltzinger, Claire. "Effets de composition et de morphologie sur la mouillabilité de revêtements sol-gel nanocomposites." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961171.
Full textGonzalez, David. "Durabilité des assemblages collés du génie civil : effets du vieillissement hygrothermique aux échelles micro- et macroscopiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/65/93/80/PDF/Gonzales.pdf.
Full textDecourteix, Mélanie. "Caractérisations physiologique et moléculaire de transporteurs de saccharose et d'hexoses de xylème de noyer (Juglans regia L. Cv Franquette) : rôles dans les échanges latéraux de sucres pendant la période non-feuillée." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2005. http://195.221.120.247/simclient/consultation/binaries/stream.asp?INSTANCE=UCFRSIM&eidmpa=DOCUMENTS_THESES_86.
Full textLardon, André. "Effets du gel sur la floraison du colza d'hiver (Brassica napus L. ) : sensibilité des organes reproducteurs, impact sur les rendements grainiers et recherche de marqueurs biochimiques de résistance." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10044.
Full textBost, Marion. "Altération par le gel des massifs rocheux : étude expérimentale et modélisation des mécanismes de génération des contraintes dans les fissures." Phd thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://pastel.paristech.org/4575/01/th%C3%A8sepdf2.pdf.
Full textStone and rock falls bring about problems related to land management in mountainous areas. Yet, the temporal assessment of the risk of rupture in blocks requires a kinetic description of weathering phenomenon. In the case of limestone cliffs in mountainous areas, it can be estimated that the dominant weathering process lies in cracks propagation due to freezingthawing cycles. This freezing-thawing mechanism within a rock matrix was reproduced in laboratory experiments with notched specimens. Experimental results allowed us to establish a model for the stresses due to frost. This stress model, along a crack inner wall, exhibits a maximum, which spreads more and more deeply along with spending time, until a limit, which is intrinsic to the material. Actually, the generated stress results as a balance between the confining pressure induced by the ice front spreading deeply in the crack and the water leakage in the porosity network in the vicinity of the crack. It is thus strongly dependent on the crack geometry and on the porous network features of the rock. An analytical assessment of the stress intensity factor at the crack bottom, by using the model established for the stress, was carried out. It matches the possibility to initiate a rupture according to linear failure mechanics laws. Microscopic observations of the crack evolution throughout the freezingthawing cycles show a progressive and heterogeneous rupture of the limestone. The crack propagation was simulated numerically. This simulation gave encouraging results, as it brought up to light key-elements which could be used to establish a predictive model for the failure of a rock mass subject to freezing-thawing cycles
Takla, Issam. "Comportement Thermo-Hydro-Mécanique d’un ciment pétrolier sous l’effet du CO2." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10037/document.
Full textAmong all proposed solutions for reducing the emission of greenhouse effect gases, geological sequestration of CO2 is still the best solution because of its high storage capacity and low cost. This storage of CO2 is an expected solution by oil industry: using the petroleum wells as geological reservoirs is a very important and new research field. Durability of such storage has an importance to be predicted. The main objective of this study is to obtain experimental characterisation of the effect of CO2 and chemical degradation by acid fluids on the multiaxial mechanical behaviour and on transport properties in oilwell cement under high temperature (90°C). This study is integrated in a general project “REGASEQ “ for the sequestration of acid gases (type CO2 and H2S) in oil reservoirs developed by TOTAL E&P
Gonzales, David. "Durabilité des assemblages collés du génie civil : effets du vieillissement hygrothermique aux échelles micro- et macroscopiques." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659380.
Full textFilippo, Fabbri. "Déformation photoinduite dans les films minces contenant des derivés d'azobenzene: effets de polarization, effets de proximité et effets de contact." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00527388.
Full textDALBIES, DULOUT ANNE. "Contribution au diagnostic et a la prevision des effets precedent du gel des terres annuel." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INAP0015.
Full textNachbaur, Laurent. "Etude de l'influence d'électrolytes sur l'hydratation et la prise du silicate tricalcique, composant principal du ciment Portland : Caractérisation des interactions à l'origine de la prise." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS055.
Full textHormaza, Caicedo Bernardo. "Contribution à l'étude de la migration de l'eau dans les sols pendant le gel et le dégel." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ECAP0158.
Full textFoucat, Dominique. "Effets de la présence d'un grillage métallique au sein du ciment de scellement des cupules des prothèses totales de hanche : Etude mécanique et thermique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2003/FOUCAT_Dominique_2003.pdf.
Full textWe studied thermal and mechanical effects of the presence of a metallic mesh in bone cement fixation of acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty. The aim of this research is to increase total hip prosthesis lifetime by improvement of cemented acetabular implants stability. By analogy with reinforced concrete this study was structured around two stages :a temporary stage which lasts until the end of total joint replacement. In vitro tests conducted in international standard ISO 5833 approaching conditions showed that steel volume and position of a mesh have a statistically significant effect on maximal temperature decrease and apparent shrinkage limitation during cement polymerisation. Surface topography of cement digitations inside acetabular bone of two hemipelves were characterized by confocal optical microscopy. Bone surface was reproduced in a mould bottom and cup surface inside of the mould plunger. Tests showed that digitations and cup relief hampered polymerising cement apparent shrinkage and that bonding between cement and mould bottom increased with the section area of a mesh placed near this interface;a service stage which is the postoperative time when the patient uses his prosthesis during daily activities. Several loading cases (walking, jogging, going upstairs, going downstairs, sitting on a chair, rising from a chair) were studied. A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the acetabular region constructed on the basis of the Pedersen et al. 's geometrical model showed that the presence of a metallic mesh near the bone - cement interface is quite pertinent because maximal tensile stresses are observed in this region. These tensile stresses decrease with mesh section area increase
Saliba, Johnny. "Propriétés de transfert hydrique du mortier de ciment : modélisation à l'échelle microscopique, étude à l'échelle macroscopique des effets dynamiques des hétérogénéités." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10148.
Full textThomachot, Céline. "Modifications de propriétés pétrophysiques de grès soumis au gel ou recouverts "d'encroûtements noirs vernissés"." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2002/THOMACHOT_Celine_2002.pdf.
Full textWithin the context of research aimed at evaluating weathering effects on sandstones in Alsatian buildings, experiments were carried out to assess frost damage as well as the changes caused by " black varnish " (E. N. ) on 2 sandstones of mixed properties:Vosgien sandstone, a rather coarse sandstone that has little clay mineral and is hardly frost sensitive;Meules sandstone, a thinly bedded sandstone rich in clay mineral, that has better transfer properties, is more frost sensitive and more likely to be coated with E. N. Constant saturation was maintained with neither wetting nor drying as these sandstones were subjected to at times as many as 30 freeze-thaw cycles. At total saturation, Vosgien sandstone cracked much more than Meules sandstone, which thus demonstrated the importance of heterogeneity and poor transfer property as influential factors in frost resistance. At partial saturation, frost action increased heterogeneity but it did not produce cracks and also caused capillary transfer to decrease. Test controls were carried out on other blocks subjected to 4 absorption-drying cycles to assess the part of water transfer on frost damage. These caused similar changes which were due to clay displacements visible by ESEM. Expansion thus induced was repeatedly more significant than that caused by frost on partial saturation. Therefore, sandstone weathering is caused by the cumulative effects of freezing and wetting. In composition, structure and areas covered by it, black varnish differs from the usual black gypsum crust. Successive deposits of hydrophobic particles and alternative wetting-drying cycles altered transfer properties of Meules sandstone over several centimetres. So although sandstones seem to be protected by E. N. , in the long run they are affected by a flake detachment process in the areas covered by it. Therefore, damage of sandstones by freezing or by black varnish can be explained by the fact that wetting and drying modify the pore network
Thivierge, François. "Réhabilitation de chaussées en fonction des effets de gel et autres contraintes, analyse des comportements thermiques et mécaniques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0023/MQ38200.pdf.
Full textBoscus, Jérôme. "Transfert électro-osmotique en milieu poreux déformable : application au gel d'agar-agar." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20136.
Full textEl, Youssoufy Ahmed. "Effets des charges sur les chaussées en période de restriction des charges-volet laboratoire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28382.
Full textDuring the spring thaw period, pavements experience a significant decrease of their bearing capacity, which leads to increased deterioration during that season. The Ministry of Transportation of Quebec enforces load restrictions during the thawing and the recovery of the pavement structures to ensure they are protected from excessive thaw associated damages. The main objective of this paper is to present the results of an investigation of the structural behaviour of a pavement structures during freezing and thawing under laboratory controlled conditions using the Laval University heavy vehicle simulator (HVS). The results of the study will be used to develop criteria to assists the authority in the decision-making process for the implementation and the removal of load restrictions. A typical four-layer flexible pavement structure was built inside an indoor concrete test pit at Laval University. The pavement section was instrumented to monitor horizontal strains in the asphalt concrete layer as well as vertical stress, vertical strain, and water content in each unbound layer and in subgrade soil. Temperature was also monitored in all layers. The new HVS was used to impose 5000 kg (normal conditions), 5500 kg (winter) and 4000 kg (spring load restrictions) loads on a standard dual-tire assembly. The load simulator was also used to induce three freeze-thaw cycles to a depth of 1,5 m in the pavement structure. The results allowed quantifying the relationship between pavement response and freezing/thaw depth and to identify the critical conditions of the thawing period. Also, the results showed that the application of a load restriction period during the thaw allowed to have a gain on the life cycle, thus a load restriction period is justified and effective. However, to optimize the load restriction period, new management criteria have been proposed in this project.
Royer, François. "Etude et application des effets magnéto-optiques dans des couches minces sol-gel dopées à l'aide de nanoparticules magnétiques." Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPG0060.
Full textThis study describes how composite material, made of magnetic nanoparticles embedded in a silica/titania matrix, can be used to develop new magneto-optical planar waveguide of low refractive index on glass substrate. Prelimenary works made on ferrofluids of Maghemite and Cobalt ferrite by ellipsometry, show that linear anisotropy factor of merit is enhanced by the use of Maghemite particles and by the biggest one. Concerning the Faraday rotation, the factor is enhanced by Cobalt ferrite particles and the smallest ones. Experimental devices developed to study thin films are Mlines spectroscopy to measure the refractive index and the thickness, and a prism coupling guiding bench to measure extinction, modal birefringence and TE-TM conversion. Thin film samples are coated on pyrex substrates from a magnetic particles doped sol-gel preparation. Results show that an out of plane magnetic field applied during the gelation induces a decrease of the planar waveguide phase mismatch from 3,7 to 2,9. 10-3. Free space measurements evidences the Faraday rotation of the films up to 30ʿ/cm. However TE-TM modal conversion is limited by the too high stress birefringence of the films. Improvements and leads of further works are proposed in term of magneto-optical waveguides applications
Boumarafi, Abdelkader. "Évaluation des propriétés physiques et mécaniques et les effets des cycles gel-dégel de composites fabriqués par enroulement filamentaire." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5928.
Full textBonnaud, Patrick. "Thermodynamique et dynamique de l'eau, d'un électrolyte, donfinés dans des nanopores : application à l'hydrate cimentaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22136/document.
Full textWhen the cement pores are saturated with water in freezing conditions, cement encounters mechanical damages due to cryosuction effects. The adsorbed electrolytic layer at the pore surface plays a critical role in the degradation process. Its thermodynamics and dynamics properties are studied using molecular simulations. Several nanopore models are considered to study the role of chemistry and surface roughness: silica (hydroxylated and with Ca charge-compensating ions) and cement. In all these hydrophilic systems, confined water is strongly perturbed close to the pore surface (over 2-3 molecular layers) independently of the temperature (175-300 K). Ions located close to the surfaces do not form the diffuse layer of the classical colloids theory (DLVO...). The dynamics of water and ionic species is found very slow. Surface chemistry and roughness have an impact of this slow dynamics that is incompatible with cryosuction
Atik, Mohamed. "La cavitation et ses effets dans la synthèse des matériaux composites (SiO2-SiO2) et (SiO2-SiO2)(B2O3) : étude détaillée du processus du frittage et effets des inclusions rigides." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20205.
Full textAldalati, Rami. "Conception des chaussées en béton bitumineux sous l’effet des conditions climatiques : application au phénomène du gel." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10024/document.
Full textFlexible asphalt pavements are widely used in road construction. The design of these roads must take into account the behavior of the materials, traffic loading and weather conditions. In areas subjected to the freezing phenomenon, it is essential to take this phenomenon into account in pavement design, maintenance and rehabilitation. In fact, it can cause significant damages to roads, which appear as cracks or excessive deformations. The present work aims at analysis of the behavior of asphalt pavements subjected both freezing and traffic : The first chapter includes a literature review of researches conducted on the phenomenon of freezing effects in pavements. The second chapter is dedicated to the numerical modeling of the freezing phenomenon in soils treated as a tri-phasic porous medium. It presents the mathematical formulation of the coupled problem and its numerical solution using the finite difference method.The final chapter presents a finite element analysis of the pavement mechanical response to the phenomenon of freezing and traffic loading. This analysis is performed with a simplified approach that includes two steps: 1) it concerns solving the problem of freezing using a finite difference modeling. 2) it consists of the resolution, by the finite element method, of a mechanical problem considering the mechanical loads and the temperature effect
Degioanni, Simon. "Nanostructures métalliques et effets de composition des verres silicatés pour les capteurs à fibres optiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10101/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to study composition variations of silicate glasses or the integration of metallic nanostructures that may be relevant for distributed fiber optic sensors (FOS). These sensors use optical fiber cores mainly composed of silica (SiO2) to probe temperature or strain on multi-kilometer route fibers. To measure these effects, Raman and Brillouin backscattering in optical fibers are used, Raman scattering being sensitive to temperature variations and Brillouin scattering to temperature and strain variations. Raman scattering intensity may be enhanced in conjunction with noble metal nanostructures via the SERS effect (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering) which involves surface plasmon resonance (SPR), a collective oscillation of free electrons at the metal surface generating a large amplification of the local electric field. The integration of metallic nanostructures in optical fibers could increase Raman backscattering intensity and improve FOS performance (sensitivity, integration time…). A study on model samples has been performed with SERS substrates consisting of gold nanostructures and coated with a sol-gel oxide deposition (TiO2, SiO2). The obtained SERS results are used to predict the contribution of metallic nanostructures in Raman distributed temperature FOS
El, Khessaimi Yassine. "Synthesis and hydration of ye’elimite." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0090/document.
Full textA Synthesis and hydration of ye’elimite Ye’elimite-rich cements or calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements are commercialized to prepare shrinkage compensation and self-stressing concretes. Moreover, CSA cements show environmentally friendly characteristics associated to their production, which include reduced CO2 footprint. The expansive behavior of CSA cements is mainly controlled by ettringite amount, produced upon hydration of the key-phase, ye’elimite [Ca4(Al6O12)SO4]. This work presents, on one hand, the optimal conditions for the synthesis highly pure ye’elimite by solid state reactions, and on the other hand, it shows a fundamental description of ye’elimite formation mechanisms. Another aspect of the study encompasses the influence of fineness and citric acid addition on ye’elimite phase dissolution, then on hydrates composition of lab made ye’elimite-rich cement. For the fineness effect study, a highly fine and pure ye’elimite was originally synthetized by sol-gel methods. Various experimental techniques were performed to conduct the different aspects of the present study, namely XRD-Quantitative Rietveld analysis, Thermal analysis (TGA, DTG, DTA and Dilatometry), SEM (BSE imaging and EDS mapping), BET analysis, PSD by laser diffraction, and Image analysis (2D porosity and 2D PSD)
Caratini, Grégory. "Approche multi-échelle des propriétés mécaniques et de transport des matériaux cimentaires soumis à des élévations de température." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00730828.
Full textOrellan, Herrera Juan-Carlos. "Efficacité et effets secondaires des techniques électrochimiques de maintenance des structures en béton armé." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30220.
Full textLe, Bihan Vincent. "Interactions de nano-objets luminescents (agrégats ou nano-films) avec leurs environnements : effets structuraux et diélectriques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332025.
Full textDans une première partie, nous analysons le comportement d'agrégats de Gd2O3:Eu3+ élaborés par la technique d'évaporation laser assistée par un jet d'hélium, au contact de matrices sol-gel de Gd2O3 et de TiO2. On observe après traitements thermiques, la diffusion des agrégats dans leurs environnements. Dans une matrice de TiO2, il y a formation du composé cristallisé Gd2Ti2O7:Eu3+ de structure pyrochlore. Nous avons alors comparé deux méthodes d'élaboration de ce composé, sous forme de film mince, basées sur l'interdiffusion de couches manométriques d'oxydes: une couche sol-gel ou d'agrégats de Gd2O3:Eu3+ piégée entre deux couches de TiO2. Le composé ternaire cristallise à plus basse température dans le premier cas mais le film est mieux cristallisé dans le second. Les propriétés des nano-systèmes dépendent donc fortement des méthodes d'élaboration.
Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons à la relation reliant la durée de vie d'émission d'un émetteur à l'indice de réfraction de son environnement. Pour la première fois, nous avons mesuré la distance limite d'influence de cet effet en enregistrant les durées de vie d'émission d'une nano-couche de Gd2O3:Eu3+ en fonction du nombre de couche de TiO2 recouvrant la couche luminescente. Lorsque l'épaisseur de TiO2 augmente, la durée de vie radiative diminue jusqu'à saturation. Le rayon de la sphère d'influence de l'indice de réfraction est alors estimé à 150 nm, soit un quart de la longueur d'onde d'émission. Cette distance correspond à la dimension critique où la définition de l'indice de réfraction à l'échelle macroscopique doit être considérée à l'échelle manométrique.
Molez, Laurent. "Comportement des réparations structurales en béton : couplage des effets hydriques et mécaniques." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009124.
Full textCette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier le comportement des réparations structurales en béton sous l'effet couplé d'un chargement hydrique et mécanique. La thèse est divisée en trois parties principales. Nous étudions tout d'abord les différents mécanismes physiques agissant dans les réparations. Dans la seconde partie, nous effectuons une étude expérimentale sur des structures
réparées. Enfin, dans la dernière partie, nous proposons un modèle numérique permettant d'analyser et de prévoir le comportement des réparations.
Plusieurs études récentes ont montré que le retrait de séchage a un effet préjudiciable pour les réparations en béton et peut mener à de sévères problèmes de durabilité. Le fluage en traction peut à l'inverse avoir un rôle positif en permettant de relaxer les contraintes.
Dans l'étude expérimentale, nous étudions le comportement de poutres en béton armé, de quatre mètres de longueur, réparées dans la partie tendue. L'étude théorique et numérique, basée sur des modèles phénoménologiques, permet d'analyser un plus grand nombre de paramètres. L'outil numérique donne des résultats en accord avec les données expérimentales. Ces études montrent l'importance du retrait de séchage. Il apparaît que plus le séchage est élevé, plus la couche réparée fissure. Ce comportement est modéré par le fluage qui permet de ralentir, voire d'éviter la fissuration. Les essais de conditionnement réunissant séchage et chargement mécanique
indiquent qu'il apparaît une fissuration différée non négligeable par rapport à la fissuration due au chargement mécanique. Cette fissuration est significativement affectée par le retrait et le
fluage. Dans ce dernier cas, une augmentation du fluage tend à accentuer la fissuration. Vis à vis d'un chargement mécanique jusqu'à rupture, les éléments réparés ont un comportement similaire
à celui des éléments sains.
L'étude expérimentale a ainsi permis de compléter les banques de données sur les réparations en béton. L'outil numérique développé dans cette thèse peut permettre d'étudier des réparations plus complexes (géométrie, conditions limites, ...).
Boucher, Éric. "Effets d'un dextran substitué sur la production de feuillets dermiques et du gel de fibrine sur la qualité des feuillets d'épidermes cultivés." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22531/22531.pdf.
Full textGiakoumakis, Spiros. "Effets de la température sur les caractéristiques hydrodynamiques de deux sols non-saturés, indéformables contribution à l'étude de la propagation du gel /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605447b.
Full textGiakoumakis, Spiros. "Effets de la température sur les caractéristiques hydrodynamiques de deux sols non-saturés, indéformables : contribution à l'étude de la propagation du gel." Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPG0050.
Full textBsawmaii, Laure. "Exaltation des différents effets magnéto-optiques à l’aide de réseaux résonants diélectriques basés sur un nano-composite magnétique obtenu par voie sol-gel." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSES028.
Full textMagneto-optical (MO) photonic devices are currently highly desirable because of their ability to improve the sensitivity of biosensors or their sensitivity to the magnetic field. However, MO effects being rather small through classical magnetic films, it is relevant to find ways to enhance such effects which can manifest as light polarization rotation or intensity modification under magnetic field. The proposed device in this work to enhance MO effects is an all-dielectric planar structure formed by a 1D photoresist (PR) grating deposited on top of a MO film itself deposited on a glass substrate. Under coupling conditions through the grating, guided-modes (TE and TM) with narrow resonances are excited in the MO film by the incident light, increasing hence the light-matter interaction. Such coupling results as a dip (peak) in the transmittance (reflectance) spectrum. The MO film is a composite formed by magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2 04) embedded in a silica matrix and obtained through sol-gel process. This nano-structurable composite can be easily deposited on common substrates with low annealing temperature (90°C), which is not the case of the most MO materials used within integrated optics platforms. Large enhancements of the different non-reciprocal polarization rotation effects (such as Faraday and longitudinal MO Kerr) were achieved experimentally and numerically through the all-dielectric resonant structure. The main results of this work concern the transverse MO Kerr effect (TMOKE). This effect induces a non-reciprocal spectral shift of the transmittance (reflectance) resonance upon magnetization reversal, resulting in an intensity modulation effect. TMOKE values up to 9.5% and 18.5% were measured respectively in transmission with T = 80% and in reflection with R = 5%. These large TMOKE values are mainly due to the high quality factor of TM transmittance (reflectance) resonances. The TMOKE signal for a single MO film is around 0.01%, hence an enhancement with three orders of magnitude was achieved through the fabricated structure. The reached measured TMOKE values are highly competitive with the literature where, to our knowledge, maximum values of 1.5% and 15% were experimentally demonstrated respectively through all-dielectric and magneto-plasmonic structures. Moreover, unexpected reciprocal magnetic effects were experimentally evidenced. Finally, the proposed all-dielectric structure is a low-cost device, which can be fabricated on large scale substrate, and able to enhance all the MO effects. Hence, it is a promising structure for non-destructive testing, magnetic field sensing and even biosensing
Amiot, Justin. "Thymus vulgaris, un cas de polymorphisme chimique pour comprendre l'écologie évolutive des composés secondaires." Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0011.
Full textIntraspecific variation in plant secondary compound production provides an excellent model to study the multiple ecological functions of these compounds. Thymus vulgaris presents no less than six different chemotypes. Ln southern France, around the St-Martin-de-Londres basin, these chemotypes show a marked spatial segregation of phenolic and non-phenolic morphs. During this thesis, we examined the following themes : 1. The spatial segregation of chemotypes takes place on different scales. We thus asked whether the abiotic environment causes performance variation among chemotypes, th us influencing their distribution. 2. Do the chemotypes differ in the tolerance of exceptional freezing events ? 3. The degradation of the litter originating from T. Vulgaris may influence germination and survival of its own seedlings. Could an autoallelopathy mechanism in this species contribute to maintain spatial segregation at the population scale? 4. Finally, we studied the interaction between chemotypes and a poorly-known gall-making specialized diptera: Janetiella thymicola. Our results suggest that secondary compounds play a leading role in the choice of host plant. Furthermore, this study opens interesting perspectives on costs induced by this host-parasite relationship. The results presented here underline the ecological importance of secondary compounds, and not only as a defense mechanism against herbivores. Taking part in multiple biotic and abiotic interactions, secondary compounds can have a major influence on the spatial distribution of the species which produces them
Peng, Cheng. "Apports de l’analyse microtomographique dans la modélisation des effets du séchage des matériaux à matrice cimentaire." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10148/document.
Full textThe desiccation on cement materials affects the mechanical properties and hydrous of the materials: the resistance, the module of Young, the fragility, and the moisture content, etc. The objective of the report is proposing a module which describes the main aspects of cement materials under the compression and desiccation.The four-dimensional study of the coupling between desiccation and fissuring is led by micro tomography by X-rays. The restrained shrinkage due to differential strains in aggregates and cementitious matrix is highlighted as the cause of apparition of microcracks, which relies on inclusion diameter. Base on the pheromones, it proposed a model of hydrous damage which relies on the aggregates’ diameter and the water content. Then it proposed a model of the mechanical damage coupled with the hydrous damage within the mechanics of the partially saturated milieu.At last, the comparison between the numeric simulations and the experimental data shows that the model reproduces the main aspects of the behavior of a mortar according to the desiccation
Lemoine, Maud. "Effets de la conformation et de l'agrégation du kappa-carraghénane sur les modalités de l'hydrolyse enzymatique par la kappa-carraghénase de Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066190.
Full textGuyomarc'h, Fanny. "Interaction protéiques dans le lait chauffé : Effets de la composition en protéines et de la température, et conséquences sur la texture du gel acide." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NSARB137.
Full textQuenol, Hervé. "Modifications climatiques aux échelles fines générées par un ouvrage linéaire en remblai : l'exemple de la ligne à grande vitesse du TGV Méditerranée sur le gel printanier et l'écoulement du mistral dans la basse vallée de la Durance." Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-115.pdf.
Full textRichard, Tristan. "Etude des effets du confinement quantique sur des verres dopés par des semiconducteurs." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20133.
Full textLebeau, Marc. "Développement d'une méthodologie de sélection des matériaux de fondation routière pour contrer les effets du dégel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23634/23634.pdf.
Full textJobard, Emmanuel. "Modélisation expérimentale du stockage géologique du CO2 : étude particulière des interfaces entre ciment de puits, roche reservoir et roche couverture." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0013/document.
Full textIn the framework of the CO2 storage, it is crucial to ensure the integrity of the solicited materials in order to guarantee the permanent confinement of the sequestrated fluids. Using experimental simulation the purpose of this work is to study the mechanisms which could be responsible for the system destabilization and could lead CO2 leakage from the injection well. The first experimental model, called COTAGES allows studying the effects of the thermal destabilisation caused by the injection of a fluid at 25°C in a hotter reservoir (submitted to the geothermal gradient). This device allows demonstrating an important matter transfer from the cold area (30°C) toward the hot area (100°C). These results highlight the importance of the injection temperature on the injectivity properties and on the possible petrophysical evolutions of the near well. The second model, called ?Sandwich?, allow studying the behaviour of the interface between caprock (COX argillite) and well cement. Indeed, interfaces between the different rock and the well materials represent a weakness area (differential reactivity, fracturing?). Batch experiments carried out with this device in presence of CO2 show the fracturing of the interface caused by the early carbonation of the cement. The third experimental model, called MIRAGES is an innovative device which allows injecting continuously CO2 in a core sample. Samples made of Lavoux limestone and well cement reproduce the injection well at 1/20 scale. Results show a partial filling of the inter-oolithic porosity close to the injection well, and also the carbonation of the cement according to an assemblage of calcite/aragonite
Girodet, Céline. "Endommagement des mortiers sous sollicitations thermo-mécaniques : Influence des caractéristiques des matériaux sur la résistance au gel interne des bétons." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/1996ISAL0122/these.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this program of research is to evaluate the relative importance of a range of components on the internal freezing resistance of mortar. For this, a new system of thermal and mechanical stressing is developed that permits the acceleration of the effect of freezing. Damage evolution is monitored continually during freezing and thawing, under mechanical stress between 20 to 60 % of rupture stress at 28 days. This evolution is then analyzed in comparison with microstructural modifications in the material. This work is highlighted the influence of pure cement (rule of Bogue's potential composition, reactivity) or pozzolanic-blended cement binders (type of pozzolane, interaction between cement and pozzolane. . . ), and aggregates characteristics (chemical nature and granulometric distribution). Analysis of the freezing resistance of all the tested materials produces a map describing the four types of damages observed in terms of microstructure of the material (porous distribution and total porosity). A study is then undertaken to examine the internal freezing behaviour of a material containing a network of air bubbles, actually reference of a durable material. This allowed the development of new formulations of concrete tailored to both function and environment
Berger, Stéphane. "Étude des potentialités des ciments sulfo-alumineux bélitiques pour le conditionnement du zinc : de l’hydratation à la durabilité." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10140/document.
Full textCalcium silicate cements are widely used for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste conditioning. However, wastes produced by nuclear activities are very diverse and some of their components may chemically react with cement phases. For instance, ashes resulting from the incineration of technological wastes including neoprene and polyvinylchloride may contain substantial amounts of soluble zinc chloride. This compound is known to strongly delay or inhibit Portland cement setting. One approach to limit adverse cement-waste interactions is to select a binder showing a better compatibility with the waste while keeping cement matrix advantages (low cost, simple process, hydration with water provided by the waste…).This work thus investigates the potential of calcium sulfoaluminate cement for zinc ZnII immobilization. Four aspects were considered: hydration (kinetics and products formed), properties of hydrated binders, mechanisms of zinc retention and durability of the cement pastes (based on leaching experiments and modelling). The influence of three main parameters was assessed: the gypsum content of the cement, the concentration of ZnCl2 and the thermal evolution at early age.It follows that materials based on a calcium sulfoaluminate cement containing 20% gypsum are interesting candidates for zinc ZnII stabilization/solidification: there is no delay in hydration, mineralogy of the hydrated phases is slightly dependent on thermal history, mechanical strength is high, dimensional changes are limited and zinc ZnII is well immobilized, even if the cement paste is leached by pure water during a long period (90 d)
Nguyen, Thi-Phuong. "Etude des effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la dégradation de la gélatine photographique." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES101.
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