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Journal articles on the topic 'Cinnoline'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Devlin, Jonathan, Richard Clogher, and Marcus Baumann. "Synthesis of Bioderived Cinnolines and Their Flow-Based Conversion into 1,4-Dihydrocinnoline Derivatives." Synlett 31, no. 05 (2019): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690752.

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Starting from phenylhydrazine and glucose, a versatile cinnoline scaffold was obtained on a multigram scale and further derivatized. A simple continuous-flow hydrogenation process permits the conversion of selected cinnolines into their 1,4-dihydrocinnoline counterparts. These products are generated in high yields and high purities with residence times of less than one minute and, along with their cinnoline precursors, are expected to serve as valuable heterocyclic building blocks for future medicinal chemistry programs.

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2

Sadek, Kamal Usef, Ramadan Ahmed Mekheimer, and Mohamed Abd-Elmonem. "Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Cinnoline Derivatives." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 6 (2019): 578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x15666180712124148.

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Crinnolines can serve as unique and versatile class of heterocycles especially in fields related to synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry owing to their potent biological activities. They possess diversity of pharmaceutical activities as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic as well as anti-hypertensive activities. Since the first synthesis of cinnoline by Richter (1883) numerous protocols for their synthesis have been developed utilizing arenediazonium salts, aryl hydrazines and arylhydhydrazones precursors. Recently metal catalyzed C-C and C-N bond formation reactions

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3

Tonk, Rajiv K., Sandhya Bawa, and Deepak Kumar. "Therapeutic Potential of Cinnoline Core: A Comprehensive Review." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 3 (2020): 196–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557519666191011095858.

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Cinnoline or Benzo-pyridazine has its place in the family of fairly well-known benzfuseddiazine heterocycles. Because of its natural occurrence and synthetic exploration, cinnoline compounds validated its thought-provoking bioactivity through a number of research publications and patents during last few decades. A creative consideration has been rewarded to the synthesis of cinnoline based heterocyclic compounds, mostly due to their wide range of diverse pharmacological activities. The present review covers the principle approaches to the synthesis of cinnoline nucleus and almost all biologica

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4

Szumilak, Marta, and Andrzej Stanczak. "Cinnoline Scaffold—A Molecular Heart of Medicinal Chemistry?" Molecules 24, no. 12 (2019): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122271.

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The cinnoline nucleus is a very important bicyclic heterocycle that is used as the structural subunit of many compounds with interesting pharmaceutical properties. Cinnoline derivatives exhibit broad spectrum of pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic and antitumor activities. Some of them are under evaluation in clinical trials. In the present review, we have compiled studies focused on the biological properties of cinnoline derivatives conducted by many research groups worldwide between 2005 and 2019. Comprehensive

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5

Danilkina, Natalia A., Petr S. Vlasov, Semen M. Vodianik, Andrey A. Kruchinin, Yuri G. Vlasov, and Irina A. Balova. "Synthesis and chemosensing properties of cinnoline-containing poly(arylene ethynylene)s." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 11 (March 20, 2015): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.43.

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Novel poly(arylene ethynylene)s comprising a cinnoline core were prepared in high yields via a three-step methodology. A Richter-type cyclization of 2-ethynyl- and 2-(buta-1,3-diynyl)aryltriazenes was used for cinnoline ring formation, followed by a Sonogashira coupling for the introduction of trimethylsilylethynyl moieties and a sila-Sonogashira coupling as the polycondensation technique. The fluorescence of the cinnoline-containing polymers in THF was highly sensitive to quenching by Pd2+ ions.

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6

Danilkina, Natalia A., Ekaterina V. Andrievskaya, Anna V. Vasileva, et al. "4-Azidocinnoline—Cinnoline-4-amine Pair as a New Fluorogenic and Fluorochromic Environment-Sensitive Probe." Molecules 26, no. 24 (2021): 7460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247460.

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A new type of fluorogenic and fluorochromic probe based on the reduction of weakly fluorescent 4-azido-6-(4-cyanophenyl)cinnoline to the corresponding fluorescent cinnoline-4-amine was developed. We found that the fluorescence of 6-(4-cyanophenyl)cinnoline-4-amine is strongly affected by the nature of the solvent. The fluorogenic effect for the amine was detected in polar solvents with the strongest fluorescence increase in water. The environment-sensitive fluorogenic properties of cinnoline-4-amine in water were explained as a combination of two types of fluorescence mechanisms: aggregation-i

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7

Dr. M.Rajasekaran, Dr M. Rajasekaran, H. B. Nihal Furkhan H.B.Nihal Furkhan, R. Nishanth R.Nishanth, N. Panneerselvam N.Panneerselvam, B. S. Nithishkumar B.S.Nithishkumar, and M. Pandiyan M.Pandiyan. "Synthesis and Docking Studies of Cinnoline Derivatives for Enhanced Anti-Bacterial Activity." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications 10, no. 2 (2025): 1797–815. https://doi.org/10.35629/4494-100217971815.

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This study involves the synthesis and evaluation of a series of cinnoline derivatives for their biological activities. The compounds were synthesized through a multi-step process, including the preparation of benzene diazonium chloride, formation of phenyl hydrazoneacetylacetone, synthesis of 4-methyl-3-acetyl cinnoline, and subsequent reactions with various amines. These compounds were characterized using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), melting point determination, solubility tests, and advanced spectroscopic techniques, including Infrared (IR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR) s

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8

Fischer, Hans, Claus Krieger, and Franz A. Neugebauer. "Benzo[c]benzo[3,4]cinnolino[1,2-a]cinnoline, a Chiral Hydrazine Derivative." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 25, no. 4 (1986): 374–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.198603741.

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9

Bell, AJ, and RW Read. "Synthesis of Polynitro-Substituted 2'-Nitrobiphenyl-2-Amines, Analogs of Polynitro Benzo[c]cinnoline Oxide Derivatives." Australian Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 11 (1987): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9871813.

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2',3,4',5- and 2',3,5,6'-Tetranitrobiphenyl-2-amines, and 2',3,4',5,6'- and 2',4,4',6,6'-pentanitrobiphenyl-2-amines, have been synthesized for the first time, along with the known 2,4,8- and 2,4,10-trinitrobenzo[c]cinnoline 6-oxides and 1,3,7,9-tetranitrobenzo [c]cinnoline 5- oxide. The benzocinnoline oxide derivatives were found to have higher densities and thermal stability than those of the corresponding biphenylamines. These observations are discussed in terms of structure.

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10

Mandouma, Ghislain R., Tahera Nembhard, and Brittney Bender. "Synthesis of 2,3-dimethoxy-8,10-methylenedioxy benzo[c]cinnoline 7 As Potential Topoisomerase I Inhibitor." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 4, no. 12 (2016): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol4.iss12.50.

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A novel and green synthesis of 2,3-dimethoxy-8,10-methylenedioxy benzo[c]cinnoline 7 is herein described. This compound is structurally related to benzo[i]phenanthridine, a class of potent topoisomerase I inhibitors such as nitidine. While nitidine was found to be toxic, the benzo[c]cinnoline derivative 7 may circumvent that by not being a Schiff base. A conveniently short synthetic plan was implemented involving a novel solvent- and catalyst-free cross-coupling biarylation of halogenated nitroarenes 2 and 5 using a high speed ball milling (HSBM) procedure. Indeed, using a copper vial as react

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11

Hökelek, T., E. Kılıç, and C. Tüzün. "Structural investigations of benzo[c]cinnoline derivatives. I. Structures of 1-piperidinobenzo[c]cinnoline and 3-piperidinobenzo[c]cinnoline." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 47, no. 2 (1991): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270190005327.

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12

Hökelek, T., E. Kılıç, and C. Tüzün. "Structural investigations of benzo[c]cinnoline derivatives. II. Structures of 2-pyrrolidinobenzo[c]cinnoline and 4-pyrrolidinobenzo[c]cinnoline." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 47, no. 2 (1991): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270190005339.

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13

Lewis, GE, and DL Lill. "Benzo[c]cinnoline Derivatives. VIII. Properties of Hydroxy- and Methoxy-benzo[c]cinnolines." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 5 (1985): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9850817.

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The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and ionization constants of the complete series of hydroxy -and methoxy-benzo [c] cinnolines are reported and discussed in relation to the efficiency of electronic interaction between each substituent and the relevant nitrogen atom of the central ring.

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14

Hökelek, T., E. Kiliç, and S. Aktan. "1-Nitrobenzo[c]cinnoline." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 55, no. 3 (1999): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270198013560.

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15

Prashanthi Evangeline M, Prem Kumar P, and Bala Murugan K. "Cinnoline Derivatives as Antibacterial Agent and Antimycobacterial Agent: Synthesis, Microbial Evaluation and Molecular Docking Study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (2020): 6675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3588.

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Fourteen Novel cinnoline library compounds were designed, synthesized through a facile approach, and allowed for screening for anti-bacterial activity and anti-tubercular activity. The titled compounds were entirely synthesized by replacing alkyl groups, sulphonyl, halo groups in the 6th & 7th position of cinnoline moiety. The enlightenment of structure was done by FTIR HNMR along with elemental analysis and further docked for Structural activity. The newly synthesized Cinnoline Compounds were examined for their in vitro drug-sensitive M tuberculosis H37Hv strain. All the compounds have sh

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16

Tucker, Sheryl A., Hardjanti Darmodjo, William E. Acree, et al. "Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. Part IV: Effect of Solvent Polarity, Solvent Acidity, Nitromethane and 1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene on the Fluorescence Emission Behavior of Select Monoaza- and Diazaarenes." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 11 (1992): 1630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924926952.

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Fluorescence emission spectra are reported for naphth[2′l′8′7′: 4,10,5]anthra[l,9,8cdef]cinnoline, benzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline (also called 2,7-diazapyrene), benz[4,10]anthra[l,9,8cdef]cinnoline, naphtho[8,1,2hij]pyreno[9,10,ldef]phthalazine, acenaphtho[l,2b]pyridine, benzo[a]phenazine, indeno[l,2,3ij][2,7]naphthyridine, and indeno-[l,2,3ij]isoquinoline dissolved in organic nonelectrolyte solvents of varying polarity and acidity. Results of these measurements indicate that naphth[2′,1′,8′,7′:4,10,5]anthra[l,9,8cdef]cinnoline exhibits some signs of probe character as evidenced by changing emi

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17

Dyab, Amro K. F., and Kamal Usef Sadek. "Microwave assisted one-pot green synthesis of cinnoline derivatives inside natural sporopollenin microcapsules." RSC Advances 8, no. 41 (2018): 23241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04195d.

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18

Gomaa, Mohsen Abdel-Motaal. "An efficient and facile synthesis of substituted cinnoline and benzo[h]cinnoline derivatives." Tetrahedron Letters 44, no. 17 (2003): 3493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00686-5.

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19

Hoang, Minh-Duc, Jean-Baptiste Bodin, Farah Savina, et al. "“CinNapht” dyes: a new cinnoline/naphthalimide fused hybrid fluorophore. Synthesis, photo-physical study and use for bio-imaging." RSC Advances 11, no. 48 (2021): 30088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05110e.

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20

HOEKELEK, T., E. KILIC, and C. TUEZUEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Structural Investigations of Benzo(c)cinnoline Derivatives. Part 1. Structures of 1-Piperidinobenzo(c)cinnoline and 3-Piperidinobenzo(c) cinnoline." ChemInform 22, no. 20 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199120069.

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21

HOEKELEK, T., E. KILIC, and C. TUEZUEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Structural Investigations of Benzo(c)cinnoline Derivatives. Part 2. Structures of 2-Pyrrolidinobenzo(c)cinnoline and 4-Pyrrolidinobenzo(c) cinnoline." ChemInform 22, no. 20 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199120070.

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22

Zeng, Zhaokui, Zhiquan Zhang, Bin Zhao, et al. "Rational design of a difluorobenzo[c]cinnoline-based low-bandgap copolymer for high-performance polymer solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 16 (2017): 7300–7304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta00495h.

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23

Rajkumar, Subramani, S. Antony Savarimuthu, Rajendran Senthil Kumaran, C. M. Nagaraja, and Thirumanavelan Gandhi. "Expedient synthesis of new cinnoline diones by Ru-catalyzed regioselective unexpected deoxygenation-oxidative annulation of propargyl alcohols with phthalazinones and pyridazinones." Chemical Communications 52, no. 12 (2016): 2509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09347c.

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24

Hansen, Lars Kr, Vegar Stockmann, and Anne Fiksdahl. "7-Azathieno[3,2-c]cinnoline." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 7 (2007): o3290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807029947.

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25

Hansen, Lars Kr, Vegar Stockmann, and Anne Fiksdahl. "7-Azathieno[2,3-c]cinnoline." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 9 (2007): o3896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807041335.

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26

Gao, Zhi-Qiang. "1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexahydrocinnolino[5,4,3-cde]cinnoline." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 65, no. 2 (2009): o239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536808044036.

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27

Wright, Stephen W. "ChemInform Abstract: Borsche Cinnoline Synthesis." ChemInform 43, no. 19 (2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201219237.

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28

Lewgowd, Wieslawa, and Andrzej Stanczak. "Cinnoline Derivatives with Biological Activity." Archiv der Pharmazie 340, no. 2 (2007): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.200500194.

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29

Hökelek, T. "Structural investigations of benzo[c]cinnoline derivatives. III. Structure of 2-fluorobenzo[c]cinnoline." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 47, no. 7 (1991): 1432–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270190011611.

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30

Kaur, Jaspreet, and Bonamali Pal. "Selective formation of benzo[c]cinnoline by photocatalytic reduction of 2,2′-dinitrobiphenyl using TiO2 and under UV light irradiation." Chemical Communications 51, no. 40 (2015): 8500–8503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc02713f.

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Photocatalytic reduction of 2,2′-dinitrobiphenyl (25 μmol) using P25-TiO<sub>2</sub> under an argon atmosphere and 20 h UV light irradiation selectively produced 23.8 μmol of benzo[c]cinnoline (95%), and 2,2′-biphenyldiamine (5%).

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31

Dillow, Glen W., and P. Kebarle. "Electron affinities of aza-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 10 (1989): 1628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-249.

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Electron affinities for aza-substituted polycyclic aromatics were determined from measurements of electron transfer equilibria in the dilute gas phase with a pulsed electron high pressure mass spectrometer (PHPMS). These are (in kcal/mol): quinazoline (12.7), quinoxaline (15.8), cinnoline (16.0), acridine (20.3), benzo[c]cinnoline (20.6), pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (22.5), phenazine (29.5). Solvation energies of the corresponding radical anions in acetonitrile and dimethylformamide are derived from the gas phase data and literature on electron reduction potentials in solution. An observed linear re

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32

Borah, Gongutri, and Pitambar Patel. "Ir(iii)-Catalyzed [4 + 2] cyclization of azobenzene and diazotized Meldrum's acid for the synthesis of cinnolin-3(2H)-one." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 17, no. 9 (2019): 2554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ob03214a.

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The first report on Ir(iii)-catalyzed C–H alkylation/cyclization of azobenzene with diazotized Meldrum's acid was developed for the synthesis of cinnoline-3(2H)-one-4-carboxylic acid and its ester derivative under mild conditions.

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33

Hökelek, T., D. J. Watkin, E. Kılıç, and C. Tüzün. "Structure of 1-morpholinobenzo[c]cinnoline." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 46, no. 6 (1990): 1027–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270189009960.

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34

Hökelek, Tuncer, Emine Kılıç, and Sebla Dinçer. "2-Bromobenzo[c]cinnoline 6-oxide." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 57, no. 7 (2001): o645—o647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536801010236.

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35

Eastman, Kyle J. "ChemInform Abstract: Widman-Stoermer Cinnoline Synthesis." ChemInform 43, no. 19 (2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201219234.

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36

Kandimalla, Satheeshkumar Reddy, and Gowravaram Sabitha. "Metal-free C–N bond formations: one-pot synthesis of pyrido[2′,1′:2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]cinnolines, benzo[4′,5']thiazolo- and thiazolo[2′,3′:2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]cinnolines." RSC Advances 6, no. 71 (2016): 67086–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra15418b.

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An efficient one-pot synthesis of novel pyrido[2′,1′:2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]cinnoline derivatives has been achieved with moderate to good yields, with two C–N bond formations through C–H functionalization of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

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37

Szumilak, Marta. "Polyamine derivatives as potential bisintercalators with antiproliferative activity." Postępy Polskiej Medycyny i Farmacji 4 (June 24, 2016): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.6389.

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Bisntercalators are very interesting group of compounds with potential antitumor activity. They interact reversibly with DNA double helix. These agents share common structural features such as the presence of two, planar, polycyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic systems separated by a spacer chain which must be long enough to enable double intercalation between base pairs. The unique chemical structure of these compounds provides numerous modifications within their structure resulting either in higher activity or increased selectivity toward tumor cells. Within the framework of the project, new p

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38

Kandeel, Manal M., Aliaa M. Kamal, Bassem H. Naguib, and Marwa S. A. Hassan. "Design, Synthesis, Cytotoxic Activity and Apoptosis-inducing Action of Novel Cinnoline Derivatives as Anticancer Agents." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 8 (2018): 1208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520618666180220121319.

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Aims: Tyrosine kinases and topoisomerase I are common target enzymes for the majority of the anticancer agents. In contrast to quinazolines and quinolines, kinase inhibitors and topoisomerase inhibitors incorporating cinnoline scaffold are relatively infrequent. Thus the aim of this work was to replace the former scaffolds with the latter one. Eighteen novel cinnoline derivatives were designed, synthesized and characterized using both microanalytical and spectral data. Methods: The cytotoxic activity of the new compounds was screened in vitro against both human breast cancer cells and normal b

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39

Holzer, Wolfgang. "On the Synthesis and Reactivity of 4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)cinnoline: Targeting a Cinnoline Analogue of Propranolol." Scientia Pharmaceutica 76, no. 1 (2008): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.0802-06.

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40

HOEKELEK, T. "ChemInform Abstract: Structural Investigations of Benzo(c)cinnoline Derivatives. Part 3. Structure of 2-Fluorobenzo(c)cinnoline." ChemInform 22, no. 40 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199140042.

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41

Hlaváč, Jan, and Jan Slouka. "Synthesis of 3-(6-Azauracil-5-yl)anthranilic Acid and Its Application to the Preparation of Other 1,2,4-Triazine Derivatives." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 61, no. 6 (1996): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19960941.

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The title compound was synthesized by alkaline recyclization of isatin-7-carboxylic acid semicarbazone and used for the preparation of 3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]indol-6-carboxylic acid (8) and 3-oxo-2,3,4,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-c]cinnoline-7-carboxylic acid (9).

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42

HÖKELEK, Tuncer, and Emine KILIÇ. "Crystal Structure of 2-Aminobenzo[c]cinnoline." Analytical Sciences: X-ray Structure Analysis Online 22 (2006): x33—x34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analscix.22.x33.

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43

Su, Lin, and Wei Hou. "Progress in the Synthesis of Cinnoline Derivatives." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 39, no. 2 (2019): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc201806021.

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44

Giovannoni, Maria Paola, Igor A. Schepetkin, Letizia Crocetti, et al. "Cinnoline derivatives as human neutrophil elastase inhibitors." Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 31, no. 4 (2015): 628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2015.1057718.

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45

Youssef, Mohamed S. K., Adel M. Kamal El-Dean, Mohamed S. Abbady, and Khairy M. Hassan. "Synthesis and some reactions of cinnoline derivatives." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, no. 8 (1991): 1768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19911768.

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46

Pham, E. K., and L. McElwee-White. "Structure of (benzo[c]cinnoline-N')pentacarbonyltungsten." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 48, no. 6 (1992): 1120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270191011794.

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47

Volovenko, Yu M. "New heterocyclic system—pyridazino[3,4-c]cinnoline." Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 33, no. 6 (1997): 750–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02291815.

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48

Peng, Ju-Hua, Wen-Juan Hao, and Shu-Jiang Tu. "2,2,7,7-Tetramethyl-1,2,3,6,7,8-hexahydrocinnolino[5,4,3-cde]cinnoline." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 65, no. 2 (2009): o238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536808043912.

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49

Kempter, Fritz E., and Raymond N. Castle. "The synthesis of benzo[c] cinnoline dioxides." Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 5, no. 4 (2009): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570050428.

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Komorsky-Lovrić, Šebojka. "Kinetics of the Cinnoline Surface Redox Reaction." Electroanalysis 14, no. 13 (2002): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4109(200207)14:13<888::aid-elan888>3.0.co;2-g.

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