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Journal articles on the topic 'Ciona savignyi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Tarallo, Andrea, Mitshuaru Yagi, Shin Oikawa, Claudio Agnisola, and Giuseppe D'Onofrio. "Comparative morpho-physiological analysis between Ciona robusta and Ciona savignyi." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 485 (December 2016): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2016.09.001.

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2

Wang, Dandan, Yuxi Wei, Qiu Cui, and Wenli Li. "Amylibacter cionae sp. nov., isolated from the sea squirt Ciona savignyi." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 3462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.002140.

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3

Nomaguchi, Takashi A., Chiyo Nishijima, Shinji Minowa, Maki Hashimoto, Chihiro Haraguchi, Shonan Amemiya, and Hirosuke Fujisawa. "Embryonic Thermosensitivity of the Ascidian, Ciona savignyi." Zoological Science 14, no. 3 (June 1997): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.14.511.

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4

Kim, J. H., M. S. Waterman, and L. M. Li. "Diploid genome reconstruction of Ciona intestinalis and comparative analysis with Ciona savignyi." Genome Research 17, no. 7 (June 13, 2007): 1101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.5894107.

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5

Nomura, Masao, Mana Nakamura, Ryosuke Soeda, Yoshikazu Kikawada, Michiko Fukushima, and Takao Oi. "Vanadium isotopic composition of the sea squirt (Ciona savignyi)." Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 48, no. 3 (September 2012): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2012.662970.

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6

Moody, R., S. W. Davis, F. Cubas, and W. C. Smith. "Isolation of developmental mutants of the ascidian Ciona savignyi." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 262, no. 1 (August 1999): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380051075.

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7

Akahoshi, Taichi, Kohji Hotta, and Kotaro Oka. "Characterization of calcium transients during early embryogenesis in ascidians Ciona robusta (Ciona intestinalis type A) and Ciona savignyi." Developmental Biology 431, no. 2 (November 2017): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.019.

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8

Yoshida, Manabu, Kazuo Inaba, and Masaaki Morisawa. "Sperm Chemotaxis during the Process of Fertilization in the Ascidians Ciona savignyi and Ciona intestinalis." Developmental Biology 157, no. 2 (June 1993): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1993.1152.

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9

Matsuoka, Terumi, Satoko Awazu, Nori Satoh, and Yasunori Sasakura. "Minos transposon causes germline transgenesis of the ascidian Ciona savignyi." Development, Growth and Differentiation 46, no. 3 (June 2004): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169x.2004.00742.x.

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10

Vinson, J. P. "Assembly of polymorphic genomes: Algorithms and application to Ciona savignyi." Genome Research 15, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.3722605.

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11

MA, Hong-Ming, Jun-Li ZHANG, Zi-Ang YAO, Li-Ping LIU, Song-Jun JIN, and Jian-Hai XIANG. "THE NEW RECORD OF ASCIDIAN CIONA SAVIGNYI IN CHINA." Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 36, no. 5 (September 17, 2010): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1035.2010.01056.

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12

Nakai, Satoshi, Jun-ya Shibata, Akira Umehara, Tetsuji Okuda, and Wataru Nishijima. "Filtration Rate of the Ascidian Ciona savignyi and Its Possible Impact." Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences 34, no. 2 (January 8, 2018): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41208-017-0061-y.

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13

Nakatani, Y., R. Moody, and W. C. Smith. "Mutations affecting tail and notochord development in the ascidian Ciona savignyi." Development 126, no. 15 (August 1, 1999): 3293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.15.3293.

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Ascidians are among the most distant chordate relatives of the vertebrates. However, ascidians share many features with vertebrates including a notochord and hollow dorsal nerve cord. A screen for N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutations affecting early development in the ascidian Ciona savignyi resulted in the isolation of a number of mutants including the complementing notochord mutants chongmague and chobi. In chongmague embryos the notochord fails to develop, and the notochord cells instead adopt a mesenchyme-like fate. The failure of notochord development in chongmague embryos results in a severe truncation of tail, although development of the tail muscles and caudal nerve tracts appears largely normal. Chobi embryos also have a truncation of the tail stemming from a disruption of the notochord. However, in chobi embryos the early development of the notochord appears normal and defects occur later as the notochord attempts to extend and direct elongation of the tail. We find in chobi tailbud embryos that the notochord is often bent, with cells clumped together, rather than extended as a column. These results provide new information on the function and development of the ascidian notochord. In addition, the results demonstrate how the unique features of ascidians can be used in genetic analysis of morphogenesis.

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14

Satou, Yutaka, Ryohei Nakamura, Deli Yu, Reiko Yoshida, Mayuko Hamada, Manabu Fujie, Kanako Hisata, Hiroyuki Takeda, and Noriyuki Satoh. "A Nearly Complete Genome of Ciona intestinalis Type A (C. robusta) Reveals the Contribution of Inversion to Chromosomal Evolution in the Genus Ciona." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 11 (October 22, 2019): 3144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz228.

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Abstract Since its initial publication in 2002, the genome of Ciona intestinalis type A (Ciona robusta), the first genome sequence of an invertebrate chordate, has provided a valuable resource for a wide range of biological studies, including developmental biology, evolutionary biology, and neuroscience. The genome assembly was updated in 2008, and it included 68% of the sequence information in 14 pairs of chromosomes. However, a more contiguous genome is required for analyses of higher order genomic structure and of chromosomal evolution. Here, we provide a new genome assembly for an inbred line of this animal, constructed with short and long sequencing reads and Hi-C data. In this latest assembly, over 95% of the 123 Mb of sequence data was included in the chromosomes. Short sequencing reads predicted a genome size of 114–120 Mb; therefore, it is likely that the current assembly contains almost the entire genome, although this estimate of genome size was smaller than previous estimates. Remapping of the Hi-C data onto the new assembly revealed a large inversion in the genome of the inbred line. Moreover, a comparison of this genome assembly with that of Ciona savignyi, a different species in the same genus, revealed many chromosomal inversions between these two Ciona species, suggesting that such inversions have occurred frequently and have contributed to chromosomal evolution of Ciona species. Thus, the present assembly greatly improves an essential resource for genome-wide studies of ascidians.

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15

Yang, Libo, Xiaoming Zhang, Chengzhang Liu, Jin Zhang, and Bo Dong. "MiR-92 Family Members Form a Cluster Required for Notochord Tubulogenesis in Urochordate Ciona savignyi." Genes 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030406.

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MicroRNAs are frequently clustered in the genome and polycistronically transcribed, regulating targeted genes in diverse signaling pathways. The miR-17-92 cluster is a typical miRNA cluster, playing crucial roles in the organogenesis and homeostasis of physiological processes in vertebrates. Here, we identified three miRNAs (csa-miR-92a, csa-miR-92b, and csa-miR-92c) that belonged to the miR-92 family and formed a miRNA cluster in the genome of a urochordate marine ascidian Ciona savignyi. Except for miR-92a and miR-92b, other homologs of the vertebrate miR-17-92 cluster members could not be identified in the Ciona genome. We further found that the mature sequences of urochordate miR-92 family members were highly conserved compared with the vertebrate species. The expression pattern revealed that three miR-92 family members had consistent expression levels in adult tissues and were predominantly expressed in heart and muscle tissue. We further showed that, at the embryonic and larval stages, csa-miR-92c was expressed in the notochord of embryos during 18–31 h post fertilization (hpf) by in situ hybridization. Knockout of csa-miR-92c resulted in the disorganization of notochord cells and the block of lumen coalescence in the notochord. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and wingless/integrated (Wnt)/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathways might be involved in the regulatory processes, since a large number of core genes of these pathways were the predicted target genes of the miR-92 family. Taken together, we identified a miR-92 cluster in urochordate Ciona and revealed the expression patterns and the regulatory roles of its members in organogenesis. Our results provide expression and phylogenetic data on the understanding of the miR-92 miRNA cluster’s function during evolution.

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16

Nomura, Mamoru, Kazuo Inaba, and Masaaki Morisawa. "Phosphorylation of axonemal 21 kDa and 26 kDa proteins modulates activation of sperm motility in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis." Zygote 8, S1 (December 1999): S59—S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400130291.

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Protein phosphorylation is highly coupled with sperm motility activation in several animal species. The micro-tubule based flagellar motor protein, dynein, is a candidate for a phosphoprotein related to sperm activation in many animal species (Morisawa & Hayashi, 1985; Hayashi et al., 1987; Dey & Brokaw, 1991; Stephens & Prior, 1992; Inaba et al., 1998, 1999). Sperm motility of the ascidians Ciona intestinalis and C. savignyi is activated by a factor derived from unfertilised eggs named sperm activating and attracting factor (SAAF). SAAF elevates the intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) level by a mechanism dependent on membrane hyperpolarisation and extracellular Ca2+ (Yoshida et al., 1994; Izumi et al., 1999). Experiments using demembranated Ciona sperm showed that cAMP is required prior to ATP for the activation of axonemal movement (Opreska & Brokaw, 1983; Morisawa et al., 1984; Brokaw, 1985; Dey & Brokaw, 1991; Chaudhry et al., 1995) and that many sperm flagellar proteins including dynein light chain are phosphorylated during incubation of demembranated sperm with ATP and cAMP (Dey & Brokaw, 1991). However, there is no evidence of which proteins are phosphorylated during the SAAF-dependent activation of Ciona sperm motility.

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17

Small, Kerrin S., Michael Brudno, Matthew M. Hill, and Arend Sidow. "A haplome alignment and reference sequence of the highly polymorphic Ciona savignyi genome." Genome Biology 8, no. 3 (2007): R41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2007-8-3-r41.

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18

Zhang, Zhaoxuan, Jiankai Wei, Ruimei Ren, and Xiaoming Zhang. "Anti-virus effects of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) identified in ascidian Ciona savignyi." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 106 (November 2020): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.059.

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19

Ren, Ping, Jiankai Wei, Haiyan Yu, and Bo Dong. "Identification and functional characterization of solute carrier family 6 genes in Ciona savignyi." Gene 705 (July 2019): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.056.

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20

Zhang, Tengjiao, Yichi Xu, Kaoru Imai, Teng Fei, Guilin Wang, Bo Dong, Tianwei Yu, Yutaka Satou, Weiyang Shi, and Zhirong Bao. "A single-cell analysis of the molecular lineage of chordate embryogenesis." Science Advances 6, no. 45 (November 2020): eabc4773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc4773.

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Progressive unfolding of gene expression cascades underlies diverse embryonic lineage development. Here, we report a single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the complete and invariant embryonic cell lineage of the tunicate Ciona savignyi from fertilization to the onset of gastrulation. We reconstructed a developmental landscape of 47 cell types over eight cell cycles in the wild-type embryo and identified eight fate transformations upon fibroblast growth factor (FGF) inhibition. For most FGF-dependent asymmetric cell divisions, the bipotent mother cell displays the gene signature of the default daughter fate. In convergent differentiation of the two notochord lineages, we identified additional gene pathways parallel to the master regulator T/Brachyury. Last, we showed that the defined Ciona cell types can be matched to E6.5-E8.5 stage mouse cell types and display conserved expression of limited number of transcription factors. This study provides a high-resolution single-cell dataset to understand chordate early embryogenesis and cell lineage differentiation.

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21

Yamada, Lixy. "Embryonic expression profiles and conserved localization mechanisms of pem/postplasmic mRNAs of two species of ascidian, Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi." Developmental Biology 296, no. 2 (August 2006): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.05.018.

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22

Kim, Dong Seon, Yao Wang, Hye Ji Oh, Dongjin Choi, Kangseok Lee, and Yoonsoo Hahn. "Retroduplication and loss of parental genes is a mechanism for the generation of intronless genes in Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi." Development Genes and Evolution 224, no. 4-6 (July 19, 2014): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00427-014-0475-y.

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23

Donmez, Nilgun, Georgii A. Bazykin, Michael Brudno, and Alexey S. Kondrashov. "Polymorphism Due to Multiple Amino Acid Substitutions at a Codon Site Within Ciona savignyi." Genetics 181, no. 2 (December 15, 2008): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.097535.

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24

Chen, Xiaoshuang, Huanli Xu, Bo Li, Feng Wang, Xiaoliang Chen, Dexin Kong, and Xiukun Lin. "Preparation and Antitumor Activity of CS5931, A Novel Polypeptide from Sea Squirt Ciona Savignyi." Marine Drugs 14, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md14030047.

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25

Smith, Kirsty, Patrick Cahill, and Andrew Fidler. "First record of the solitary ascidian Ciona savignyi Herdman, 1882 in the Southern Hemisphere." Aquatic Invasions 5, no. 4 (December 2010): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.05.

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26

Waldrop, L. D., and L. A. Miller. "The role of the pericardium in the valveless, tubular heart of the tunicate Ciona savignyi." Journal of Experimental Biology 218, no. 17 (July 3, 2015): 2753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.116863.

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27

Zhao, Jin, Jianteng Wei, Ming Liu, Lin Xiao, Ning Wu, Ge Liu, Haijuan Huang, Yuyan Zhang, Lanhong Zheng, and Xiukun Lin. "Cloning, characterization and expression of a cDNA encoding a granulin-like polypeptide in Ciona savignyi." Biochimie 95, no. 8 (August 2013): 1611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2013.05.001.

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28

Ni, Ping, Yaping Lin, Yiyong Chen, Haitao Li, Yan Zhao, and Aibin Zhan. "Development and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the highly invasive ascidian, Ciona savignyi." Conservation Genetics Resources 7, no. 1 (September 14, 2014): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-014-0335-0.

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29

Therriault, Thomas W., and Leif-Matthias Herborg. "A qualitative biological risk assessment for vase tunicate Ciona intestinalis in Canadian waters: using expert knowledge." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 5 (April 17, 2008): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn059.

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Abstract Therriault, T. W., and Herborg, L-M. 2008. A qualitative biological risk assessment for vase tunicate Ciona intestinalis in Canadian waters: using expert knowledge. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 781–787. Non-indigenous species (NIS) can pose a significant level of risk, through potential ecological or genetic consequences, to environments to which they are introduced. One way to characterize the overall risk posed by a NIS is to combine the probability and consequences of its establishment in a risk assessment that can be used to inform managers and policy-makers. The vase tunicate Ciona intestinalis is considered to be a cryptogenic species in eastern Canadian waters, but has not yet been reported from Pacific Canada. Because it is unclear what level of risk it poses for Canadian waters, we conducted a biological risk assessment for C. intestinalis and its potential pathogens, parasites, and fellow travellers. An expert survey was conducted to inform the risk assessment. The ecological risk posed by C. intestinalis was considered high (moderate uncertainty) on the Atlantic coast, and moderate (high uncertainty) on the Pacific coast. The genetic risk posed by C. intestinalis was considered moderate on both coasts, with low uncertainty on the Atlantic coast and high uncertainty on the Pacific coast, where hybridization with Ciona savignyi may be possible. Pathogens, parasites, and fellow travellers were considered to be a moderate ecological risk and a low genetic risk (with high uncertainty) for both coasts.

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30

Tsutsui, H., and Y. Oka. "Light-sensitive voltage responses in the neurons of the cerebral ganglion of Ciona savignyi (Chordata: Ascidiacea)." Biological Bulletin 198, no. 1 (February 2000): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1542800.

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31

Wei, Jiankai, and Bo Dong. "Identification and expression analysis of long noncoding RNAs in embryogenesis and larval metamorphosis of Ciona savignyi." Marine Genomics 40 (July 2018): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2018.05.001.

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32

Imai, Kaoru S. "Isolation and characterization of β-catenin downstream genes in early embryos of the ascidian Ciona savignyi." Differentiation 71, no. 6 (August 2003): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-0436.2003.7106001.x.

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33

Okada, Toshiaki, and Masamichi Yamamoto. "Identification of Early Oogenetic Cells in the Solitary Ascidians, Ciona savignyi and Ciona intestinalis: An Immunoelectron Microscopic Study. (oogonium/oocyte/germ cell/monoclonal antibody/ultrastructure)." Development, Growth and Differentiation 35, no. 5 (October 1993): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169x.1993.00495.x.

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34

Chiba, Shota, Yutaka Satou, Takahito Nishikata, and Noriyuki Satoh. "Isolation and Characterization of cDNA Clones for Epidermis-Specific and Muscle-Specific Genes in Ciona savignyi Embryos." Zoological Science 15, no. 2 (April 1998): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.15.239.

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35

Tsukamoto, Sachiko, Hiroshi Hirota, Haruko Kato, and Nobuhiro Fusetani. "Urochordamines A and B: Larval settlement/metamorphosis-promoting, pteridine-containing physostigmine alkaloids from the tunicate Ciona savignyi." Tetrahedron Letters 34, no. 30 (July 1993): 4819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)74097-4.

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36

Kourakis, Matthew J., Erin Newman-Smith, and William C. Smith. "Key steps in the morphogenesis of a cranial placode in an invertebrate chordate, the tunicate Ciona savignyi." Developmental Biology 340, no. 1 (April 2010): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.016.

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37

Zhang, Xiaoming, Wei Luan, Songjun Jin, and Jianhai Xiang. "A novel tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member (CsTL) from Ciona savignyi: Molecular identification and expression analysis." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 32, no. 11 (January 2008): 1362–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.009.

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38

Smith, Kirsty, Joshua Thia, Chrissen Gemmill, Craig Cary, and Andrew Fidler. "Barcoding of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) indicates a recent introduction of Ciona savignyi into New Zealand and provides a rapid method for Ciona species discrimination." Aquatic Invasions 7, no. 3 (2012): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2012.7.3.002.

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39

Imai, Kaoru S., Yutaka Satou, and Nori Satoh. "Multiple functions of a Zic-like gene in the differentiation of notochord, central nervous system and muscle inCiona savignyiembryos." Development 129, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 2723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.11.2723.

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Multiple functions of a Zic-like zinc finger transcription factor gene (Cs-ZicL) were identified in Ciona savignyi embryos. cDNA clones for Cs-ZicL, a β-catenin downstream genes, were isolated and the gene was transiently expressed in the A-line notochord/nerve cord lineage and in B-line muscle lineage from the 32-cell stage and later in a-line CNS lineage from the 110-cell stage. Suppression of Cs-ZicL function with specific morpholino oligonucleotide indicated that Cs-ZicL is essential for the formation of A-line notochord cells but not of B-line notochord cells, essential for the CNS formation and essential for the maintenance of muscle differentiation. The expression of Cs-ZicL in the A-line cells is downstream of β-catenin and a β-catenin-target gene, Cs-FoxD, which is expressed in the endoderm cells from the 16-cell stage and is essential for the differentiation of notochord. In spite of its pivotal role in muscle specification, the expression of Cs-ZicL in the muscle precursors is independent of Cs-macho1, which is another Zic-like gene encoding a Ciona maternal muscle determinant, suggesting another genetic cascade for muscle specification independent of Cs-macho1. Cs-ZicL may provide a future experimental system to explore how the gene expression in multiple embryonic regions is controlled and how the single gene can perform different functions in multiple types of embryonic cells.

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40

Zvyagintsev, A. Yu, K. E. Sanamyan, and S. D. Kashenko. "On the introduction of the ascidian Ciona savignyi Herdman, 1882 into Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan." Russian Journal of Marine Biology 33, no. 2 (April 2007): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063074007020083.

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41

Wang, Dandan, Chuanwei Li, and Yuxi Wei. "Isolation and Identification of Cultivable Microorganisms Isolated from Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi) Collected from the Jiaozhou Bay, China." International Journal of Sciences 3, no. 03 (2017): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijsci.1216.

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42

Sensui, Noburu, and Masaaki Morisawa. "Effect of Ca2+ on deformation, polar body extrusion and pronucleus formation in the egg of the ascidian, Ciona savignyi." Development, Growth and Differentiation 38, no. 4 (August 1996): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-169x.1996.t01-3-00002.x.

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43

Cheng, Linyou, Chunguang Wang, Haizhou Liu, Fengxia Wang, Lanhong Zheng, Jin Zhao, Edward Chu, and Xiukun Lin. "A Novel Polypeptide Extracted From Ciona savignyi Induces Apoptosis Through a Mitochondrial-Mediated Pathway in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells." Clinical Colorectal Cancer 11, no. 3 (September 2012): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clcc.2012.01.002.

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44

Liu, Ge, Ming Liu, Jianteng Wei, Haijuan Huang, Yuyan Zhang, Jin Zhao, Lin Xiao, Ning Wu, Lanhong Zheng, and Xiukun Lin. "CS5931, a Novel Polypeptide in Ciona savignyi, Represses Angiogenesis via Inhibiting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)." Marine Drugs 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2014): 1530–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md12031530.

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45

Yi, Chang Ho, and Won Kim. "Assessing Cryptic Invasion State: Fine-Scale Genetic Analysis of Ciona savignyi Population in Putative Native Habitat of the Korean Coast." Ocean Science Journal 55, no. 1 (March 2020): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12601-019-0041-7.

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46

Yokobori, Shin-ichi, Yukari Watanabe, and Tairo Oshima. "Mitochondrial Genome of Ciona savignyi (Urochordata, Ascidiacea, Enterogona): Comparison of Gene Arrangement and tRNA Genes with Halocynthia roretzi Mitochondrial Genome." Journal of Molecular Evolution 57, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 574–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-003-2511-9.

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47

Matthysse, Ann G., Mazz Marry, Leonard Krall, Mitchell Kaye, Bronwyn E. Ramey, Clay Fuqua, and Alan R. White. "The Effect of Cellulose Overproduction on Binding and Biofilm Formation on Roots by Agrobacterium tumefaciens." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 9 (September 2005): 1002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-1002.

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Agrobacterium tumefaciens growing in liquid attaches to the surface of tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana roots, forming a biofilm. The bacteria also colonize roots grown in sterile quartz sand. Attachment, root colonization, and biofilm formation all were markedly reduced in celA and chvB mutants, deficient in production of cellulose and cyclic β-(1,2)-D-glucans, respectively. We have identified two genes (celG and celI) in which mutations result in the overproduction of cellulose as judged by chemical fractionation and methylation analysis. Wild-type and chvB mutant strains carrying a cDNA clone of a cellulose synthase gene from the marine urochordate Ciona savignyi also overproduced cellulose. The overproduction in a wild-type strain resulted in increased biofilm formation on roots, as evaluated by light microscopy, and levels of root colonization intermediate between those of cellulose-minus mutants and the wild type. Overproduction of cellulose by a nonattaching chvB mutant restored biofilm formation and bacterial attachment in microscopic and viable cell count assays and partially restored root colonization. Although attachment to plant surfaces was restored, overproduction of cellulose did not restore virulence in the chvB mutant strain, suggesting that simple bacterial binding to plant surfaces is not sufficient for pathogenesis.

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48

Imai, K., N. Takada, N. Satoh, and Y. Satou. "(beta)-catenin mediates the specification of endoderm cells in ascidian embryos." Development 127, no. 14 (July 15, 2000): 3009–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.14.3009.

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Abstract:

In the present study, we addressed the role of (beta)-catenin in the specification of embryonic cells of the ascidians Ciona intestinalis and C. savignyi and obtained the following results: (1) During cleavages, (beta)-catenin accumulated in the nuclei of vegetal blastomeres, suggesting that it plays a role in the specification of endoderm. (2) Mis- and/or overexpression of (beta)-catenin induced the development of an endoderm-specific alkaline phosphatase (AP) in presumptive notochord cells and epidermis cells without affecting differentiation of primary lineage muscle cells. (3) Downregulation of (beta)-catenin induced by the overexpression of cadherin resulted in the suppression of endoderm cell differentiation. This suppression was compensated for by the differentiation of extra epidermis cells. (4) Specification of notochord cells did not take place in the absence of endoderm differentiation. Both the overexpression of (beta)-catenin in presumptive notochord cells and the downregulation of (beta)-catenin in presumptive endoderm cells led to the suppression of Brachyury gene expression, resulting in the failure of notochord specification. These results suggest that the accumulation of (beta)-catenin in the nuclei of endoderm progenitor cells is the first step in the process of ascidian endoderm specification.

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Kyozuka, K., R. Deguchi, T. Mohri, and S. Miyazaki. "Injection of sperm extract mimics spatiotemporal dynamics of Ca2+ responses and progression of meiosis at fertilization of ascidian oocytes." Development 125, no. 20 (October 15, 1998): 4099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.20.4099.

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Abstract:

Sperm extract (SE) of the ascidian, Ciona savignyi, injected into oocytes induced repetitive intracellular Ca2+ increases with kinetics consistent with those at fertilization and caused reinitiation and progression of meiosis as in fertilized oocytes with the formation of polar bodies. The Ca2+ response comprised two sets of Ca2+ oscillations separated by 5 minutes and correlated with the first and second meiotic metaphase. The effects of SE were dose dependent and the critical dose corresponded roughly to a single spermatozoon. In the first Ca2+ transient observed by confocal microscopy, a Ca2+ wave started from the SE injection site at the peripheral region of the oocyte and propagated across the ooplasm. The similar wave was produced by injection at the central region, starting from an arbitrary cortical area after 30 seconds, probably after SE had diffused to the cortex. The sensitivity to SE is thought to be preferentially higher in the cortex. The effective component of SE was heat-unstable, and its molecular weight was estimated as in the range between 10x10(4)and 3x10(4) using membrane filters. These results suggest that, in ascidian fertilization, a cytosolic sperm protein factor is introduced to the oocyte cortex and induces Ca2+ waves and thereby meiotic resumption, leading to cell-cycle-correlated Ca2+ oscillations.

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Marikawa, Yusuke, Shoko Yoshida, and Noriyuki Satoh. "Development of Egg Fragments of the Ascidian Ciona savignyi: The Cytoplasmic Factors Responsible for Muscle Differentiation Are Separated into a Specific Fragment." Developmental Biology 162, no. 1 (March 1994): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1994.1073.

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