Journal articles: 'Ciprofloxacin Erythromycin Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry'

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Jo, Mi-Ra, Jong-Soo Mok, Doo-Seog Lee, Min-Jung Kim, and Poong-Ho Kim. "Determination of Residual Erythromycin Antibiotic in Fishery Products by Liquid Chromatography-electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry." Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 1 (February 28, 2009): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2009.42.1.015.

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Wang, Bo, Soyeon Nam, Eunyeong Kim, Hayoung Jeon, Kiho Lee, and Kaizhou Xie. "Identification of Erythromycin and Clarithromycin Metabolites Formed in Chicken Liver Microsomes Using Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Foods 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071504.

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Nontargeted analysis can be used for the rapid screening and confirmatory analysis of veterinary drugs and their metabolites, which are important for the comprehensive safety evaluation of animal-derived foods. Here, a novel nontargeted screening approach based on liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI–HR-MS) was developed to determine erythromycin, clarithromycin, and their metabolites in chicken liver microsomes. Erythromycin and clarithromycin were incubated in vitro in the presence of NADPH for 60 min to generate metabolites in chicken liver microsomes. After the incubation, the supernatant was extracted using ultrasonic shaking, orbital shaking, and centrifugation before analysis using LC/ESI-HR-MS in positive ion mode on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; i.d. 3.5 µm) with 0.1 percent formic acid-water and acetonitrile as the mobile phases for gradient elution at 0.4 mL/min. The results show that erythromycin can produce N-desmethyl-erythromycin A in chicken liver microsomes, but clarithromycin cannot produce N-desmethyl-clarithromycin in chicken liver microsomes. The N-desmethyl-erythromycin A and N-desmethyl-clarithromycin were tentatively identified in chicken liver microsomes using the established quick analytic method, which will provide a theoretical foundation for future research on pharmacokinetics and drug elimination in poultry.

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Gu, Yi, Guangji Wang, and Jianguo Sun. "Simultaneous determination of erythromycin ethylsuccinate and its metabolite erythromycin in human plasma using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for clinical study." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 40, no. 3 (February 2006): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.005.

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Billedeau, Stanley M., Thomas M. Heinze, and Paul H. Siitonen. "Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Erythromycin A in Salmon Tissue by Electrochemical Detection with Confirmation by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, no. 6 (March 2003): 1534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0209138.

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Adjei, Michael D., Thomas M. Heinze, Joanna Deck, James P. Freeman, Anna J. Williams, and John B. Sutherland. "Acetylation and nitrosation of ciprofloxacin by environmental strains of mycobacteria." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-101.

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To determine the ability of environmental bacteria to metabolize the frequently prescribed fluoroquinolone drug ciprofloxacin, eight Mycobacterium spp. cultures were grown for 4 days in a medium containing sorbitol and yeast extract with 100 mg·L–1ciprofloxacin. After the cultures had been centrifuged and the supernatants extracted with ethyl acetate, two metabolites were purified by using high-performance liquid chromatography. They were identified with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ciprofloxacin was transformed to both N-acetylciprofloxacin (2.5%–5.5% of the total peak area at 280 nm) and N-nitrosociprofloxacin (6.0%–8.0% of the peak area) by Mycobacterium gilvum PYR-GCK and Mycobacterium sp. PYR100 but it was transformed only to N-acetylciprofloxacin by Mycobacterium frederiksbergense FAn9, M. gilvum ATCC 43909, M. gilvum BB1, Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155, Mycobacterium sp. 7E1B1W, and Mycobacterium sp. RJGII-135. The results suggest that biotransformation may serve as a ciprofloxacin resistance mechanism for these bacteria.Key words: acetylation, ciprofloxacin, fluoroquinolones, Mycobacterium, nitrosation.

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Demeiry, Menna El, Ahmed Ali, Yasmine Abouleila, Walaa Zarad, Heba El-Gendy, Randa Abdel Salam, Ghada Hadad, Yoshihiro Shimizu, Tsutomu Masujima, and Samy Emara. "Direct infusion nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring of ciprofloxacin and its metabolites in human saliva." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 195 (February 2021): 113866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113866.

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Lai, Chien-Chen, Pei-Lun Tsai, Cheng Yu, and Guor-Rong Her. "Analysis of a commercial preparation of erythromycin estolates by tandem mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 14, no. 6 (March 31, 2000): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000331)14:6<468::aid-rcm897>3.0.co;2-4.

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Khan, Aman Ullah, Waleed S. Shell, Falk Melzer, Ashraf E. Sayour, Eman Shawkat Ramadan, Mandy C. Elschner, Amira A. Moawad, Uwe Roesler, Heinrich Neubauer, and Hosny El-Adawy. "Identification, Genotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Brucella spp. Isolated from Livestock in Egypt." Microorganisms 7, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120603.

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Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis worldwide with economic and public health impacts. The aim of the present study was to identify Brucella (B.) spp. isolated from animal populations located in different districts of Egypt and to determine their antimicrobial resistance. In total, 34-suspected Brucella isolates were recovered from lymph nodes, milk, and fetal abomasal contents of infected cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats from nine districts in Egypt. The isolates were identified by microbiological methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Differentiation and genotyping were confirmed using multiplex PCR for B. abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis (AMOS) and Bruce-ladder PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against clinically used antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, rifampicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) was performed using E-Test. The antimicrobial resistance-associated genes and mutations in Brucella isolates were confirmed using molecular tools. In total, 29 Brucella isolates (eight B. abortus biovar 1 and 21 B. melitensis biovar 3) were identified and typed. The resistance of B. melitensis to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, rifampicin, and streptomycin were 76.2%, 19.0%, 76.2%, 66.7%, and 4.8%, respectively. Whereas, 25.0%, 87.5%, 25.0%, and 37.5% of B. abortus were resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, and rifampicin, respectively. Mutations in the rpoB gene associated with rifampicin resistance were identified in all phenotypically resistant isolates. Mutations in gyrA and gyrB genes associated with ciprofloxacin resistance were identified in four phenotypically resistant isolates of B. melitensis. This is the first study highlighting the antimicrobial resistance in Brucella isolated from different animal species in Egypt. Mutations detected in genes associated with antimicrobial resistance unravel the molecular mechanisms of resistance in Brucella isolates from Egypt. The mutations in the rpoB gene in phenotypically resistant B. abortus isolates in this study were reported for the first time in Egypt.

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Wilcox, Sheri K., Gregory S. Cavey, and James D. Pearson. "Single Ribosomal Protein Mutations in Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Analyzed by Mass Spectrometry." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 3046–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.11.3046-3055.2001.

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ABSTRACT Mutations in several ribosomal proteins are known to be related to antibiotic resistance. For several strains of Escherichia coli, the mutated protein is known but the amino acid actually altered has not been documented. Characterization of these determinants for antibiotic resistance in proteins will further the understanding of the precise mechanism of the antibiotic action as well as provide markers for resistance. Mass spectrometry can be used as a valuable tool to rapidly locate and characterize mutant proteins by using a small amount of material. We have used electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry to map out all 56 ribosomal proteins in E. coli based on intact molecular masses. We used this fingerprinting approach to locate variants of ribosomal proteins displaying a change in mass. In particular we have studied proteins responsible for streptomycin, erythromycin, and spectinomycin resistance in three strains of E. coli, and then we characterized each mutation responsible for resistance by analyzing tryptic peptides of these proteins by using MALDI-TOF and nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The results provided markers for antibiotic resistance and demonstrated that mass spectrometry can be used to rapidly investigate changes in individual proteins from a complex with picomole amounts of protein.

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WAMBUI, JOSEPH, TAURAI TASARA, PATRICK MURIGU KAMAU NJAGE, and ROGER STEPHAN. "Species Distribution and Antimicrobial Profiles of Enterococcus spp. Isolates from Kenyan Small and Medium Enterprise Slaughterhouses." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 9 (August 3, 2018): 1445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-130.

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ABSTRACT The present study aimed at identifying and assessing antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from small and medium enterprise slaughterhouses in Kenya. In total, 67 isolates were recovered from 48 of 195 samples examined from beef carcasses, personnel, and cutting equipment in five small and medium enterprise slaughterhouses. The isolates were identified by using matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and screened thereafter for their resistance against 12 antibiotics by using a disk diffusion assay. The isolates (n = 67) included Enterococcus faecalis (41.8%), Enterococcus mundtii (17.9%), Enterococcus thailandicus (13.4%), Enterococcus faecium (9.0%), Enterococcus hirae (7.5%), Enterococcus casseliflavus (6.0%), and Enterococcus devriesei (4.5%). None of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, nitrofurantoin, teicoplanin, linezolid, and levofloxacin. Resistance to rifampin (46.3%), erythromycin (23.9%), tetracycline (20.9%), and chloramphenicol (7.5%) was distributed among six of the seven species. All E. thailandicus were resistant to rifampin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. E. faecalis was resistant to rifampin (60.7%), tetracycline (17.9%), erythromycin (14.3%), and chloramphenicol (10.7%). Resistance to two or three antibiotics was observed in 26.9% of the enterococci isolates. The isolation of enterococci that are resistant to clinically relevant antibiotics, such as erythromycin, is of a serious concern given the role enterococci play in the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes.

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Dickson, Leslie C., Collin O'Byrne, and Wayne Chan. "A Quantitative Method for Residues of Macrolide Antibiotics in Porcine Kidney by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.11-139.

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Abstract An LC/MS/MS-based multiresidue quantitative method was developed for the macrolides erythromycin A, neospiramycin I, oleandomycin, spiramycin I, tilmicosin, and tylosin A in porcine kidney tissues. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) had as part of its analytical scope an LC/UV method for quantification of residues of two macrolide antibiotics, tilmicosin and tylosin A, in the kidney, liver, and muscle of cattle, swine, and poultry. The method could not reliably detect concentrations below 10 μg/kg. To increase the scope of the CFIA's analytical capabilities, a sensitive multiresidue quantitative method for macrolide residues in food animal tissues was required. Porcine kidney samples were extracted with acetonitrile and alkaline buffer and cleaned-up using silica-based C18 SPE cartridges. Sample extracts were analyzed using LC/MS/MS with positive electrospray ionization. Fitness for purpose was verified in a single- laboratory validation study using a second analyst. The working analytical range was 5 to 50 μg/kg. LOD and LOQ were 0.5 to 0.6 μg/kg and 1.5 to 3.0 μg/kg, respectively. Limits of identification were 0.5 to 2.0 μg/kg. Relative intermediate precisions were 8 to 17%. Average absolute recoveries were 68 to 76%.

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Demeiry, Menna El, Ahmed Ali, Yasmine Abouleila, Yoshihiro Shimizu, Tsutomu Masujima, Randa Abdel Salam, Ghada Hadad, and Samy Emara. "Quantification and targeted detection of ciprofloxacin in dosage form and human urine by direct injection nano-electrospray ionization multi-stage mass spectrometry." Microchemical Journal 153 (March 2020): 104534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104534.

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Výrostková, Jana, Ivana Regecová, Eva Dudriková, Slavomír Marcinčák, Mária Vargová, Mariana Kováčová, and Jana Maľová. "Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus sp. Isolated from Sheep and Goat Cheeses." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081844.

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This study aimed to calculate the proportion of antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, and E. durans isolated from traditional sheep and goat cheeses obtained from a selected border area of Slovakia with Hungary (region Slanské vrchy). A total of 110 Enterococcus sp. were isolated from cheese samples, of which 52 strains (E. faecium (12), E. faecalis (28), E. durans (12)) were represented. After isolation and identification by polymerase chain reaction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the enterococci (E. faecium, E. faecalis, and E. durans) were submitted to susceptibility tests against nine antimicrobial agents. In general, strains of E. faecalis were more resistant than E. durans and E. faecium. A high percentage of resistance was noted in E. faecalis to rifampicin (100%), vancomycin (85.7%), teicoplanin (71.4%), erythromycin (71.4%), minocycline (57.1%), nitrofurantoin (57.1%), ciprofloxacin (14.3%), and levofloxacin (14.3%). E. durans showed resistance to rifampicin (100%), teicoplanin (100%), vancomycin (66.7%), erythromycin (66.7%), nitrofurantoin (66.7%), and minocycline (33.3%), and E. faecium showed resistance to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and erythromycin (100%). Multidrug-resistant strains were confirmed in 80% of the 52 strains in this study. Continuous identification of Enterococcus sp. and monitoring of their incidence and emerging antibiotic resistance is important in order to prevent a potential risk to public health caused by the contamination of milk and other dairy products, such as cheeses, made on farm level.

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Vumazonke, Sesethu, Sandile Maswazi Khamanga, and Nosiphiwe Patience Ngqwala. "Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 7, 2020): 4067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067.

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Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge. The percentage recovery after sample clean-up on SPE was 103% ± 6.9%. This was followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The detected analytes were sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin and carbamazepine. Carbamazepine and erythromycin were detected in high concentrations ranging from 81.8 to 36,576.2 ng/L and 11.2 to 11,800 ng/L respectively, while clarithromycin and sulfamethoxazole were detected at moderate concentrations ranging from 4.8 to 3280.4 ng/L and 6.6 to 6968 ng/L, respectively. High concentrations of pharmaceuticals were detected on the lower-stream sites as compared to upper-stream sites.

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Esposito, Annarita, Laura Fabrizi, Dario Lucchetti, Luigi Marvasi, Ettore Coni, and Emilio Guandalini. "Orally Administered Erythromycin in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Residues in Edible Tissues and Withdrawal Time." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 3 (December 28, 2006): 1043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01002-06.

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ABSTRACT Aquaculture production has notably increased in the last decades, mainly thanks to intensive farming. Together with market globalization, this gives rise to the spreading of several fish diseases, thus increasing the demand for veterinary drugs for aquatic species. Nonetheless, very few chemicals are registered for use in aquaculture, and fish farmers are often forced to resort to off-label use of drugs authorized for other food-producing animal species. Rainbow trout is the major farmed fish species in Italy and the second one in Europe. Erythromycin is the antibiotic of choice against gram-positive cocci, the major concern for trout farming, but it is not yet registered for aquaculture use in most European countries. The aim of this study was to follow the depletion of erythromycin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), after its administration at 100 mg kg−1 trout body weight day−1 for 21 days through medicated feed (water temperature, 11.5°C). Erythromycin residues in fish muscle plus skin in natural proportion were determined by a validated liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method. Interpolation of our data, following European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products guidelines, gives a withdrawal time of 255°C-days (°C-day = water temperature × days), thus showing that the general value (500°C-day) recommended by the Council Directive (EEC) no. 82/2001 for off-label drug use in aquaculture would be too conservative in this case, with excessive costs for the farmers. Our study provides preliminary data for a more prudent use of erythromycin in rainbow trout, suggesting a possible withdrawal time after treatment.

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Shen, Jianzhong, Haiyan Li, Haiyang Jiang, Degang Zhou, Fei Xu, Jiancheng Li, and Shuangyang Ding. "Simultaneous Determination of 13 Quinolones in Eggs Using Column High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Depletion of Pefloxacin Methanesulfonate in Eggs." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 1499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.6.1499.

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Abstract An efficient method was developed for simultaneous determination of 13 quinolonesnamely, enoaxacin (ENO), marbofloxacin (MAR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), ofloxacin (OFL), pefloxacin methanesulfonate (PEF), danofloxacin (DAN), enrofloxacin (ENR), lomefloxacin (LOM), difloxacin (DIF), sarafloxacin (SAR), oxolinic acid (OXO), and flumequine (FLU)in eggs by column liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with a phosphoric acidphosphate buffer followed by purification with a solid-phase extraction cartridge. Recoveries for the 13 quinolones were 6793 with intraday and interday coefficients of variation ranging from 4 to 9 and 2 to 18, respectively. The limit of determination was 0.05 g/kg for OXO and FLU; 0.1 g/kg for MAR, OFL, CIP, LOM, DAN, SAR, DIF, NOR, and ENR; and 0.2 g/kg for ENO and PEF. The method was also applied to study the depletion of PEF in eggs. The concentration of PEF increased and reached a maximum value on the third day, and then decreased rapidly until it could not be detected on day 32; its metabolite NOR was detectable on the second day, and then reached a maximum on the sixth day, after which it could not be detected until day 15.

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Kipper, K., M. Lillenberg, K. Herodes, L. Nei, and E. Haiba. "Simultaneous Determination of Fluoroquinolones and Sulfonamides Originating from Sewage Sludge Compost." Scientific World Journal 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9254072.

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A simultaneous method for quantitative determination of traces of fluoroquinolones (FQs) and sulfonamides (SAs) in edible plants fertilized with sewage sludge was developed. The compounds were extracted from the plants by rapid and simple liquid extraction followed by extracts clean-up using solid phase extraction. The eluent additive 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol was used for liquid chromatographic detection to achieve separation of structurally similar antimicrobials like ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Identification and quantification of the compounds were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in selected reaction monitoring mode. Method was validated and extraction recoveries of FQs and SAs ranged from 66% to 93%. The limit of quantifications was from 5 ng/g in the case of ofloxacin to 40 ng/g for norfloxacin. The method precision ranged from 1.43% to 2.61%. The developed novel method was used to evaluate the plats antimicrobial uptake (potato(Solanum tuberosumL.), carrot(Daucus carotaL.), lettuce(Lactuca sativaL.), and wheat(Triticum vulgareL.)) from soil and migration of the analytes inside the plants.

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Wetzstein, Heinz-Georg, Marc Stadler, Hans-Volker Tichy, Axel Dalhoff, and Wolfgang Karl. "Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by Basidiomycetes and Identification of Metabolites Generated by the Brown Rot FungusGloeophyllum striatum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.4.1556-1563.1999.

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ABSTRACT Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug, is widely used in the treatment of serious infections in humans. Its degradation by basidiomycetous fungi was studied by monitoring14CO2 production from [14C]CIP in liquid cultures. Sixteen species inhabiting wood, soil, humus, or animal dung produced up to 35% 14CO2 during 8 weeks of incubation. Despite some low rates of14CO2 formation, all species tested had reduced the antibacterial activity of CIP in supernatants to between 0 and 33% after 13 weeks. Gloeophyllum striatum was used to identify the metabolites formed from CIP. After 8 weeks, mycelia had produced 17 and 10% 14CO2 from C-4 and the piperazinyl moiety, respectively, although more than half of CIP (applied at 10 ppm) had been transformed into metabolites already after 90 h. The structures of 11 metabolites were elucidated by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. They fell into four categories as follows: (i) monohydroxylated congeners, (ii) dihydroxylated congeners, (iii) an isatin-type compound, proving elimination of C-2, and (iv) metabolites indicating both elimination and degradation of the piperazinyl moiety. A metabolic scheme previously described for enrofloxacin degradation could be confirmed and extended. A new type of metabolite, 6-defluoro-6-hydroxy-deethylene-CIP, provided confirmatory evidence for the proposed network of congeners. This may result from sequential hydroxylation of CIP and its congeners by hydroxyl radicals. Our findings reveal for the first time the widespread potential for CIP degradation among basidiomycetes inhabiting various environments, including agricultural soils and animal dung.

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Tavşanlı, Hakan, Tülay Elal Mus, Figen Cetinkaya, Ergün Aynaoglu, and Recept Cibik. "Isolation of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus from nature: Technological characterisation and antibiotic resistance." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 39, No. 4 (August 29, 2021): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/296/2020-cjfs.

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Yoghurt fermenting bacteria were isolated from natural sources including plants, dew, and rain samples (total of 300 samples) by the same methods nomadic peoples used for several centuries in Turkey. Inoculation into the reconstituted skim milk followed by planting on specific media and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis allowed for the identification of 18 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. and 26 Streptococcus thermophilus. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay applied to lactobacilli enabled the identification of 5 isolates as L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. The isolates showed a varying range of acidification rates and proteolytic activity in reconstituted skimmed milk (RSM). S. thermophilus isolates showed a broader range of resistance and the most frequent resistance was observed for streptomycin (69.2%), gentamycin (65.3%), clindamycin (61.5%), ampicillin (61.5%), kanamycin (53.8%), and erythromycin (50%). For L. delbrueckii subsp. the highest resistance was determined for vancomycin (38.8%), ciprofloxacin (33.3%), and penicillin (27.8%). The frequency of multiple resistance was tested on 14 different antimicrobials determining that 19 S. thermophilus (73%) and 3 L. delbrueckii subsp. (16.7%) demonstrated resistance to more than three different antibiotics. In contrast to this wide-ranging resistance, five isolates from each genus were found to be susceptible to all tested antibiotics. The present study indicates that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from nature may have broad-range of resistance to antibiotics and could be a source for the transfer of resistance.

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M. Ibrahim, Yasser, Nouran H. Assar, and Ahmed M. Abouwarda. "Emergence of resistance to last-resort antibiotics in clinical isolates of staphylococci with special reference to daptomycin and linezolid." EJMM-Volume 30-Issue 1 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.51429/ejmm30124.

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Background: Treatment of staphylococcal infections has been complicated by the continuous emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Objective: In this study, we investigated the resistance pattern of clinical isolates of both coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci to antibiotics recently introduced to treat staphylococcal infections. Methodology: Minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics were determined by agar dilution or broth microdilution method. Identification of daptomycin- and linezolid-resistant isolates was performed by matrixassisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Moreover, the mechanism of resistance to daptomycin and linezolid was investigated on the molecular basis using PCR and amplicon sequencing. Results: Out of 104 staphylococci, 9 were resistant to ciprofloxacin (8.7%), 68 to clindamycin (65.4%), 2 to daptomycin (1.9%), 54 to erythromycin (51.9%), 6 to linezolid (5.8%), 3 to nitrofurantoin (2.9%), 75 to oxacillin (72.1%), 37 to teichoplanin (35.6%), 69 to tetracycline (66.3%), 51 to tigecycline (49%), and 41 to vancomycin (39.4%). Identification of daptomycin- and linezolid-resistant isolates revealed that they belong to Staphylococcus aureus, S. hominis, S. capitis, and S. epidermidis. In addition, sequencing of the mprF gene conferring daptomycin resistance revealed L431F and S829L point mutations in the two resistant isolates identified as S. aureus and S. hominis, respectively. Furthermore, linezolid resistance was due to optrA gene in two, and cfr in three of the resistant isolates. Conclusion: Resistance to the last-resort antibiotics used to treat staphylococcal infection has emerged. Therefore, the use of daptomycin and linezolid should be restricted to critical cases not susceptible to other available agents.

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Van Hoi, Bui, Cam-Tu Vu, Lan-Anh Phung-Thi, Thao Thi Nguyen, Phuong Thanh Nguyen, Huong Mai, Phuong-Thu Le, et al. "Determination of Pharmaceutical Residues by UPLC-MS/MS Method: Validation and Application on Surface Water and Hospital Wastewater." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6628285.

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In this study, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 7 major pharmaceutical residues in Vietnam, namely, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, ketoprofen, paracetamol, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim, in surface water and hospital wastewater has been developed. The method includes enrichment and clean-up steps by solid phase extraction using mix-mode cation exchange, followed by identification and quantification using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry and employing electrospray ionization (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Seven target compounds were separated on the reversed phase column and detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode within 6 minutes. The present study also optimized the operating parameters of the mass spectrometer to achieve the highest analytical signals for all target compounds. All characteristic parameters of the analytical method were investigated, including linearity range, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, and accuracy. The important parameter in UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, matrix effect, was assessed and implemented via preextraction and postextraction spiking experiments. The overall recoveries of all target compounds were in the ranges from 55% to 109% and 56 % to 115% for surface water and hospital wastewater, respectively. Detection limits for surface water and hospital wastewater were 0.005–0.015 µg L−1 and 0.014–0.123 µg L−1, respectively. The sensitivity of the developed method was allowed for determination of target compounds at trace level in environmental water samples. The in-house validation of the developed method was performed by spiking experiment in both the surface water and hospital wastewater matrix. The method was then applied to analyze several surface water and hospital wastewater samples taken from West Lake and some hospitals in Vietnam, where the level of these pharmaceutical product residues was still missed. Sulfamethoxazole was present at a high detection frequency in both surface water (33% of analyzed samples) and hospital wastewater (81% of analyzed samples) samples.

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Van Hoi, Bui, Cam-Tu Vu, Lan-Anh Phung-Thi, Thao Thi Nguyen, Phuong Thanh Nguyen, Huong Mai, Phuong-Thu Le, et al. "Determination of Pharmaceutical Residues by UPLC-MS/MS Method: Validation and Application on Surface Water and Hospital Wastewater." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6628285.

Full text

Abstract:

In this study, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 7 major pharmaceutical residues in Vietnam, namely, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, ketoprofen, paracetamol, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim, in surface water and hospital wastewater has been developed. The method includes enrichment and clean-up steps by solid phase extraction using mix-mode cation exchange, followed by identification and quantification using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry and employing electrospray ionization (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Seven target compounds were separated on the reversed phase column and detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode within 6 minutes. The present study also optimized the operating parameters of the mass spectrometer to achieve the highest analytical signals for all target compounds. All characteristic parameters of the analytical method were investigated, including linearity range, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, and accuracy. The important parameter in UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, matrix effect, was assessed and implemented via preextraction and postextraction spiking experiments. The overall recoveries of all target compounds were in the ranges from 55% to 109% and 56 % to 115% for surface water and hospital wastewater, respectively. Detection limits for surface water and hospital wastewater were 0.005–0.015 µg L−1 and 0.014–0.123 µg L−1, respectively. The sensitivity of the developed method was allowed for determination of target compounds at trace level in environmental water samples. The in-house validation of the developed method was performed by spiking experiment in both the surface water and hospital wastewater matrix. The method was then applied to analyze several surface water and hospital wastewater samples taken from West Lake and some hospitals in Vietnam, where the level of these pharmaceutical product residues was still missed. Sulfamethoxazole was present at a high detection frequency in both surface water (33% of analyzed samples) and hospital wastewater (81% of analyzed samples) samples.

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23

JRIBI, HELA, HANEN SELLAMI, SALHA B. AMOR, ASTRID DUCOURNAU, ELODIE SIFRÉ, LUCIE BENEJAT, FRANCIS MÉGRAUD, and RADHOUANE GDOURA. "Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance of Arcobacter Species Isolates from Poultry in Tunisia." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 12 (July 7, 2020): 2080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-056.

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Abstract:

ABSTRACT Arcobacter is considered an emergent foodborne enteropathogen. Despite the high prevalence of this genus in poultry, the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. contamination in Tunisia remains unclear. The objectives of this study were (i) to isolate Arcobacter species (A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus) by the culture method from different species of raw poultry meat, (ii) to verify the isolates by multiplex PCR (m-PCR) assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and (iii) to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates. A total of 250 poultry product samples (149 chicken and 101 turkey) were collected from various supermarkets in Sfax. The samples consisted of breasts, wings, legs, and neck skins. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter spp. was 10.4%. Arcobacter spp. were found in 13.42% of the chicken samples and in 5.49% of the turkey samples. All the acquired isolates were subject to detailed confirmation with subsequent species classification using m-PCR and MALDI-TOF MS. A. butzleri was found in 22 samples (84.61%) and A. cryaerophilus in 4 samples (15.38%). Thus, m-PCR and MALDI-TOF MS were able to detect A. butzleri significantly better than the conventional method (χ2 = 49.1 and P < 0.001). Arcobacter was isolated from poultry in every season, at contamination levels of 30.76, 23.07, 19.23, and 26.92% in summer, spring, autumn, and winter, respectively. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of Arcobacter isolates to six antimicrobial drugs. All A. butzleri isolates (n = 24) were significantly resistant to erythromycin (P = 0.0015), ampicillin (P = 0.001), and ciprofloxacin (P = 0.05). All tested A. cryaerophilus strains (n = 4) were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin, and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Multidrug resistance was observed in 83% of the Arcobacter spp. isolates. Our study detected Arcobacter spp. in Tunisian poultry; because of their multidrug resistance, these species may constitute a public health problem. HIGHLIGHTS

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