Relevant bibliographies by topics / Circuits de distribution – Mali

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Academic literature on the topic 'Circuits de distribution – Mali'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Circuits de distribution – Mali"

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Ghisays, Valentina, Elizabeth T. Nguyen, Joshua Streicher, et al. "Neuroanatomical Distribution of DEK Protein in Corticolimbic Circuits Associated with Learning and Memory in Adult Male and Female Mice." Neuroscience 371 (February 2018): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.025.

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Pilowsky, L. S., D. C. Costa, P. J. Ell, N. P. L. G. Verhoeff, R. M. Murray, and R. W. Kerwin. "D2 Dopamine Receptor Binding in the Basal Ganglia of Antipsychotic-Free Schizophrenic Patients." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 1 (1994): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.1.16.

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We used SPECT to examine striatal D2 receptor binding in 20 antipsychotic-free DSM–III–R schizophrenic patients and 20 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Dynamic single-slice SPECT, at a slice chosen to include the basal ganglia, began immediately following intravenous injection of 185 MBq of 123I-IBZM. A semiquantitative approach was used to generate indices of specific D2 receptor binding in the basal ganglia. There was no overall elevation of D2 receptor binding between patients and controls. A male sex-specific left lateralised asymmetry of striatal D2 receptor binding was found in the patient group. Age-dependent decline of striatal D2 receptors was confirmed in controls, but not in patients. These results suggest that alterations in striatal D2 receptor distribution and density do occur in schizophrenia, and possibly reflect wider disruptions in prefrontal-striatal-limbic circuits.
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Herbert, Emilie. "Black British Women Filmmakers in the Digital Era: New Production Strategies and Re-Presentations of Black Womanhood." Open Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (2018): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2018-0018.

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Abstract The story of Black women in British mainstream cinema is certainly one of invisibility and misrepresentations, and Black women filmmakers have historically been placed at the margins of British film history. Up until the mid-1980s, there were no Black female directors in Britain. Pioneers like Maureen Blackwood, Martina Attille and Ngozi Onwurah have actively challenged stereotypical representations of Black womanhood, whilst asserting their presence in Black British cinema, often viewed as a male territory. In the 2010s, it seems that the British film industry remains mostly white and masculine. But the new millennium has brought a digital revolution that has enabled a new generation of Black women filmmakers to work within alternative circuits of production and distribution. New strategies of production have emerged through the use of online crowdfunding, social media and video-sharing websites. These shifts have opened new opportunities for Black women filmmakers who were until then often excluded from traditional means of exhibition and distribution. I will examine these strategies through the work of Moyin Saka, Jaha Browne and Cecile Emeke, whose films have primarily contributed to the re-presentation of Black womanhood in popular culture.
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Filippova, Svetlana Yu, Aleksandr K. Logvinov, and Evgeniya Yu Kirichenko. "Uneven Distribution of Astrocyte Membranes over the Layers of the Rat Primary Somatosensory Cortex." Journal of Medical and Biological Research, no. 4 (November 15, 2020): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-z034.

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Astrocytes are the main glial cells maintaining water-electrolyte and energy balance in the brain. Today, astroglia is also believed to take a direct part in the regulation of synaptic transmission and in enabling synchronous operation of neurons at large distances. Astrocytes fulfil their functions through numerous processes that penetrate the entire neuropil. The authors believe that changes in the astrocyte membrane surface area per unit volume of neuropil directly reflect changes in the intensity of the astrocyte–neuron interaction. Strengthening or weakening of astrocyte regulation, undoubtedly, affect the functioning of neural circuits. Nevertheless, in spite of the growing popularity of research into the glia–neuron relations, this aspect remains insufficiently studied when it comes to the cerebral cortex. The purpose of this study was to layer-by-layer determine the astrocyte membrane surface per unit volume in the neuropil of the rat primary somatosensory cortex. The research was conducted on samples of the primary somatosensory cortex obtained from 5 white male rats (P60–80). After immune labeling against astrocytic marker S100B using the pre-embedding method, the samples were prepared for transmission electron microscopy according to the standard technique. In total, 250 electron micrographs were obtained for each layer of the primary somatosensory cortex, which were then used to determine the astrocyte membrane surface area per unit volume in the neuropil by means of the random secant method. The research found that this indicator is the minimum in the first and maximum in the fifth layers of the cortical column. In addition, the article discusses the possible functional consequences of uneven distribution of astrocytic membranes in the neocortex.
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Fusani, Leonida, and Manfred Gahr. "Differential Expression of Melatonin Receptor Subtypes MelIa, MelIb and MelIc in Relation to Melatonin Binding in the Male Songbird Brain." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 85, no. 1 (2014): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000367984.

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Previous autoradiography studies illustrated that several areas of the avian brain can bind the pineal hormone melatonin. In birds, there are three melatonin receptor (MelR) subtypes: MelIa, MelIb and MelIc. To date, their brain distribution has not been studied in any passerine bird. Therefore, we investigated mRNA distribution of MelR subtypes in adjacent sections of the brain of two songbirds, the blackcap and the zebra finch, in parallel with that of 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin (IMEL) binding sites in the same brains. The general pattern of receptor expression shown by in situ hybridization of species-specific probes matched well with that of IMEL binding. However, the expression of the three subtypes was area specific with similar patterns in the two species. Some brain areas expressed only one receptor subtype, most brain regions co-expressed either MelIa with MelIb or MelIa with MelIc, whereas few areas expressed MelIb and MelIc or all three receptor subtypes. Since many sensory areas, most thalamic areas and subareas of the neopallium, a cortex analogue, express MelR, it is likely that most sensory motor integration functions are melatonin sensitive. Further, the area-specific expression patterns suggest that the regulatory role of melatonin differs among different brain areas. Since subareas of well-defined neural circuits, such as the visual system or the song control system, are equipped with different receptor types, we hypothesize a diversity of functions for melatonin in the control of sensory integration and behavior.
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Shin, Hyunjin, Miray Mutlu, John M. Koomen, and Mia K. Markey. "Parametric Power Spectral Density Analysis of Noise from Instrumentation in MALDI TOF Mass Spectrometry." Cancer Informatics 3 (January 2007): 117693510700300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/117693510700300019.

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Noise in mass spectrometry can interfere with identification of the biochemical substances in the sample. For example, the electric motors and circuits inside the mass spectrometer or in nearby equipment generate random noise that may distort the true shape of mass spectra. This paper presents a stochastic signal processing approach to analyzing noise from electrical noise sources (i.e., noise from instrumentation) in MALDI TOF mass spectrometry. Noise from instrumentation was hypothesized to be a mixture of thermal noise, 1/f noise, and electric or magnetic interference in the instrument. Parametric power spectral density estimation was conducted to derive the power distribution of noise from instrumentation with respect to frequencies. As expected, the experimental results show that noise from instrumentation contains 1/f noise and prominent periodic components in addition to thermal noise. These periodic components imply that the mass spectrometers used in this study may not be completely shielded from the internal or external electrical noise sources. However, according to a simulation study of human plasma mass spectra, noise from instrumentation does not seem to affect mass spectra significantly. In conclusion, analysis of noise from instrumentation using stochastic signal processing here provides an intuitive perspective on how to quantify noise in mass spectrometry through spectral modeling.
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de Oliveira, Cleusa V. R., M. Patricia Rosas-Arellano, L. Pastor Solano-Flores, and John Ciriello. "Cardiovascular effects of hypocretin-1 in nucleus of the solitary tract." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 284, no. 4 (2003): H1369—H1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00877.2002.

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Experiments were done in male Wistar rats to investigate the effects of microinjection of hypocretin-1 (Hcrt-1) into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and the baroreflex. In the first series, the distribution of Hcrt-1-like immunoreactivity (Ir) was mapped within the region of NTS. Hcrt-1 Ir was found throughout the NTS region, predominantly within the caudal dorsolateral (Slt), medial (Sm), and interstitial subnuclei of the NTS. In the second series, in α-chloralose or urethane-anesthetized rats, microinjection of Hcrt-1 (0.5–5 pmol) into the caudal NTS elicited a dose-dependent decrease in MAP and HR. A mapping of the caudal NTS region showed that the largest depressor and bradycardia responses elicited by Hcrt-1 were from sites in the Slt and Sm. In addition, doses >2.5 pmol at a small number of sites localized to the caudal commissural nucleus of NTS elicited pressor and tachycardia responses. Intravenous administration of the muscarinic receptor blocker atropine methyl bromide abolished the bradycardia response and attenuated the depressor response, whereas subsequent administration of the nicotinic receptor blocker hexamethonium bromide abolished the remaining MAP response. Finally, microinjection of Hcrt-1 into the NTS significantly potentiated the reflex bradycardia to activation of arterial baroreceptors as a result of increasing MAP by systemic injections of phenylephrine (2–4 μg/kg). These results suggest that Hcrt-1 in the NTS activates neuronal circuits that increases vagal activity to the heart, inhibits sympathetic activity to the heart and vasculature, and alters the excitability of NTS neuronal circuits that reflexly control the circulation.
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Azizi, Vahid, Shahrbanoo Oryan, Homayuon Khazali, and Abdolkarim Hosseini. "Upregulation of Kiss-1 and Gpr54 Genes Expression in Pituitary of Male Rats Following the Central Administration of Neuropeptide Y." International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine 4, no. 4 (2019): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijbsm.2019.03.

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Introduction: The neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the neural circuits of the hypothalamus has a stimulating effect on reproductive activities in mammals. Kisspeptin (KiSS1) is a quintessential neurotransmitter in the reproductive axis which directly stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus. The distribution of KiSS1 expressing cells in the pituitary was described previously. Despite earlier reports showing the KiSS1 receptor, G-protein coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) expression in the pituitary, the potential physiological roles of kisspeptin at this gland have remained obscure. Accordingly, this study investigated the role of NPY on the relative expression of Kiss1 and Gpr54 genes in the pituitary gland in male Wistar rats. Methods: In general, 20 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g in 4 groups (5 in each group) received saline, NPY (2.3 nM), BIBP3226 (NPY receptor antagonist, 7.8 nM), and NPY+ BIBP3226. Then, they received the simultaneous injection of these molecules through the third ventricle of the brain. Finally, the relative mean expressions of Kiss1 and Gpr54 genes in the anterior pituitary were quantitatively analyzed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The central injection of NPY increased the relative mean expressions of Kiss1 and Gpr54 genes in the pituitary gland compared to the control group although the injection of BIBP3226 eradicated these effects. However, the gene expression of Gpr54 in the rats receiving NPY coupled with BIBP3226 in hypophysis in comparison to the group receiving only NPY demonstrated a significant reduction (P<0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the central injection of NPY stimulated the gene expression of Kiss1 and Gpr54 in the pituitary gland.
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Li, Ji-Yao, Biaoxin Chai, Weizhen Zhang, Danielle M. Fritze, Chao Zhang, and Michael W. Mulholland. "LGR4 and Its Ligands, R-Spondin 1 and R-Spondin 3, Regulate Food Intake in the Hypothalamus of Male Rats." Endocrinology 155, no. 2 (2014): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1550.

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The hypothalamus plays a key role in the regulation of feeding behavior. Several hypothalamic nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus (ARC), paraventricular nucleus, and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), are involved in energy homeostasis. Analysis of microarray data derived from ARC revealed that leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) is highly expressed. LGR4, LGR5, and LGR6 form a subfamily of closely related receptors. Recently, R-spondin (Rspo) family proteins were identified as ligands of the LGR4 subfamily. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and function of LGR4–LGR6 and Rspos (1–4) in the brain of male rat. In situ hybridization showed that LGR4 is expressed in the ARC, VMH, and median eminence of the hypothalamus. LGR4 colocalizes with neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor neurons. LGR5 is not detectable with in situ hybridization; LGR6 is only expressed in the epithelial lining of the lower portion of the third ventricle and median eminence. Rspo1 is expressed in the VMH and down-regulated with fasting. Rspo3 is expressed in the paraventricular nucleus and also down-regulated with fasting. Rspos 1 and 3 colocalize with the neuronal marker HuD, indicating that they are expressed by neurons. Injection of Rspo1 or Rspo3 into the third brain ventricle inhibited food intake. Rspo1 decreased neuropeptide Y and increased proopiomelanocortin expression in the ARC. Rspo1 and Rspo3 mRNA is up-regulated by insulin. These data indicate that Rspo1 and Rspo3 and their receptor LGR4 form novel circuits in the brain to regulate energy homeostasis.
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Tounkara, Fatoumata Korika, Ibrahima Téguété, Fernand A. Guédou, et al. "Human papillomavirus genotype distribution and factors associated among female sex workers in West Africa." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0242711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242711.

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Objectives This study aimed to: (1) Estimate HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among female sex workers (FSWs) in Mali and Benin as well as the prevalence of multiple HPV type infections in this group, and (2) Identify potential risk factors associated with high-risk (HR) HPV infections. Methods We analyzed baseline data of 665 FSWs aged ≥ 18 years recruited during a prospective cohort of cervical cancer screening in Cotonou (Benin) and Bamako (Mali) from 2017 to 2018. The Linear Array HPV genotyping test was used to identify HPV genotypes. Descriptive statistics and multivariate log-binomial regression were used. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated to identify risk factors associated with HR-HPV infections. Results HPV data were available for 659 FSWs (Benin: 309; Mali: 350). The mean age was 35.0 years (± 10.7) in Benin and 26.8 years (± 7.6) in Mali. The overall HPV prevalence rates were 95.5% in Benin and 81.4% in Mali. About 87.7% and 63.4% of FSWs harbored ≥ 2 HPV types in Benin and Mali, respectively. The top three prevalent HR-HPV among FSWs in Benin were: HPV58 (37.5%), HPV16 (36.6%) and HPV52 (28.8%). Corresponding patterns in Mali were HPV16 (15.7%), HPV51 (14.3%) and HPV52 (12.9%). In Benin, the main factors associated with HR-HPV were vaginal douching (APR = 1.17; 95%CI:1.02–1.34) and gonococcal infection (APR = 1.16; 95%CI:1.04–1.28), while in Mali they were sex work duration ≤ 1 year (APR = 1.35; 95%CI:1.10–1.65) and HIV infection (APR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.06–1.51). Conclusion Our study found a very high prevalence of HPV infection as well as high frequency of multiple HPV type infections in FSWs in two countries in West Africa. These findings suggest the necessity to emphasize cervical cancer prevention in this high-risk group.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Circuits de distribution – Mali"

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Satao, Alagni. "Analyse de la coordination verticale de la distribution des engrais subventionnés au Mali : cas des producteurs de maïs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35839.

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L’objectif de la présente étude est d’analyser la coordination verticale de la distribution des engrais subventionnés au Mali. Pour ce faire, nous avons adopté une approche de recherche qualitative basée sur l’exploitation de données secondaires et la collecte des informations primaires grâce à des enquêtes individuelles auprès des acteurs impliqués dans l’approvisionnement en engrais dans la région de Sikasso. Les données primaires collectées auprès de ces acteurs sont analysées par la méthode d’analyse de contenu, qui consiste à classer les informations par thématiques. Les résultats obtenus, à l’issue de l’analyse, montrent que les acteurs intervenant dans l’approvisionnement en engrais sont liés par des relations de contrats formels et informels, de système de prix au marché ou de marché au comptant et de l’intégration verticale (dans une moindre mesure) comme outils de coordination. Les résultats montrent également que les problèmes qui sévissent dans la filière d’approvisionnement en engrais subventionnés et qui peuvent constituer des obstacles (si aucune mesure n’est prise) à l’accès des producteurs à la subvention sont l’asymétrie de l’information dans les procédures d’accès à la subvention, la circulation illicite des engrais, le retard ou le non-paiement de la subvention, l’insuffisance de quotas d’engrais octroyés par l’État, l’insuffisance en moyens logistiques et financiers au niveau des secteurs de l’agriculture et l’absence de système de Crédit Agricole pour les producteurs de la zone DRA. Mots-clés : Coordination verticale, engrais, subvention, exploitation agricole, maïs, approvisionnement, service de l’agriculture.<br>The objective of this study is to analyze the vertical coordination of the distribution of subsidized fertilizer in Mali. To do this, we adopted a qualitative research approach based on the exploitation of secondary data and the collection of primary information through individual surveys of actors involved in fertilizer supply in the Sikasso region. The primary data collected from these actors are analyzed by the content analysis method, which consists of classifying information by theme. The results obtained from the analysis show that actors involved in fertilizer supply are bound by formal and informal contract relationships, from market to cash market systems and vertical integration (in a lesser extent) as coordination tools. The results also show that the problems in the subsidized fertilizer supply chain, which may be obstacles (if no action is taken) to producers' access to the subsidy, are the asymmetry of information in subsidy access procedures, illicit fertilizer circulation, delay or nonpayment of subsidy, insufficient State fertilizer allowances, the lack of financial and logistical means at the level of the agricultural sectors and lack of agricultural credit system for producers in the DRA zone. Keywords: Vertical coordination, fertilizer, subsidy, farm, maize, supply, agriculture service.
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Coulibaly, Harouna. "Rôle des organisations paysannes dans la diffusion des semences de céréales : Articulation des réseaux semenciers étatique et traditionnels des paysans pour une conservation in situ des variétés. Cas des mils de sorghos au Mali." Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100001.

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Le Mali, pays sahélien est situé dans un centre de diversité d’espèces telles que les mils et sorghos. Ces deux espèces constituent la base de l’alimentation des populations rurales. La reproduction à la ferme représente la principale source d’approvisionnement en semences du paysan. Diverses raisons font que les paysans sont en permanence à la recherche de nouvelles variétés plus performantes. Pour cela, ils ont recours à deux systèmes semenciers qui coexistent sur le même espace : le SSP, informel et le SSE formel. En général, aucun de ces systèmes ne couvre efficacement et complètement les besoins des paysans en semences. C’est ainsi que l’association des organisations professionnelles paysannes du Mali, après participation à des projets de recherche en sélection variétale a initié son propre programme de production/diffusion de semences certifiées par des coopératives (SS/Aopp). Le résultat de ce travail a montré la multiplicité des acteurs des réseaux de semenciers avec des ressources, des approches et des moyens différents. Dans le SSE, le choix des variétés est fait par les services officiels. Du fait de la grande diversité des environnements et des préférences des producteurs, du nombre restreint de variétés et de centres de multiplication, il ne répond qu’à une minorité de situations. Le SS/Aopp diffuse des variétés améliorées à la satisfaction de ses adhérents. La qualité de ce réseau montre que le paysan n’est pas hostile aux variétés améliorées. Les différentes entités des réseaux en jeu avec leur articulation ont été formalisées pour produire un schéma générique d’analyse de la gestion des variétés de mils et sorghos dans un cadre de conservation in situ<br>Mali, country sahelian is located in a center of diversity of species among which are listed millet and sorghum. These two species are the main staple food crops. On-farm production represents the main source of seeds for peasants. Various reasons such drought or bad production motivate farmers to look permanently for more productive varieties. For that they have recourse to two seed supply systems which coexist on same space: the peasants’ seed system (PSS) and the formal seed system (FSS). The PSS which informally organized is the principal source of seed supply for peasants and more important than the FSS. In general, none of these systems satisfies the peasants’need seeds. Thus the farmer’s organizations of Mali, after participatory in research projects in varietal selection initiated her program of production and diffusion of certified seeds by co—operatives (FOSS). The result of this work put forward the multiplicity of the actors’ networks the seed systems with different resources, approachs and means. In the FSS, the choice of the varieties is done by the national seed service and the regional agriculture managers. Because of great diversity of the environments and preferences of the peasants, the restricted number of varieties and centers of multiplication it answer only one minority of situations. The FOSS diffuses certified seed to the satisfaction of its members. The full number of seed peasants and members to farmer’s organizations increases year by year. The quality of this network shows that the peasant is not hostile with the improved varieties. The various entities of the networks concerned with their articulation were formalized to produce a generic diagram of the management of the millets and sorghums varieties within in situ conservation
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Licari, François-Xavier. "La protection du distributeur intégré en droit français et allemand /." Paris : Litec, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38899149h.

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Gautreau-Lalanne, Marie-Christine. "Contribution à l'étude des circuits de distribution marginaux." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR1D307.

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Guo, Xiaoling. "CMOS intra-chip wireless clock distribution." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011427.

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Vernet, Bénédicte. "Le régime juridique de la distribution sélective." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON10025.

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Le systeme de distribution selective, est un mode original de commercialisation par distributeurs agrees la mise en place de ce systeme,repond a la necessite, d'une commercialisation optimale des produits. La volonte du fabricant de differencier sa production ou la nature specifique de son produit peut necessiter pour sa revente au consommateur un cadre approprie et la competence d'un distributeur. Tant que la selection des revendeurs, repose sur des criteres qualitatifs objectifs non discriminatoires et coherents av nature du produit ainsi commercialise, la distribution selective est reconnue licite, par les autorites en charge d'appl droit de la concurrence, au plan francais et communautaire. Toute selection entraine par son fait meme, une elimination ineluctable de certains revendeurs. Ceux-ci utiliseront, ent autres, contre les fabricants qui les ont exclues et qui refusent de les approvisionner l'arme du refus de vente. Ce n'est pas en terme de liceite, mais en terme d'efficacite, que ce mode de commercialisation semble etre dangereusement remis en cause, par un recent courant jurisprudentiel. Pour assurer la cohesion de ce systeme, les autorites judiciaires doivent donner a l'industriel, qui a mis en place une commercialisation, les pouvoirs de controler veritablement la circulation de ses produits, au sein du reseau qu'il vient de creer. Mais quand la justice ne reconnait plus le droit au fabricant, d'utiliser les sanctions civiles ou penales, qui lui perm jusque la, de proteger son reseau afin d'en assurer la perennite face aux agressions internes ou externes, elle comprome gravement, l'avenir d'une telle distribution. Ce type de distribution, economiquement important, devra pour survivre, etre coherent, et organise de maniere rigoureuse. Pour un produit donne, il devra etre utilise uniformement au sein de la communaute europeenne<br>The selective distribution system is an original way of trading usedby registered dealers. The optimum marketing is necessary to put this system in this place. The luxuous or technical type of this marketing need appropriate surroun dings for sales and competent retailers. As long as the selection is based on objective and qualifyi criterious, undiscriminatory and consistent, with the nature of the product, the selective distribution is ackenowledged by the authorities in charge of competition laws, in france as well as in the european community. The positive side of this system covers the criteriou studies and selection forms. Each selection, by its own leads to inescapable elimination due that selection represents the negative side of the system. It is not in lawful terms, but in affectiveness terms that this trading system seems to be dangerously challenged by a r eclut an international jurisprudence trend. To insure the cohesion of this system, the legal authorities not give to the industrialist who put such a trading system in its place, the power to really controle the coming and going of this products within the network he just created. But when justice doesnot anymore acknowledge the manufacturer's right to use civil an penal sanctions that until then al him to actually and officiently protect his network, in order to insure its dueation in front of the internal or externa l of such a trading. This economicaly important way of trading will have to be coherent and more rigourously organised in order to survive. F or a given product, it will have to be uniformaly used within the european community
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Pinceau, Pascale. "Organisation globale et arrangements locaux dans la distribution d'eau à La Havane et à Bamako." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2009. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01719270/document.

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A La Havane et à Bamako, la distribution d'eau par réseau est partielle. Elle est limitée soit au niveau des horaires soit géographiquement. Une régulation socio-politique s'exerce et concourre à la constitution des réseaux. Dans ce contexte, l'entrée d'entreprises privées dans la gestion du service d'eau est présentée comme une solution grâce aux financements internationaux de SAUR et de AGBAR. Cependant, la participation privée à la gestion des ex entreprises publiques correspond aussi à un changement de répartition dans la prise en charge du coût des infrastructures. Cette modification dans l'identité des contributeurs peut-être politiquement destabilisante. A Bamako, c'est la classe moyenne jusque là soutien du pouvoir qui est sollicitée. A La Havane, l'entrée de l'entreprise privée soumet le territoire à des divisions dans la qualité du service. Dans les deux situations, le profit de l'entreprise est prioritaire, reléguant au second plan les effets bénéfiques de l'accroissement de la distribution d'une eau de qualité. Le rapport de force entre l'entreprise privatisée et l'Etat est toutefois différent dans les deux pays. Les intérêts cubains s'accordent bien avec ceux de l'entreprise privée (AGBAR) grâce à une participation majoritairement étatique au sein de l'entreprise gestionnaire du réseau et grâce à la capacité étatique à contrôler un marché générateur de devises. En revanche, l'Etat malien ne réussit pas l'alliance des intérêts du privé (SAUR) avec les siens, dans un contexte où les disparités liées à la mauvaise gestion de l'espace urbain ont, par ailleurs, été accentuées par la participation des capitaux privés<br>In Havana, and Bamako, water supply is incomplete. It is limited either in time or geographically. Socio-political regulation participates in water networks setting. Therefore entry of private companies in water utilities management is seen as a solution thanks to international financing coming from SAUR and AGBAR. Nonetheless, private management of the former public companies supposes a changing in the infrastructure cost distribution. This modification in the payer's identity might lead to political instability. In Bamako, middle class who forms the power base is requested to suppport tariff rises for water supply under this new private management. In Havana, private funds in water supply divided the territory according to the quality of the service. In both cities companies' profit is the priority, leaving the benefits of safe water supply backward. Relations between the State and the private company are different according to the country. Cuban interests converge with those of the private supplier (AGBAR) thanks both to the State major capital participation in the company supplying water and thanks to its ability to control a market generating currencies. On the contrary, Malian State fail his alliance with the private interet (SAUR). Privatisation added difficulties and disparties in the context of poor urban management
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Elouar, Abdennaceur. "Le comportement des teleacheteurs : une contribution a l'etude du processus d'adoption." Corte, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CORT1008.

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L'apparition du teleachat, qui s'est traduite par un transfert de certaines depenses vers ce circuit n'a pas provoque dans l'ensemble de la population une transformation identique des habitudes d'achats. Certains consommateurs ont en effet adopte plus rapidement cette forme de vente, alors que d'autres sont restes fideles aux formes traditionnelles de vente. C'est pourquoi il parait judicieux d'apporter quelques elements d'appreciation et de reflexion sur les rapports qui existent entre les consommateurs et le teleachat. Des lors, l'accent a ete mis sur la liaison attitude-comportement. Une question principale, a laquelle tente de repondre la presente etude, est de savoir si l'attitude du consommateur a l'egard du teleachat oriente son comportement. Il convient donc de verifier, au terme de ce travail, qu'une predisposition a percevoir ou a agir d'une maniere favorable ou defavorable vis-a-vis de cette formule est susceptible de predire un comportement. De ce fait, si l'attitude des consommateurs a l'egard du teleachat a une influence sur leur decision d'achat par l'intermediaire de ce circuit, il est essentiel de s'interesser a l'origine de cette attitude, aux facteurs qui la modelent. Cependant, pour qu'un comportement par l'intermediaire du teleachat se realise, cette recherche pose l'hypothese que l'attitude est une condition necessaire mais non suffisante. En d'autres termes, il existe d'autres facteurs (hors attitude) qui renforcent ou freinent la decision finale d'achat par cette formule. Ces facteurs, dits situationnels, peuvent modifier la decision finale du consommateur, expliquant ainsi les intentions d'achat non suivis d'une realisation ou les achats impulsifs<br>THIS RESEARCH DEALS WITH HOME SHOPPER BEHAVIOR PARTICULARLY WITH THE MARKETING OF VIDEOTEX SYSTEMS. AN EMPIRICAL research UNVEILS VARIABLES THAT COULD EXPLAIN WHY AND UNDER WHICH CONDITIONS, CONSUMERS WOULD BE INTERESTED IN USING SUCH A SYSTEM
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Li, Ran. "A wireless clock distribution system using an external antenna." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011385.

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Drapier, Luc. "Le choix des reseaux de distribution : vers une approche strategique le cas d'un fabriquant de chaussures : bally france." Lille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIL20023.

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La distribution est devenue au fil des annees une composante importante de la vie des affaires. Les innovations developpees par les distributeurs et les producteurs en la matiere ont ete nombreuses. Nous avons choisi d'observer ces pratiques au sein d'un secteur d'industrie specifique : le secteur de l'industrie haut de gamme de la chaussure, et a l'interieur de celui-ci, nous nous interessons a | l'entreprise bally france. I cette these s'articule autour de deux parties. La premiere partie presente le cadre d'analyse de la distribution. Les courants economiques, behavioristes ainsi que leurs limites respectives sont presentes. Ensuite, nous affirmons le caractere strategique des decisions liees aux choix des reseaux de distribution pour le producteur. Enfin, la problematique de recherche permet presenter la cadre theorique mobilise : l'approche basee sur les ressources. Cette problematique s'articule autour de deux questions : pourquoi a-t-on privilegie dans le cas de bally france, la restructuration du reseau de distribution comme le vecteur strategique de developpement de l'entreprise ? comment a-t-on identifie et agence les ressources et competences qui ont permis la construction d'un avantage concurrentiel base sur la distribution ? la seconde partie de notre these s'articule autour de la construction d'un modele de representation du systeme global de distribution de bally france. Dans ce sens, nous identifions quatre sous-systemes de distribution distincts : le soussysteme marketing, technologique, commercial et logistique. Ensuite, nous analysons chacun de ces sous-systemes au regard des ressources et competences qu'ils mobilisent. Enfin, nous presentons les conditions de creation d'un avantage concurrentiel base sur la distribution<br>Marketing channels can be definied as an organized network (system) of agencies and institutions, which, in combinationn, performs all the activities required to link producers with users to accomplish the marketing task. The definition of marketing channels can be explained by analyzing its components : an organized network systme, agencies and institutions, channel functions, the linkage of producers and users, and the marketing task. As gattoma used the terme of distribution system, this thesis deals with the modelisation of such a system. To achieve this goal we use the ressource based view of the firm to isolate esource and competencies which form the distribution system in its globality. The problematic of our work can be described by two questions : why does a firm choes its its distribution system to improve its strategic position and how did the firm manage the ressources and competencies to form a strategic advantage based on distribution and particulary marketing channels
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Books on the topic "Circuits de distribution – Mali"

1

Instruments, Texas. CDC clock-distribution circuits. Texas Instruments, 1994.

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Vialet, Lucien. Circuits de distribution et marges commerciales. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, 1987.

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Instruments, Texas. Clock distribution circuits: Application and data manual. Texas Instruments, 1993.

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La distribution: Une analyse fonctionnelle des circuits de distribution en France. 2nd ed. Chotard et Associés, 1990.

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Mezhiba, Andrey V. Power distribution networks in high speed integrated circuits. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

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Mezhiba, Andrey V. Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits. Springer US, 2004.

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Mezhiba, Andrey V., and Eby G. Friedman. Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits. Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0399-6.

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G, Friedman Eby, ed. Power distribution networks in high speed integrated circuits. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.

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Chain, Christophe. Distribution: La révolution marketing ou L'Odyssée de l'enseigne. Éditions Liaisons, 1993.

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1957-, Rutenbar Rob A., and Carley L. Richard, eds. Synthesis of power distribution to manage signal integrity in mixed-signal ICs. Kluwer Academic, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Circuits de distribution – Mali"

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Tam, Simon. "Modern Clock Distribution Systems." In Integrated Circuits and Systems. Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0261-0_2.

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Kouzaev, Guennadi A. "Integrated Filters and Power Distribution Circuits." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30310-4_8.

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Kaczer, B., M. Toledano-Luque, J. Franco, and P. Weckx. "Statistical Distribution of Defect Parameters." In Bias Temperature Instability for Devices and Circuits. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7909-3_7.

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Arora, Krishan, and Tarun Dhandhel. "Design of an automatic on-load tap changing distribution transformer." In Intelligent Circuits and Systems. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003129103-51.

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Jakushokas, Renatas, Mikhail Popovich, Andrey V. Mezhiba, Selçuk Köse, and Eby G. Friedman. "Inductive Properties of Electric Circuits." In Power Distribution Networks with On-Chip Decoupling Capacitors. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7871-4_2.

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Mezhiba, Andrey V., and Eby G. Friedman. "Inductive Properties of Electric Circuits." In Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits. Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0399-6_2.

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Mezhiba, Andrey V., and Eby G. Friedman. "High Performance Power Distribution Systems." In Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits. Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0399-6_5.

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Mezhiba, Andrey V., and Eby G. Friedman. "On-Chip Power Distribution Networks." In Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits. Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0399-6_6.

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Aarif, Shaik, and Suresh Kumar Sudabattula. "Placement of solar DGs and capacitors in distribution network using combined approach." In Intelligent Circuits and Systems. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003129103-26.

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Gaj, Kris, Eby G. Friedman, and Marc J. Feldman. "Timing of Multi-Gigahertz Rapid Single Flux Quantum Digital Circuits." In High Performance Clock Distribution Networks. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8440-3_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Circuits de distribution – Mali"

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Kim, Yoon Jo, Yogendra K. Joshi, Andrei G. Fedorov, Young-Joon Lee, and Sung Kyu Lim. "Thermal Characterization of Interlayer Microfluidic Cooling of Three-Dimensional IC With Non-Uniform Heat Flux." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82133.

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It is now widely recognized that three-dimensional (3D) system integration is a key enabling technology to achieve the processing speeds and performance needs of future microprocessor integrated circuits (ICs). To provide modular thermal management in 3D stacked ICs, interlayer microfluidic cooling scheme is adopted and analyzed in this study. The effects of cooling scheme and essential geometry variations on the routing completion and congestion of electrical interconnect are quantitatively analyzed. Also, the thermal and hydraulic performance of several two-phase refrigerants is discussed in comparison with single-phase cooling. The results show that refrigerants in two-phase flow are thermally preferred due to the higher heat transfer coefficients, and relatively constant fluid temperature throughout the microchannel. However, the large internal pressure and pressure drop act as significant limiting factors in realizing the merits of two-phase cooling. It is also concluded that integration of high performance hot-spot thermal management is a key to addressing a challenge of mass flow rate mal-distribution.
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Bravo, Richard J., Robert Yinger, Steven Robles, and Joe H. Eto. "FIDVR in distribution circuits." In 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesmg.2013.6672983.

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Fahim, Amr. "mmWave LO distribution insights." In 2017 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicc.2017.7993712.

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Krylov, Gleb, and Eby G. Friedman. "Bias Distribution in ERSFQ VLSI Circuits." In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas45731.2020.9180720.

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Ir Chung, Hing Young, M. Lau, and Yung Hong. "Distribution Automation of Overhead Line Circuits." In 11th IET International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management (APSCOM 2018). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2018.1741.

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Chattopadhyay, Atanu, and Zeljko Zilic. "Reconfigurable Clock Distribution Circuitry." In 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2007.378046.

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Islam, Riadul, and Matthew R. Guthaus. "Current-mode clock distribution." In 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2014.6865357.

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Dubey, Anamika, Surya Santoso, and Arindam Maitra. "Understanding photovoltaic hosting capacity of distribution circuits." In 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286510.

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Chen, Xi, W. Rhett Davis, and Paul D. Franzon. "Adaptive clock distribution for 3D integrated circuits." In 2011 IEEE 20th Conference on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging and Systems (EPEPS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epeps.2011.6100195.

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Kulkarni, Sarvesh H., and Dennis Sylvester. "Power distribution techniques for dual VDD circuits." In the 2006 conference. ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1118299.1118490.

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Reports on the topic "Circuits de distribution – Mali"

1

Englund, Dirk, Karl Berggren, Jeffrey Shapiro, Chee W. Wong, Franco Wong, and Gregory Wornell. High-Speed Quantum Key Distribution Using Photonic Integrated Circuits. Defense Technical Information Center, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada606948.

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Englund, Dirk, Karl Berggren, Jeffrey Shapiro, Chee W. Wong, Franco Wong, and Gregory Wornell. High-Speed Large-Alphabet Quantum Key Distribution Using Photonic Integrated Circuits. Defense Technical Information Center, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada603763.

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Reno, Matthew J., Robert Joseph Broderick, and Santiago Grijalva. Formulating a simplified equivalent representation of distribution circuits for PV impact studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1095950.

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