Dissertations / Theses: 'Circuits of urban economics'

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Boraschi, Gabriel Ribeiro. "Circuitos da economia urbana em cidades médias : os camelódromos de Presidente Prudente (SP) e Londrina (PR) /." Presidente Prudente, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183119.

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Orientador: Maria Encarnação Beltrão Sposito
Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como referência as articulações entre os dois circuitos da economia urbana, tendo como objeto os camelódromos das cidades médias de Presidente Prudente (SP) e Londrina (PR). O estudo recaiu sobre a área de comércio popular, a qual se organiza espacialmente na forma de camelódromo e tem localização no centro principal das duas cidades em análise. A partir do camelódromo, tomamos como foco as lógicas econômicas dos comerciantes para adquirir os produtos, como eles estruturam seus estoques e o tempo necessário para realizar novas aquisições. Identificamos que os principais produtos vendidos são réplicas de aparelhos celulares, cuja procedência é chinesa - Made in China. Devido ao emprego de técnicas difundidas com base na indústria da cópia e da pirataria, os telefones celulares (smartphones) se tornaram acessíveis à grande parte da população, contribuindo, assim, para a inserção progressiva de agentes comerciais menos capitalizados no mercado de smartphones. Dessa forma, o circuito espacial produtivo dos camelódromos evidencia a estruturação de uma rota global alicerçada sobre a fabricação de produtos resultantes de um regime intensivo em trabalho, ainda que legalizado pelas leis chinesas.
Abstract: This master's dissertation has the articulations between the two circuits of the urban economy as reference, having as object the camelodromes of the average cities of Presidente Prudente (SP) and Londrina (PR). The study focused on the popular trade area, which is spatially organized in the form of a camelodromes and is located in the main center of the two cities under analysis. From the camelodromes, we focus on the economic logic of the merchants to acquire the products, how they structure their inventories and the time needed to make new acquisitions. We have identified that the main products sold are replicas of cell phones whose origin is Chinese - made in China. Due to the widespread use of techniques based on the copy and piracy industry, cell phones (smartphones) have become accessible to a large part of the population, thus contributing to the gradual integration of commercial agents less capitalized in the smartphone market. Thus, the productive space circuit of camelodromes shows the structuring of a global route based on the manufacture of products resulting from an intensive work regime, even though legalized by Chinese laws.
Mestre

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Creuz, Villy. "Compassos territoriais: os circuitos da economia urbana na música em São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Recife e Goiânia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-25042013-112032/.

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O eixo da pesquisa se respaldou em situações concretas nos circuitos superior e inferior da economia urbana, a partir de empresas e indivíduos que produzem, distribuem, comercializam e consomem músicas em cinco cidades brasileiras: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Goiânia e Recife. O fenômeno técnico, isto é, a técnica mais o seu uso, foi central no entendimento da maneira pela qual micro e pequenas empresas, especialmente as firmas ligadas à gravação e produção de discos, passaram a coexistir com as empresas do circuito superior. A técnica permeou todo o enredo analítico ao buscar descrever e entender os mecanismos das empresas ligadas à música nos dois circuitos da economia urbana. Elaboramos uma pequena história das técnicas de produção e reprodução musical, perpassando o disco de vinil, as fitas cassete, chegando ao disco compacto e ao MP3. Essa passagem está mais evidente nos dois primeiros capítulos. Na sequência, evidenciamos o uso do território mediado pela técnica, a permitir a adequação do meio construído urbano aos agentes com menor grau de organização, capital e tecnologias. Os novos nexos estabelecidos com as variáveis do período, como a propaganda e a informação, são dados expressivos nos graus de interdependência e complementariedade entre o conjunto de empresas que produzem, distribuem, e comercializam música nessas cinco cidades. Este fenômeno, concomitante ao adensamento populacional nas cidades, fomentou a demanda por postos de trabalho e a oferta de serviços, no qual a música representa importante participação. A identificação de algumas destas situações está mais bem delineada no quarto e quinto capítulo. O papel do Estado perpassou os cinco primeiros capítulos, mas no último capítulo (sexto) há o retrato de situações que evidenciam o Estado em uma dupla função: fomentador de produções e apresentações musicais e regulador da ação de micro, pequenos, médios e grandes agentes ligados à comercialização de discos tributados e não tributados.
This analysis has been based on material situations from the upper and lower circuits of urban economies factoring in either companies or individuals involved in production, distribution, retailing and consumption of music in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Goiânia and Recife. The technical feature was vital to understand the manner by which small businesses, especially those ones on recording and manufacturing medias, started coexisting along business in the upper circuit. The technique entangled the whole analytical narrative in order to describe and understand the mechanics of companies tied up to music in both circuits in the urban economy. We developed a short timeline of the techniques used to produce and play music from LPs (vinyl records), K-7, CD and MP3. This can be easier observed across the first two chapters. Following that, we produce evidence about how the use of territory is determined by the set of techniques and vice-versa in order to allow the facilities in place to interact and adjust themselves to agents in a less structured organisation in terms of capital and technologies. New meanings established over the time like adverstisements and information are significant data to understand how the companies that produce, distribute and sale music over those five cities are linked and complement each other. This fact along with more and more people living in cities, has brought up employeement levels in those segments, where music has a big contribution. The identification of this sort of situation is better established over the forth and fifth chapters. State role has gone the five first chapters. However, the last one (the sixth) brings many occasions found out over field research, checking that the State plays a doble-role. It contributes to produce music and performances and regulates small, médium and big agents, who are responsible for saling taxed and non-taxed records.

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Silva, Silvana Cristina da 1980. "Circuito espacial produtivo das confecções e exploração do trabalho na metrópole de São Paulo = os dois circuitos da economia urbana nos bairros da Brás e Bom Retiro (SP) = Clothing productive spatial circuit and exploration of work in the Metropolis of São Paulo : the two circuits of the urban economy in Brás and Bom Retiro neighborhoods (SP)." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286985.

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Orientador: Márcio Antonio Cataia
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Em período recente, houve uma reorganização do circuito espacial de produção do vestuário em escala planetária. No Brasil, as etapas da produção, distribuição, comércio e consumo passaram por transformações significativas. No entanto, a cidade de São Paulo, apesar de perder relativamente parte da produção, ainda possui centralidade neste ramo de atividade. A compreensão do redesenho do circuito produtivo do vestuário demanda o entendimento da divisão territorial do trabalho, que se revela pela economia urbana da cidade e da urbanização. Deste modo, apresentamos nesta tese a caracterização do circuito espacial de produção do vestuário em diálogo com a teoria dos dois circuitos da economia urbana (circuito superior e inferior) da cidade de São Paulo, enfocando as áreas de especialização produtiva (os bairros do Brás e Bom Retiro), juntamente com os principais agentes estruturadores do espaço nesta cidade. O circuito superior do vestuário, composto pelas empresas modernas, vem se apropriando das formas de organização típicas do circuito inferior por meio da subcontratação. As grandes empresas varejistas de atuação nacional e internacional e os atacadistas do Brás e Bom Retiro se especializam nas atividades mais sofisticadas e destinam a execução (etapa da costura) para as pequenas oficinas de costura que, em geral, utilizam mão de obra imigrante, sobretudo de bolivianos. Identificamos assim os nexos entre as atividades do circuito superior e inferior vinculados ao ramo do vestuário
Abstract: Recently there has been a reorganization of the clothing production spatial circuit in planetary scale. In Brazil, the stages of production, distribution, trade and consumption have had meaningful transformations. However, the city of São Paulo, besides losing relatively part of the production, still has centrality in this branch of activity. The understanding of the redesign of the clothing production circuit demands the understanding of the territorial division of work, which is revealed by the urban economy of the city and urbanization. Thus, in this thesis we show the characterization of the clothing production spatial circuit in dialogue with the theory of the two circuits of the urban economy (upper and lower circuits) of the city of São Paulo, focusing the areas of productive specialization (Brás and Bom Retiro neighborhoods), together with the main space structuring agents in this city. The upper clothing circuit, composed of modern companies, has been appropriating the forms of organization typical of the lower circuit through subcontracting. The big retail companies of national and international performing and the wholesalers of Brás and Bom Retiro specialize themselves in the more sophisticated activities and lead the execution (stage of sewing) to the small sewing workshops that, in general, use immigrant work force, specially Bolivians. Then, we identify the connections among the activities of the upper and lower circuit related to the clothing branch
Doutorado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Doutor em Geografia

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Magalhães, Neylana Sousa Brito 1977. "O processo de urbanização no sul da Bahia (1970-2010) : o município de Canavieiras na rede urbana regional." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287406.

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Orientador: Adriana Maria Bernardes da Silva
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Á medida em que o processo de urbanização se intensificou no Brasil, mudanças foram acontecendo na sociedade e caracterizando novos padrões de produção, de distribuição e de consumo. Neste contexto, a rede urbana passou a articular distantes lugares e estabeleceu uma economia e um território nacional. Dessa forma, é de fundamental importância entender a rede urbana como um arcabouço que reforça e influi nos conteúdos sócio-econômicos do território, sendo, portanto, uma dimensão sócio-espacial da sociedade. Pensar a cidade, e de modo especial as pequenas cidades e seu papel na rede urbana nacional e regional permite-nos considerar as especificidades apresentadas pelas mesmas na formação e desenvolvimento urbano do país. O presente trabalho objetiva-se analisar o processo de formação da rede urbana no sul da Bahia buscando compreender o papel dos centros de pequeno porte, como a cidade de Canavieiras-BA, no contexto da referida rede. O estudo será norteado pela concepção proposta por Milton Santos (1979) ao considerar que a rede urbana funciona a partir dos dois circuitos da economia urbana
Abstract: The extent to which the urbanization process intensified in Brazil, changes were happening in society and featuring new patterns of production, distribution and consumption. In this context, the urban network began to articulate distant places and established an economy and a national territory. In this way, it is essential to understand the urban network as a framework that reinforces and influences the socio-economic content of the territory, therefore, a socio-spatial dimension of society. Thinking the city, and especially small towns and their role in national and regional urban network allows us to consider the specifics presented in the same formation and urban development in the country. The present study aims to analyze the formation process of the urban network in Bahia south trying to understand the role of small business centers, as the city of Canavieiras-BA, in the context of the network. The study will be guided by the conception proposed by Milton Santos (1979) when considering that the urban network works from the two circuits of urban economy
Mestrado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Mestre em Geografia

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Holanda, Virgínia Célia Cavalcante de. "Modernizações e espaços seletivos no nordeste brasileiro. Sobral: conexão lugar/mundo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-23102007-150426/.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo entender como o espaço urbano de muitas cidades, longe das já consolidadas metrópoles, passam em diferentes proporções por profundas mudanças dentro de uma lógica modernizante; na sua economia urbana, na estrutura do emprego, na forma de morar, circular e consumir, entre outros; resultando num acelerado processo de urbanização e em crescentes desigualdades socioespaciais. A reflexão se detém no atual período histórico, compreendido aqui como período técnico-científico-informacional. Sem perder de vista a totalidade, o recorte espacial constitui-se da cidade de Sobral situada no estado do Ceará, cuja formação data do início do século XVIII, ocupando desde então lugar de destaque na rede urbana cearense, nos aspectos político, cultural e econômico, revelando-se, no presente, em espaço seletivo no Nordeste Brasileiro. A base da empiria sendo pensada através das características e articulações dos dois circuitos da economia urbana usualmente conhecidos como; formal e informal. Nos interstícios dessa coexistência identifica-se a conexão lugar/mundo e como ocorre o grito do território, ou seja, como emerge a força do lugar em regiões pobres.
The objective of this work is to understand how the urban space of many cities, far from the ones that are already consolidated as Brazilian metropolis, goes through deep changes in different aspects of life in a modernizing logic; in its urban economy, in the job structure, in the way that the people live, circulate and consume, resulting in an accelerated urbanizing process and in some growing social-spatial inequalities. The reflection focuses on the current historical period, considered here as a technical- scientific-informational period. Without lose the sight of the totality, the space analyzed is part of the city of Sobral, located in Ceará, whose formation was in the beginning of 18th Century, occupying since then an important place in the urban net in this state in different aspects such as political, economical and cultural, revealing itself in the present days as a selected place in Northeast Brazil. The empirical base was thought through the characteristics and articulations between two urban economical circuits usually known as; formal and informal. In the time of this co-existence we identify the connection place/world and how occurs \"the territory shout\", it means, how emerges the strength of the place in poor areas.

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Queiroz, Greiziene Araújo. "O circuito inferior da economia urbana = a pesca no município de Ilhéus - BA." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286926.

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Orientador: Márcio Antonio Cataia
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: O objetivo norteador deste trabalho é compreender as dinâmicas econômicas ligadas à pesca, que geram trabalho e renda para uma boa parcela da população do município de Ilhéus-BA. Tendo como foco o circuito inferior da economia urbana. Ilhéus tem parte de sua economia baseada em um circuito espacial produtivo pesqueiro local e regional. Nesse sentido, nossa pesquisa aborda o circuito inferior da economia urbana, cuja variável-chave é a produção do pescado. Esta é exercida por trabalhadores autônomos ou através de relações de trabalho em parcerias, que utilizam pequenas quantias de capital e meio de produção simples, com tecnologia e metodologia de captura pouco mecanizada e baseada em conhecimentos empíricos. Para caracterizar a pesca em Ilhéus foi necessário considerar: a pesca como atividade de resistência, o período técnico-científico informacional, o perfil socioeconômico dos pescadores, os agentes não hegemônicos da economia urbana e as diversas atividades envolvidas na formação de um circuito espacial produtivo (produção, circulação, troca e consumo). Assim, o circuito inferior da pesca oferece à população pobre de Ilhéus subsistência, ocupação e renda, através do uso do território como abrigo
Abstract: The guiding objective of this work is to understand the economic dynamics fishing-related, which generate jobs and income for a good portion of the population of the city of Ilhéus-BA. Focusing on the lower circuit of the urban economy, Ilhéus has part of its economy based on a regional and local fisheries productive space circuit. In this sense, our research focuses on the lower circuit of the urban economy, whose key variable is the production of fish. This is carried out by self-employed or through a working relationship in partnerships that use small amounts of capital and means of simple production, with technology and methodology of capture little mechanized and based on empirical knowledge. To characterize the fishing in Ilhéus, it was necessary to consider: fishing as resistance activity; the technical-scientific-informational period, the socioeconomic profile of the fishermen, the non-hegemonic agents of the urban economy and the various activities involved in the formation of a productive space circuits (production, circulation, exchange and consumption). Thus, the lower circuit of fishing offers to the poor population of the Ilhéus livelihood, occupation and income through use of the land as shelter
Mestrado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Mestre em Geografia

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Santos, Jos? Erimar dos. "Feira livre e circuitos da economia urbana: um estudo da feira da Pedra, em S?o Bento (PB)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18933.

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The Feira da Pedra is an extension of the open fair of S?o Bento in the State of Paraiba. It is a system of trade in textile goods produced by textile industry in manufacturing of hammocks and derivatives of this industry, present in some cities in the state of Paraiba and Rio Grande do Norte, as a survival strategy, inserted in the list of tertiary and retail of the urban economics of this city. It is thereby aimed to discuss about the urban economics, reflecting on the open fair system from the two circuits of urban economy, mainly in the context of the dynamics of the current period of geographic space, the technical-scientific-informational period, as the specific empirical object, the Feira da Pedra of S?o Bento (PB). For this, this research was carried out in two stages of operation: a) surveys of secondary data and b) primary data collection which were reported an operational triad: I) literature; II) documentary research, and III) research of field. The presence of the Feira da Pedra in S?o Bento has shown us one of the most important characteristics of this city, in order to present major economic, social and cultural benefits to the local population, and contribute to (re) production of sertanejo space, making lower part of the circuit of its urban economy. This activity has entailed several dynamics for urban space in this city, mainly because of attracting large numbers of people, carrying typical actions of its relationship with the urban space are s?o-bentense and built environment. Thus, its importance is not only a local and regional phenomenon, but also a cultural reference of a place in the geographical area of many paraibanos and norte-rio-grandenses subjects, as the case of this activity has brought to its weekly routine, this product resulting from the textile working of this area of Sert?o Paraibano and Serid? Potiguar
A Feira da Pedra ? uma extens?o da feira livre de S?o Bento, no Estado da Para?ba. Trata-se de um sistema de com?rcio de mercadorias t?xteis produzidas pela ind?stria t?xtil de fabrica??o de redes de dormir e derivados dessa ind?stria, presente em algumas cidades do estado da Para?ba e do Rio Grande do Norte, constituindo-se como uma estrat?gia de sobreviv?ncia, inserida no rol do terci?rio e do com?rcio varejista da economia urbana dessa cidade. Diante disso, objetivamos discutir acerca da economia urbana, refletindo sobre o sistema feira livre a partir dos dois circuitos da economia urbana, em especial no contexto das din?micas do per?odo do espa?o geogr?fico atual o per?odo t?cnico-cient?fico-informacional , tendo como objeto espec?fico emp?rico a Feira da Pedra de S?o Bento (PB). Para tanto, em duas etapas de operacionaliza??o realizamos esta pesquisa: a) levantamentos de dados secund?rios e b) levantamentos de dados prim?rios, que nos reportam a uma tr?ade operacional: I) pesquisa bibliogr?fica; II) pesquisa documental; e III) pesquisa de campo. A presen?a da Feira da Pedra em S?o Bento tem nos mostrado uma das mais importantes caracter?sticas dessa cidade, tendo em vista possuir grande import?ncia econ?mica, social e cultural para a popula??o local, al?m de contribuir para a (re)produ??o desse espa?o sertanejo, fazendo parte do circuito inferior de sua economia urbana. Essa atividade acarreta diversas din?micas ao espa?o urbano dessa cidade, sobretudo pelo fato de atrair grande n?mero de pessoas, carregando consigo a??es t?picas de sua rela??o com o espa?o urbano s?o-bentense e do meio constru?do. Assim, sua import?ncia n?o se constitui apenas em um fen?meno local e regional, mas tamb?m numa refer?ncia cultural de um lugar do espa?o geogr?fico de muitos sujeitos paraibanos e norte-rio-grandenses, pois o acontecer dessa atividade traz para o seu cotidiano semanal o produto resultante da labuta t?xtil do Sert?o Paraibano e do Serid? Potiguar

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Silva, Ric?lia Maria Marinho da. "Setor terci?rio: formalidade e informalidade: algumas especificidades da (re)produ??o do espa?o urbano de Bayeux-PB." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18973.

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This work has as study object the tertiary sector and (the re)production of the urban space of Bayeux-PB. For in such a way, one became necessary to the construction of a theoretical boarding that context the national reality, to be able itself to understand the reality local. This way to construct allowed an opening of the field of vision how much to the relevance of if ahead studying the tertiary sector and its weight of the current configuration of the society in a country as Brazil, e especially in a city of a State northeastern, as it is the case of Bayeux. The theoretical boarding had as base the two circuits of the urban economy, the productive reorganization and the transformations in the world of the work, as well as, the space organization and the distinction between the economic and social space of the tertiary activities, from the logic of functioning of the establishments: the regulation. Besides working with referring official data to the tertiary sector, the empirical study it had as reference one hundred and sixty and establishments tertiary, located in four axles of circulation of the city of Bayeux - PB, which are: Av. Liberdade, Av. Engenheiro de Carvalho, Av. Francisco Marques da Fonseca and Av. Marechal Rondon, that they had appeared in such a way stimulated for the processes of urbanization and industrialization lived deeply from years 70 in the "Great Jo?o Pessoa" how much, in the countries of the underdeveloped capitalist world, as Brazil. Being thus, the objective of the work was to study the tertiary sector and its relation with (the re)production of the urban space, standing out the functioning logic
Esta disserta??o tem como objeto de estudo o setor terci?rio e a (re)produ??o do espa?o urbano de Bayeux-PB. Para tanto, fez-se necess?rio ? constru??o de uma abordagem te?rica que contextualizasse a realidade nacional, para se poder entender a realidade local. Essa maneira de construir permitiu uma abertura do campo de vis?o quanto ? relev?ncia de se estudar o setor terci?rio e seu peso diante da atual configura??o da sociedade num pa?s como o Brasil, e especialmente em um munic?pio de um Estado nordestino, como ? o caso de Bayeux. A abordagem te?rica teve como base os dois circuitos da economia urbana, a reestrutura??o produtiva e as transforma??es no mundo do trabalho, bem como, a organiza??o espacial e a distin??o entre o espa?o econ?mico e social das atividades terci?rias, a partir da l?gica de funcionamento dos estabelecimentos: a regulamenta??o. Al?m de trabalhar com dados oficiais referentes ao setor terci?rio, o estudo emp?rico teve como refer?ncia cento e sessenta e um estabelecimentos terci?rios, localizados em quatro eixos de circula??o do munic?pio de Bayeux PB, quais sejam: Av. Liberdade, Av. Engenheiro de Carvalho, Av. Francisco Marques da Fonseca e Av. Marechal Rondon, que surgiram impulsionadas pelos processos de urbaniza??o e industrializa??o vivenciados a partir dos anos 70 tanto na Grande Jo?o Pessoa quanto, nos pa?ses do mundo capitalista subdesenvolvido, como o Brasil. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o setor terci?rio e sua rela??o com a (re)produ??o do espa?o urbano, ressaltando a l?gica de funcionamento

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Medeiros, Dhiego Antonio de. "Financeirização do território e circuitos da economia urbana: agentes de crédito, técnicas e normas bancárias. Um exemplo em Alagoas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-20032014-103250/.

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O processo de diversificação da topologia bancária brasileira iniciado na década de 1990 com o Plano Real foi ancorado numa política de privatização e desnacionalização dos entes financeiros e chegou ao ápice no ano de 2003, mediante a Resolução n. 3.156, emitida pelo Banco Central do Brasil, propiciando o uso dos serviços de correspondentes no País a qualquer instituição financeira. Se por um lado, tal medida estava estreitamente ligada à política de bancarização levada a efeito pelo Governo Federal (que passaria a fazer uso da rede de correspondentes para distribuição de recursos a segmentos da população que historicamente viviam à margem do sistema bancário tradicional), por outro, serviu de alavanca a diversas instituições financeiras, especialmente os bancos de pequeno e médio portes que, desprovidos de uma rede de agências, encontraram no correspondente uma forma de ampliação de sua capilaridade. Nesse sentido, a prestação do serviço bancário com distintos níveis de capital, tecnologia, organização e trabalho expressa novas relações de complementaridade entre os circuitos (superior, superior marginal e inferior) da economia urbana, ao mesmo tempo em que altera o papel exercido pelo banco, anteriormente único responsável pelas atividades do circuito superior. Nessa perspectiva, buscou-se, no presente trabalho, entender as relações entre o sistema bancário e os circuitos da economia urbana no processo de autonomização da esfera financeira no território brasileiro, tomando como exemplo o estado de Alagoas. Para tanto, fez-se necessário uma avaliação das topologias que expressam a rede bancária no território alagoano, considerando-se a base material, os produtos financeiros e a prestação dos serviços. A partir de pesquisa de campo nos municípios de Girau do Ponciano, Campo Grande e Traipu foi possível identificar que a concessão de crédito consignado se realiza através de novos nexos entre o circuito superior (o banco), o superior marginal (as promotoras de crédito e os correspondentes, que são empresas terceirizadas) e o inferior (o agente de crédito, que representa a garantia dos lucros de uma parte considerável de bancos que vendem seus produtos sem possuir uma única agência no estado). Dessa forma, desvelou-se o acirramento da divisão do trabalho bancário e o processo de espoliação, centrado no aumento vertiginoso do consumo de dinheiro concomitante ao crescente endividamento. Esse processo denota a perpetuação do circuito inferior, tanto no que concerne ao consumo quanto à própria prestação do serviço, ou seja, a realização do trabalho.
The process of diversification of the Brazilian banking topology started in the 1990s with the Real Plan, was anchored in a privatization and denationalization policy of the financial entities which came to a head in 2003, by Resolution no. 3156, issued by the Central Bank of Brazil, allowing the use of corresponding services in the country by any financial institution. On one hand, such a measure was closely linked to the banking policy carried out by the Federal Government (which would make use of the matching network for the distribution of resources to segments of the population that historically lived on the margins of the traditional banking system) in the other, served as a lever to various financial institutions, especially small and medium banks devoid of a network of agencies, met in the corresponding a way to expand its capillarity. In this sense, the provision of banking services with different levels of capital, technology, work and organization express new relations of complementarity between the circuits (upper, upper marginal and lower) of the urban economy, while amending the role played by the bank that was previously solely responsible for the activities of the upper circuit. In this perspective, we sought in the present work, to understand the relationship between the banking system and the circuits of the urban economy in the process of empowerment of the financial sphere in Brazil, taking as an example the state of Alagoas. To do so, it was necessary an evaluation of topologies expressing banking network in Alagoas\' territory, considering the base material, financial products and provision of services. From field research in the counties of Girau Ponciano, Campo Grande and Traipu was possible to identify that the granting of payroll loans is done through new connections between the upper circuit (the bank), the upper marginal (promoters and credit correspondents, who are subcontractors) and the bottom (lower) (the loan officer, who is the guarantee of the profits of a considerable part of banks that sell their products without having a single agency in the state). Thus, was unveiled the intensification of the banking division of labor and dispossession process, centered on the rise of money consumption concomitant with increasing debt. This process denotes the perpetuation of the lower circuit, both as regards consumption as to provide the service itself, in other words, the work realization.

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Santos, Marlon Cavalcante. "A dinÃmica do circuito da economia urbana na produÃÃo de confecÃÃes em Fortaleza-CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13365.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
A IndÃstria de ConfecÃÃo estÃ presente em vÃrias cidades de paÃses de capitalismo tardio e Ã responsÃvel pelo provimento de uma quantidade significativa de empregos para a populaÃÃo urbana, estruturando-se um modo de produÃÃo interescalar que alia o processo local ao global. Nesse contexto, sÃo consideradas as modificaÃÃes feitas nos modos de produzir, gerir e comercializar, proporcionadas pela reestruturaÃÃo produtiva na dÃcada de 1970. Procura-se, entÃo, entender, atravÃs da teoria dos circuitos da economia urbana, a IndÃstria de ConfecÃÃo na cidade de Fortaleza, capital do CearÃ. Destarte, esta pesquisa objetiva dissertar sobre as relaÃÃes dos circuitos superior e inferior na produÃÃo de confecÃÃes e, assim sendo, sobre suas repercussÃes em Fortaleza, onde sÃo evidenciadas as indÃstrias de confecÃÃo (de facÃÃo e de confecÃÃo). Para tanto, foram feitas leituras pertinentes Ã temÃtica deste trabalho, bem como a realizaÃÃo de pesquisas de campo em algumas indÃstrias de confecÃÃo em Fortaleza, como a FederaÃÃo das IndÃstrias do CearÃ (FIEC), o Sistema Nacional de Emprego-Instituto de Desenvolvimento do Trabalho (SINE-IDT), o Sindicato das Costureiras de Fortaleza, a Prefeitura Municipal de Fortaleza (PMF), entre outras instituiÃÃes. Entende-se, portanto, a importÃncia deste trabalho por Fortaleza ter uma significativa concentraÃÃo de indÃstrias de confecÃÃes, estando essas no circuito inferior da economia urbana, possibilitando relaÃÃes espaciais produtivas, trabalhistas e comerciais ligadas em grande parte a essa dinÃmica da economia urbana. Diante do exposto, o trabalho colabora para o entendimento das relaÃÃes produtivas espaciais da IndÃstria de ConfecÃÃo em diversas escalas, tendo Fortaleza como o locus de anÃlise empÃrica analÃtica. O entendimento do fenÃmeno aqui estudado configura-se, portanto, como o aporte magno desta pesquisa.
The Clothing Industry is present in various cities of late capital and it is responsible for the provision of a significant quantity of jobs for the urban population, establishing a means of interscale production, which links the local process to the global one. In this context, there are considered the modifications made in the way of producing, managing and commercializing, provided for the productive restructuration in the decade of 1970. It is looked for, then, to understand, through the theory of the circuits of the urban economy, the Clothing Industry in the city of Fortaleza, capital of CearÃ. Therefore, this research aims at discussing about the relations of the superior and inferior circuits in the production of clothing and, in this way, about its repercussions in Fortaleza, where the industries of clothing (of faction and of clothing) are evidenced. For the purpose of this study, there were done some reading on its theme, as well as the execution of field researches in some industries of clothing in Fortaleza, such as FederaÃÃo das IndÃstrias do CearÃ (FIEC), Sistema Nacional de Emprego-Instituto de Desenvolvimento do Trabalho (SINE-IDT), Sindicato das Costureiras de Fortaleza, Prefeitura Municipal de Fortaleza (PMF), amongst others. It is understood, then, the importance of this work for Fortaleza. Such significance is characteristic of the inferior circuit of the urban economy, being the productive, working and commercial space relations liked in great extent to such dynamics of the urban economy. Taken into consideration what have been discussed, this research collaborates to the understanding of the space productive relations of the Clothing Industry in diverse scales, being Fortaleza its locus for empirical analysis. The understanding of the phenomenon here studied is therefore the major contribution of this research. Keywords:

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Queiroz, Thiago Augusto Nogueira de. "A Ceasa-RN e os circuitos da economia urbana: a circula??o de hortifrutigranjeiros em Natal-RN." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18967.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoANQ_DISSERT.pdf: 3067080 bytes, checksum: dc0b4bc05acdef010bc75e621a77569f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
A Central de Abastecimento S.A. do Rio Grande do Norte (Ceasa-RN) se constitui enquanto uma institui??o, formada por uma infraestrutura, localizada no munic?pio de Natal-RN, que tem como objetivo abastecer o territ?rio com produtos hortifrutigranjeiros, entre outros alimentos. Atrav?s de suas intera??es espaciais, a central de abastecimento alimentar do RN, promove a converg?ncia de diversos circuitos espaciais de produ??o, e consequentemente se relaciona com os elementos dos circuitos da economia urbana (supermercados varejistas, hipermercados, supermercados atacadistas, feiras livres, mercados p?blicos, etc.) por meio dos fluxos divergentes da distribui??o de hortifrutigranjeiros. Nesse contexto, esta disserta??o tem como objetivo compreender em que medida ocorre a rela??o entre a Ceasa-RN e os circuitos da economia urbana na cidade de Natal. O caminho percorrido para atingir essa finalidade foi constitu?do de pesquisa bibliogr?fica, levantamento de dados atrav?s de documentos oficiais e institucionais, e de uma pesquisa de campo com entrevistas nos supermercados, hipermercados, atacadistas e Ceasa-RN e aplica??o de formul?rios nas feiras livres e mercados p?blicos. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que, no contexto da forma??o socioespacial do Brasil, as centrais de abastecimento alimentar foram criadas em meio a um processo de reestrutura??o do territ?rio, e da consolida??o dos circuitos da economia urbana. Os resultados apontaram tamb?m o alargamento das escalas provocado pelas centrais, atrav?s do caso das intera??es espaciais da Ceasa-RN na cidade de Natal, quando o entreposto de abastecimento converge os fluxos (nacionais, regionais e locais) de circuitos espaciais de produ??o agr?cola, ao mesmo tempo em que mant?m rela??es com os circuitos da economia urbana. Por fim, os resultados demonstraram, atrav?s do caso da Ceasa-RN, que as centrais de abastecimento alimentar se constituem em um agente misto dos circuitos da economia, n?o s? se relacionando com ambos os circuitos, o superior e o inferior, mas tamb?m, constitu?das por ambos, desempenhando e apresentando um papel h?brido

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Oliveira, Edilson Luis de. "Divisão do trabalho e circuitos da economia urbana em Londrina - PR." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-22032010-123528/.

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O objetivo central desta tese é analisar as transformações da economia urbana londrinense, particularmente de seu circuito inferior, à luz das variáveis que caracterizam o período atual, o período da globalização. Para tanto, dividimos a presente tese em duas partes. Na primeira, analisamos as sucessivas modernizações efetivadas em Londrina e as transformações na divisão territorial do trabalho que redundaram em diferentes especializações produtivas a partir da década de 1930. Na segunda parte, analisamos a organização e o funcionamento de três atividades do circuito inferior da economia urbana: o pequeno comércio estabelecido no Camelódromo de Londrina, o serviço de Mototáxi e o serviço de Entregas Urbanas realizado por motoboys. As conclusões a que chegamos revelam que, no período atual, a dinâmica do meio construído é um dado fundamental da economia urbana. Os fluxos que se efetivam a partir das atividades investigadas envolvem a redefinição dos papéis de intermediação que caracterizam Londrina como uma cidade média da Região Concentrada. O circuito inferior atual apresenta diferenças importantes em relação àquele que se formou em Londrina ao longo dos anos 1970, tais como: as trajetórias dos trabalhadores no mercado de trabalho, a importância dos processos migratórios do campo para a cidade, as escalas de ação de cada circuito, suas formas de integração, entre outras. Estas diferenças são conseqüências das modernizações na economia urbana inerentes à expansão e difusão espacial do meio técnico-científico-informacional.
The central objective of this thesis is to analyze the transformation of the urban economy Londrina, particularly to its lower circuit in the light of variables that characterize the current period, the period of globalization. To this end, we have divided this thesis into two parts. At first, we analyze the successive modernization that happened in Londrina and the changes in the territorial division of labor that resulted in different productive specializations from the 1930s. In the second part, we analyze the organization and operation of three activities of lower circuit of the urban economy: the small business set out in Camelódromo of Londrina, the Moto Táxi service and service performed by Urban Delivery couriers. The conclusions reached show that in the current period, the dynamics of the built environment is a fundamental element of the urban economy. The flows that happen based on the investigated activities involve the redefining of intermediation roles that featuring Londrina city as medium town in the Concentrated Region of Brasil The contemporaneous lower circuit shows major differences when it compares with the lower circuit formed in Londrina in the 1970s, like these: the trajectories of workers in the labor market, the importance of migration from the countryside to the city, the scales of action of upper and lower circuits, its forms of integration, among others. These differences are consequences of modernizations in the urban economy. Besides, theyre inherent at expansion and spatial diffusion of technico-scientific-informational milieu.

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Paula, Carolina Gabriel de. "Do território ao lugar: bancos comunitários, moedas locais e o circuito inferior da economia urbana em São Paulo-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-26052015-113507/.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar como surgiram e funcionam atualmente os bancos comunitários no território brasileiro. A primeira parte procura apresentar o quadro teórico de referência utilizado na explicação deste fenômeno, visando identificar as principais abordagens existentes sobre os bancos comunitários e as moedas locais, no Brasil e no mundo. A segunda parte visa definir a topologia desses bancos comunitários no território nacional, apresentando como recorte empírico a Região Sudeste do país. Com o intuito de aprofundarmos o entendimento das dinâmicas que se impõem aos lugares (principalmente por intermédio da ação do Estado), a terceira parte da dissertação procura apresentar de forma sistematizada dados dos bancos comunitários paulistanos e dos estabelecimentos do circuito inferior da economia urbana que fazem uso da moeda local como meio de pagamento. Ainda nesta última parte do trabalho, foram objeto de nossa análise mais detalhada os Bancos Comunitários União Sampaio, Paulo Freire, Apuanã, Autogestão e a \"instituição inovadora\" Obras Recreativas, Profissionais, Artísticas e Sociais (ORPAS).
This research has the objective of analyzing how communitarian banks in Brazilian territory emerged and how they work. The first part seeks to present the theoretical framework used in the explanation of this phenomenon, aiming to identify the main approaches of communitarian banks and their local currency in Brazil and abroad. The second part seeks to explain the topology of these banks on national territory, defining as our empirical universe the Southwest Region. With the intention of deepening the understanding of dynamics that impose themselves in places (mainly by the action of the State), the third part of the dissertation seeks to introduce in a systematized way, some data of the communitarian banks of São Paulo and also from the actors fo lower circuit of the urban economy that use local currency as payment. In the last part of this research, we analyze the way of action of Communitarian Banks of União Sampaio, Paulo Freire, Apuanã, Autogestão and the innovative institution Recreational, Professional, Artistic and Social Works (in Portuguese, Obras Recreativas, Profissionais, Artísticas e Sociais) (ORPAS).

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Montenegro, Marina Regitz. "O circuito inferior da economia urbana na cidade de São Paulo no período da globalização." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-25062007-140750/.

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Dans ce travail, nous réalisons une analyse sur les dynamiques qui définissent le circuit inférieur de l\'économie urbaine (Santos, 1978) dans la ville de São Paulo dans la période actuelle, celle de la globalisation. D\'après Santos, la segmentation trouvée dans les sociétés urbaines des pays sous-développés, liées aux possibilités de la satisfaction des besoins, crée des différences quantitatives et qualitatives dans la consommation. Celles-ci sont, à leur tour, la cause et l\'effet de l\'existence de différents circuits de production, de distribution et de consommation. Le circuit supérieur constitue le résultat direct des modernisations qui atteignent le territoire, tandis que le circuit inférieur est composé par les formes de fabrication non capital intensif, les services non modernes et le petit commerce de détail, tournés surtout à la consommation de la population pauvre. Le circuit supérieur accompagne et participe à l\'accélération contemporaine globale, tandis que le circuit inférieur trouve ses sources d\'existence dans les formes et temps du lieu. À partir de la sélection de certaines aires de la municipalité de São Paulo où se concentrent les activités du circuit inférieur - le Largo Treze de Maio et les districts Sé, República, Santa Cecília et Bom Retiro - nous cherchons comprendre comment le circuit inférieur se caractérise aujourd\'hui et quelles sont les relations établies entre ce circuit et les variables centrales de la période actuelle : la technique, l\'information, la consommation, la publicité et les finances. Orientés par le souci de voir la ville comme une totalité interconnectée par des diverses divisions du travail, dans des différentes parties de l\'espace bâti, nous essayons comprendre comment le territoire constitue un abri pour les acteurs non hégémoniques, dans la mesure où il comporte des activités tellement distinctes et distantes dans ce qui concerne leur niveau d\'organisation et de capital.
No presente trabalho, buscamos realizar uma análise sobre as dinâmicas que perpassam e definem o circuito inferior da economia urbana (Santos, 1978) na cidade de São Paulo no período atual, ou seja, no período da globalização. Segundo Santos, a segmentação presente na sociedade urbana dos países subdesenvolvidos em relação às possibilidades de satisfação das necessidades cria diferenças quantitativas e qualitativas no consumo, as quais, por sua vez, são a causa e o efeito da existência de diferentes circuitos de produção, de distribuição e consumo. Enquanto o circuito superior constitui o resultado direto das modernizações que atingem o território, o circuito inferior compreende as formas de fabricação não-capital intensivo, os serviços não modernos fornecidos a varejo e o comércio de pequena dimensão, voltados sobretudo ao consumo dos mais pobres. Enquanto o circuito superior alimenta-se da aceleração contemporânea global, o circuito inferior é moldado pelos tempos e formas do lugar. A partir da seleção de determinadas áreas da cidade de São Paulo que aparecem como verdadeiros \"focos de concentração\" do circuito inferior, - no Largo Treze de Maio e nos distritos Sé, República, Santa Cecília e Bom Retiro - procuramos compreender como se caracteriza este circuito hoje e, também, como este se relaciona com as variáveis centrais do período atual, ou seja, a técnica, a informação, o consumo, a publicidade e as finanças. Orientados pela preocupação de ver a cidade como uma totalidade interconectada por diversas divisões do trabalho, em diferentes pedaços do meio construído, buscamos entender como o território constitui um abrigo para os atores não-hegemônicos, na medida em que comporta atividades tão distintas e distantes em termos de graus de organização e de capital.

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Silva, Flávia Cristine da. "O circuito inferior da economia urbana em Campinas/SP: análise sobre a mobilidade espacial e o acesso ao crédito." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-22022013-150352/.

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O presente trabalho procura analisar o funcionamento do circuito inferior da economia urbana em Campinas (SP), dando ênfase ao entendimento do acesso ao crédito e da mobilidade espacial dos agentes deste circuito, e procura ainda identificar quais os sistemas técnicos e as parcelas do meio ambiente construído que estes agentes mais utilizam na cidade. A pesquisa está fundamentada em ampla revisão bibliográfica, na utilização de dados oficiais disponibilizados por instituições e fundações públicas, assim como em vários trabalhos de campo realizados, a fim de produzir dados primários para a investigação. No total foram aplicados 85 questionários em quatro áreas selecionadas da cidade. No que refere à mobilidade espacial dos agentes do circuito inferior, as observações em trabalho de campo sugerem que a ampliação de atividades deste circuito não propicia maior mobilidade espacial devido à importância dos intermediários para aquisição de mercadorias. Sobre a creditização no circuito inferior, o crescente acesso às mais variadas formas de crédito têm possibilitado, também, o aumento do endividamento da população; o que influencia nas formas de pagamento oferecidas por estes agentes aos consumidores.
This study aims at analyzing the lower circuit of economy in Campinas (SP), emphasizing access to credit and spatial mobility of its agents. It also aims at identifying the technical system and the parts of the built environment spans of most often used be these agents. The research is based on the use of official data available on public institution and foundations as well as on field work, that has been carried out in order to agent primary data. The field work is constructed of 85 questionnaires applied on 4 selected areas of Campinas. Regarding the spatial mobility of the lower circuit agents, field observations suggest that the expansion the circuits activities doesnt provide greater spatial mobility to its agents because of the importance of the intermediaries for the acquisition of the products. Regarding the access to credit, the growing access to the most varied forms of credit have allowed the increase of debt of the population, influencing the payment methods offered by these agents to consumers.

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Montenegro, Marina Regitz. "Globalização, trabalho e pobreza no Brasil metropolitano. O circuito inferior da economia urbana em São Paulo, Brasilia, Fortaleza e Belém." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-12062012-133347/.

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As cidades abrigam diferentes divisões sociais e territoriais do trabalho que se explicam por lógicas distintas porém interdependentes. Justapostas no meio construído, encontram-se combinadas múltiplas formas de produção e de consumo realizadas com técnicas e formas de organização diversas. Segundo Santos (1975), estas divisões do trabalho coexistentes compreendem circuitos da economia urbana. Enquanto totalidade, a cidade pode ser entendida, assim, a partir da relação dialética e indissociável entre o circuito superior e o circuito inferior, cujas atividades se distinguem em função dos diversos graus de tecnologia, capital e organização (SANTOS, 1975; SILVEIRA, 2007). No trabalho a seguir, buscamos analisar o processo de expansão e renovação do circuito inferior nas metrópoles brasileiras. Partindo das realidades das cidades de São Paulo, Brasília, Fortaleza e Belém, procuramos desvendar os dinamismos que caracterizam o circuito inferior no período da globalização e revelar as diferentes feições regionais assumidas por este circuito no território brasileiro hoje. Na medida em que os dados do período da globalização se instalam nos lugares com intensidade variável e através de diferentes nexos, a forma como o meio técnico-científico-informacional alcança as regiões é diferencialmente produtora de pobreza e implica, por sua vez, uma reformulação distinta do circuito inferior segundo a região e a cidade.
Cities host different social and territorial divisions of labor that can be explained by distinct nevertheless interdependent logics. Juxtaposed in the built environment, multiple forms of production and consumption are performed with various techniques and forms of organization. According to Santos (1975), these coexisting divisions of labor comprehend circuits of the urban economy. As a totality, the city can be understood through the dialectical and inseparable relationship between the upper and the lower circuits, whose activities are distinguished according to the different degrees of technology, capital and organization (SANTOS, 1975; SILVEIRA, 2007). In this study, we seek to analyze the process of expansion and renovation of the lower circuit in the Brazilian metropolises. Starting from the realities of the cities of Sao Paulo, Brasília, Fortaleza and Belém, we search to unveil the dynamics that characterize the lower circuit in the period of globalization and to reveal the different regional features embodied by this circuit in the Brazilian territory today. To the extent that the contents of the period of globalization install themselves in places with varying degrees and through different connections, the form that the scientific, technological and informational space reaches the regions produces poverty in different ways and implies, in turn, a distinct reformulation of the lower circuit according to each region and city.

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Silva, Amistson Lopes da. "O uso do território na cidade de União dos Palmares – AL: o circuito inferior nas suas áreas central e periférica." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2018. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/3557.

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This present search seek to understand the urban dynamics in the city of União dos Palmares - State of Alagoas, in the current period of Globalization, from the activities of lower circuit of the urban economy, especially the use about territory, synonymous with geographical space, by the agents of the small businesses that animate the popular economy of the city. Therefore, based on the theory of the two urban economy circuits in the underdeveloped countries, proposed by Milton Santos (2008c), an important theoretical and methodological way to understand urbanization, we selected the main plots of the built environment that the population uses to work. The city chosen here as a geographical situation (SILVEIRA, 1999) it has its genesis linked to the regional urbanization context, driven by the expulsion of workers from their lands, as well as by the floods that affected the Mundaú river basin in the last hundred years. With the implementation of several services over the last decades, including the public sector, the city has emerged like an important urban center in the mountainous region of Quilombos, but it was mainly from the 1970s that the expansion of large peripheral districts through invasions, donations by public authorities, by sales and by the housing reconstruction programs for the homeless. In this context is conformed in União dos Palmares city, a poor population, which seeks to survive in various ways in the central and peripheral areas. In order to understand the manifestation of urban poverty, we investigated the behavior of the lower central and residential circuit in the largest neighborhoods of the city: Center, Roberto Correia de Araújo, Nova Esperança housing and Newton Pereira Gonçalves housing. Thus, understanding these economic activities reveals how urban poverty manifests itself in places and demonstrates, especially, the political-institutional need that should be active from people to the economy, not the other way around.
A presente pesquisa busca compreender a dinâmica urbana de União dos Palmares – AL no período atual da Globalização a partir das atividades do circuito inferior da economia urbana, sobretudo o uso do território, sinônimo de espaço geográfico, pelos agentes dos pequenos negócios que animam a economia popular da cidade. Para tanto, com base na teoria dos dois circuitos da economia urbana nos países subdesenvolvidos, proposta por Milton Santos (2008c), importante caminho teórico e metodológico para se entender a urbanização, selecionamos as principais parcelas do meio ambiente construído que a população utiliza para desenvolver o trabalho. A cidade aqui escolhida como situação geográfica (SILVEIRA, 1999) da pesquisa tem sua gênese ligada ao contexto regional de urbanização, movida pela expulsão de trabalhadores de suas terras, bem como pelas enchentes que acometeram a bacia do Mundaú nos últimos cem anos. Com a implantação de diversos serviços ao longo das últimas décadas, inclusive do setor público, a cidade vem se destacando como um importante centro urbano na região Serrana dos Quilombos, mas foi principalmente a partir da década de 1970 que se iniciou de fato o processo de expansão de grandes bairros periféricos, por meio de invasões, doações por parte do poder público, pela venda e pelos programas de reconstrução de habitações para os desabrigados das enchentes. Nesse contexto é conformada na cidade de União dos Palmares, uma população pobre, que busca sobreviver de diversas formas nas áreas central e periférica. Para compreendermos a manifestação da pobreza urbana, investigamos o comportamento do circuito inferior central e residencial nos maiores bairros da cidade: Centro, Roberto Correia de Araújo, Nova Esperança e Newton Pereira Gonçalves. Destarte, a compreensão dessas atividades econômicas revela como a pobreza urbana se manifesta nos lugares e demonstra, sobretudo, a necessidade de uma ação político-institucional que parta dos sujeitos sociais, de suas demandas para a economia e não o contrário.

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Miyata, Hideko. "Trabalho, redes e territórios nos circuitos da economia urbana: uma ánalise da venda direta em Jundiaí e região metropolitana de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-31052011-152113/.

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Na atual fase da economia neoliberal, com a reformulação produtiva das relações de capital e trabalho, em que se busca a reprodução ampliada do capital, a configuração da economia globalizada tem levado a uma nova ordem dialética entre o circuito superior e inferior. As dinâmicas recentes da economia brasileira vêm influindo na expansão dos dois circuitos da economia urbana nas grandes cidades brasileiras. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o sistema de venda direta, uma forma de comercialização promovida por empresas como a Avon e a Natura, que fabricam e comercializam produtos cosméticos e perfumaria diretamente da indústria para o consumidor, tendo como área de estudo a cidade de Jundiaí (SP) e a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, no período de 1990 a 2010. Esta forma de estratégia empresarial, a venda direta, permite a inserção de uma variada gama de trabalhadores, geralmente urbanos, integrando-se ao modelo de produção dominante, a partir de um contrato comercial. Na compreensão desse processo, impôs-se a análise na qual se potencializa a acumulação de capital sob a forma de exploração da força de trabalho, cada vez mais flexível e precário. Essa articulação, que explica a existência combinada e concomitante de diferentes estágios tecnológicos no interior do mesmo conjunto de processos produtivos, torna indiscutível que o critério de moderno e atrasado são faces do mesmo modo de reprodução social capitalista. Se no passado a venda direta era adotada por algumas poucas empresas, hoje é adotada por grandes e pequenas. Nesse sentido, é necessária a compreensão das transformações das grandes empresas, que constituem o circuito superior da economia, com o circuito inferior, em sua busca de reprodução ampliada de capital por meio da acumulação primitiva, presentes em muitas formas de trabalho contemporâneo. Foram estudadas as empresas de venda direta que distribuem seus produtos por meio de catálogos (Avon e Natura), por carrinhos (Nestlé e Yakult) e o caso do marketing de rede (Forever Living Products), demonstrando a peculiaridade de cada atividade em suas diferenciações dentro do sistema de venda direta. Nossa análise apontou para a capacidade, tanto do circuito superior como do circuito inferior, em se renovar e se expandir, no período de globalização. Em suma, uma reflexão sobre os dois circuitos da economia urbana nos coloca diante de novas interações entre o capital e o trabalho no período atual.
In the current phase of neoliberal economics, with the productive reformulation of the relations of capital and labor, which seeks expanded reproduction of capital, the economy has led to a new dialectic order between the upper and lower circuits. The recent dynamics of the Brazilian economy are influencing the expansion of the two circuits of urban economy in large cities. This research aims to analyze the direct selling system, a type of marketing promoted by companies such as Avon and Natura, which manufacture and market cosmetics and perfumery directly from industry to consumers, with the study area being Jundiaí (SP) and the metropolitan area of São Paulo, from 1990 to 2010. This form of corporate strategy, direct selling, allows the inclusion of a diverse range of employees, usually urban, integrating into the dominant model of production, starting from a commercial contract. In understanding this process, it was imposed the analysis which enhances the accumulation of capital in the form of exploitation of the workforce, increasingly flexible and precarious. This coordination, which explains the existence and simultaneous combination of different technological stages within the same set of manufacturing processes, makes it unquestionable that the criterion of \"modern\" and \"delayed\" are faces of the same mode of capitalist social reproduction. If in the past direct selling was adopted by a few companies, today it is adopted by large and small ones. Thus, it is necessary to understand the transformations of large enterprises, which constitute the upper circuit of the economy, with the lower circuit, in their search for enlarged reproduction of capital through primitive accumulation, present in many forms of contemporary work. We studied the direct selling companies that distribute their products through catalogs (Avon and Natura), cart sales (Yakult and Nestlé) and the case of network marketing (Forever Living Products), showing the peculiarities of each activity in their differentiation inside the direct selling system. Our analysis pointed to the ability of both the upper circuit and lower circuit in renewing and expanding in the period of globalization. In short, a reflection on the two circuits of urban economy puts us in front of new interactions between capital and labour in the current period.

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Xavier, Marcos Antonio de Moraes. "Os elos entre os circuitos da economia urbana brasileira no atual periodo = os atacadistas distribuidores e seu papel intermediador." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286716.

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Orientador: Ricardo Adib Castillo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: A fragmentação geográfica da produção somada à necessidade de uma rápida reposição de estoques com maior freqüência e segundo prazos cada vez mais curtos, tanto na indústria quanto no varejo, torna a busca pela maior fluidez da circulação uma imposição para a sobrevivência das empresas. Fato que, no Brasil, é acentuado com a abertura da economia, impondo uma maior competitividade às empresas, e com as mudanças no consumo advindas com a estabilização da moeda brasileira após 1994, incluindo sua expansão social e territorial. Em resposta a este verdadeiro imperativo, tem ocorrido a ascensão das atividades voltadas ao planejamento, ao controle e à gestão dos fluxos da logística de distribuição. De um lado, observamos a redefinição da logística empresarial e, de outro, acompanhamos a formação de uma nova organização produtiva do território em que os meios materiais e normativos passam a constituir arranjos que tendem a ampliar a vida de relações entre os lugares. No âmbito deste processo, os atacadistas distribuidores de produtos de mercearia básica continuam exercendo um papel significativo na intermediação entre a indústria e o pequeno varejo. As modernizações do atacado brasileiro acompanham um novo arranjo dos circuitos espaciais da produção e possibilitam uma maior vida de relações entre as cidades, o que contribui para o curto-circuito das redes urbanas regionais e confirma o elo existente entre os dois circuitos da economia urbana brasileira. Estas modernizações incluem o ganho de eficácia nas operações logísticas por meio da adoção de novas tecnologias e métodos organizacionais e novas relações de cooperação, sobretudo, com o pequeno varejo por intermédio da prestação de diversos serviços e pela gestão de redes de negócios que reafirmam seu papel de elo entre os dois circuitos da economia urbana brasileira
Abstract: The current space division of labour increases the importance of circulation in production process and imposes a rapid and more frequent replacement of supplies, according to shorter stated periods, both in industry and retail. In Brazil, the opening of the economy, imposing a bigger competitiveness to the companies, and the social and territorial expansion of consumption have affected the organization and the structure of the wholesale companies. In reply, the logistics, as the management of the flow of goods, information and other resources, has enhanced the activities of planning and control. As the logistics becomes more important, a new organization of territory arises, increasing the relationships among places. Thus, we conclude that the wholesale distributors continue exerting a significant role in the intermediation between the industry and small retail. The modernization of Brazilian wholesale companies play an important role in the new spatial arrangement of the circuits of production and in the relationships among cities, which contributes to the short circuit of the urban and regional networks and confirm the link existing between the two circuits of urban economy in Brazil
Doutorado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Doutor em Ciências

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Sánchez, Vidal María. "Essays on Urban Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387318.

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Cities present high levels of worker and business productivity thanks to their agglomeration economies, which are usually capitalised in higher wages. Cities are, moreover, the perfect environment for consumption, thanks to their large supply of amenities. However, the density of cities is at the same time responsible for rising congestion costs and higher housing prices. Thus, and in line with the urban economics literature, the equilibrium city size depends on the trade-off between the benefits accrued from these agglomeration forces and the costs associated with larger cities. This thesis contributes to this literature by providing three interesting findings about the economics of city formation and city evolution. First, this thesis inspects one of the mechanisms driving the existence of different cities of different sizes. Using data from US cities, it studies the evolution of city growth throughout the twentieth century. More specifically, the analysis focuses on the role played by the new-born cities created during the decades between 1900 and 2000. The first finding is that there are differences in city growth rates according to the age of the city. In general, when a city is born it presents a very high growth rate but, as the decades pass, it matures and its growth rate stabilises or even declines. Second, the results suggest that most of the growth differential across cities is driven by their first decade of existence, which is generally in line with the parametric results. This thesis also estimates the real net local employment responses to large manufacturing plant closures as a result of their international relocations. Specifically, it estimates the employment effects of the closure of 45 large manufacturing plants in Spain, which relocated to (mainly) developing countries between 2001 and 2006. Each municipality experiencing a closure is matched to a small set of comparable municipalities in terms of employment level and industry mix in the year 2000. It is found that treatments and controls do not differ in their 1990-2000 (pre-treatment) employment trends either, thereby lending credence to the identification assumption underpinning the differences-in-differences estimates used in this chapter. The results show that when a plant closes, for each job directly lost in the plant closure, only between 0.3 and 0.6 jobs are actually lost in the local economy, with the adjustment being concentrated in local incumbent firms in the industry having suffered the closure. Finally, this thesis studies the effects of big-box store openings, usually located in out-of-town sites, on grocery stores, which are typically identified as city centre consumption amenities. Using an RDD analysis and focusing on the food sector, this chapter makes use of a regulation aimed at restricting the entry of big-box stores as the source of exogenous variation. The results indicate that, after a big-box opens, the affected municipality gradually loses grocery stores, typically from the city centre, showing evidence of downtown hollowing out. In fact, four years after the opening, between 20% and 30% of pre-existing grocery stores have closed down. Moreover, when evaluating the heterogeneity of these effects, the results seem to show that there are no significant short-run differences between big-box store openings in the city centre and those out-of-town. This indicates that, at least in the short-run, both downtown and suburb big-boxes act as direct competitors of grocery stores. An additional heterogeneity analysis is also performed by splitting the results between conventional and discount big-box stores, where the former are chains selling well-known brands whereas the latter typically sell their own brands at lower prices. In this case, all the effect on grocery stores can be attributed to conventional stores, showing evidence that these shops, which sell the same kind of products as grocery stores but in a one-stop shop, may match consumer preferences better and may also be more convenient for them.
Las ciudades presentan elevados niveles de productividad gracias a la existencia de economías de aglomeración, las cuales suelen capitalizarse en sueldos más altos. Además, las ciudades son el lugar perfecto para el consumo, gracias a su variada oferta de productos. Sin embargo, la densidad de las ciudades es también la responsable de aumentar los niveles de congestión y los precios de la vivienda. Por eso, de acuerdo con la literatura centrada en la economía urbana, el tamaño de equilibrio de las ciudades depende de una lucha entre dos fuerzas distintas: los beneficios que generan las economías de aglomeración y los costes asociados al gran tamaño de las ciudades. Esta tesis contribuye a la literatura aportando tres resultados interesantes sobre la formación y la evolución de las ciudades. En primer lugar, inspecciona uno de los mecanismos que genera la existencia de diferentes ciudades de diferentes tamaños mediante el uso de datos para Estados Unidos durante el siglo XX. En concreto, el análisis se focaliza en el estudio de las ciudades que nacieron entre el 1900 y el 2000, demostrando que existen diferencias en las tasas de crecimiento de las ciudades dependiendo de la edad de las mismas. En general, cuando una ciudad nace, presenta un crecimiento muy elevado pero a menudo que las décadas pasan, su crecimiento se estabiliza o incluso decrece. Además, este mismo estudio demuestra que dichas diferencias en el crecimiento vienen determinadas por la primera década de su existencia. El segundo análisis empírico de la tesis se centra en estimar los efectos netos del cierre de grandes plantas manufactureras (como resultado de relocalizaciones internacionales) en el empleo local. Más concretamente, el estudio estima los efectos en el empleo local de 45 cierres de grandes plantas manufactureras en España que entre 2001 y 2006 se relocalizaron en países en vías de desarrollo. Para realizar el análisis, cada municipio que sufre un cierre es emparejado con un grupo de municipios comparables en términos de niveles de empleo y composición industrial. Los resultados muestran que, cuando una planta cierra sus puertas, por cada trabajo que se pierde, la economía local solo pierde entre 0,3 y 0,6 puestos de trabajo, dándose este ajuste en las empresas del sector que se encontraban en el municipio anteriormente al cierre de la gran planta. Por último, el tercer estudio empírico de la presente tesis analiza los efectos de la apertura de grandes superficies comerciales, principalmente localizadas en las afueras de las ciudades, en las pequeñas tiendas de alimentación. Este estudio utiliza una regulación comercial que restringe la entrada de grandes superficies comerciales en España como la fuente de variación exógena. Los resultados indican que cuatro años después de la apertura de la gran superficie comercial, entre el 20 y el 30% de las tiendas de alimentación pre-existentes cierran sus puertas. Además, los resultados también indican que no existen diferencias en los efectos provocados por las grandes superficies localizadas en los centros urbanos respecto a las que se sitúan en las afueras. El último resultado de este estudio se centra en demostrar cómo las superficies de descuento no tienen ningún efecto sobre los pequeños comercios de alimentación, siendo las superficies convencionales las que provocan la pérdida de pequeños comercios mencionada anteriormente.

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González, Pampillón Nicolás. "Essays on Urban Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663272.

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This thesis contributes with empirical evidence on policies that attempt to reduce spatial inequalities and also studying the drivers of residential segregation. Specifically, the second chapter assesses the impact on neighborhood population dynamics of a major urban renewal policy implemented in Catalonia (Spain) between 2004 and 2010. The results suggest that the urban renewal projects had little (if any) effects on population dynamics, suggesting that substantial investment in deprived neighborhoods is insufficient to attract natives and/or high income households. Interestingly, the sole exception were the interventions made in Barcelona’s historic districts, where the policy seems to have augmented ongoing processes of urban revival into its most deprived neighborhoods furthering processes of gentrification. The third chapter provides a new empirical test of one-sided tipping models in the population composition of neighborhoods using an infrequent set of events in Spain. In the immigration boom period, 2001-2009, neighborhoods with high minority shares in 2001 received larger inflows of immigrants and experienced outflows in native population. In the immigration freeze period, 2010-2015, the neighborhoods that received large immigrant influxes in the 2001-2009 period kept loosing native population, despite the fact that these neighborhoods were actually experiencing slight losses of immigrant population. Results are consistent with tipping behavior. The fourth chapter studies the external effects of tax benefits given to residential developers in Uruguay on both house prices and crime records. Clear evidence of spillovers is found: house prices increase by around 12% in the period 2014-2016 in a 400-meter wide band in the subsidized border area. Using a continuous but endogenous treatment measure, IV estimates show an elasticity of .035 with respect to housing prices. An examination of crime records shows that the property crime rate seems to decrease at the border, but there is no evidence of a decrease in the non-property crime rate.

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Resseger, Matthew George. "Essays in Urban Economics." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11697.

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In this set of essays, I grapple with issues related to the core questions of urban economics. Why are people so heavily clustered in urban areas? Why do some cities grow while others decline? What explains where people live within urban areas? My first essay focuses on understanding patterns of racial segregation within metro areas. One factor that has long been hypothesized to contribute to this divide, but has proven difficult to test empirically, is that local zoning regulations have an exclusionary impact on minority residents in some neighborhoods. I focus on variation in block-level racial composition within narrow bands around zone borders within jurisdictions. My results imply a large role for local zoning regulation, particularly the permitting of dense multi-family structures, in explaining disparate racial location patterns. The second essay returns to core issues of agglomeration and the role of cities. The fact that wages tend to be higher in cities, and that this premium grows with density, has been seen as strong evidence for urban agglomeration forces enhancing productivity. In modern data this density premium seems only to exist in areas with above average levels of human capital. Agglomeration models emphasizing learning and knowledge spillovers between workers in close proximity seem most compatible with the data. Finally, I investigate the impact of local governance structure on urban growth over the last 40 years. Some economists have touted the virtues of competition between fragmented local governments in efficient provision of local public goods, while regionalists have pointed to the need to coordinate planning and infrastructure across jurisdictions, and warned of the impacts of fractionalization on segregation and sprawl. While cities with regionalized governments have grown more rapidly, a small set of strong historical correlates with local government density can account for this. Impacts on segregation are more robust.
Economics

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Blind, Ina. "Essays on Urban Economics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260898.

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This thesis consists of four self-contained essays. Essay 1 (with Olof Åslund and Matz Dahlberg): In this essay we investigate the impact of commuter train access on individual labor market outcomes. Our study considers the exogenous introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center, considerably decreasing commuting times by public transit to the center for those living close to the pre-existing railroad. Using difference-in-differences matching techniques on comprehensive individual panel data spanning over a decade, our intention-to-treat estimates show that the reform had mainly no impact on the earnings and employment development among the affected individuals. Essay 2: In this essay I look into the role of public transit for residential sorting by studying how the introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center affected migration patterns in the areas served. Using a difference-in-difference(-in-difference) approach and comprehensive individual level data, I find that the commuter train had a positive effect on overall in-migration to the areas served and no effect on the average out-migration rate from these areas. With regards to sorting based on labor market status, I find no evidence of sorting based on employment status but some evidence that the train introduction increased the probability of moving out of the areas served for individuals with high labor incomes relative to the probability for individuals with lower income. Considering sorting along other lines than labor market status, the analysis suggests that people born in non-western countries came to be particularly attracted towards the areas served by the commuter train as compared to other similar areas. Essay 3: In this essay I look into the relation between housing mix and social mix in metropolitan Stockholm (Sweden) over the period 1990-2008. Using entropy measures, I find that although the distribution of tenure types over metropolitan Stockholm became somewhat more even over the studied period, people living in different tenure types still to a large extent tended to live in different parts of the city in 2008. The degree of residential segregation was much lower between different population groups. I further find that the mix of family types, and over time also of birth region groups and income groups, was rather different between different tenure types in the same municipality. The mix of different groups however tended to be similar within different tenure types in the same neighborhood. While the entropy measures provide a purely descriptive picture, the findings thus suggest that tenure type mix could be more useful for creating social mix at the municipal level than for creating social mix at the neighborhood level. Essay 4 (with Matz Dahlberg): The last decade’s immigration to western European countries has resulted in a culturally and religiously more diverse population in these countries. This diversification manifests itself in several ways, where one is through new features in the cityscape. Using a quasi-experimental approach, essay 4 examines how one such new feature, public calls to prayer, affects neighborhood dynamics (house prices and migration). The quasi-experiment is based on an unexpected political process that lead way to the first public call to prayer from a mosque in Sweden combined with rich (daily) information on housing sales. While our results indicate that the public calls to prayer increased house prices closer to the mosque, we find no evidence that the public calls to prayer served as a driver of residential segregation between natives and people born abroad around the mosque in question (no significant effects on migration behavior). Our findings are consistent with a story where some people have a willingness to pay for the possibility to more fully exert their religion which puts an upward pressure on housing in the vicinity of a mosque with public calls to prayer.

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Silva, Romero Rossano Tertulino da. "O Circuito inferior da economia urbana em Mossor?: a din?mica do com?rcio ambulante." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18941.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This study was based on the analysis and understanding of the dynamics of the lower circuit of the economy and the size of the street trading in the city of Mossoro (RN). The operationalization of the theory of the two circuits of the urban economy, based on Santos (2008a) was essential to understand the street trading as part of the entire city of Mossoro. It was given emphasis on the study of the lower circuit of the economy and its coverage in the street trading in the commercial center of the city, specifically in street trading in Coronel Gurgel. The dynamics of that street reveals the different ways that the territory is used simultaneously by different social actors as pedestrians, consumers, business owners, and especially by street vendors. These vendors occupy the spaces along the streets of the city commercial center, placing their tents or stalls, especially on sidewalks, excellent strategic locations for the marketing of their products, due to the large influx of people seeking goods and services nearby. As methodological and technical procedures for gathering primary data, we opted for the use of questionnaires and interviews, with many users of the lower circuit, both consumers and vendors. The analysis of these questionnaires, along with the theoretical background, has revealed that there are several social and political conflicts related to the use of public spaces, such as sidewalks and flowerbeds, in the city commercial center, and that these conflicts are increasingly demonstrating that vendors need a space endowed with infrastructure to conduct their activities. The lack of efficiency of the government, as well as the slowness of their actions to organize a space that is able to properly fit salespersons, constitutes one of the main problems faced by these small traders who have limited financial resources and materials to get their activities through in the globalized world. At the same time, this study revealed the importance of these agents, as the last link of the urban economy, in the distribution of various consumer goods, enabling the satisfaction of some needs of the population, especially the poorer people
Este estudo se fundamentou na an?lise e na compreens?o da din?mica do circuito inferior da economia e na dimens?o do com?rcio ambulante na cidade de Mossor? (RN). A operacionaliza??o da teoria dos dois circuitos da economia urbana, com base em Santos (2008a) foi imprescind?vel para se entender o com?rcio ambulante como parte da totalidade da cidade de Mossor?. Deu-se ?nfase ao estudo do circuito inferior da economia e sua abrang?ncia ilegal no centro comercial da cidade, mais especificamente no com?rcio ambulante na Rua Coronel Gurgel. A din?mica da referida rua revela as diferentes formas que o territ?rio ? usado, simultaneamente, por diversos agentes sociais como pedestres, consumidores, propriet?rios de estabelecimentos comerciais e, sobretudo, pelos vendedores ambulantes. Estes vendedores ocupam os espa?os do centro comercial, instalando suas barracas ou bancas, especialmente, nas cal?adas, locais estrat?gicos por excel?ncia, para a comercializa??o de seus produtos, devido ao grande fluxo pessoas que buscam bens e servi?os no local. Como procedimentos metodol?gicos e t?cnicos, para o levantamento de dados prim?rios, optou-se pela aplica??o de question?rios e realiza??o de entrevistas, com diversos usu?rios do circuito inferior, tanto consumidores, como vendedores. A an?lise destes question?rios, juntamente com o embasamento te?rico, nos revelou que existem v?rios conflitos sociais e pol?ticos ligados ao uso dos espa?os p?blicos, como cal?adas e canteiros, no centro comercial, e que estes conflitos demonstram cada vez mais que os ambulantes necessitam de um espa?o dotado de infraestrutura para a realiza??o de suas atividades. A falta de efici?ncia do poder p?blico, assim como a lentid?o de suas a??es, em organizar um espa?o que tenha condi??es de instalar adequadamente os vendedores ambulantes, se constitui como um dos principais problemas enfrentados por estes pequenos comerciantes, que disp?em de poucos recursos financeiros e materiais para desenvolverem suas atividades de sobreviv?ncia no mundo globalizado. Ao mesmo tempo, verificou-se a import?ncia desses agentes, enquanto ?ltimo elo do circuito da economia urbana, na distribui??o de v?rios bens consumo, possibilitando a satisfa??o de algumas necessidades da popula??o, em especial, da parcela com menor por aquisitivo

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Burton, Lewis. "Methodist ministers in the circuits : urban and rural differences." Thesis, Bangor University, 2008. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/methodist-ministers-in-the-circuits--urban-and-rural-differences(34641bb4-f7d4-48eb-941d-b6a73c5cf588).html.

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The main enquiry of this dissertation is to ascertain whether there are differences between those Methodist ministers who are employed in urban circuits and those employed in rural circuits. The first part of the dissertation is descriptive, examining the evolution of the Methodist ministry, the background to ministry today, and whether differences between the urban and rural church can be delineated. The second part establishes the method of the enquiry within the discipline of empirical theology, using the techniques of sociology to establish a data base. An analysis follows of the characteristics of all 1026 responses from the 1728 of those sampled. The third part is devoted specifically to establishing urban/rural differences of ministry style. Out of the whole number of respondents those who had special responsibility for urban ministry and those for rural ministry were isolated. In the contrast between these two groups of respondents a number of differences were perceived. These were associated with differences of personal characteristics, the understanding of the accepted role of ministry within the circuit situation, the workload expected of them, the occupational stress which this imposed, the belief systems of the ministers, their practice of personal devotion, their style in the conduct of worship, and their personality type. A conclusion is drawn that the difference between urban and rural ministers is real, but is created principally by the Methodist system which is imposed upon all churches and ministers, but which has contrasting effects on the way that ministry can be exercised in the situation of populous urban areas and that found in rural locations. A number of differences not associated with this cause, but which spring from individual differences between ministers, are also identified. Attention is drawn to various outcomes of the research which are valuable for Methodism's future.

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26

Rolheiser, Lyndsey (Lyndsey Anne). "Three essays on urban economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111373.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Urban Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 140-145).
The three chapters contained in this dissertation represent a body of work concerned with ubiquitous municipal issues that affect the economic health, vibrancy, and stability of municipalities. These issues are generated through the interaction between agents within the municipality and the built environment of the municipality. The first chapter investigates the role of postwar housing characteristics in neighborhood decline. Extant literature hypothesizes that postwar vintage specific housing characteristics are contributing more to observations of decline than general housing age as the postwar home is no longer aligned with current consumer demand. I address this hypothesis by empirically separating aging and postwar vintage effects at the neighborhood level. Findings indicate previous empirical results linking postwar housing to decline confounded the age and vintage effect. Once separated, the postwar vintage effect is not a significant source of neighborhood decline as housing age is the driving factor. In the second chapter, I explore the relationship between development patterns and municipal expenditures. Measures that capture the multidimensional aspects of land use patterns exist within the planning and landscape ecology literature but have not been applied to the 'Cost of Sprawl' discourse until now. Using a unique GIS data set covering all of Massachusetts, I construct measures of separation, continuity, centrality, integration, and concentration of residential and commercial land uses within municipalities. Findings suggest some aspects of land use patterns championed by Smart Growth and New Urbanism advocates produce lower levels of municipal expenditures per capita as compared to more sprawling development patterns. The final chapter focuses on the issue of property tax incidence. With increasing reliance upon commercial property tax revenue, it is important that municipalities fully understand the implications of such reliance especially when it comes to attracting and retaining local business. Existing literature on commercial property tax is limited and only a small handful of studies focus on the issue of commercial property tax incidence. I contribute to this slim literature by asking one question in particular: who does the commercial property tax burden fall upon? Based on data from 96 Massachusetts municipalities over 26 years, I find nearly 100% of the burden is passed through to the renter.
by Lyndsey A. Rolheiser.
1. Postwar Housing and Neighborhood Decline -- 2. Inefficient Land Use Patterns & Municipal Expenditures -- 3. Commercial Property Tax Incidence: Evidence from the Rental Market.
Ph. D. in Urban Economics

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27

Santos, Marlon Cavalcante. "A dinâmica do circuito da economia urbana na produção de confecções em Fortaleza-CE." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17755.

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SANTOS, Marlon Cavalcante. A dinâmica do circuito da economia urbana na produção de confecções em Fortaleza-CE. 2014. 150 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em geografia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014.
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The Clothing Industry is present in various cities of late capital and it is responsible for the provision of a significant quantity of jobs for the urban population, establishing a means of interscale production, which links the local process to the global one. In this context, there are considered the modifications made in the way of producing, managing and commercializing, provided for the productive restructuration in the decade of 1970. It is looked for, then, to understand, through the theory of the circuits of the urban economy, the Clothing Industry in the city of Fortaleza, capital of Ceará. Therefore, this research aims at discussing about the relations of the superior and inferior circuits in the production of clothing and, in this way, about its repercussions in Fortaleza, where the industries of clothing (of faction and of clothing) are evidenced. For the purpose of this study, there were done some reading on its theme, as well as the execution of field researches in some industries of clothing in Fortaleza, such as Federação das Indústrias do Ceará (FIEC), Sistema Nacional de Emprego-Instituto de Desenvolvimento do Trabalho (SINE-IDT), Sindicato das Costureiras de Fortaleza, Prefeitura Municipal de Fortaleza (PMF), amongst others. It is understood, then, the importance of this work for Fortaleza. Such significance is characteristic of the inferior circuit of the urban economy, being the productive, working and commercial space relations liked in great extent to such dynamics of the urban economy. Taken into consideration what have been discussed, this research collaborates to the understanding of the space productive relations of the Clothing Industry in diverse scales, being Fortaleza its locus for empirical analysis. The understanding of the phenomenon here studied is therefore the major contribution of this research. Keywords.
A Indústria de Confecção está presente em várias cidades de países de capitalismo tardio e é responsável pelo provimento de uma quantidade significativa de empregos para a população urbana, estruturando-se um modo de produção interescalar que alia o processo local ao global. Nesse contexto, são consideradas as modificações feitas nos modos de produzir, gerir e comercializar, proporcionadas pela reestruturação produtiva na década de 1970. Procura-se, então, entender, através da teoria dos circuitos da economia urbana, a Indústria de Confecção na cidade de Fortaleza, capital do Ceará. Destarte, esta pesquisa objetiva dissertar sobre as relações dos circuitos superior e inferior na produção de confecções e, assim sendo, sobre suas repercussões em Fortaleza, onde são evidenciadas as indústrias de confecção (de facção e de confecção). Para tanto, foram feitas leituras pertinentes à temática deste trabalho, bem como a realização de pesquisas de campo em algumas indústrias de confecção em Fortaleza, como a Federação das Indústrias do Ceará (FIEC), o Sistema Nacional de Emprego-Instituto de Desenvolvimento do Trabalho (SINE-IDT), o Sindicato das Costureiras de Fortaleza, a Prefeitura Municipal de Fortaleza (PMF), entre outras instituições. Entende-se, portanto, a importância deste trabalho por Fortaleza ter uma significativa concentração de indústrias de confecções, estando essas no circuito inferior da economia urbana, possibilitando relações espaciais produtivas, trabalhistas e comerciais ligadas em grande parte a essa dinâmica da economia urbana. Diante do exposto, o trabalho colabora para o entendimento das relações produtivas espaciais da Indústria de Confecção em diversas escalas, tendo Fortaleza como o locus de análise empírica analítica. O entendimento do fenômeno aqui estudado configura-se, portanto, como o aporte magno desta pesquisa.

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David, Virna Carvalho. "Território usado e circuito superior marginal: equipamentos médico-hospitalares em Campinas, Ribeirão Preto e São José do Rio Preto (SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-19092011-125527/.

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No contexto da especificidade da urbanização brasileira, onde as cidades crescem simultaneamente às formas de trabalho com capitais reduzidos e tecnologias menos modernas, nossa pesquisa analisa o território usado por diferentes agentes do sistema produtivo de equipamentos médicohospitalares no Estado de São Paulo, atentando para as diferentes divisões do trabalho existentes na forma dos circuitos da economia urbana. Valorizado de forma seletiva, o meio construído permite que atividades mais e menos rentáveis se instalem, enquanto a coexistência de divisões do trabalho que datam de diferentes épocas assegura uma dinâmica interdependente entre os circuitos da economia urbana. Neste sentido, discutimos a existência de um circuito superior marginal ligado às atividades de produção de equipamentos médicohospitalares em Campinas, Ribeirão Preto e São José do Rio Preto (SP) e o papel complementar que este cumpre para os serviços de saúde do país.
In the context of the specificity of Brazilian urbanization, where simultaneous with the growth of the cities, the types of work with reduced capital and less modern technologies also grow, our research analyses the territory used by different agents of the medicalhospital equipments production system in the state of São Paulo, looking at the different divisions of labor, existing in ways of the circuits of urban economy. Valued in a selective way, the environment building allows installation of more or less profitable activities, while the coexistence of divisions of labor of different ages ensures an interdependent dynamic among the circuits of the urban economy. In this way, we discuss the existence of a marginal upper circuit related to the medicalhospital equipments production in Campinas, Ribeirão Preto e São José do Rio Preto (SP) and its complementary function that it accomplishes for the brazilian health services.

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29

Waldon, Tracy Charles. "Urban Producer Theory." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3590578.

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Urban producer theory introduces a production function which incorporates congestion in production with inputs possessing a quality component that influences productivity. These features yield cost-minimizing behavior in which firms respond to higher space rent by increasing the quality of the inputs used in production. This behavior generates demand-side sorting of high quality inputs into high rent areas. The prediction of sorting based on input quality is tested on attorneys employed in the Cleveland CBSA. Evidence of the sorting into high rent areas of attorneys based upon the national ranking of the law school attended is found. A 1% increase in rent leads to a 1.26% to 2.89% increase in the number of the highest quality attorneys employed in high rent districts. Ability sorting poses a significant risk in biasing the measurement of agglomeration economies based on wages.

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30

SILVA, Glauber Ranieri Martins da. "Entre Belém e Castanhal: rede de transportes e circuito inferior da economia." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/9027.

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O presente estudo apresenta o debate acerca dos transportes no espaço de circulação entre Belém e Castanhal. O objetivo deste estudo é demonstrar e comprovar a insuficiência dos transportes públicos e a necessidade de políticas públicas que considerem novas variáveis no espaço metropolitano, como o transporte alternativo de passageiros, em direção ao desenvolvimento regional. O enfoque metodológico utilizado é materialismo histórico-dialético e a pesquisa é de caráter qualitativa e quantitativa, onde se fez pesquisa documental e de campo. Este trabalho está dividido em 3 capítulos: “Circuito inferior da economia, estado e sistema de transporte”; “Transporte alternativo de passageiros entre Belém e Castanhal: uma complementaridade precária”; “Transporte alternativo de passageiros: uma nova variável espacial na metrópole”. Onde traçamos as discussões acerca de demandas pelo transporte e a necessidade de intervenção estatal no sistema de circulação para dar a conexidade necessária ao espaço metropolitano. Para desenvolver o estudo se fez um recorte temporal de dez anos (1998 - 2008), e espacial a partir da circulação de pessoas entre Belém e Castanhal.
The study presents the debate concerning the transports in the space of circulation between Belém city and Castanhal city. The objective of this study is to demonstrate and to prove the inadequacy of the public transportations and the need of public politics than consider new variables in the metropolitan space, as the passengers' alternative transport, towards the regional development. The methodology used is historical and dialectical materialism and the research is qualitative and quantitative character, where did desk research and field research. This work is divided in 3 chapters: "Inferior circuit of the economy, state and transport system"; it "Transports alternative of passengers between Belém and Castanhal: a precarious complementarity"; it "Transports alternative of passengers: a new space variable in the metropolis". Where we drew the discussions concerning to demands for the transport and the need of state intervention in the circulation system, to give the necessary connection to the metropolitan space. To develop the study it was made a ten year-old temporary cutting (1998 - 2008), and space starting from the people's circulation between Belém and Castanhal.

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31

Ara?jo, L?cia Alves de. "Uma leitura atual do bairro da Ribeira em Natal/RN a partir dos dois circuitos da economia urbana." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/19942.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a organiza??o espacial do bairro da Ribeira em Natal/RN a partir dos dois circuitos da economia urbana. Para a sua realiza??o utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliogr?fica, documental e de campo. A partir das informa??es coletadas na pesquisa de campo e dos dados secund?rios elaborou-se os mapas, as tabelas, os gr?ficos, os acervos fotogr?ficos e quadros. Na an?lise dos resultados identificou-se a presen?a dos dois circuitos da economia urbana no referido bairro, assim como a predomin?ncia do circuito superior ante ao circuito inferior entre os estabelecimentos pesquisados, bem como o papel que cada um dos circuitos representa para a sua organiza??o espacial. Algumas vari?veis como a tecnologia, a organiza??o, a informa??o, o consumo e a publicidade foram importantes para estabelecer as principais diferen?as entre os circuitos.
The present study aims to analyze the spatial organization of the Ribeira district in Natal/ RN from the two circuits of the urban economy. For its realization, was used the bibliographical, documentary and field research. From the information collected in the field research and of secondary data was elaborated the maps, tables, graphics, frames and photographic collections. In the analysis of the results identified the presence of two circuits of the urban economy in the said neighborhood, thus as the predominance of the upper circuit compared to the lower circuit between the surveyed establishments, well as the role that each of the circuits represents to their spatial organization. Some variables such as technology, organization, information, publicity and consumption were important to establish the main differences between the circuits.

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32

Dominguez, Moreno Jorge Andres. "Three empirical essays on urban economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399784.

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La ciudad es el resultado de la confluencia entre firmas y trabajadores e, implícitamente, una relación entre las capacidades productivas de las firmas y la productividad de las áreas en donde están localizadas. Además, la localización residencial de los trabajadores representa las ventajas y desventajas en el mercado laboral debido a que deben asumir los costos de desplazamiento. Bogotá y Cali, las ciudades que son objeto de estudio en esta tesis doctoral, son usadas para abordar tres temas cruciales que afectan a las ciudades en los países en desarrollo: el desempleo, la informalidad y el crimen. Bogotá, como la mayoría de las grandes ciudades en América Latina, ha experimentado problemas debido al descontrolado crecimiento urbano y la segregación espacial desde 1950. Este crecimiento descontrolado ha resultado en una expansión urbana que ha incrementado la distancia entre las viviendas de los trabajadores y las áreas donde se generan oportunidades de empleo. En el Capítulo 1 estimamos el efecto del acceso al empleo en la probabilidad de ser empleado. Para esto usamos microdatos de encuestas de hogares e información de localización de empleos a nivel de Census Tract. Estimamos ecuaciones de probabilidad de empleo para analizar la desconexión entre los trabajadores y las oportunidades de empleo controlando por características de los trabajadores. Además, usamos la metodología de variables instrumentales para abordar el problema de la endogeneidad. El principal resultado es que el acceso al empleo tiene un efecto positivo y significativo en la probabilidad de que el trabajador se encuentre empleado. La evidencia empírica con respecto a temas de aglomeración y localización espacial tiene que ver con empresas formales. La literatura ha mencionado marginalmente lo que sucede con las firmas informales. En el Capítulo 2 estimamos el efecto de la aglomeración espacial en el porcentaje de firmas informales a nivel de barrio. Las firmas informales son aquellas que producen bienes y servicios legales, pero que no cumplen con la regulación oficial. Este tema es relevante porque, al igual que en otros países en desarrollo, el sector informal en Colombia emplea más del 50% de la mano de obra. En este estudio encontramos que un incremento de una desviación estándar en los niveles de aglomeración espacial el porcentaje de firmas informales se reduce en 16%. Estos resultados son consistentes con la idea de que las firmas informales se benefician menos de las economías de aglomeración debido a que las restricciones legales bloquean su relación con firmas formales. Latinoamérica domina la lista de las ciudades más violentas del mundo. La literatura señala que las altas tasas de crimen representan una pérdida significativa de bienestar. Además, las tasas de crimen no se distribuyen de manera homogénea en el área urbana. En respuesta a los riesgos que impone el crimen, las personas tienen dos opciones: votar por políticas contra el crimen o moverse a otros barrios. En 2015, la ciudad con más homicidios fue Caracas (Venezuela) con 120 por cada 100,000 personas y la ciudad de Cali (Colombia) registró 65. Sabemos que el crimen tiene un efecto en el mercado de la vivienda, por lo tanto, el objetivo del Capítulo 3 es estimar la relación entre los precios de las viviendas y las tasas de homicidio en Cali. Encontramos que un incremento de 10% en las tasas de homicidio están relacionadas con una disminución entre el 2% y el 2.5% en los precios de las viviendas.
A city is a confluence between firms and workers and, implicitly, a relationship between the productive capacities of firms and the productivity of the areas in which they are located. Moreover, the residence location of workers represents advantageous or disadvantageous opportunities in the labour market because they have to assume commuting costs. Bogotá and Cali, the urban areas that we shall study in this thesis, are used to raise the crucial concerns of cities in developing countries. In the three empirical studies that make up this thesis, the central character is the city, but the main subjects are unemployment, informality and crime. Bogotá, like the majority of large Latin American cities, has experienced urban problems due to the uncontrolled growth of peripheral neighbourhoods and the socio-spatial segregation process that began in the 1950s. The rapid uncontrolled urbanization of the city has resulted in severe urban sprawl and this phenomenon has increased the distance between workers and job opportunities. In Chapter 1 we estimate the effect of job accessibility on the probability of being employed. Data used at individual level come from household surveys, while information about job location at census tract level comes from the Urban Planning Office. We estimate employment probability equations to analyse the disconnection between workers and job opportunities including controls at individual level. Moreover, the paper focuses on the treatment of the location endogeneity problem using instrumental variables. The main result is that job accessibility has a significant positive effect on the probability of being employed. Most of the empirical findings on spatial agglomeration and localization concern firms in the formal sector, and the literature say little about the effect of agglomeration on the localization of informal firms. In Chapter 2 we estimate the effect of agglomeration on the local share of informal firms that produce legal goods but do not comply with official regulations. This issue is relevant because, like other developing countries, the informal sector in Colombia employs more than 50% of the workforce. Our results demonstrate that one standard deviation increase in agglomeration reduces the local share of informal firms by 16%. Our results are consistent with the idea that informal firms benefit less from agglomeration because of legal restrictions that block the relationship with formal firms. The literature points out that high crime rates represent a significant welfare loss, reducing expected lifespan and increasing uncertainty about the future. However, crime rates are not homogeneously distributed within an urban area. This characteristic has a strong association with neighbourhood quality. In response to crime risk, residents generally have two options: they can vote for anti-crime policies or vote with their feet. In Chapter 3 we analyse this subject. Indeed, Latin America dominates the list of the world’s most violent cities. In 2015, Cali (Colombia) registered 65 homicides per 100,000 people in a ranking headed by Caracas (Venezuela) with 120. The literature points out that the local response to crime will be observed in the housing market. The objective of the analysis is to estimate the relationship between housing prices and homicide rates in Cali. We found that a 10% increase in the homicide rate is related with a decrease of between 2% and 2.5% in housing prices.

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33

Ni, Juan, and 倪娟. "Essays on international and urban economics." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44549155.

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34

Sanchis-Guarner, Rosa. "Essays on urban and spatial economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/455/.

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This thesis is composed of four chapters. The first one investigates the impact of immigration on housing markets. The rest study the effects of transport policy on economic outcomes. Chapter 1 provides causal estimates of the effects of an increase of foreign-born population on house prices. I use data for the Spanish provinces between 2001 and 2010. In order to infer causality I construct an instrument based on past location patterns by immigrant nationality. I find positive effects of the increase in the share of foreign-born population on both rental and purchase prices. The estimated elasticities are 0.6% for rental prices and 2% for purchase prices. I also investigate the relationship between immigration and native location (native displacement) and I find that immigrants attract natives to the same regions they locate. When I re-estimate the effects using solely the variation on population growth which is due to exogenous location of foreign-born, I find that estimates are around 30-40% smaller than if we ignored the relationship between immigration and native location decisions. Chapters 2 to 4 investigate the effects of road improvements on aggregate and individual economic outcomes, using data for Great Britain during the period 1998-2008. Chapter 2 develops the methodology to estimate the economic impacts of transport improvements. We summarise the existing evidence and the theoretical channels through which transport policy can impact firm, worker and aggregate economic outcomes. To capture the effect of road improvements, we construct a measure of accessibility to employment through the road network. For this purpose, we collect novel data on 31 major road improvement projects and combine this information with the trunk road network in Great Britain in 2008. This information is used to calculate optimal travel times between locations at each point in time, which are used in the computation of the accessibility measures. The last two chapters discuss the empirical results, for ward and firm outcomes (chapter 3) and for individual labour market outcomes (chapter 4). I find positive effects of accessibility on ward employment and number of plants, a limited effect on plant employment and no effect on productivity. Accessibility from workplace has substantial impacts on individual wages and total hours worked, while accessibility from home only seems to have an effect on reducing the travel time to work.

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Lin, Yatang. "Essays on environmental and urban economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3560/.

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The thesis consists of three independent chapters on environmental and urban economics. A central theme explored in this thesis is what determines the distribution of economic activities across space. My exploration in this direction begins with the roles of industrial pollution and transportation infrastructure in shaping the spatial distribution of skills, and extends to evaluate the spatial allocation efficiency of renewable energy projects. The first chapter,“The Long Shadow of Industrial Pollution: Environmental Amenities and the Distribution of Skills”, investigates the role of industrial pollution in determining the competitiveness of post-industrial cities, with a focus on their ability to attract skilled workers and shift to a modern service economy. I assemble a rich database at a fine spatial resolution, which allows me to track pollution from the 1970s to the present and to examine its impacts on a whole range of outcomes related to productivity and amenity, including house prices, employment, wages, and crime. I find that census tracts downwind of highly polluted 1970s industrial sites are associated with lower housing prices and a smaller share of skilled employment three decades later, a pattern which became evermore prominent between 1980 and 2000. These findings indicate that pollution in the 1970s affected the ability of parts of cities to attract skills, which in turn drove the process of agglomeration based on modern services. To quantify the contribution of different mechanisms, I build and estimate a multi-sector spatial equilibrium framework that introduces heterogeneity in local productivity and workers’ valuation of local amenities across sectors and allows the initial sorting to be magnified by production and residential externalities. Structural estimation suggests that historical pollution is associated with lower current productivity and amenity; the magnitudes are higher for productivity, more skilled sectors and central tracts. I then use the framework to evaluate the impact of counterfactual pollution cuts in different parts of cities on nationwide welfare and cross-city skill distribution. The second chapter, “Travel Costs and Urban Specialization: Evidence from China’s High Speed Railway” examines how improvements in passenger transportation affect the spatial distribution of skills, exploiting the expansion of high speed railway (HSR) project in China. This natural experiment is unique because as a passenger-dedicated transportation device that aims at improving the speed and convenience of intercity travel, HSR mostly affects urban specialization through encouraging more frequent intercity trips and face-to-face interactions. I find that an HSR connection increases city-wide passenger flows by 10% and employment by 7%. To further deal with the issues of endogenous railway placement and simultaneous public investments accompanying HSR connections, I examine the impact of a city’s market access changes purely driven by the HSR connection of other cities. The estimates suggest that HSR-induced expansion in market access increases urban employment with an elasticity between 2 and 2.5. The differential impacts of HSR on employment across sectors suggest that industries benefiting more from enhanced market access are the ones intensive in nonroutine cognitive skills, such as finance, IT and business services. These findings highlight the role of improved passenger travel infrastructure in promoting the delivery of services, facilitating labour sourcing and knowledge exchange across cities, and ultimately shifting the specialization pattern of connected cities towards skilled and communication intensive sectors. In the last chapter, “Where does the Wind Blow? Green Preferences and Spatial Misallocation in the Renewable Energy Sector” , I focus on the spatial allocation efficiency of renewable energy projects. How efficiently are renewable energy projects distributed across the US? Are “greener” investors worse at picking sites? Using extensive information on wind resources, transmission, electricity prices and other restrictions that are relevant to the siting choices of wind farms, I calculate the predicted profitability of wind power projects for all possible locations across the contiguous US, use this distribution of this profitability as a counterfactual for profit-maximizing wind power investments and compare it to the actual placement of wind farms. The average predicted profit of wind projects would have risen by 47.1% had the 1770 current projects in the continental US been moved to the best 1770 sites. I also show that 80% and 42% respectively of this observed deviation can be accounted for by within-state and within-county distortions. I provide further evidence that a large proportion of the observed within-state spatial misallocation is related to green investors’ tendency of invest locally and sub-optimally. Wind farms in more environmentally-friendly counties are more likely to be financed by local and non-profit investors, are closer to cities, are much less responsive to local fundamentals and have worse performance ex-post. The implementation of state policies such as Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and price-based subsidies are related to better within-state locational choices through attracting more for-profit investments to the “brown" counties, while lump-sum subsidies have the opposite or no effects. My findings have salient implications for environmental and energy policy. Policy makers should take account of the non-monetary incentives of renewable investors when determining the allocative efficiency of policies.

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36

Picarelli, Nathalie. "Essays in urban & development economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3689/.

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This thesis consists of four independent chapters on urban and development economics. Chapter 1 looks at the issue of distance and labour outcomes in urban areas of a developing country. It studies the effect of a housing relocation program on the labour supply and living conditions of low-income households across major cities in South Africa. For this, I use four waves of panel microdata collected between 2008 and 2014, and I exploit the arbitrary eligibility rules of the policy with a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to obtain causal estimates. In the short-term of two to four years following relocation, I find that the labour supply of recipient households decreases by one standard deviation, driven mostly by a decrease in female hours. I find evidence of a large increase in distance (km) to economic opportunities. This is likely to be an important factor behind the decline, directly or indirectly through within-family shifts in livelihood strategies. Evidence is limited regarding improvements in housing and neighbourhood quality. Chapter 2 examines how neighbourhoods where children grow up can play a significant part in shaping their opportunities later in life. It provides unique evidence in a developing country context by using the random allocation of households to ethnically segregated residential areas during apartheid in South Africa. The main observations come from a panel of young adults aged 14 to 22 at baseline and residing in the city of Cape Town. It covers 5 periods of their life between 2002 to 2009. I focus on black children in families living in former black-only residential areas. I find compelling evidence of neighbourhood effects on labour and educational outcomes in adulthood across deprived neighbourhoods. The differences are more marked for young women, suggesting a stronger hold of social norms and institutions for young men. Location, both in terms of access to jobs and access to higher quality public amenities (schools), social networks and the underlying human capital composition of the neighbourhood are positively correlated to having better socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. Chapter 3 moves beyond socioeconomic outcomes, to study the relationship between extreme weather events and disease in developing cities. As climate change is making extreme weather events more frequent around the world, urban residents in developing countries have become more vulnerable to health shocks due to poor sanitation and infrastructure. The chapter empirically measures the relationship between weather and health shocks in the urban context of sub-Saharan Africa. Using unique high-frequency datasets of weekly cholera cases and accumulated precipitation for wards in Dar es Salaam, we find robust evidence that extreme rainfall has a significant positive impact on weekly cholera incidence. The effect is larger in wards that are more prone to flooding, have higher shares of informal housing and unpaved roads. We identify limited spatial spillovers. Time-dynamic effects suggest cumulated rainfall increases cholera occurrence immediately and with a lag of up to 5 weeks. Chapter 4 addresses questions related to the local impact of economic policies in developing countries. Specifically, I provide evidence on the local effect of a popular trade policy: export processing zones. The chapter examines the impact of their establishment on the levels of per capita expenditure across Nicaraguan municipalities for the period 1993 to 2009. Using the time and cross-section variation of park openings in a difference-in-differences framework, I find that on average consumption levels increased by 10% to 12% in treated municipalities. Yet, average effects mask significant disparities across the expenditure distribution. The results suggest that the policy benefited the upper-tail the most: expenditure levels increased by up to 25% at the 90th percentile. At the opposite end of the distribution, only the bottom decile registered a positive increase in expenditure levels of close to 10% across the period.

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Chong, Shi Kai. "A computational approach to urban economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122318.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program, 2018
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 89-92).
Cities are home to more than half of the world population today and urbanization is one of this century's biggest drivers of global economic growth. The dynamics of the urban environment is thus an important question to investigate. In this thesis, techniques from statistical modeling, machine learning, data mining and econometrics are utilized to study digital traces of people's everyday lives. In particular, we investigated how people influence the economic growth of cities, as well as how the urban environment affect the decisions made by people. Focusing on the role of cities as centers of consumption, we found that a gravity model based on the availability of a large and diverse pool of amenities accurately explained human flows observed from credit card records. Investigation of the consumption patterns of individuals in Istanbul, Beijing and various metropolitan areas in the United States revealed a positive relationship between the diversity of urban amenities consumed and the city's economic growth. Taking the perspective of cities as hubs for information exchange, we modeled the interactions between individuals in the cities of Beijing and Istanbul using records of their home and work locations and demonstrated how cities which facilitate the mixing of diverse human capital are crucial to the flow of new ideas across communities and their productivity. This contributes to the body of evidence which supports the notion that efficient information exchange is the key factor that drives innovation. To investigate how urban environments shape people's decisions, we study the social influence city dwellers have on each other and showed how face-to-face interaction and information exchange across different residential communities can shape their behavior and increase the similarity of their financial habits and political views in Istanbul.
by Shi Kai Chong.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program

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Timothy, Darren Paul. "Urban labor markets and commuting." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11270.

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39

Fu, Shihe. "Essays on urban agglomeration economies." Thesis, Boston College, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/349.

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Thesis advisor: Richard Arnott
Thesis advisor: Marvin Kraus
Thesis advisor: Stephen Ross
This dissertation comprises three self-contained essays on urban agglomeration economies. The first essay studies the optimal population agglomeration in a city in dynamic contexts. The second essay tests the local labor market agglomeration economies in the Boston metropolitan area, focusing on the effects of social interactions at workplaces on individual earnings. The third essay tests the effects of social interactions at residential locations on housing values
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2005
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics

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Kreindler, Gabriel E. (Gabriel Emanuel). "Essays on the economics of urban transportation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117808.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged student-submitted from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 147-154).
This thesis includes three papers exploring urban traffic congestion and the interplay between urban commuting and economic activity in developing countries. The first paper studies the impact of peak-hour road congestion pricing on commuter welfare, using a field experiment and GPS-based data collection in Bangalore, India. Commuters value time spent commuting highly and are moderately flexible to change departure time. However, welfare gains from optimal congestion pricing are predicted to be low, due primarily to a small road traffic externality. The second paper studies the impact of a high occupancy vehicle (HOV) policy in Jakarta, Indonesia, on road traffic congestion measured using data from Google Maps. The lifting of the "3-in-1" policy led to large increases in traffic congestion throughout the city. The third paper uses cell phone transaction data in Colombo, Sri Lanka and Dhaka, Bangladesh, to construct and validate detailed urban commuting flows, and to then infer urban locations with high labor productivity.
by Gabriel E. Kreindler.
Ph. D.

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Lewis, Mark Johnson 1975. "Three essays on labor and urban economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17625.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis consists of three unrelated essays in the fields of labor and urban economics. The first essay exploits the creation of a formal college system in Quebec in the late 1960's as a quasi-experiment to estimate the value of community college. Focusing on the effect of the policy on English-speaking Quebecois, the creation of the CEGEPs (Colleges of General and Vocational Education) is shown to increase schooling by about a third of a year for both men and women, without diverting students from university. Despite increasing educational attainment, estimates of the impact of CEGEP on wages are negative. Analysis suggests the negative estimates can be understood as a combination of lost labor market experience, a decrease in the return to university, and an insignificant return to CEGEP. The results are robust to the inclusion of controls and across years of data. Possible interpretations of the results are discussed. The second essay, co-authored with William Wheaton, examinesthe relationship between labor market agglomeration and wages. Using the 5% public use micro sample of the 1990 U.S. census, we find that observationally equivalent workers in the manufacturing sector earn higher wages when they are in urban labor markets that have a larger share of national or metropolitan employment in their same occupation and industry groups. Quantitatively, the effect is large, with an elasticity (measured at the means) of between 1.2 and 3.6 for these effects. We interpret the willingness of firms to pay more for equivalent workers in dense markets as evidence of an agglomeration economy in urban labor. The third chapter estimates the effect of employment dispersion on average commute times in American cities. Using a sample of over two hundred cities, I find that residents of cities where employment is more geographically disperse have lower average commute times than residents of cities where employment is more centralized. The results are robust to theinclusion of city fixed effects. An instrumental variables strategy is employed to try to account for potential simultaneity between changes in employment dispersion and changes in commute times.
by Mark Johnson Lewis.
Ph.D.

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42

Deng, Nanxin. "Three Essays on Regional and Urban Economics." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563314229242396.

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Popov, Anton, David G. 1980 Atkin, and Keith Chen. "Essays in industrial organization and urban economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129003.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, September, 2020
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis. "Chapter 3, written with professors David Atkin and Keith Chen"--Page 4.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 169-173).
First two chapters of this thesis study the wholesale and retail tier of the beer supermarket sales. In the first chapter, I am interested in consolidation of distributors in the beer industry and its interaction with the uniform pricing by retailers. I build a theoretical model which illustrates how distributor consolidation in a set of counties may affect retail prices in all counties, depending on how strong the incentive of retail chains to price uniformly is. I test the predictions of the model using Nielsen scanner price data. I study two events of distributor consolidation in Ohio in 2009-2011, which followed upstream MillerCoors joint venture in 2008. In one of the events, distributor consolidation has no price effects. In another, bigger event, prices of consolidated brands (Miller, Coors, Heineken and Modelo) in treated counties increase by 0.46% relative to the control ABI brands. I find no evidence of prices in other counties being affected.
The findings are consistent with some cases of my theoretical model. The implications of this study are that modeling distribution tier and uniform pricing by retailers may be important for horizontal merger practitioners, both for retrospective analysis and for forecasting. Chapter 2 is devoted to the reasons for uniform pricing. I estimate the model, introduced in the first chapter, where supermarket chains have an incentive to set a uniform price for a given product across different locations. The model includes a product-specific baseline price which a supermarket chain sets, and a penalty for deviation from this baseline price. A single store will not deviate from the baseline price, if the marginal profits from doing so are smaller than the penalty parameter. My estimates suggest that the penalty for a dollar change from a benchmark price in a given week is around $12 to $16. Uniform pricing leads to suboptimal choice of prices relative to a problem with no penalty.
There is substantial price re-optimization, which, however, does not affect profits much, due to changes in prices having a small first-order effect around the optimum. Supermarket chains only lose 0.4% of profits from pricing uniformly. Effects on consumers are highly heterogeneous across locations and weeks, with change in consumer surplus varying from -0.55$ to 1.92$ per consumer per week. I show that change in consumer surplus due to uniform prices is positively correlated with income, with higher income zip codes benefiting more from uniform pricing. This effect, although economically meaningful in aggregate, is not large for an average consumer. Chapter 3, written with professors David Atkin and Keith Chen, adds to the literature studying knowledge spillovers in modern cities. The returns to face-to-face interactions are of central importance to understanding the determinants of agglomeration.
However, the existing literature studying patterns of geographic proximity in patent citations or industrial co-location has struggled to disentangle the benefits of face-to-face interactions from other spatial knowledge spillovers. In this paper we attempt to more directly measure face-to face interactions using highly granular worker geolocation data in Silicon Valley. To understand the degree to which knowledge flows result from their interactions, we study the relationship between cross-firm worker meetings and cross-citations between their firms. To navigate endogeneity concerns due to firms organizing meetings with firms they wish to learn from, we focus on serendipitous meetings--measured by the interactions of workers in neighboring firms in very different industries--that play a central role in the urban theories of Jane Jacobs.
The subset of these chance meetings occurring during work-hours also serve as costs shifters to meeting face-to-face rather than remotely, allowing us to separately identify the returns to planned meetings. Our results suggest substantial knowledge spillovers from face-to-face interactions, including increases in citations resulting from serendipitous meetings that are a third as large as the elasticity with respect to physical distance.
by Anton Popov.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics

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Kim, Dongwook. "The determinants of urban housing prices in 1982-1990." Connect to resource, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1265984382.

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Santos, Marlon Cavalcante. "Um estudo dos circuitos da economia urbana na indústria confeccionista do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco e Bahia." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/28275.

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SANTOS, Marlon Cavalcante. Um estudo dos circuitos da economia urbana na indústria confeccionista do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco e Bahia. 2017. 267 f. Tese (Doutorado em Geografia)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017.
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This research aimed to examine the clothing manufacturer industry through the reference of circuits of the urban economy, based on the theory of space circuits, and proposed by Professor Milton Santos. A reflection is made about the structure and dynamic of upper and lower circuits of urban economy, seeking for update marginal superior system, as a new structure to understand the urban dynamic. In this perspective, it is studied the dynamic relations of the urban economy circuits in clothing manufacturer industry in the world and reflecting about those industries in Asian and Latin-American countries. In Brazil, it was studied the importance of the clothing manufacturer industry in the northeastern region with expressive production in metropolis such as Fortaleza, Recife, Natal, Salvador, and in towns such as Cruzeta, Santa Cruz do Capibaribe, etc, considering the relations between upper, lower, and marginal circuit. It is also reflected about the importance of clothing manufacturer industry in the northeastern region and its spatial relations in the context of public politics promoted by the government of Lula (2003-2010) and the government of Dilma (2010-2016), they are considered fundamental to the clothing manufacturer industry of fashion clothes and jeans and their productive relations, of faction, and about subcontracting seamstresses at home. Inside that industry, the female work is considered fundamental to the production process, it is discussed the relation between gender and contemporary space. The methodology used was based on reading related to the theme, research data at different public institutions such as IBGE, MTE and Federação das Indústrias Estaduais, field activities, and interview. Those steps were essential to the development of the thesis.
A presente pesquisa buscou analisar a indústria confeccionista tendo como principal referencia os circuitos da economia urbana, apoiada na teoria dos circuitos espaciais e proposta pelo professor Milton Santos. Faz-se uma reflexão da estrutura e dinâmica do circuito superior e do circuito inferior da economia urbana, buscando uma atualização do circuito superior marginal, como nova estrutura para o entendimento da dinâmica urbana. Nessa perspectiva, estuda-se a relação das dinâmicas dos circuitos da economia urbana na indústria confeccionista no espaço mundial, fazendo-se uma reflexão dessas indústrias nos países asiáticos e latino-americanos. No Brasil, estudou-se a importância da indústria de confecção no Nordeste com expressiva produção em metrópoles como: Fortaleza, Recife, Natal e Salvador e em municípios como: Cruzeta, Santa Cruz do Capibaribe, entre outros, considerando as relações entre circuito superior, inferior e superior marginal. Reflete-se também sobre a importância da indústria de confecção no Nordeste e suas relações espaciais no contexto das políticas públicas promovidas pelos governos Lula (2003-2010) e Dilma (2010-2016), consideradas fundamentais para a indústria da confecção da modinha e do jeans e suas relações de produção, de facção e da subcontratação de costureiras em domicílio. No interior dessa indústria, o trabalho feminino foi abordado como fundamental para o processo de produção, discutindo-se a relação entre gênero e espaço contemporâneo. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se em leitura pertinente à temática, busca de dados em diferentes órgãos como IBGE, MTE e Federações das Indústrias Estaduais, trabalho de campo e entrevistas. Tais passos foram básicos em todo o processo de produção da tese.

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46

Irwin, Nicholas Broc. "Essays on Environmental Regulation and Urban Redevelopment." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480514900311229.

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Kudo, Yuya. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration and urban industrial performance in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9be76708-90ef-4974-9864-b2bd5f9813cf.

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This thesis consists of three independent but thematically related papers exploring the income determination process in African labour markets from spatial and sectoral perspectives. Using long-run household panel data from rural Tanzania, chapter 2 investigates the extent to which education can explain migrants' income and consumption gains. We expect that the higher return to schooling at the destination primarily drives migrants' gains, suggesting that those who cannot afford the cost of schooling cannot reap the benefits of migration. We find that education indeed plays the role, but that it does not appear to be a major factor in limiting the internal migration as a source of raising income and consumption. Exploiting data drawn from urban household panel surveys in Ghana and Tanzania, chapter 3 investigates how rural-to-urban migrants' earnings compare with those of natives in urban labour markets. The chapter attempts to identify the growth of migrants' earnings at the destination (assimilation), making a distinction between wage and self-employed migrants. We find that wage-dependent migrants would achieve higher lifetime earnings if they entered a self-employed sector from their arrival, conditional on individuals' attributes and the varying returns to those attributes across urban residents. The evidence points towards the importance of capital constraints in a decision to start a business. Using firm-level data of manufacturing and retailing from the Enterprise Surveys conducted in seven Sub-Saharan African countries, chapter 4 attempts to improve our understanding of enterprise performance in urban Africa by investigating three aspects of firms' productive structure: technology, total factor productivity (TFP), and firm size. We find that the technology is similar between sectors, that retailing firms are smaller and less capital intensive but not, on average, ones with lower TFP, and that TFP differences are primarily within sectors. All these findings might point towards the importance of factor prices in characterising the industrial structure in urban Africa.

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Zanetta, Mar?ia Cecilia. "Essays in contingent valuation of urban services /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487842372896167.

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SANTOS, Julyana Gomes dos. "Interações entre os dois circuitos da economia urbana no comércio de gêneros alimentícios da feira de Casa Amarela - Recife-PE." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/10576.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A complexidade de interações existentes no cotidiano da cidade faz com que preponderantemente nossa observação do espaço circundante seja banalizada. Estudos que se debruçam sobre o funcionamento do pequeno comércio, considerando-os como importantes peças que devem ser valorizadas para a vida de relevante parte da população que ocupa as cidades, assim como estudos que se voltem para o relacionamento entre as hierarquias no que concerne ao comércio, são escassos, apesar de serem de grande importância para considerável parcela da população. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar as interações existentes entre os dois circuitos da economia urbana (superior e inferior), através do comércio desenvolvido na feira de gêneros alimentícios de Casa Amarela – Recife/PE, sob a luz das discussões realizadas por Santos (1979) no tocante a esta teoria. Para tanto, fez-se necessário o esforço de compreender as variáveis do período atual para relativizar as questões acerca dos dois circuitos colocadas pelo autor, como as substanciais modificações no mundo do trabalho advindas da flexibilização, repercutindo, de uma forma geral, na precarização do trabalho, tanto no circuito inferior quanto no superior. Procuramos então, caracterizar o comércio de gêneros alimentícios realizado na Feira de Casa Amarela, levando-nos também a caracterizar alguns atacadistas do CEASA-PE, assim como entender o comércio existente neste espaço, a fim de compreender as interações existentes no relacionamento entre as partes – feira e CEASA-PE. Nesta empreitada, foi imprescindível atentar para o fato de que, apesar das significativas mudanças tanto na economia nacional (ampliando o acesso da população a alguns serviços e também ao crédito), quanto no funcionamento do mercado de trabalho no Brasil, o trabalho permanece precário e desvalorizado para a população pobre, mas também é precário para a população com qualificação, através de uma flexibilização institucionalmente aceita, com o contrato por tempo determinado ou por serviço prestado etc. No relacionamento analisado, pudemos observar o quanto imbricadas estão as práticas realizadas na feira de gêneros alimentícios de Casa Amarela às práticas realizadas no CEASA-PE, onde a primeira está submetida hierarquicamente abaixo da dinâmica desenvolvida pelo segundo, numa dinâmica onde se reproduz a precarização do trabalho e onde ao mesmo tempo possui persistência e relevância o funcionamento de espaços como a feira livre, mesmo não havendo um reconhecimento do valor que a mesma tem sobre a dinâmica espacial.

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G/Egziabher, Axumite. "Urban agriculture, cooperative organisation and the position of the urban poor in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283172.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Circuits of urban economics'

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