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Journal articles on the topic 'Circuits of urban economics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Antipon, Livia Cangiano. "Uma Situação Alimentar Urbana: o comércio popular de alimentação no centro de Campinas/An Urban Food Situation: the popular sales off food in the center of Campinas." Geografares, no. 27 (November 28, 2018): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7147/geo27.21475.

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O artigo aborda o estudo da Situação Alimentar Urbana como um caminho analítico para a compreensão das cidades contemporâneas; O centro de Campinas possui um circuito econômico diverso, dinamizado pelo fluxo de trabalhadores que perpassa diariamente a região. Resultante de uma cidade desigual, sobressai-se desse circuito econômico um comércio popular de alimentação. Para tal análise, faz-se uso da teoria dos dois circuitos da economia urbana e do mercado socialmente necessário. Discute-se, assim, o centro da cidade de Campinas como o abrigo das práticas alimentares dos pobres urbano.Palavras-chave: Situação Alimentar urbana, centro de Campinas, comércio popular de alimentação. ABSTRACTThe article approaches the study of the Urban Food Situation as an analytical way to understand contemporary cities; The center of Campinas has a diverse economic circuit, dynamized by the flow of workers that pervades the region daily. Resulting from an unequal city, a popular food trade stands out from this economic circuit. For this analysis, one makes use of the theory of the two circuits of the urban economy and of the socially necessary market. Thus, the center of the city of Campinas is discussed as the shelter of the poor urban food practices.Keywords: Urban Food Situation, center of Campinas, popular sales off food

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Salvador, Diego Salomão Candido de Oliveira. "A importância social, econômica e territorial do circuito inferior da economia urbana do eixo rodoviário Natal-Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / The social, economic and territorial importance of the urban economy lower circuit of the road axis Natal-Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil." Caderno de Geografia 29, no. 56 (February 20, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2019v29n56p1.

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Neste trabalho, objetivamos analisar a importância social, econômica e territorial das atividades não hegemônicas da economia urbana desenvolvidas no eixo rodoviário Natal-Caicó, estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Região Nordeste do Brasil. Nesse eixo, as cidades e a economia crescem alicerçadas, sobretudo, em atividades econômicas mantenedoras da pobreza estrutural produzida pela modernização do território, situação característica do processo de precarização do trabalho. Como resposta sistêmica, tem-se a segmentação da economia urbana, com o subsistema inferior cada vez mais dependente do superior, assim como mais permanente e receptor de trabalhadores. Por meio de reflexões sobre a teoria dos circuitos da economia urbana relacionadas com dados primários acerca das cidades do eixo Natal-Caicó, concluímos o trabalho sublinhando que, enquanto não predominar o mercado socialmente necessário, o circuito inferior é e será importante para viabilizar a sobrevivência da maioria dos trabalhadores e para explicitar a tensão ou a crise vivenciada no mercado de trabalho e na sociedade.Palavras–chave: Economia urbana, Mercado de trabalho, Pobreza.Abstract In this study, we aimed to analyse the social, economic and territorial importance of hegemonic urban economy activities developed on the road axis Natal-Caicó, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. In this axis, the cities and the economy grow based on supporters of poverty basic economic activities produced by the territory modernisation, situation characteristic of the precarious work process. As a systemic response, there is the urban economics segmentation, with the lower subsystem increasingly dependent on top, as well as more permanent and receiver. Through reflections on the theory of circuits of urban economics related to primary data about the road axis Natal-Caicó cities, we conclude the work stressing that, while not predominate the socially necessary market, the lower circuit is and it will be essential to make possible the survival of the majority of workers and to clarify the tension or the crisis experienced in the labour market and society.Keywords: Urban economics, Labor market, Poverty.

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Muñoz, Ruth. "Economía urbana y economia social. Un reconocimiento pendiente." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 15, no. 2 (November 30, 2013): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2013v15n2p107.

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La economía urbana (EU) surgió de la mano de propuestas espacialistas y economicismos y continúa siendo tallada por estas A pesar de una evidente institucionalización de la economía social y solidaria (ESS) en América Latina, que da cuenta de un creciente pluralismo económico, en la EU perdura la hegemonía del enfoque del sector informal urbano y sus presiones por transformar en capitalistas cada práctica de economía popular. Buscando el reconocimiento de la economía social (ES) en este campo, el artículo ilustra brevemente la institucionalización de la ESS y plantea una provocativa exploración por poner en diálogo a la ES con la teoría de los dos circuitos. Un diálogo como este constituye una deuda pendiente que puede aportar a la disputa del campo así como a encontrar mejores comprensiones y, también, a transformar las economías de nuestros territorios en un sentido progresivo.Palabras-clave: economía urbana; dos circuitos de la economía urbana; economía social; economía social y solidaria; economía popular. Abstract: The urban economy has been hardly influenced by spatial proposals and economicism. In Latin America, while the institutionalization of social and solidarity economy of the last few years shows a growing economic pluralism, in the urban economy field persists the hegemony of urban informal sector perspective, and its pressures of transforming in capitalist every popular economy practice. Seeking for recognition of social economy in this field, the article succinctly illustrates social and solidarity institutionalization in the region and suggests a provocative exploration to put in dialogue social economy with two circuits of urban economy theory. Such a dialogue is considered as a debt, which we understand could contribute to dispute the field, to get better explanations and also to transform in a progressive sense the economy of our territories. Keywords: urban: economy; two circuits of urban economy; social economy; social and solidarity economy; popular economy.

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Bassens, David, Ben Derudder, and Frank Witlox. "‘Gatekeepers’ of Islamic financial circuits: Analysing urban geographies of the global Shari’a elite." Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 24, no. 5-6 (June 2012): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2011.577820.

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5

Ward, Kevin. "Economic Geographies: Circuits, Flows and Spaces ? Ray Hudson." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30, no. 4 (December 2006): 970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00704_2.x.

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6

Beitel, Karl. "Circuits of Capital, Ground Rent and the Production of the Built Environment: A (New) Framework for Analysis." Human Geography 9, no. 3 (November 2016): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861600900303.

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This paper develops prior work on Marxian theories of ground rent and property investment to outline a framework for interpreting the long-term rise in property prices observed in the neoliberal period. Orthodox economists and private developers have consistently maintained that the primary barrier to addressing affordability problems in expensive urban regions is excessive regulation. A diametrically contrasting view is developed in this paper. I argue the affordability crisis expresses the confluence and interaction of three primary factors: widening income and wealth disparities; the fictitious nature of land as a commodity, and the ability of property developers to extract surplus profits. Land is not a genuine commodity; and housing is a heterogeneous economic good whose production is targeted toward particular buyers of this good. Contra the hypothetical constructions of neoclassical economics, there is no “general supply” or “general demand” in urban housing markets. I show why increased production can lead the market toward higher overall levels of rents and prices. The primary counter-tendency to this basic dynamic is recurrent overproduction crises, with some modicum of affordability restored only through a collapse of prices once markets become severely overbuilt. Internal factors within the land market operate to limit the actual fall in prices, so that the longer-term trend in the neoliberal period shows a pronounced inflationary bias.

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Harriss-White, Barbara. "Formality and informality in an Indian urban waste economy." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, no. 7/8 (July 11, 2017): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2016-0084.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute original evidence about the conditions for formal and informal contracts for commodities and labour in the waste economy of a South Indian town. Design/methodology/approach Field research was exploratory, based on snowball sampling and urban traversing. The analysis follows capital and labour in the sub-circuits of capital generating waste in production, distribution, consumption, the production of labour and the reproduction of society. Findings Regardless of legal regulation, which is selectively enforced, formal contracts are limited to active inspection regimes; direct transactions with or within the state; and long-distance transactions. Formal labour contracts are least incomplete for state employment, and for relatively scarce skilled labour in the private sector. Research limitations/implications The research design does not permit quantified generalisations. Practical implications Waste management technology evaluations neglect the social costs of displacing a large informal labour force. Social implications While slowly dissolving occupational barriers of untouchability, the waste economy is a low-status labour absorber of last resort, exit from which is extremely difficult. Originality/value The first systematic exploration of formal and informal contracts in an Indian small-town waste economy.

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Sigler, Thomas J., and Kirsten Martinus. "Extending beyond ‘world cities’ in World City Network (WCN) research: Urban positionality and economic linkages through the Australia-based corporate network." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 12 (July 17, 2016): 2916–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16659478.

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Defining the role of cities within economic networks has been a key theoretical challenge, particularly as nuanced understandings of positionality are increasingly championed over hierarchical notions of influence or power in the World City Network (WCN). This paper applies social network analysis (SNA) to identify the critical role that a wide range of cities plays in the Australian economic system. Drawing upon the set of Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) listed firms, four distinct sub-networks are compared against the overall urban network. Each of the materials, energy, industrials, and financials sector sub-networks are found to have unique configurations of inter-urban relations, which are articulated through institutional and industry-specific factors, grounded in diverse histories and path-dependent trajectories. This analysis applies five different centrality measures to understand how positionality within the overall network and respective sub-networks might better inform policymakers formulating ‘globalizing’ urban policy. This addresses the long-standing theoretical debate regarding territorially articulated hierarchies of urban/corporate power, extricating WCN research from the core-periphery assumptions tied to its world-systems theory lineage. Understanding how, rather than if, cities are global provides contextual knowledge about how cities are situated within broader circuits of production, and the exogenous relations that shape urban economies around the world, providing a framework for research in other global contexts.

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de Oliveira Corrêa, Ronaldo, Carmen Rial, and Gilson Leandro Queluz. "The Idea Is for Us to Work Here In The Workshop!: The Re-functionalization Of Artisans’ Economic and Cultural Circuits In Florianopolis, South Brazil." International Review of Social Research 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2012-0004.

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Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to present and interpret strategies used by urban artisans to (re)functionalize their workshops into showcases where their performances are (re)organized and exhibited. The workshop is presented here as a privileged space where different aesthetic and political, economic and historic experiences (re)construct performances, as well as other systems of artifacts and spatialities. The atelier is understood as architectural space that performatizes globalized scenographies of desire and their fragmentations and overlappings. We conducted an ethnography impregnated by the random relation of events, encounters and exchanges (whether symbolic or economic) in urban contexts. As a result, we present various devices that trigger expression and updating found in both the artisans’ biographical trajectories and in the systems of artifacts and spaces in a recent urban society.

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Valença, Márcio Moraes. "URBAN CRISIS AND THE ANTIVALUE IN DAVID HARVEY." Mercator 19, no. 2020 (December 15, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4215/rm2020.e19031.

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This text discusses and explains the relation between the urban crisis today and the antivalue in respect to the conceptual framework by David Harvey, a well-known British geographer. He approaches this theme in many of his books, including ‘Marx, capital and the madness of economic reason’, published in Brazil, in 2018. This text uses this book as a starting point for the discussion of how the contemporary world, which is increasingly urban, is dominated by the Empire of antivalue, especially in the form of a growing debt. The antivalue, in the form of capital holder of interest, plays a crucial role in the accumulation of capital, articulating production, circulation and realization of commodities, promoting and facilitating the geographical movement of capital and the transfer of capital between economic circuits and cycles of production. However, debt is the favorite form of antivalue under capitalism today. In addition to being supported and granted by the State in a variety of ways, including through public debt, debt imprisons all economic agents in perpetual servitude. Debt follows the tendency of continuous production of value and surplus value under capitalism, a movement that Harvey calls bad infinity. Antivalue in its form of debt is also called fetishism of capital, which defines the contradictory situation in which money alone seems to have the magic powers to create more money. The consequences of growing debt to the urban crisis go beyond the necessity of solving fiscal problems of the State. The need to produce value and surplus value, in addition to the service of the debt generates urban spaces marked by gentrification and segregation. In sum, the text discusses the urban crisis today in the context of the domination by the financial-real estate complex, basing the discussion on Marx’s theory of value and the concept of antivalue, as presented by David Harvey.

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King, R. J. "Capital Switching and the Role of Ground Rent: 3 Switching between Circuits, Switching between Submarkets, and Social Change." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 7 (July 1989): 853–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210853.

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In the first paper of this three-part series, Harvey's ‘circuits of capital’ argument was reviewed, and was linked first to ground rent theory, and second to forms of crisis and social change in advanced, Western-style economies. In the second paper these ideas were used to reflect on the progress of the urban housing market in Melbourne from the 1930s to the 1980s. Specifically, an attempt was made first to identify significant switchings of investment between economic sectors, and forms of crisis that might have accompanied them; and second to understand significant switchings of investment between submarkets within the housing sector, their relationship to intersectoral switching, and the changing social relationships involved. In the present paper this question of changing social conditions is pursued further. It is concluded (1) that the increasingly differentiated structure of housing submarkets, apparently ‘necessary’ for continuous seesawing investment between submarkets, is dependent on shifts in incomes and behaviour of different social groupings; and (2) that the present direction of such shifts is, however, destabilising, transforming an economic crisis into a potential ‘motivation crisis’. The paper ends with some overall conclusions to this series of three papers.

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Santos Firmino, Paul Clívilan. "AS FEIRAS LIVRES EM TEMPOS DE CONTEMPORANEIDADE E OS CIRCUITOS DA ECONOMIA URBANA EM ARAPIRACA/AL (BRASIL) (THE STREET MARKETS NOWADAYS AND URBAN ECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN ARAPIRACA/AL (BRAZIL))." Revista GeoNordeste, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33360/rgn.2318-2695.2019.i1p220-238.

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RESUMO: A intensificação nos investimentos na ciência, técnica e informação contribuiu para a constituição do terceiro meio geográfico, o meio técnico-científico informacional (SANTOS [1996] 2008), que surge pós Segunda Guerra Mundial, consolidando no último quarto do século XX a chamada globalização. Com base nas características dessa globalização tem-se uma discussão voltada para os dois circuitos da economia urbana – Circuito Inferior e Circuito Superior (SANTOS [1979] 2008). Destarte, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir a importância da feira em tempos de contemporaneidade e dos circuitos ora citados na economia urbana de Arapiraca, cidade localizada no Agreste alagoano (Brasil), destacando o papel desempenho pela feira e seus agentes, frente outros eventos diretamente relacionados com atividades do Circuito Superior. Para tanto, alguns autores, tais como, Andrade (1993), Braudel (1998), Carvalho (2012), Guedes (1999), Melo (1980), Rangel (2012), Santos ([1980] 2010) entre outros, são essenciais nessa discussão. Constatou-se que a feira livre foi responsável pela gênese, formação e desenvolvimento econômico de Arapiraca, continuando com significativa importância, como evento direto do Circuito Inferior, para a vida econômica e social da cidade nestes primeiros decênios do século em curso.Palavras-chave: Feira Livre, Globalização, Circuitos Econômicos, Arapiraca/AL (Brasil) ABSTRACT:The intensification of investments in science, technology and information played an important role for third geographical environment constitution, i.e. the technical-scientific-informational milieu (SANTOS [1996] 2008), which arouse after World War II and consolidated the globalisation in the 20st century last quarter. Based on this globalisation features, it is possible to realise a discussion concerning the urban economic system - Circuito inferior and Circuito Superior (SANTOS [1979] 2008). Therefore, this article aims at discussing the important current idea of market and the aforementioned kinds of “Circuito” in Arapiraca's urban economy - which is a city of Agreste alagoano (Brazil) - highlighting for this the role played by market and its agents compared to other events related to activities of “Circuito Superior”. Then it will be used some essential authors for this discussion, such as Andrade (1974), Braudel (1998), Carvalho (2012), Guedes (1999), Melo (1980), Rangel (2012), Santos ([1980] 2010) etc. It was verified that free markets hold the responsibility for starting, developing and getting ahead the economy of Arapiraca. Street markets, by the way, go on being relevant as a direct event of Circuito inferior for Arapiraca's social and economical life during the first decades of this century.Keywords: street market, globalisation, economic systems, Arapiraca/AL (Brazil)

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Cholez, Céline, and Pascale Trompette. "A mundane infrastructure of energy poverty: The informal trading of second-hand car batteries in Madagascar." Journal of Material Culture 25, no. 3 (January 2, 2020): 259–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183519895048.

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This article examines the complex interconnected chains of large- and small-scale trade that sustain the supply of second-hand car batteries as a widespread traditional solution to energy poverty. It traces the routes of goods that support the circulation of batteries from international routes upstream and downstream to urban and rural areas in Madagascar. It addresses the notion of a mundane infrastructure based on economic circuits that support the regular supply of rebuilt batteries as their repair, maintenance and recharge in the course of their second life. The analysis focuses on central nodes along this supply chain where intermediaries organize transactions over heterogeneous regimes of value and discontinuous economic spaces. It highlights the way these entrepreneurs provide solutions for disjunctions via translation and requalification processes. While the trade of second-hand car batteries is more and more subject to control to prevent lead trafficking rings, these secondary circuits of makeshift energy products raise the interweaving moral and material tensions between the contemporary global environmental politics and the survival of the mundane infrastructure of energy poverty.

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Simone, AbdouMaliq. "The Urbanity of Movement." Journal of Planning Education and Research 31, no. 4 (August 15, 2011): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x11416366.

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The economies of Africa’s largest metropolitan regions reflect a contested intersection of orientations, practices, demands, values, and articulations to the larger world. While rural to urban migration may have substantially decreased, the circulation of populations within metropolitan regions, across primary and secondary cities, and along increasingly elaborated transnational circuits of movement and exchange raise important questions about conventional notions of population movement. As planning mechanisms tend to assume certain stability in the relationship of population to place, what kinds of understanding of movements may be necessary to engage the variegated ways that cities are articulated through these movements?

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Roma, Cláudia Marques. "LOWER CIRCUIT OF THE URBAN ECONOMY AND LOCAL CITIES-HYBRIDS." Mercator 15, no. 2 (June 26, 2016): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4215/rm2016.1502.0002.

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THEURILLAT, THIERRY, JAMES H. LENZER, and HONGYU ZHAN. "The Increasing Financialization of China’s Urbanization." Issues & Studies 52, no. 04 (December 2016): 1640002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013251116400026.

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This paper provides a heuristic framework to address issues about China’s ongoing urbanization in relation to the role of land and built environment as triggers for economic growth and to the increasing financialization of urban production. While a dominant field of literature highlights the interrelation between land and capital within a specific institutional setting between Central and local governments, it argues to include other key linkages between infrastructures, property development and finance to understand China’s recent exponential urban growth. It first places the current consequent local governments’ debt into perspective along with the evolution of financial circuits for urban infrastructures resulting from Central Government policy and regulation changes. Next, and in line with the real estate literature that highlights the key role of demand, it develops an original understanding of the financialization of urban production from the perspective of China’s property industry. Besides the role of homeownership policies since 1998 which boosted urban production based on use value, various ways of the transformation of property into financial assets have occurred. Chinese households as the main investors have not only been able to directly invest in housing and in non-housing by purchasing flats or commercial property but indirectly by increasing investments in special purpose vehicles such as trust-bank and funds finance and new kinds of investment platforms. In both cases, Central Government macropolicies, both stimulating and restricting from 2008–2016, have gone in hand with increasing financialization processes for local governments’ debt, urban infrastructure financing and real estate.

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Blanch, M. J. "Wind Energy Technologies for use in the Built Environment." Wind Engineering 26, no. 3 (May 2002): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952402762056054.

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Technologies are being developed to harness power from the wind using buildings. These are described with their current stage of development and with the plans and possibilities of further developments. These technologies may be able to make valuable contributions to the renewable component of an urban area's power supply. This new market is potentially enormous. Feeding power directly into the building's own electrical circuits avoids costs otherwise associated with a separate connection to the local utility electrical distribution network. The economic value of the energy is equal to that otherwise charged by the client's electrical supplier, which is considerably higher than would normally be paid for wind energy supplied directly to the grid.

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Dias, André M., João C. S. S. Barros, and Luís M. V. Serrano. "Environmental, Energetic and Economic Analysis about the Energy Source for a Vehicle with Typical Portuguese Urban Use." Advanced Materials Research 107 (April 2010): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.107.129.

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The main motivation for the present work was the idea to project and build a car, with a hybrid source of power, based on an electric engine, a group of batteries and a source of energy that can be a combustion engine with an electric generator, a fuel-cell or other. The main use of this vehicle was on an urban circuit, but allowing it to make broader circuits. The purpose of this task was to select, with a sustained study, what are the solutions for the source of energy for that kind of vehicle, considering the environmental, energetic and economical perspectives. The main project idea was to make a hybrid vehicle, with a higher autonomy than a simple electric vehicle, with a lower consumption as possible, and as cleaner and quiet as an electric vehicle can be. With this idea in mind, the future user can have an economic vehicle, with lower pollution emissions which can be used also in other voyages, because it has higher autonomy and can be refuelled more easily. In order to achieve the objectives of this work, it was made a research about the life cycle impacts considering several possible energetic choices. Based in three different international studies it was tried to make the proper connection to the Portuguese reality. This involved the extrapolation of the results obtained for other possibilities not mentioned as, for instance, the impact of the electricity production, based in the Portuguese data. For the energetic analysis, several scenarios were made, based on the higher heating value of the different fuels possibilities and on the thermal efficiency of different technologic arrangements. It was made a consumption determination, and a comparative analysis could be done for the several hypotheses that were at stake. Assuming a typical urban vehicle, with places for four persons, and taking into account the actual vehicles reality, the determination of the fuel consumption of that kind of vehicle were made, with similar weight and dimensions characteristics. This evaluation gives the total energy necessary for a vehicle of this kind and the percentage of electric energy that can be saved and also the percentage that has to be used. This can give the quantity of energy that has to be produced to assure that the car can move in urban and extra-urban typical journeys. Considering the energy consumption and how much it costs and the market price for engines, it is possible to make an economical analysis for the several possibilities. Taken into account the several results obtained, for the different choices that were object of the present study, it could be concluded about the choice for better source of energy to generate electric energy for propulsion to the hybrid vehicle.

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King, R. J. "Capital Switching and the Role of Ground Rent: 2 Switching between Circuits and Switching between Submarkets." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 6 (June 1989): 711–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210711.

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In the first paper of this series of three, Harvey's ‘circuits of capital’ argument was discussed, and was linked first to ground rent theory, and second to forms of social change and crisis in advanced, Western-style economies. In the present paper these various theoretical insights are used to reflect upon the urban housing market in Melbourne from the 1930s to the 1980s. It is concluded (1) that average rent (average annual cost relative to wages), and thereby housing-related accumulation, rose virtually uninterrupted from 1932 to 1977, providing the incentive to the suburbanisation boom of the 1950s and 1960s; (2) that an extraordinary rise in average rent in 1973 – 74 (to be viewed as ‘absolute rent’) created an affordability barrier, inhibiting the ability of the housing sector to provide an outlet for speculative investment in the current ‘global crisis’; and (3) that differentiated shifts in monopoly ground rent (that is, price rises in some submarkets and falls in others) thereby became increasingly important in providing incentive for both speculative and productive investment in housing. The third paper will extend this empirical exploration to the social conditions enabling these processes, and in turn affected by them.

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Rosa, Elisabetta, and Claudia Cirelli. "Scavenging: Between precariousness, marginality and access to the city. The case of Roma people in Turin and Marseille." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, no. 7 (June 13, 2018): 1407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18781083.

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Waste picking is an old practice, whereby profit is gained by recovering recyclable materials from discarded objects and reintroducing them into the formal and informal economic circuits. Recycling and recovery of waste in urban centres in the Global South has been the subject of a number of studies. However, this activity also exists in more affluent cities. Based on research carried out in Turin (Italy) and Marseille (France), in this paper we analyse waste picking by Roma communities, showing that this activity not only provides them with an income from the sale of recycled objects and materials but also allows them to assemble their access to the city and its multiple resources –people, objects, spaces. Only the recognition of the Roma as workers and citizens beyond any imposed normalisation can bring about a change in the way their being-in-the-city is considered both at a social, economic and political level.

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Silva, Harley, Sibelle Diniz, and Vanessa Ferreira. "Circuitos da economia urbana e economia dos setores populares na fronteira amazônica: o cenário atual no sudeste do Pará." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 15, no. 2 (November 30, 2013): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2013v15n2p61.

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Embora a expansão do mercado trabalho formal seja uma tendência sustentada no Brasil nos últimos anos, a persistência de formas de ocupação ligadas ao circuito inferior da economia é uma realidade ampla e mal compreendida. Isso é particularmente verdade para as diversas fronteiras da Amazônia brasileira, onde a economia informal, popular, solidária e familiar persiste, a despeito dos grandes investimentos destinados ao circuito superior. Esse trabalho investiga a situação vigente no sudeste paraense, onde a economia formal de alguns municípios tem crescido a “taxas chinesas” e ao mesmo tempo há a presença massiva de formas alternativas de inserção econômica da população, particularmente a de baixa renda.Palavras-chave: economia dos setores populares; economia informal; circuito inferior; fronteira amazônica; sudeste paraense. Abstract: Although the expansion of formal labor market is a sustained trend in Brazil, occupation in the lower circuit of the economy is persistent and poorly understood. In Brazilian Amazon frontiers, informal, family and solidarity economy persists, in spite of large investments destinated to the upper circuit. This work investigates the current context of the southeast of Pará, where the formal economy of some municipalities has grown at “Chinese rates”, while alternative forms of economic integration incorporate the majority of the population. Keywords: popular economy; informal economy; lower circuit; Amazon frontier; southeast of Pará.

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Prestia, Gerlandina, and Valeria Scavone. "Territorial Connection and Cohesion - The Case of Agrigento Inland Area." Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (June 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.41.

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The Europe 2020 strategy and the Horizon 2020 program can begin a real path about the role that the city will be able play for a new development. Usually, it is in the cities that are intensifying tangible and intangible social relations and, given that they focused almost 70% of the world population, it is clear that the city must begin to start any development scenario: the problems / opportunities related to the management of natural resources, energy to move. The culture is a «primary factor of urban creativity (...), the city's identity that has its roots the program schedule of history and extends its branches in the future» [4], awaiting a new model of development local self-sustainable combining protection, conservation, enhancement of resources and economic recovery. In Sicily, the small cities are located, mostly, in the inland, hilly or mountainous areas, where live, again, abandonment, isolation and fragmentation, unlike the coastal urban area, more dynamic, includes the metropolitan areas and the most important towns. In this context, we examined the case of the region in Agrigento. The present study was conducted on all municipalities but not on those outermost and peripheral areas which are more distant from the pole and longer subject to the problems typical of these areas. The vision proposes a multi-layered and multi-dimensional territory characterized by infrastructure networks, networks of settlement, economic and social formations, set up with a multi-scale approach as required by the paradigm of sustainability, «a regional strategy for the medium-long-term» and, on the small scale, the answer «to ad hoc needs». In the case of the region of Agrigento, it is more appropriate deal in about the mobility and not about the transport, to move from a logic of exclusive government of the offer, a demand, through projects and policies that promote use integrated soil, actions to promote intermodality, projects to improve the construction of circuits safe mobility. To start virtuous dynamics of their cooperation, therefore, the contribution aims to intervene with a reticular approach, with a strong identity value, leading to a free physical and virtual so that, combining protection, exploitation of resources, services and economic development, in such small municipalities be returned liveability and attractiveness.

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WHIG, PAWAN, and SYED NASEEM AHMAD. "DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL ASIC FOR PCS FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 06 (May 14, 2014): 1450079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614500790.

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In this paper, the design of an ASIC is presented that implement a low-cost system for the supervision of water quality in urban areas or rivers. Photo catalytic sensor (PCS) estimates the parameter biological oxygen demand (BOD) which is generally used to estimate quality of water. The system proposed in this paper involves a simple potentiometric approach that provides a correlation in the input–output signals of low-cost sensors. This approach which is more users friendly and fast in operation is obtained by modeling and optimization of sensor for water quality monitoring. This is to overcome several drawbacks generally found in the previous flow injection analysis method of determining chemical oxygen demand (COD)-like complex designing, nonlinearity and long computation time. The system constitutes a significant cost reduction in the supervision of water quality monitoring. The main reason of employing a readout circuit to PCS circuitry, is the fact that the fluctuation of O 2 influences the threshold voltage, which is internal parameter of the FET and can manifest itself as a voltage signal at output but as a function of the trans-conductance gain. The trans-conductance is a passive parameter and in order to derive voltage or current signal from its fluctuations the sensor has to be attached to readout circuit. This circuit provides high sensitivity to the changes in percentage of O 2 in the solution. In this design simple potentiometric approach with few passive components are used to build a readout circuit. The paper focuses on the electronic implementation of the readout system for the PCS which optimize the circuit performance and increases reliability.

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Coupe, James. "Short Circuits/Closed Circuits." Surveillance & Society 18, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i1.13969.

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Chen, Jia-Ching. "Sustainable Territories: Rural Dispossession, Land Enclosures and the Construction of Environmental Resources in China." Human Geography 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 102–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861300600107.

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As urbanization and industrialization continue to spread through China's countryside, the central government has officially declared the construction of master planned eco-industrial zones and eco-cities as primary strategies for accelerating the transformation of industrial structure and the prevailing model of economic development, as well as for “constructing a socialist economic, politically, culturally… and ecologically civilized… harmonious society” (NPC 2011: chapter 1, np). Based on recent fieldwork, this paper demonstrates how these strategies extend beyond the “green washing” of rural land enclosure and transformation, arguing that processes of rural dispossession are linked to the commodification and circulation of natural capital. This paper analyzes processes of environmentalization and enclosure as linked state-led strategies for governing economic growth, rural transformation and interventions into global market-based solutions to climate change as integral problems of Chinese national development and modernization. As a basis for theorizing the relationships between Chinese models of “green development,” forms of environmental governance and new circuits of accumulation, the paper utilizes a case study of Yixing city, where eco-city, renewable energy and ecological conservation projects are being planned in tandem, enclosing over 300 square-kilometers of rural land and displacing over 50,000 residents since 2006. The technical and discursive “dividing practices” (Foucault 1972, 1977) of local government planners are examined in conjunction with the scalar construction of rural land as a fungible national “resource” under central government policies for renewable energy development, food security, “ecological withdrawal of agriculture” and arable land reclamation quotas (e.g. State Council 2007). Following Marxian scholarship on the enclosure of access to land and the establishment of property regimes as ongoing moments of “primitive” accumulation and state-territorial projects (Thompson 1975; Harvey 2003; Hsing 2010; Peluso and Lund 2011; Corson and MacDonald 2012), this paper argues that rural land enclosure in China functions in different circuits of accumulation corresponding to varied constructed scales of environmentalization. The paper analyzes such environmentalized transformations, including ecological set-asides, non-fossil fuel energy generation, and high-intensity non-village agriculture and the requisite conversion of collectively owned rural land into state controlled urban land, as a process of territorialization. Drawing upon the work of Poulantzas and recent scholarship on environmental enclosures (e.g. the volume by Peluso and Lund 2011), I argue that the construction of discrete environmental functions for—and apart from—rural land is fundamental to the constitution of “homogenizing enclosure” and territoriality as the “institutional materiality of the state” (Poulantzas 1978: 93–107). Following Lefebvrian analysis of the production of space (Lefebvre 1991[1974]; e.g. Roth 2008), I find that such abstraction refigures the local in a process of territorialization, highlighting the importance of state power to the establishment of market-based forms of environmental governance and the circulation of “natural capital.”

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Xiaoliang, Zhang, and Jia Limin. "Discussion on Optimization of Public Transportation Network Setting considering Three-State Reliability." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (July 24, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6940263.

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In order to be environment-friendly, relieve traffic congestion, reduce pollution, and be green and sustainable, the optimization and development of public transportation, as the subject of people's long-term research, has always been shining. With the emergence of shared transportation, public transportation systems face more challenges. In order to better connect with bike-sharing, car-sharing, and other modes of transportation, public transportation will carry out important reforms, among which the optimization of line network is one of the most important tasks. The traditional bus route design is mainly based on the “four-stage” method model, which is mainly based on the investigation and analysis of the existing traffic system and land use. Through the work flow of “evaluation, calibration, and verification,” the network balance optimization model is used to get the bus travel allocation prediction model. In this paper, the optimization problem of public transit network is studied from the point of view of the reliability of public transit network. It is proposed that public transit network can be abstracted into series-parallel system and parallel-series system model from the three states of normal, short-circuit failure, and open-circuit failure and is analyzed and discussed through the hypothesis experiment. The research of this paper will provide a new perspective for the optimization of public transit network, complement the traditional methods, and support the optimization and reliability improvement of urban public transit network. More reliable bus networks and other modes of transportation, such as walking, bike-sharing, and rail, will become more suitable for people to get around.

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Fischel, William A., Edwin S. Mills, Bruce W. Hamilton, Michael Goldberg, and Peter Chinloy. "Urban Economics." Land Economics 61, no. 3 (August 1985): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3145854.

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Whitehead, Christine, and R. W. Vickerman. "Urban Economics." Economica 53, no. 209 (February 1986): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554538.

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Λύκος, Μαρτίνος. "Urban Economics." Region & Periphery, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/rp.18554.

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30

Wilson, David. "URBAN CHANGE, CIRCUITS OF CAPITAL, AND UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT∗." Professional Geographer 43, no. 4 (November 1991): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1991.00403.x.

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31

Brueckner, Jan K. "Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs 2001, no. 1 (2001): 65–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/urb.2001.0003.

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32

Hartgen, David T., and Kenneth A. Small. "Urban Transportation Economics." Economic Geography 70, no. 3 (July 1994): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/144000.

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33

Berliant, Marcus. "MISBEHAVIORAL URBAN ECONOMICS." Journal of Regional Science 50, no. 1 (February 2010): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2009.00634.x.

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34

Mohring, Herbert. "Urban transportation economics." Regional Science and Urban Economics 25, no. 1 (February 1995): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(95)90037-3.

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35

Button, Kenneth J. "Urban transportation economics." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 27, no. 5 (September 1993): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0965-8564(93)90037-l.

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36

Pines, David. "Handbook of regional and urban economics, volume 2: Urban economics,." Regional Science and Urban Economics 19, no. 4 (December 1989): 646–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(89)90025-2.

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37

Lin, Hai, Ying Bo Dong, and Xin Wang. "Research Progress on Recovering Valuable Metals from Wasted Circuit Board by Bio-Hydrometallurgy Technology." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.677.

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The quantity of circuit boards produced and abandoned has increased with the development of electronics industry. The wasted circuit board has the characters of large amounts, high metal content and harmful to environment, which is known as “urban mines”. The effective recycling of the valuable metals in wasted circuit boards had always been the focus. The characteristics of pyrometallurgical recovery, mechanical recovery and wet recovery, such as low recovery ratio, high cost and environmental pollution fails to recover the precious metals from wasted circuit board. This paper outlines the research progress of using the microbiological method to recycle the metal from waste circuit boards, including the type of main used microbe, reaction mechanism and influencing factors and so on. Additional, this paper discusses the research status about taking advantage of the microbiological method to recycle the metals with high economic value. Finally, it discusses the research direction and prospect of this recycling method.

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Schmoll, Camille, and Giovanni Semi. "Shadow circuits: urban spaces and mobilities across the Mediterranean." Identities 20, no. 4 (August 11, 2013): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1070289x.2013.822376.

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39

Wasylenko, Michael, Edwin S. Mills, and Bruce W. Hamilton. "Urban Economics, Fourth Edition." Land Economics 66, no. 2 (May 1990): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146371.

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Stedman, Maurice, and Nathaniel Lichfield. "Economics in Urban Conservation." Geographical Journal 156, no. 1 (March 1990): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635463.

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41

Whitehead, Christine M. E., and John M. Levy. "Urban and Metropolitan Economics." Economica 53, no. 211 (August 1986): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554154.

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Whitehead, Christine, and Alan W. Evans. "Urban Economics: An Introduction." Economica 54, no. 214 (May 1987): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554404.

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Sharma, Sumant. "economics of URBAN SPRAWL." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2013/6.

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Harris, Richard. "Urban and Regional Economics." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 18, no. 3 (August 2003): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269094032000069460.

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Glaeser, Edward L., Stuart S. Rosenthal, and William C. Strange. "Urban economics and entrepreneurship." Journal of Urban Economics 67, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2009.10.005.

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Ross, Stephen L. "Lectures on Urban Economics." Journal of Economic Geography 13, no. 3 (September 21, 2012): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs030.

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Furtado, Bernardo Alves. "Neighbourhoods in Urban Economics." Urban Studies 48, no. 13 (February 14, 2011): 2827–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010391288.

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Powelson, John P. "Urban economics: An introduction." Cities 3, no. 3 (August 1986): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(86)90036-3.

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Peter Lang, Franz. "Urban economics and development." Intereconomics 21, no. 6 (November 1986): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02925176.

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Davis, Karen, and David Sandman. "Economics and urban health." Journal of Urban Health 75, no. 2 (June 1998): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02345097.

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