Relevant bibliographies by topics / Circulating fluidized bed riser

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Circulating fluidized bed riser'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Circulating fluidized bed riser"

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Butt, Jawad Abdullah, Yasmin Nergis, Ahmad Hussain, Mughal Sharif, and Arjan Das. "Emissions Reduction by Combustion Modeling in the Riser of Fluidized Bed Combustor for Thar Coal Pakistan." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 59, no. 4 (2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(59-4)754.

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Pakistan has experienced a protracted electricity shortage for the past few years. However, despite Pakistan’s abundant coal deposits, modern coal combustion technology is still required to reduce emissions. Pakistan is struggling to utilize its energy resources and currently experiencing an electrical shortage of more than 8000 MW. The research study models the combustion performance in a fluidized bed riser using ANSYS FLUENT software to understand the combustion behavior of low-rank Thar coal. A simple circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion riser was modeled for computational fluid dyna
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Yu, Sijin, and Shaobei Liu. "Study on circulating characteristics of circulating fluidized bed." International Journal of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering 1, no. 1 (2023): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijmee.v1n1.10.

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Based on the Euler-Euler two-fluid model, the circulating fluidized bed was simulated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The physical model of the circulating turbulent fluidized bed had an inner diameter of 76mm and a height of 2000mm. The circulating material consisted of class B particles, with an initial bed material mass (Mp) of 0.188kg. Air was uniformly introduced at a velocity of 0.3m/s at the bottom of the riser, and secondary air was introduced at a velocity of 0.9m/s at the secondary air inlet. Numerical simulations were conducted to study the gas-solid flow charac
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Somjun, Jiraroch, and Anusorn Chinsuwan. "Cross Sectional Suspension Density along the Height of a CFB Riser under Fixed and Variable Bed Inventory Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1882–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1882.

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Experiments were performed in a cold model circulating fluidized bed riser having a cross sectional area of 100 x100 mm2 and a height of 4800 mm. Sand having an average diameter of 231m was used as the bed material. The cross sectional average suspension density along the height of the circulating fluidized bed system with a smooth exit was investigated under fixed and variable bed inventory conditions. A model is proposed for predicting the density profiles in the two conditions.
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Hartge, Ernst-Ulrich, Lars Ratschow, Reiner Wischnewski, and Joachim Werther. "CFD-simulation of a circulating fluidized bed riser." Particuology 7, no. 4 (2009): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2009.04.005.

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Salvaterra, A., D. Geldart, and R. Ocone. "Solid Flux in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 83, no. 1 (2005): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/cherd.03207.

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Panday, Rupen, Ronald Breault, and Lawrence J. Shadle. "Dynamic modeling of the circulating fluidized bed riser." Powder Technology 291 (April 2016): 522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.12.045.

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Wang, Sheng Dian, Xue Yao Wang, Xiang Xu, and Yun Han Xiao. "Flow Phenomena in the Riser of a Circulating Fluidized Bed." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.906.

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Numerical simulation of gas-solid two-phase flows in circulating fluidized bed is proved to be a low-cost and high-efficient method to research the instability essence of flow character. In this work, numerical simulation based on the discrete element (DEM) method is applied to analyze behaviors in a rectangular cross-section fluidized bed. The models of physical and mathematical models are introduced in detail, and the schematic of DEM method also described clearly. It indicates that the DEM method may be used as a powerful tool for the simulation of the gas-solid flow.
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Li, Hai Guang, Zeng Wu Zhao, Ke Li, Yong Chuan Wang, and Wen Fei Wu. "Studying the Bubble Characteristics of Gas – Particle Flow in a CFB through Image Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 341-342 (September 2011): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.328.

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This study is based on the image processing system by the authors, and performs microscope observations of the bubbles flow in dense-phase transport region of circulating fluidized beds. The research has tested and experimented on a cold scale-model circulating fluidized bed with a riser that has a 0.30mm × 0. 28mm cross-section and is 2.90 m tall with a video camera utilized to visualize the bubble structure through a transparent Plexiglas wall. The experiment was carried out at different particle sizes, different bed materials ,different heights and different height regions .The result analy
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Xu, Jun, Xing Xing Chen, Gui Lei Wang, and Yao Dong Wei. "Investigation on Complex Pressure Fluctuations in a Gas-Solids Circulating Fluidized Bed Rieser." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.610.

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The experiment is carried out in a 13-meter-high circulating fluidized bed(CFB) to investigate gas-solid two-phase flow by pressure sensor. The axial pressure and pressure fluctuation are measured in different solid mass fluxes. With the solid mass flux increasing, pressure gradually increases, and pressure gradually decreases along the riser upwards. The characteristic of pressure fluctuation in the riser is analyzed, which indicates that pressure fluctuation in the riser originates from the inlet. The intensity of the pressure fluctuation decreases along the riser upwards. This pressure fluc
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Asghar, Aamer Bilal, Saad Farooq, Muhammad Shahzad Khurram, Mujtaba Hussain Jaffery, and Krzysztof Ejsmont. "Estimation of the Solid Circulation Rate in Circulating Fluidized Bed System Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Algorithm." Energies 15, no. 1 (2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010211.

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Circulating Fluidized Bed gasifiers are widely used in industry to convert solid fuel into liquid fuel. The Artificial Neural Network and neuro-fuzzy algorithm have immense potential to improve the efficiency of the gasifier. The main focus of this article is to implement the Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System modeling approach to estimate solid circulation rate at high pressure in the Circulating Fluidized Bed gasifier. The experimental data is obtained on a laboratory scale prototype in the Chemical Engineering laboratory at COMSATS University Islamabad. The
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Circulating fluidized bed riser"

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Almond, Robert R. "Small particle separation in a circulating fluidized bed riser system." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4342.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 104 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-87).
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Puchyr, David Michael John. "A predictive model for a circulating fluidized bed riser reactor." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0030/NQ38498.pdf.

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Hensler, Timo [Verfasser]. "Fluid Dynamic Characterization of Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser Reactors / Timo Hensler." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219474754/34.

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Shah, Milinkumar T. "Coarse grid simulation of gas-solid flows in riser." Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1882.

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Gas-solid risers have been extensively used as multiphase reactors in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) system such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC). In FCC, a riser facilitates cracking reactions which take place between fluidized catalyst and vaporised vacuum gas oil. Similarly in CFBC, combustion of coal particle occurs in the riser. The gas-solid flow hydrodynamics in riser plays a dominant role in governing the conversion of the chemical process, and in turn the performance of the CFB system. Therefore, several experimental and numerical stud
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Huang, Yue. "Dynamic model of circulating fluidized bed." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4823.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 133 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-114).
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Salvaterra, Antonio de Barros R. L. A. "Hydrodynamics of gas-solid suspension in a circulating fluidized bed riser : a comparative study." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/418.

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Gupta, Suneel Krishan. "Modeling the hydrodynamics of large-scale circulating fluidized bed risers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0025/MQ31388.pdf.

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Ball, Jeffrey S. "Comprehensive studies of the solids flux in riser and downer circulating fluidized beds." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0002/MQ42048.pdf.

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Santos, Fernando Luiz Pio dos. "Simulação numérica euleriana de escoamento gás-sólido em riser com dimensões reduzidas aplicando malhas refinadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18147/tde-17012011-144729/.

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Dada a complexidade hidrodinâmica de escoamentos gás-sólidos em leitos fluidizados muitas pesquisas têm sido realizadas abordando questões relativas a natureza altamente instável desse processo de fluidização. O conhecimento dessa hidrodinâmica permite estabelecer os parâmetros corretos para reação e transporte de massa em um reator de leito fluidizado, permitindo tomada de decisões à respeito do desempenho do reator. Modelos Eulerianos do contínuo, onde as fases coexistentes são tratadas como meios contínuos interpenetrantes, representam a aproximação mais prática para simular a hidrodinâmica
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Wang, Fei. "Gas-Solid Fluidization: ECVT Imaging and Mini-/Micro-Channel Flow." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1290390285.

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Books on the topic "Circulating fluidized bed riser"

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Basu, Prabir. Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06173-3.

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A, Fraser Scott, ed. Circulating fluidized bed boilers: Design and operations. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.

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International, Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds (2nd 1988 Compiègne France). Circulating fluidized bed technology II: Proceedings of the second international conference on circulating fluidized beds. Pergamon, 1988.

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Nowak, Wojciech. A comprehensive study of the circulating fluidized bed. Politechnika Częstochowska, 1989.

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International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds (2nd 1988 Compiègne, France). Circulating fluidized bed technology II: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds, Compiègne, France, 14-18 March 1988. Pergamon Press, 1988.

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1946-, Basu Prabir, Horio Masayuki 1943-, and Hasatani Masanobu 1941-, eds. Circulating fluidized bed technology III: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds, Nagoya, Japan, 14-18 October 1990. Pergamon Press, 1991.

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Valmari, Tuomas. Potassium behaviour during combustion of wood in circulating fluidised bed power plants. Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2000.

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1946-, Basu Prabir, Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering., Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering., and Technical University of Nova Scotia. Centre for Energy Studies., eds. Circulating fluidized bed technology: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, November 18-20, 1985. Pergamon Press, 1986.

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Francisco, M. Disposal of pellitized circulating fluidized bed combustion products: Costain haul-back project. s.n, 1994.

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Hyppänen, Timo. An experimental and theoretical study of multiphase flow in a circulating fluidized bed. Lappeenranta University of Technology, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Circulating fluidized bed riser"

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Mei, J. S., G. T. Lee, S. M. Seachman, and J. Spenik. "Flow Regime Study in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser with an Abrupt Exit: Fully Developed Flow in CFB Riser." In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02682-9_50.

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Tian, Chen, Qinhui Wang, Zhongyang Luo, et al. "Effect of Riser Geometry Structure on Local Flow Pattern in a Rectangular Circulating Fluidized Bed." In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02682-9_70.

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de Sousa, Ricardo Nava, Julia Volkmann, Cristian Ricardo Schwatz, et al. "Investigation of Turbulent Gas-Solid Flow Multi-scale Dynamics in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25990-6_12.

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Miao, Q., J. Zhu, S. Barghl, C. Wanfi, X. L. Yin, and C. Z. Wu. "Axial and Radial Solids Holdup Modeling of Circulating Fluidized Bed Risers." In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02682-9_48.

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Shi, Huixian, Qinhui Wang, Lihong Xu, Zhongyang Luo, and Kefa Cen. "Visualization Study on the Interface of Core-annulus Flow in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser by PIV." In Challenges of Power Engineering and Environment. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76694-0_124.

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Patil, Ranjit S., Pinakeswar Mahanta, and Manmohan Pandey. "Experimental and Computational Studies on Effects of Scale-Up of Riser on Heat Transfer Chatacterisitcs of Circulating Fluidized Bed." In Transactions on Engineering Technologies. Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9804-4_19.

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Basu, Prabir. "Introduction." In Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06173-3_1.

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Basu, Prabir. "Material Issues." In Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06173-3_10.

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Basu, Prabir. "Operation and Maintenance Issues." In Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06173-3_11.

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Basu, Prabir. "Hydrodynamics." In Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06173-3_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Circulating fluidized bed riser"

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Levy, Alan V., B. Q. Wang, G. Q. Geng, and William Mack. "Erosivity of Particles in Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustors." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89543.

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Abstract The metal wastage of superheater tubes in the convection pass region of circulating fluidized bed combustors (CFBC) is a current problem. An investigation was carried out to determine what kinds of metal loss rates and mechanisms occurred when the various types of particles in CFBC's were used as the erodent in a laboratory blast nozzle tester. The laboratory tests were compared to in-service exposures. A loss mechanism was established that was based on metal losses and the observed microstructures of E-C surfaces. It was additionally determined that more angular and larger size parti
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Slusser, J. W., A. D. Bixler, and S. P. Bartlett. "Materials Experience from a Circulating Fluidized Bed Coal Combustor." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90285.

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Abstract This paper describes severe wear which occurred at the bare tube/refractory transition of a commercial size (49.9 MW) circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. A novel technique which involves use of flow deflectors or shelves to control the attack is described. Although the wear in this boiler was considered to be among the most severe of the operating CFB boilers, it was successfully controlled with almost no reduction in plant production. The plant has operated at full capacity almost continuously since start-up in early 1988. In addition to the water wall wear, erosion problems with
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Solomon, N. G. "Erosion Resistant Coatings for Fluidized Bed Boilers." In CORROSION 1997. NACE International, 1997. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1997-97135.

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Abstract Erosion is a generic problem in fluidized bed boilers. This paper identifies the erosion-prone areas in circulating and bubbling bed fluidized bed boilers, and the currently used methods for erosion protection. Recent experience with thermal spray coatings in these areas is discussed as are the complications presented by burning fuels that introduce corrosion to the already erosive environment. The paper concludes with some comments on future considerations for the protection of fluidized bed pressure parts from general wastage due to erosion and corrosion.
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Slusser, J. W., A. D. Bixler, and D. E. Thompson. "Four Years of Field Performance of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92138.

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Abstract Materials problems encountered during operation of a 49.9 MW circulating fluidized bed combustor are discussed. The most troublesome problem has been tube erosion. Water wall tubes are eroded by downflowing particles where the particle flow encounters an obstacle and is diverted into the tube. The most severe erosion has occurred at the bottom refractory to bare tube transition. Erosion also occurs on metal surfaces exposed to direct particle impingement such as near the cyclone entrance. Means to control erosion, including use of shelves or flow deflectors, are discussed. Surface tre
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Hussain, Ahmad, Farid Nasir Ani, Amer Nordin Darus, Azeman Mustafa, and Arshad A. Salema. "Simulation Studies of Gas-Solid in the Riser of a Circulating Fluidized Bed." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78014.

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A numerical parametric study was performed on the influence of various riser exit geometries on the hydrodynamics of gas-solid two-phase flow in the riser of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB). A Eulerian continuum formulation was applied to both phases. A two fluid framework has been used to simulate fully developed gas-solid flows in vertical riser. A two dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of gas-particle flow in the CFB has been investigated using the code FLUENT. The turbulence was modeled by a k-ε turbulence model in the gas phase. The simulations were done using the geom
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Li, Hong-Shun, Yi-Jun Wang, and Shi-Ping Jin. "Solids Flow Pattern in the Bottom Zone of a Rectangular Cross-Section Circulating Fluidized Bed." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-043.

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Solids flow pattern in the bottom zone of a rectangular cross-section CFB was investigated by using hot particles as the tracer. The experiments were carried out in a cold model circulating fluidized bed. The riser has an inner cross-section of 0.3 m by 0.5 m and a height of 5.8 m. The solids were returned into the riser at a height of 0.75 m above the air distributor within an angle of about 40 degree. Quartz sand was used as the bed material. The hot particles were also quartz sand but with a little smaller size. Specially designed miniature electrically heating devices were installed flush
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Nirmal Vijay, G., and B. V. Reddy. "Effect of Dilute and Dense Phase Conditions on Bed-to-Wall Heat Transfer Mechanism in the Riser Column of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78118.

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The bed-to-wall heat transfer in the riser column of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor depends on the contributions of particle convection, gas convection and radiation heat transfer. The percentage contribution of each of these components depends on the operating conditions i.e., dilute and dense phase bed conditions and bed temperature in the riser column. In the present paper, the contribution of particle convection, gas convection and radiation heat transfer components with operating conditions is estimated using the cluster renewal mechanistic model. The present results contribu
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Ada´nez, Juan, Luis F. de Diego, Pilar Gaya´n, Francisco Garci´a-Labiano, Andre´s Cabanillas, and Alberto Bahillo. "Co-Combustion of Biomass and Coal in Circulating Fluidized Bed: Modeling and Validation." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-064.

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In this work carbon combustion efficiencies in circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) when co-firing biomass and coal mixtures were studied. Experimental results were obtained from the combustion of two kind of coals with a forest residue (Pine bark) in a CBF pilot plant (0.3MWth) with 20-cm i.d. and 6.5-m height. The effect of operating conditions such as percentage of biomass in the feed, temperature, excess air, air velocity and percentage of secondary air on carbon combustion efficiency was studied. A mathematical model for the co-combustion of coal and biomass in a circulating fluidi
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Bilyaz, Serhat, and Ilker Tari. "Hydrodynamic and Thermal Modeling of Circulating Fluidized Bed Solar Receivers." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67230.

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The riser tube solar receiver of a circulating fluidized bed solid particle absorption solar thermal energy system was numerically modeled for analyzing hydrodynamic and heat transfer behaviors of the solid particles in the riser. Hydrodynamics of the model is validated by comparing radial distribution of void fractions with an experimental study. For the heat transfer from the opaque walls of the receiver that is heated to high temperatures by the solar rays concentrated by the heliostat field, a simple fractional model is used in which radiative transfer is neglected and total heat flux is d
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Komatina, Mirko S., Xin Liu, and Franz Winter. "The Effect of Coal Type on Thermal Balance in a Dense Phase of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-106.

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The results of experimental investigations of the effect of coal type on the thermal balance during early stages in a dense phase of a circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC) are presented in this paper. The experimental investigations were performed in a laboratory-scale CFBC. Five coals with three size classes (small 0.5–0.63 mm, medium 2–3.1 mm, and large 7.1–8 mm) were tested. The electrical heating system was used to ensure that the riser has a constant temperature (850°C) before the experiments. Mean velocity was 1.2 m/s. Oxygen concentration was 5%. During the experiments the tempera
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Reports on the topic "Circulating fluidized bed riser"

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Nitivattananon, Suchaya. Hydrodynamic of mixed-feed in circulating fluidized bed. Chulalongkorn University, 2009. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2009.32.

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The research was conducted in a circulating fluidized bed having diameter and height of riser of 5 and 200 cm., respectively, at ambient temperature and pressure. The objective was to study hydrodynamics of mixed-feed between sand and various biomasses including rice husk, sawdust, and bagasse at 50% by volume. The air flow rate was in the range of 4.2-5.7 m/s. The velocity of sand in the riser was obtained by using a high speed camera and an image processing software. The results showed that at the lowest gas velocity the velocities of sand in the mixture were higher than those in the single
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Breault, Ronald. Design Approach for Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser Reactors such as NETL ASURE: A Review for Clustering Flow. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2172/2558086.

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Chandramouli, Deepthi, Mehrdad Shahnam, and William Rogers. Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of a 12 MW Circulating Fluidized Bed Rise. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1673607.

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Gautam, M., J. T. Jurewicz, E. K. Johnson, and Y. Heping. An experimental study of the hydrodynamics and cluster formation in a circulating fluidized-bed riser. Semi-annual report, July 1, 1992--December 31, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10173043.

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5

Famouri, Parviz. Cold-Flow Circulating Fluidized-Bed Identification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/910283.

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6

Author, Not Given. NUCLA Circulating Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Demonstration Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7112921.

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7

Gidaspow, D. Predictive models of circulating fluidized bed combustors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7195746.

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Author, Not Given. NUCLA Circulating Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Demonstration Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5057361.

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9

Louge, M. Y. Scale-up circulating fluidized bed coal combustors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5520104.

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10

Gidaspow, D. Predictive models for circulating fluidized bed combustors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6375328.

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