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Journal articles on the topic 'Circulating fluidized bed riser'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Butt, Jawad Abdullah, Yasmin Nergis, Ahmad Hussain, Mughal Sharif, and Arjan Das. "Emissions Reduction by Combustion Modeling in the Riser of Fluidized Bed Combustor for Thar Coal Pakistan." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 59, no. 4 (2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(59-4)754.

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Pakistan has experienced a protracted electricity shortage for the past few years. However, despite Pakistan’s abundant coal deposits, modern coal combustion technology is still required to reduce emissions. Pakistan is struggling to utilize its energy resources and currently experiencing an electrical shortage of more than 8000 MW. The research study models the combustion performance in a fluidized bed riser using ANSYS FLUENT software to understand the combustion behavior of low-rank Thar coal. A simple circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion riser was modeled for computational fluid dyna

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2

Yu, Sijin, and Shaobei Liu. "Study on circulating characteristics of circulating fluidized bed." International Journal of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering 1, no. 1 (2023): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijmee.v1n1.10.

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Based on the Euler-Euler two-fluid model, the circulating fluidized bed was simulated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The physical model of the circulating turbulent fluidized bed had an inner diameter of 76mm and a height of 2000mm. The circulating material consisted of class B particles, with an initial bed material mass (Mp) of 0.188kg. Air was uniformly introduced at a velocity of 0.3m/s at the bottom of the riser, and secondary air was introduced at a velocity of 0.9m/s at the secondary air inlet. Numerical simulations were conducted to study the gas-solid flow charac

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3

Somjun, Jiraroch, and Anusorn Chinsuwan. "Cross Sectional Suspension Density along the Height of a CFB Riser under Fixed and Variable Bed Inventory Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1882–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1882.

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Experiments were performed in a cold model circulating fluidized bed riser having a cross sectional area of 100 x100 mm2 and a height of 4800 mm. Sand having an average diameter of 231m was used as the bed material. The cross sectional average suspension density along the height of the circulating fluidized bed system with a smooth exit was investigated under fixed and variable bed inventory conditions. A model is proposed for predicting the density profiles in the two conditions.

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4

Hartge, Ernst-Ulrich, Lars Ratschow, Reiner Wischnewski, and Joachim Werther. "CFD-simulation of a circulating fluidized bed riser." Particuology 7, no. 4 (2009): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2009.04.005.

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5

Salvaterra, A., D. Geldart, and R. Ocone. "Solid Flux in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 83, no. 1 (2005): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/cherd.03207.

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6

Panday, Rupen, Ronald Breault, and Lawrence J. Shadle. "Dynamic modeling of the circulating fluidized bed riser." Powder Technology 291 (April 2016): 522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.12.045.

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7

Wang, Sheng Dian, Xue Yao Wang, Xiang Xu, and Yun Han Xiao. "Flow Phenomena in the Riser of a Circulating Fluidized Bed." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.906.

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Numerical simulation of gas-solid two-phase flows in circulating fluidized bed is proved to be a low-cost and high-efficient method to research the instability essence of flow character. In this work, numerical simulation based on the discrete element (DEM) method is applied to analyze behaviors in a rectangular cross-section fluidized bed. The models of physical and mathematical models are introduced in detail, and the schematic of DEM method also described clearly. It indicates that the DEM method may be used as a powerful tool for the simulation of the gas-solid flow.

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8

Li, Hai Guang, Zeng Wu Zhao, Ke Li, Yong Chuan Wang, and Wen Fei Wu. "Studying the Bubble Characteristics of Gas – Particle Flow in a CFB through Image Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 341-342 (September 2011): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.328.

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This study is based on the image processing system by the authors, and performs microscope observations of the bubbles flow in dense-phase transport region of circulating fluidized beds. The research has tested and experimented on a cold scale-model circulating fluidized bed with a riser that has a 0.30mm × 0. 28mm cross-section and is 2.90 m tall with a video camera utilized to visualize the bubble structure through a transparent Plexiglas wall. The experiment was carried out at different particle sizes, different bed materials ,different heights and different height regions .The result analy

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9

Xu, Jun, Xing Xing Chen, Gui Lei Wang, and Yao Dong Wei. "Investigation on Complex Pressure Fluctuations in a Gas-Solids Circulating Fluidized Bed Rieser." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.610.

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The experiment is carried out in a 13-meter-high circulating fluidized bed(CFB) to investigate gas-solid two-phase flow by pressure sensor. The axial pressure and pressure fluctuation are measured in different solid mass fluxes. With the solid mass flux increasing, pressure gradually increases, and pressure gradually decreases along the riser upwards. The characteristic of pressure fluctuation in the riser is analyzed, which indicates that pressure fluctuation in the riser originates from the inlet. The intensity of the pressure fluctuation decreases along the riser upwards. This pressure fluc

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10

Asghar, Aamer Bilal, Saad Farooq, Muhammad Shahzad Khurram, Mujtaba Hussain Jaffery, and Krzysztof Ejsmont. "Estimation of the Solid Circulation Rate in Circulating Fluidized Bed System Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Algorithm." Energies 15, no. 1 (2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010211.

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Circulating Fluidized Bed gasifiers are widely used in industry to convert solid fuel into liquid fuel. The Artificial Neural Network and neuro-fuzzy algorithm have immense potential to improve the efficiency of the gasifier. The main focus of this article is to implement the Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System modeling approach to estimate solid circulation rate at high pressure in the Circulating Fluidized Bed gasifier. The experimental data is obtained on a laboratory scale prototype in the Chemical Engineering laboratory at COMSATS University Islamabad. The

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11

Huang, Yue, Richard Turton, Juchirl Park, Parviz Famouri, and Edward J. Boyle. "Dynamic model of the riser in circulating fluidized bed." Powder Technology 163, no. 1-2 (2006): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2006.01.003.

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12

Castilho, Guilherme J., and Marco A. Cremasco. "Experimental Study in a Short Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser." Particulate Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (2009): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726350902921715.

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13

Hirschberg, B., and J. Werther. "Factors affecting solids segregation in circulating fluidized-bed riser." AIChE Journal 44, no. 1 (1998): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690440105.

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14

Wang, Min, Yingya Wu, Xiaogang Shi, Xingying Lan, Chengxiu Wang, and Jinsen Gao. "Comparison of Riser-Simplified, Riser-Only, and Full-Loop Simulations for a Circulating Fluidized Bed." Processes 7, no. 5 (2019): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7050306.

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With the development of computing power, the simulation of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) has developed from riser-simplified simulation to riser-only simulation, then to full-loop simulation. This paper compared these three methods based on pilot-scale CFB experiment data to find the scope of application of each method. All these simulations, using the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model with the kinetic theory of granular theory, were conducted to simulate a pilot-scale CFB. The hydrodynamics, such as pressure balance, solids holdup distribution, solids velocity distribution, and instantaneou

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15

Yang, Xiao, Chengxiu Wang, Xingying Lan, and Jinsen Gao. "Study on the Flow Characteristics of Desulfurization Ash Fine Particles in a Circulating Fluidized Bed." Processes 9, no. 8 (2021): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081343.

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In view of the current status of catalytic cracking flue gas treatment, it is necessary to study the flow environment of desulfurization ash particles, which are a type of Geldart C particle, in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) for semi-dry flue gas desulphurization using CFB technology. This study investigated the flow characteristics of desulphurization ash particles in a riser with an inner diameter of 70 mm and a height of 12.6 m, at a gas velocity of 4–7 m/s and a solids circulation rate of 15–45 kg/m2·s. The solids holdup in the axial distribution is relatively high near the bottom of t

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16

Upadhyay, Mukesh, Ayeon Kim, Heehyang Kim, Dongjun Lim, and Hankwon Lim. "An Assessment of Drag Models in Eulerian–Eulerian CFD Simulation of Gas–Solid Flow Hydrodynamics in Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser." ChemEngineering 4, no. 2 (2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4020037.

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Accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic profile is important for circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactor design and scale-up. Multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation with interphase momentum exchange is key to accurately predict the gas-solid profile along the height of the riser. The present work deals with the assessment of six different drag model capability to accurately predict the riser section axial solid holdup distribution in bench scale circulating fluidized bed. The difference between six drag model predictions were validated against the experiment data. Two-dimensi

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17

De, S., and P. K. Nag. "Temperature and gas concentration profiles in a circulating fluidized-bed combustor burning an Indian coal." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 214, no. 3 (2000): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650001538362.

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An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the bed temperature and gas concentration profiles due to combustion of an Indian coal in a laboratory-scale circulating fluidizedbed (CFB) combustor of 102 mm x 102mm cross-section and 5.25 m high, made of insulating firebricks. As the sulphur content of the coal burned was low, no sorbent was used. Sand acted as the bed material. The results are discussed for four different superficial velocities at a constant coal feed rate. The temperature of the bed was essentially uniform for each of the superficial velocities used. The oxygen c

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18

Cho, Daebum, Jeong-Hoo Choi, Muhammad Shahzad Khurram, et al. "Solids circulation rate and static bed height in a riser of a circulating fluidized bed." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 32, no. 2 (2014): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-014-0209-x.

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19

Mousa, Moataz Bellah M., Seif-Eddeen K. Fateen, and Essam A. Ibrahim. "Hydrodynamics of a Novel Design Circulating Fluidized Bed Steam Reformer Operating in the Dense Suspension Upflow Regime." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2014 (February 10, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/935750.

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Circulating fluidized bed steam reformers (CFBSR) represent an important alternative for hydrogen production, a promising energy carrier. Although the reactor hydrodynamics play crucial role, modeling efforts to date are limited to one-dimensional models, thus ignoring many of the flow characteristics of fluidized beds that have strong effects on the reactor efficiency. The flow inside the riser is inherently complex and requires at least two-dimensional modeling to capture its details. In the present work, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the hydrodynamics of the riser pa

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20

Khongprom, Parinya, Thanapat Whansungnoen, Permsak Pienduangsri, Waritnan Wanchan, and Sunun Limtrakul. "Catalytic Cracking of Heavy Oil from Waste Plastic in Tapered Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser Reactor." E3S Web of Conferences 141 (2020): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014101012.

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Because of the continuous increase in the amount of plastic waste, catalytic cracking is an interesting method that could be used to convert heavy oil from thermal cracking of plastic waste into fuel. The objective of this study was to investigate the hydrodynamic behavior and the performance of catalytic cracking of heavy oil in a circulating fluidized bed reactor using computational fluid dynamics. The two– fluid model incorporated with the kinetic theory of granular flow was applied to predict the hydrodynamic behavior with a reactive flow. Three reactor geometries were studied, which inclu

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21

Balasubramanian, N., C. Srinivasakannan, and C. Ahmed Basha. "Transition velocities in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed." Advanced Powder Technology 16, no. 3 (2005): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568552053750198.

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22

Yin, Shangyi, Tao Song, Tong Chen, Yuhang Chen, Ping Lu, and Qingjie Guo. "Study of cluster characteristics in a circulating fluidized bed riser." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 42, no. 13 (2019): 1553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1604851.

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23

Issangya, A. S., D. Bai, H. T. Bi, K. S. Lim, J. Zhu, and J. R. Grace. "Suspension densities in a high-density circulating fluidized bed riser." Chemical Engineering Science 54, no. 22 (1999): 5451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(99)00283-3.

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24

Li, Dongbing, Ajay K. Ray, Madhumita B. Ray, and Jesse Zhu. "Catalytic reaction in a circulating fluidized bed riser: Ozone decomposition." Powder Technology 242 (July 2013): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2013.01.015.

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25

YANG, HEPING, and MRIDUL GAUTAM. "PARTICLE REFLUX IN THE RISER OF A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED." Particulate Science and Technology 11, no. 1-2 (1993): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726359308906618.

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26

Sundaresan, R., and Ajit Kumar Kolar. "Axial heat transfer correlations in a circulating fluidized bed riser." Applied Thermal Engineering 50, no. 1 (2013): 985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.08.026.

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27

Van de Velden, Manon, Jan Baeyens, and Kathleen Smolders. "Solids mixing in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed." Chemical Engineering Science 62, no. 8 (2007): 2139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2006.12.069.

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28

Yang, Heping, Mridul Gautam, and Joseph S. Mei. "Gas velocity distribution in a circular circulating fluidized bed riser." Powder Technology 78, no. 3 (1994): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(93)02804-j.

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29

Breault, Ronald W., and Justin Weber. "Saturation Carrying Capacity for Group A Particles in a Circulating Fluidized Bed." Energies 14, no. 10 (2021): 2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102809.

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Empirical models continue to play a significant role in the design process of multiphase chemical reactors, particularly riser reactors in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) processes. It is imperative that accurate, industrial relevant correlations are developed to aid these design efforts. Using poor correlations could result in startup issues and significant redesign work. In this work, a new correlation is proposed to predict the saturation carrying capacity of Geldart Group A particles. This new correlation improves upon the currently available correlations for these materials and covers a b

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30

Brito, Marcio, Enivaldo Santos Barbosa, Carlos Costa Dantas, and Antonio Celso Dantas Antonino. "Analysis of flow dynamics and velocity in circulating fluidized beds: non-invasive measurements with gamma radiation." Scientia cum Industria 14, no. 1 (2025): e251403. https://doi.org/10.18226/23185279.e251403.

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This study introduces a non-invasive method for characterizing gas-solid flow in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers using gamma radiation transmission. By applying the Richardson-Zaki law and measuring radial gamma attenuation, the analysis quantifies FCC catalyst velocity profiles and solid holdup across varying flow conditions. Experiments explored the effects of superficial gas velocity (500–700 L/min), VPC valve openings (25–35%), and axial height on particle dynamics. Increasing the air flow rate raised catalyst velocity by up to 25%, while higher solid concentrations reduced velocity

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31

Liu, Yancong, Yingya Wu, Xiaogang Shi, Chengxiu Wang, Jinsen Gao, and Xingying Lan. "3D CPFD Simulation of Circulating Fluidized Bed Downer and Riser: Comparisons of Flow Structure and Solids Back-Mixing Behavior." Processes 8, no. 2 (2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8020161.

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The difference of gas-solids flow between a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) downer and riser was compared by computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) approach. The comparison was conducted under the same operating conditions. Simulation results demonstrated that the downer showed much more uniform solids holdup and solids velocity distribution compared with the riser. The radial non-uniformity index of the solids holdup in the riser was over 10 times than that in the downer. In addition, small clusters tended to be present in the whole downer, large clusters tended to be present near the w

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32

Tokmurzin, D., and D. Adair. "Development of Euler-Lagrangian Simulation of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor for Coal Gasification." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj789.

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A Computational Particle Fluid Dynamics (CPFD) model based on the Multiphase Particle in Cell (MP-PIC) approach is used for Shubarkol coal gasification simulation in an atmospheric circulating fluidized bed reactor. The simulation is developed on a basis of experimental data available from a biomass gasification process. The cross-section diameter of the reactor riser is 200 mm and the height is 6500 mm. The Euler-Lagrangian simulation is validated using experimental data available in the literature and also compared with an Euler-Euler simulation. The gasification reactions kinetics model is

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33

Benavides-Morán, Aldo Germán, and Santiago Lain. "Improving Solid-Phase Fluidization Prediction in Circulating Fluidized Bed Risers: Drag Model Sensitivity and Turbulence Modeling." Mathematics 12, no. 12 (2024): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12121852.

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This contribution underscores the importance of selecting an appropriate interphase momentum transfer model for accurately predicting the distribution of the solid phase in a full-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser equipped with a smooth C-type exit. It also explores other critical factors such as domain configuration, grid size, the scope of time averaging, and turbulence modulation. The flow in a cold-CFB riser is simulated using the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model within a commercial CFD package. Particle interactions in the rapid-flow regime are determined utilizing the kinetic

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34

Wang, Chengxiu, Gang Wang, Chunyi Li, Shahzad Barghi, and Jesse Zhu. "Catalytic Ozone Decomposition in a High Density Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, no. 16 (2014): 6613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie404404m.

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35

Sakakura, Kei, and Satoru Yamamoto. "3113 Numerical Analysis of the circulating fluidized-bed riser with reaction." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2005.18 (2005): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2005.18.431.

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36

Mabrouk, R., J. Chaouki, and C. Guy. "Exit effect on hydrodynamics of the internal circulating fluidized bed riser." Powder Technology 182, no. 3 (2008): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2007.07.008.

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37

Won, Yoo Sube, A. Reum Jeong, Jeong-Hoo Choi, Sung-Ho Jo, Ho-Jung Ryu, and Chang-Keun Yi. "Temperature effects on riser pressure drop in a circulating fluidized bed." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 34, no. 3 (2016): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0289-x.

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38

Yinghe, H. "Gas-solids flow in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 22 (December 1996): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9322(97)88218-3.

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39

Balasubramanian, N., C. Srinivasakannan, and C. Ahmed Basha. "Drying Kinetics in the Riser of Circulating Fluidized Bed with Internals." Drying Technology 25, no. 10 (2007): 1595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930701590541.

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40

Patience, Gregory S., and Jamal Chaouki. "Gas phase hydrodynamics in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed." Chemical Engineering Science 48, no. 18 (1993): 3195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(93)80205-5.

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41

He, Yinghe, and Victor Rudolph. "Gas-solids flow in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed." Chemical Engineering Science 50, no. 21 (1995): 3443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(95)00170-a.

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42

Kong, Lei, Jesse Zhu, and Chao Zhang. "Catalytic Ozone Decomposition in a Gas-Solids Circulating Fluidized-Bed Riser." Chemical Engineering & Technology 37, no. 3 (2014): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201300163.

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43

Tu, Qiuya Y., and Haigang G. Wang. "Investigation of the riser cross-sectional aspect ratio effect on the flow dynamics in circulating fluidized beds by electrical capacitance tomography." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 4 (2019): 655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219851913.

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With the increase of capacity, most of the circulating fluidized beds (CFB) risers are constricted to have rectangular cross section. Therefore, it is important to find out the cross-sectional aspect ratio effect on the gas-solids flow characteristics. In this study, a lab-scale CFB with two rectangular risers, which have the aspect ratio of 1:1 and 3:1, respectively, were studied by the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), with the aided of pressure measurements and computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) simulation. Key issues related with ECT sensor design and image reconstruction,

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44

Reddy, B. V., and P. K. Nag. "Effect of riser exit geometry on bed hydrodynamics and heat transfer in a circulating fluidized bed riser column." International Journal of Energy Research 25, no. 1 (2001): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-114x(200101)25:1<1::aid-er659>3.0.co;2-b.

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45

Wang, De Wu, Meng Da Jia, Shao Feng Zhang, and Chun Xi Lu. "Different Exit Effects between a Combined Riser with Variable Exit Constraints and a Conventional Riser with Weak Exit Constraints." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.529.

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A large-scale cold model experimental setup of combined riser with variable constraint exit (CRVCE) was established. The axial and radial distributions of solids holdup and particle velocity, under different operating conditions, were investigated experimentally, and the results were compared with conventional riser (CR). Experimental results showed that, the exit restrictive effect of combined riser with variable constraint exit was weak when particle circulation flux and static bed height in upper fluidized bed were lower, while it turned to be strong when superficial gas velocity and static

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46

Chen, Wen Yi, Xin Liu, Xiao Xu Fan, Lei Zhe Chu, Yi Mei Yang, and Wen Ting Liu. "Three-Dimensional Simulation of Gas-Solid Flow in the Biomass Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier’s Riser." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 6537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.6537.

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Using the Gidaspow model as the momentum exchange coefficient to take a full-loop simulation of miniature circulating fluidized bed gasifier (CFBG) in the lab, and taking mutual influence of different parts in consideration, it focus on the gas-solid flow structure in the riser in this paper. The heterogeneous behavior in the CFBG riser and the radial profiles of solid volume fraction under different solid inventories in simulation are showed in this paper as a replenishment of certain data which are hard to measure in experiments. The results showed it can’t form an obvious core-annulus flow

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47

Hussain, Ahmad, Faraz Junejo, Muhammad Nauman Qureshi, and Afzal Haque. "Hydrodynamic and combustion behavior of low grade coals in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed combustor." NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences 11, no. 1 (2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24949/njes.v11i1.436.

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This study is conducted for understanding the fluidization behavior in a CFB combustor for low ranked coals. A lab-scale cold CFB test rig was built at the NFCIET Multan for understanding the fluidization behaviour. Influence of fluidizing air on the fluidization behavior was observed. It was found that voidage along the riser height is affected by riser geometry. The combustion behavior of low grade coals from Thar coal was also explored in a CFB Combustor. The influence of the fluidizing air on the combustion erformance was examined and their effect on emissions was established. The temperat

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48

Wang, Min, Xingying Lan, Chengxiu Wang, Jinsen Gao, Aibing Yu, and Shibo Kuang. "Numerical Simulation of the Pilot-Scale High-Density Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 60, no. 7 (2021): 3184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00170.

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49

He, Yinghe, and Victor Rudolph. "The volume-average voidage in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed." Powder Technology 89, no. 1 (1996): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(96)03156-7.

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50

Das, Mitali, Meenakshi Banerjee, and R. K. Saha. "Segregation and mixing effects in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed." Powder Technology 178, no. 3 (2007): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2007.04.019.

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