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Journal articles on the topic 'Circulating water temperature'
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1
Song, Xun Cheng, Xiao Long Xu, Sha Sha Hu, and Zhi Chuan Guan. "Full Transient Features of Heat Transfer and Sensitivities on Deep Water Wells." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1423.
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Wellbore temperature is significant to well program and safety drilling for deep water drilling operations. On the basis of transient heat transfer mechanisms involved in deep water drilling among wellbore and formation and sea water, wellbore temperature profile, especially near sea bed and sensitivities to drilling fluid circulating duration, inlet temperature, water depth, water temperature, riser insulation and drilling fluid specific heat capacity have been analyzed via this model. Analysis show that deep-water wellbore temperature is much lower than a land well, the temperatures above sea bed normally ranges 10-30°C, and decreases with increased circulating duration; temperature at both outlet and bottom hole decreases drastically with increased water depth, and heat generation must be considered into estimating wellbore temperature profile especially one at bottom hole.
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Xi, Xinming, Shixiong An, Lei Xu, Xiaoze Du, Huimin Wei, and Hongchen Sun. "Suitable Analysis of Micro-Increased Capacity Model on Cold-End System of Nuclear Power Plant." Energies 16, no. 20 (2023): 7188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16207188.
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The cold-end system of a nuclear power plant is a key complex node connecting the power generation system with the variable environmental conditions, and its operation, economy, and stability have become the main obstacles to further improving the performance of the first and second circuits. The current research on the interactions between the cold-end system and the thermal cycle of nuclear power mainly adopts the micropower model, while the existing condenser model does not take into account the influence of the turbine exhaust resistance and exhaust flow and other factors on the condenser vacuum change caused by the change in the circulating water flow rate and temperature in determining the optimal vacuum. This ignores the interactions between the equipment and the interconnections between the parameters, which results in the reduction of the model’s accuracy. This paper takes a nuclear power unit as an example, adopts the “constant flow calculation” method to calculate the heat balance of the two-loop thermal system of the nuclear power plant, and constructs an integrated simulation model of the reaction environment variables, the cold-end system, and the thermal cycle. Taking the circulating water temperature and flow rate as variables, the errors of the separate condenser model and the coupled model in circulating water parameter changes were obtained under the condition of satisfying the thermal system operation, and the circulating water temperature and flow rate change ranges applied by the separate condenser model were analyzed in order to reduce the amount of calculations when the unit power error was 1%. The results show that the circulating water temperature is 4 °C, the applicable range of the circulating water flow rate is 42 m3/s to the rated flow rate, the applicable range of the circulating water temperature is 20 °C, the applicable range of the circulating water flow rate is 32.12 m3/s to the rated flow rate, the applicable range of the circulating water temperature is 26 °C, the applicable range of the circulating water flow rate is 38.63 m3/s to the rated flow rate, the applicable range of the circulating water temperature is 30 °C, and the applicable range of the circulating water flow rate is 45 m3/s to the rated flow rate. At a circulating water temperature of 26 °C, the applicable range of the circulating water flow is between 38.63 m3/s and the rated flow; at a circulating water temperature of 30 °C, the applicable range of the circulating water flow is between 45.64 m3/s and the rated flow.
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Lv, Jing, and Jie Yang. "Designing and Researching of Gas Cooler in Trans-Critical Carbon Dioxide Water Heater." Advanced Materials Research 171-172 (December 2010): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.171-172.368.
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In this paper a gas cooler for trans-critical carbon dioxide water heater was designed and calculated according to the theory basis for the optimal design. The characteristic parameters of gas cooler in heat pump hot water system were compared and analyzed, applying the data from trans-critical carbon dioxide water heater test bed, under one-time heating condition, by different flow of chilled water and hot water, different inlet temperatures of chilled water and hot water. To sum up, coefficient of performance can be increased by increasing the chilled water inlet temperature or hot water circulating flow, while it can be decreased by increasing the inlet temperature of hot water circulating system，the parameters (flow of water, inlet temperature, the refrigerant mass flow, gas cooler pressure and inlet temperature of refrigerant) need to be adjusted to different requirements, for ensuring the high efficiency of system.
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Taguchi, Akiko, Jebadurai Ratnaraj, Barbara Kabon, et al. "Effects of a Circulating-water Garment and Forced-air Warming on Body Heat Content and Core Temperature." Anesthesiology 100, no. 5 (2004): 1058–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200405000-00005.
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Background Forced-air warming is sometimes unable to maintain perioperative normothermia. Therefore, the authors compared heat transfer, regional heat distribution, and core rewarming of forced-air warming with a novel circulating-water garment. Methods Nine volunteers were each evaluated on two randomly ordered study days. They were anesthetized and cooled to a core temperature near 34 degrees C. The volunteers were subsequently warmed for 2.5 h with either a circulating-water garment or a forced-air cover. Overall, heat balance was determined from the difference between cutaneous heat loss (thermal flux transducers) and metabolic heat production (oxygen consumption). Average arm and leg (peripheral) tissue temperatures were determined from 18 intramuscular needle thermocouples, 15 skin thermal flux transducers, and "deep" hand and foot thermometers. Results Heat production (approximately 60 kcal/h) and loss (approximately 45 kcal/h) were similar with each treatment before warming. The increases in heat transfer across anterior portions of the skin surface were similar with each warming system (approximately 65 kcal/h). Forced-air warming had no effect on posterior heat transfer, whereas circulating-water transferred 21+/-9 kcal/h through the posterior skin surface after a half hour of warming. Over 2.5 h, circulating water thus increased body heat content 56% more than forced air. Core temperatures thus increased faster than with circulating water than forced air, especially during the first hour, with the result that core temperature was 1.1 degrees +/- 0.7 degrees C greater after 2.5 h (P < 0.001). Peripheral tissue heat content increased twice as much as core heat content with each device, but the core-to-peripheral tissue temperature gradient remained positive throughout the study. Conclusions The circulating-water system transferred more heat than forced air, with the difference resulting largely from posterior heating. Circulating water rewarmed patients 0.4 degrees C/h faster than forced air. A substantial peripheral-to-core tissue temperature gradient with each device indicated that peripheral tissues insulated the core, thus slowing heat transfer.
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Wang, Zhonghua, Zenggang Yue, Wei Wang, et al. "Study on the Influence of Circulating Water Bypass on the Thermal and Anti-Freezing Characteristics of High-Level Wet Cooling Tower." Energies 17, no. 9 (2024): 2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092073.
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When heating units are operated in winter, the extreme conditions, such as deep peak regulation and large extraction, can easily lead to a low unit load and severe icing in the wet cooling tower, which threatens the safe operation of the unit. Therefore, it is necessary to study the anti-freezing characteristics of the wet cooling tower. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model of a high-level, natural draft wet cooling tower is developed based on the constant heat load method. The influence of withdrawing a certain percentage of circulating water into the bypass on the cooling performance and anti-freezing characteristics of the high-level, natural draft wet cooling tower is investigated. The results show that as the percentage of circulating water bypass extraction increases, the temperature drop of circulating water in the tower continues to increase, but the lowest and the average water temperatures at the bottom of the packing continue to decrease. At the same time, the amount of circulating water entering the tower decreases, the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the tower under the same environmental conditions decreases, and the pumping force of the cooling tower decreases. If the circulating water bypass extraction percentage is less than 10%, it can prevent the circulating water from freezing at the bottom of the packing and, at the same time, try to reduce the temperature of the circulating water entering the condenser to ensure the efficiency of the unit.
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Sanaev, Shokhzodbek Sobirovich, Mukhiddin Chorievich Tursunov, and Javokhir Ibrokhim ogli Botirov. "IMPROVING THE CIRCULATING WATER COOLING DEVICE IN THE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE." Modern Scientific Research International Scientific Journal 1, no. 7 (2023): 206–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10031944.
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Currently, cooling systems with cooling tower are quite common (up to 70%). In them, water is used repeatedly, but part of the water is lost when it evaporates, and therefore it will be necessary to maintain the system regularly with clean water. Cooling tower circulating water partially evaporates and convection, that is, a decrease in temperature due to heat exchange with air. Further the economic feasibility of having additional cooling tower capacity to allow for economizer cooling, in light of reduced tower capacity at lower temperatures [3] is investigated. Creating rational water use schemes and reducing the consumption of fresh water taken from water supply systems or natural reservoirs can be a significant factor in improving the economic performance of the enterprise. The basis of rational water use schemes are water-circulation cooling systems, where cooling towers are used as cooling equipment.
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Lv, Ziqiang, Jiuju Cai, Wenqiang Sun, and Lianyong Wang. "Analysis and Optimization of Open Circulating Cooling Water System." Water 10, no. 11 (2018): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111592.
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Open circulating cooling water system is widely used in process industry. For a system with a fixed structure, the water consumption and blowdown usually change with the varying parameters such as quality and temperature. With the purpose of water saving, it is very important to optimize the operation strategy of water systems. Considering the factors including evaporation, leakage, blowdown and heat transfer, the mass and energy conservation equations of water system are established. On this basis, the quality and temperature models of makeup and blowdown water are, respectively, developed. The water consumption and discharge profiles and the optimal operating strategy of the open recirculating cooling water system under different conditions are obtained. The concept of cycles of temperature is proposed to evaluate the temperature relationship of various parts of the open circulating cooling water system. A mathematical relationship is established to analyze the influence of the water temperature on the makeup water rate of the system under the condition of insufficient cooling capacity of the cooling tower. In addition, the co-influences of quality and temperature parameters on the system are analyzed.
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Li, Zhi Wei, Hong Zhou He, and Huang Huang Zhuang. "Experimental Study on Compact External Heat Exchanger for a 4 MWth Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3259.
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The characteristics of the external heat exchanger (EHE) for a 4 MWth circulation fluidized bed combustor were studied in the present paper. The length, width and height of EHE were 1.5 m, 0.8 m and 9 m, respectively. The circulating ash flow passing the heating surface bed could be controlled by adjusting the fluidizing air flow and the heating transferred from the circulating ash to the cooling water. The ash flow rate passing through the heat transfer bed was from 0.4 to 2.2 kg/s. The ash average temperature was from 500 to 750 °C. And the heat transfer rate between the ash and the cooling water was between 150 and 300 W/(m2·°C). The relationships among the circulating ash temperature, the heat transfer, heat transfer rate, the heat transfer coefficient and the circulating ash flow passing through the heating exchange cell were also presented and could be used for further commercial EHE design.
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Sanford, MM. "Rewarming cardiac surgical patients: warm water vs warm air." American Journal of Critical Care 6, no. 1 (1997): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1997.6.1.39.
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BACKGROUND: Hypothermia is experienced by 60% to 90% of adult patients after surgery. The detrimental physiological consequences of prolonged hypothermia are a significant risk for cardiac surgical patients. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of a warmed convective-air blanket with that of a warmed circulating-water blanket on the rates of increase in skin and core temperatures and on total rewarming time in patients with hypothermia after cardiac surgery. METHODS: A quasi-experimental, repeated-measures design was used to study rewarming in 76 adult patients who were hypothermic after cardiac surgery. Subjects were randomized to two groups: 40 were warmed with a convective-air blanket; 36, with a circulating-water blanket. Skin and core temperatures were recorded every 15 minutes until the subject's pulmonary artery temperature reached 37 degrees C. Total time required for rewarming was the period between time of placement of the blanket and time of removal. The effects of 13 other variables on the time required for rewarming were also determined. RESULTS: Both skin and core temperatures increased more rapidly in patients treated with the warm circulating-water blanket than in those treated with the convective-air blanket. The mean time required for rewarming was 45 minutes shorter in the group treated with the circulating-water blanket. The patient's age, volume of i.v. fluids received, length of anesthesia, starting core temperature, and treatment method had significant effects on the time required for rewarming. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that rewarming with a circulating-water blanket produces normothermia more rapidly than rewarming with a warm convective-air blanket in adult patients who are hypothermic after cardiac surgery.
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Mbawala, Shanel, Wambura Mwita, and Alexander Mtawa. "Stabilisation of Incubation Temperature in Hot Water Chicken Egg Incubator." Mbeya University of Science and Technology Journal of Research and Development 5, no. 4 (2024): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.62277/mjrd2024v5i40069.
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In this study, the existing egg incubator at Songwe Geothermal Hot Spring was improved by stabilising incubator temperature, hence improving hatching efficiency. The improved hot water egg incubator with a capacity of 280 eggs was designed, fabricated, and tested. Incubator temperature was stabilised by a variable flow rate of circulating hot water that corresponds to changes in incubator temperature. The flow rate of circulating hot water (1.5–2 litres/min) was proportional to the temperature of the incubator. A heat balance equation was formulated to quantify the heat transferred from hot water to circulating water, incubator circulating air, eggs, and the heat lost surrounding. Results revealed that the improved hot water egg incubator had an average hatching efficiency of 89% and a relatively stable temperature with a mean and standard deviation of 37.83°C and 0.1°C, respectively. The results showed a significant improvement as compared to the existing incubator, which had the capacity of 240 eggs, an average hatching efficiency of 84%, and relatively temperature stability with a mean and standard deviation of 37.3°C and 0.69°C, respectively. Results for the heat balance equation showed that most of the heat transferred from circulating water to the incubator was used to raise and maintain the temperature of the incubator at 37.8°C. The eggs absorbed a relatively small amount of heat, which was 3.136W. The improved incubator can also be operated by heat from geothermal resources and waste heat from industries and power plants in the 50°C 100°C temperature range.
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Nicolis, Imani N., Corinna N. Beale, Willie A. Bidot, Michael Esmail, and Scott E. Perkins. "Performance and Consistency of Circulating Warm Water Blankets for Rodents." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 61, no. 1 (2022): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000073.
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General anesthesia as used for rodent research can have adverse effects on physiologic mechanisms. Thermoregulation is often greatly inhibited, with resultant deleterious effects on cardiac and respiratory function. These potential effects can be mitigated by providing external heat support. The circulating warm water blanket and associated heat pump are often used in rodent procedures. The current study demonstrated that the heating pump and water blanket require quality control assessment to ensure adequate function. Our data showed that of the 6 pumps tested, 5 were able to achieve a temperature that met or exceeded the documented thermoneutral zone for mice. Pumps required 20 min of warming to reach their maximal attainable temperatures for the designated user setting. Although the pumps reached a temperature that was sufficient to provide external thermal support, only 1 of the 6 pumps reached the temperature that was set by the user during the trial. Surface temperatures across the water blanket were recorded to analyze whether a difference in heat support was influenced by animal placement along the water blanket; however, the location points did not yield statistically different results. Two pumps were eliminated from the study due to failure to pass the preparation phase of the trial. The results of this study support the need for facilities to establish quality control measures to ensure that heat support systems are functioning at a level required to maintain normothermia during anesthetic procedures.
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Vidal, Jeanne, Régis Hehn, Carole Glaas, and Albert Genter. "How Can Temperature Logs Help Identify Permeable Fractures and Define a Conceptual Model of Fluid Circulation? An Example from Deep Geothermal Wells in the Upper Rhine Graben." Geofluids 2019 (July 10, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3978364.
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Identifying fluid circulation in fracture zones (FZs) is a key challenge in the extraction of deep geothermal heat from natural reservoirs in the Upper Rhine Graben. This study focuses on permeable FZs present within the granitic basement penetrated by deep geothermal well GPK-1 at Soultz and GRT-1 and GRT-2 at Rittershoffen (France). The various temperature (T) log datasets acquired from these wells during production and at equilibrium, with the associated flow logs, allow for the unique opportunity to interpret fluid circulation at the borehole scale. All permeable FZs identified by permeability indicators measured during drilling operations and from image logs spatially coincide with positive or negative T anomalies observed in the T logs during production and/or at equilibrium. However, within the FZs, partially open fractures act as narrower paths for circulation at different temperatures. These temperatures can even be estimated with confidence if the associated flow log is available. The polarity of the T anomalies correlates with the state of equilibrium of the well and thus can change over the well history. During production, the temperature of the water inflow through the fractures can be estimated relative to the mixture of water circulating below the fractures. At thermal equilibrium, the water temperature is estimated with respect to the temperature of the surrounding rock formation. Because temperature fluxes and geothermal fluids are intimately linked, T logs are a useful, reliable, and very sensitive tool to localize the inflow of geothermal water through FZs.
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Vidal, Jeanne, Régis Hehn, Carole Glaas, and Albert Genter. "How Can Temperature Logs Help Identify Permeable Fractures and Define a Conceptual Model of Fluid Circulation? An Example from Deep Geothermal Wells in the Upper Rhine Graben." Geofluids 2019, Special issue: Geofluids and Energy for the XXI Century (2019): 14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3978364.
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Identifying fluid circulation in fracture zones (FZs) is a key challenge in the extraction of deep geothermal heat from natural reservoirs in the Upper Rhine Graben. This study focuses on permeable FZs present within the granitic basement penetrated by deep geothermal well GPK-1 at Soultz and GRT-1 and GRT-2 at Rittershoffen (France). The various temperature (T) log datasets acquired from these wells during production and at equilibrium, with the associated flow logs, allow for the unique opportunity to interpret fluid circulation at the borehole scale. All permeable FZs identified by permeability indicators measured during drilling operations and from image logs spatially coincide with positive or negative T anomalies observed in the T logs during production and/or at equilibrium. However, within the FZs, partially open fractures act as narrower paths for circulation at different temperatures. These temperatures can even be estimated with confidence if the associated flow log is available. The polarity of the T anomalies correlates with the state of equilibrium of the well and thus can change over the well history. During production, the temperature of the water inflow through the fractures can be estimated relative to the mixture of water circulating below the fractures. At thermal equilibrium, the water temperature is estimated with respect to the temperature of the surrounding rock formation. Because temperature fluxes and geothermal fluids are intimately linked, T logs are a useful, reliable, and very sensitive tool to localize the inflow of geothermal water through FZs.
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Wang, Qing Yang, Tian Yu Sun, Jian Zhang, and Jian Xing Ren. "Experimental Research on the Effect of Cross-Wind to Wet-Cooling Tower Performance." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1412.
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Environmental cross-wind has a influence on cooling capacity of wet cooling tower to a great extent in power plant.The variation of circulating-water temperature difference (Δt) and cooling coefficient of efficiency(η) with cross-wind velocity, circulating water inlet temperature and flow rate, are shown under cross-wind conditions, compared with cases without wind. By using experimental platform of cooling water system based on 300MW thermal power unit,it is found that with cross-wind velocity increasing,cooling temperature difference and cooling efficiency decrease first then increase at the knee point when the velocity value is 0.8m/s. In addition, the correlation betweenΔt ,η and parameters,such as circulating-water inlet temperature and flow rate, is derived for cases with windless conditions.
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Jeong, Yong-Dae, and Yujin Nam. "Performance test of PVT-water system considering ambient air and circulating water temperature." KIEAE Journal 15, no. 5 (2015): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12813/kieae.2015.15.5.083.
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Liu, Jian Tao, Xiao Cheng Ma, Kun Kun You, Jian Xing Ren, and Yong Wen Yang. "Analysis on Circulating Water Heat Utilization Technology in Thermal Power Plants." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 2727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.2727.
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The thermal power unit is the major unit in Chinas power supply. Circulating water has large low-temperature waste-heat which can be recycled. The principles of water source heat pump technology is analyzed, characteristic of circulating water system in thermal power unit is studied. Then two kinds of connection methods between circulating water system and water source heat pump (WSHP) are presented.
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Jiang, Xiao Ling, Zong Ming Lei, and Qing Bao Meng. "Evaluation of Equivalent Circulating Density in Deep Water Dynamic Kill Drilling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 3048–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.3048.
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Dynamic kill drilling is a technology which is applied in order to control the deep water drilling shallow gas or shallow wells flowing by establish a normal cycle automatically in the deepwater shallow wells section. Equivalent circulating density (ECD) is an important parameters to control the bottom hole pressure, in the ECD estimate, if we don’t consider the effects of low temperature on rheological parameters of drilling fluid, it will result in errors in ECD estimates. Considering the impact of low temperature on the rheological parameters, this paper determines the temperature, rheological parameters and the annulus circulating pressure loss of each well section. Then Superposing each well section annular circulating pressure loss together, and finally calculate the equivalent circulating density. The deeper the water the greater of difference between ECD prediction model and the results calculated by rheological parameters on ground, and the more shallow wells the larger of difference. Therefore, in the process of deep water surface layer dynamic killing, We need to predict the equivalent circulating density of drilling fluids (ECD) accurately.
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Oh, Sunhee, Yong Cho, and Rin Yun. "Optimization of a Raw Water Source Heat Pump for a Vertical Water Treatment Building." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 01 (2015): 1550002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500029.
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The optimum operation conditions of a raw water source heat pump for a vertical water treatment building were derived by changing operation parameters, such as temperature of thermal storage tank, temperature and inlet air flow rate of the conditioned spaces, and circulating water flow rate between thermal storage tank and air handling unit (AHU) through dynamic simulator of a transient system simulation program (TRNSYS). Minimum electric power consumption was found at temperature of thermal storage tank, which was ranged 18–23°C for cooling season. In heating season, temperature 40–45°C brings the highest coefficient of performance (COP) and temperature range of 30–35°C brings the lowest power consumption. When the temperature of the conditioned spaces was controlled between 27–28°C for cooling season, and 18–20°C for heating season the minimum electric power consumption was obtained. Inlet air flow rate of 1.1 m3/h for the conditioned spaces shows the highest performance of the present system, and effects of circulating water flow rate between thermal storage tank and AHU on minimum electric power consumption of the system were negligible.
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Li, Zhao, Huimin Wei, Tao Wu, and Xiaoze Du. "Optimization for Circulating Cooling Water Distribution of Indirect Dry Cooling System in a Thermal Power Plant under Crosswind Condition with Evolution Strategies Algorithm." Energies 14, no. 4 (2021): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041167.
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Crosswind has an adverse impact on the performance of an indirect dry cooling system. In order to mitigate the adverse influence, this study redistributed the circulating cooling water among air-cooled heat exchanger sectors so that the performance of the indirect dry cooling system could be improved. An evolution strategies algorithm combined with numerical effectiveness-based heat exchanger model was established to minimize the operation costs of the whole system. Based on a 660 MW practical power plant, optimal circulating cooling water operation strategies under varied crosswind speeds and ambient temperatures were calculated to show its application. According to the calculated results, the performance of the indirect dry cooling system could be enhanced by optimizing circulating cooling water distribution under any crosswind speed, especially under high ambient wind speeds. There is a slight promotion of the coal savings with a rise in ambient temperature: improvements of about 5%. The standard coal consumption rate could save as much as 2.50 g/kWh under crosswind speed of 10 m s−1 and ambient temperature of 32 °C, compared to the 0.1 g/kWh under crosswind speed of 2 m s−1 and ambient temperature of 32 °C.
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Liu, He, Cui, and Zhou. "Effects of Different Temperatures on the Softening of Red-Bed Sandstone in Turbulent Flow." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 10 (2019): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100355.
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The rates of chemical reactions are highly dependent on temperature, meaning that the actual geological rock mass is affected by different temperatures. Only when the temperature effect is considered can the mechanism of the influence of temperature on the interaction between water and rock be further understood. It was found that the condition of turbulent flow is more likely to promote the softening of red-bed sandstone than the conditions of laminar flow and static water in an experimental study on the softening effects of different flow patterns on red-bed sandstone. Therefore, based on a multi-functional self-circulating open channel hydraulic test system, this paper designs and completes equal volume saturated tests of red-bed sandstone at low temperature (1 °C), medium temperature (23 °C), and high temperature (45 °C) under the turbulent conditions of three equal temperature gradients. The chemical action of the circulating solution in water flow at different temperatures, the propagation of micro-cracks in rock and the changes in mechanical indexes are discussed. The influence laws and mechanisms of the different temperatures on the softening of red-bed sandstone in turbulent flow are revealed. The results show that low-temperature flow can inhibit the softening of red-bed sandstone in the range of 1–45 °C. With the increase in water flow temperature, the development degrees of micro-structures and the mechanical damage of the corresponding rock become more notable. That is, temperature affects the physical and chemical water–rock interactions and then changes the internal structure of rock, thus affecting the softening and failure processes of red-bed sandstone. The study provides a theoretical basis for the further investigation of the softening laws and mechanisms of other red layered soft rocks by temperature under turbulent conditions.
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Lu, Yesheng, Junning Cui, Jiubin Tan, Xingyuan Bian, and Yamin Zhao. "Temperature Fluctuation Attenuation of Circulating Cooling Water Using Dynamic Thermal Filtering." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (2020): 5338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155338.
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The Demand for circulating cooling water (CCW) with high temperature stability and a quick response to temperature control is essential for precision engineering, so a dynamic thermal filtering method is proposed in this paper. Some CCW is bypassed, blocked, and used as a thermal capacity medium, and the temperature fluctuation of CCW is significantly reduced by heat exchanging with the medium. The temperature of the medium dynamically follows the set value of the CCW temperature by real time updating, and so realizes a quick CCW temperature control response. The attenuation ratio of temperature fluctuation was derived, theoretically validating the effectiveness of the method. The experimental results indicate that a CCW temperature fluctuation attenuation ratio of tens of dB (−3.47 dB, −6.91 dB, −10.97 dB and −15.28 dB corresponding to temperature fluctuation frequencies of 0.01 Hz, 0.025 Hz, 0.053 Hz and 0.105 Hz, respectively) is achieved by the proposed method. The updating time of thermal capacity medium is 82 s, which means that the temperature fluctuation attenuation remains functionally valid when the set value of CCW changes. The proposed method is low cost in operation and provides an effective approach to satisfy the challenging demand for CCW with high stability and a good dynamic temperature control performance.
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Sunaina, Sailani. "TO STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR WATER HEATER PV CELLS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 3 (2018): 159–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1216875.
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<strong><em>In this study we are obtaining the maximum temperature of solar water heater using of PV cells. The flat plate solar water heater are consisting using several parts such as collector , flat plate glass , circulating pump, PV cells , frame . The centrifugal pump is operated by PV Cells. Water temperature is measured by digital temperature meter. Hot water is storage in container. The most elements of these are a clear front cover, collector housing associated an absorbent material</em>.</strong>
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Cui, She-qiang, Chao Zhou, and Hamed Sadeghi. "Investigation of thermal effects on the saturated shear behaviour of a clayey sand-structure interface." E3S Web of Conferences 544 (2024): 12002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454412002.
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The mechanical behaviour of soil-structure interfaces at various temperatures plays a key role in predicting the performance of energy piles, such as their ultimate bearing capacity and settlement under heating and cooling. The experimental data was limited in the literature, and previous studies used clay and clean sand. In this study, a modified direct shear apparatus that can control temperature was developed. To control interface temperature, a refrigerated/heated circulating bath is connected to channels in the lower shear box and then heated/cooled water is circulated. The interface can be heated/cooled through heat exchange with circulating water. Three series of tests were conducted at various temperatures of 8, 20 and 42 °C and effective normal stress levels of 50, 150 and 300 kPa. The soil specimen was recompacted clayey sand with a 95% degree of compaction. The results indicate that the shear strength of saturated soilstructure interfaces decreases with increasing temperature. This is likely because temperature elevation results in a reduction of interface roughness and a partial increment of void ratio in the shear zone.
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Yang, Pang Wen. "Research on Organic Rankine Cycle-Based Industrial Circulating Water Cogeneration System." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 25, no. 10 (2023): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i101002.
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A fertilizer plant wastewater recycling as a research object, the establishment of ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle, referred to as ORC) cogeneration system, using MATLAB software to simulate the operation of the system was found to change the evaporation temperature, condensing temperature, superheat and subcooling degree of the four factors will have an impact on the performance of the system, in which the evaporation temperature and degree of superheat to improve the performance of the system, the condensing temperature and degree of subcooling have a negative effect on the system efficiency. The evaporation temperature and superheat are favorable factors for improving the system performance, while the condensation temperature and subcooling degree adversely affect the system efficiency. Through the verification calculation of specific working conditions, under the conditions of evaporating temperature 110℃, condensing temperature 27℃, superheating degree 8℃ and subcooling degree 3℃, the thermal efficiency of the system can reach about 25%, and the energy efficiency reaches about 45%. The experimental results show that this designed ORC cogeneration system is able to recycle industrial waste heat to a greater extent, which is of great significance to improve the efficiency of energy utilization.
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Zou, Cunyu, Bo Li, Xiangfeng Wang, and Siyuan Liu. "Research on indoor dynamic temperature based on circulating water heating." Energy Reports 10 (November 2023): 1091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.07.016.
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Pratama, Novreza, Imron Rosyadi, Hadi Wahyudi, and M. Haykal Fasya. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COOLING FLUID VARIATION ON THE THERMOELECTRIC HOT SIDE ON THERMOELECTRIC VACCINE COOLER BOX PERFORMANCE." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 15, no. 3 (2024): 1799–808. https://doi.org/10.21776/jrm.v15i3.1850.
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The advanced countries make health a high priority and collaborate to create a better quality of life. Vaccination is a critical component of global health. Vaccines must be stored at a constant temperature of 2-8℃, to maintain the viability of the vaccine cold chain. Thermoelectric cooling systems (TECs) are a solution that is simple, lightweight, low cost, and portable. Excessively high hot-side temperatures can be detrimental to operators and the environment during distribution processes. The application of fans and circulating fluid can reduce the TEC hot-side temperature. The lowest TEC temperature difference of 30.26℃ is achieved by using only a fan. The minimum hot side of 31.28℃ is achieved with the fan and circulating water model. The minimum cold side can be increased to 0.53℃ with the fan and circulating radiator coolant model. All tests were at vaccine-eligible temperatures. The best COP of 0.14 can be reached in this study.
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Ma, Jiaze, Chen Li, Fuyu Liu, Yufei Wang, Tiecheng Liu, and Xiao Feng. "Optimization of circulating cooling water networks considering the constraint of return water temperature." Journal of Cleaner Production 199 (October 2018): 916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.239.
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Toropov, Alexey L. "Energy efficiency of circulating pumps when using non-freezing heat transfer fluids." Vestnik MGSU, no. 5 (May 2023): 726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2023.5.726-736.
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Introduction. The article considers the issues of operation of circulating pumps of autonomous heat supply systems when the heating circuit is filled with antifreezing coolants. It is possible to remotely start up a heating system cooled down to –15 °С. Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol antifreeze have been studied as antifreeze carriers. Flow-rate characteristics, power efficiency coefficients are studied for “wet rotor” circulation pumps in versions of electric motors of asynchronous type with constant rotor speed and energy-saving pumps on permanent magnets.
 Materials and methods. The research was carried out on test stands. Wall-mounted gas boilers and electric boilers witha rated capacity up to 24 kW were used as heat generators. Circulation motors, control hydraulic valves, part of the pipes with a length of 6 meters were located in a separate freezer. The pumps and parts of the heating circuit were kept at subzero temperatures for 2 hours before the system was started up
 Results. Pressure and flow characteristics of two types of pumps, energy efficiency coefficients were obtained, comparisons with water coolant are provided, the influence of electric network voltage on the investigated parameters was determined.
 Conclusions. The research has shown the possibility of starting circulating pumps in a refrigerated condition with a temperature of –15 °С. Remote start of the cooled heating system with circulation circuit filling with antifreeze when using hydrocarbon fuel boilers is not possible. Operation of heating systems with non-freezing coolants in the operation temperature ranges of 20–80 °C requires changing in settings of the combustion process and a significant increase inthe circulation pump head in comparison with the coolant water.
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Li, Xiaxia, Liming Shen, and Ying Huang. "An experiment to assess the heat transfer performance of thermoelectric-driven conditioned mattress." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201111146l.
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This study sets out to describe the design, construction and testing of thermoelectric-driven conditioned mattress intended to reduce the human-mattress interface temperature, in order to satisfy the personal sleep thermal comfort requirements in hot conditions. A prototype of thermoelectric-driven conditioned mattress is constructed and tested. A series of experimental studies related to the temperature of different cushion layers and time from start-up to stable state have been carried out, specifically to analyze the difference in heat transfer performance of two types of temperature control layers (i.e., integral water cushion and circulating water pipes) in cooling operations. The steady-state results showed that, the type of temperature control layer and pre-set temperature exhibited a remarkable influence on the cooling performance of mattress. The mattress with integral water cushion had a superior cooling performance as compared to mattress with circulating water pipes under similar consitons. Specifically, the upper surface temperature of mattress with integral water cushion at the the pre-set temperature of 20?C, 18?C and 16?C were 1.97?C, 2.46?C and 3.08?C lower than indoor air temperature, respectively. Besides, the temperature contour maps of temperature control layer and upper cushion layer for two types of mattresses were constructed using the bilinear interpolation, respectively, thus expected to provide reference for the untested temperatures in this study. This study aims to effectively evaluate the heat transfer performance of the thermoelectric-driven conditioned mattress, and shows highly practical value in further applications of this system in improving human thermal comfort during sleep.
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Aryani, Titin. "ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR MINUM DALAM KEMASAN (AMDK) DI YOGYAKARTA DITINJAU DARI PARAMETER FISIKA DAN KIMIA AIR." MEDIA ILMU KESEHATAN 6, no. 1 (2019): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30989/mik.v6i1.178.
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Backgroud: Nowadays, bottled water has become the most substitute water for cooking drinking water. Although bottled water seemed attractive, it is crucial to assess its quality.
 Objective: This quantitative study aimed to determine the quality of the 5 brands of bottled water circulating in Yogyakarta, in terms of physical parameters (temperature, smell, taste, color, turbidity, and TDS electroconductivity) and chemical parameters of water (pH, the presence of Cl-ions, and the presence of metals such as Cr, Fe, Zn, Cd).
 Methods: The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The instrument used to determine the quality of bottled water is the standard of drinking water quality standards.
 Result: The results showed that five samples of bottled water circulating in Yogyakarta, are all qualified bottled water both in terms of physical parameters (temperature, smell, taste, color, turbidity, electroconductivity, and TDS) and chemical parameters of water (pH , the presence of Cl-ions, and the presence of metals such as Cr, Fe, Zn, Cd).
 Conclusion: Five samples of bottled water circulating in Yogyakarta were suitable for consumption.
 Keywords: Bottled water, water analysis, water quality, water chemistry parameters
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Li, Bolun, Wei Zhang, Yucheng Li, Zhitao Zhang, Jinyang Dong, and Yunan Cui. "Study on the Temperature and Smoke Movement in the Event of a Fire in a Semiclosed Tunnel under Water Spray." Fire 6, no. 8 (2023): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6080324.
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Semiclosed tunnels are very common in engineering construction. They are not connected, so they easily accumulate heat. Once a fire breaks out in a semiclosed tunnel, the route for rescue workers to enter is limited, so it is tough to get close to the fire source. In this paper, taking a mine excavation roadway with local pressure ventilation as an example, the temperature field distribution and water spray fire prevention characteristics of the excavation roadway face were studied using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. This paper provides an explanation of a dynamics-based smoke management method for water spraying in a semiclosed tunnel as well as the equilibrium relationship between droplet drag force and smoke buoyancy. A method was first developed to calculate the quantity of smoke blockage based on the thickness of the smoke congestion. The local ventilation and smoke movement created a circulating flow in the excavation face, which was discovered by investigating the velocity and temperature fields of the excavation face. The size of the high-temperature area and the pattern of temperature stratification varied due to this circulating flow. When local ventilation and sprinkler systems were operating simultaneously, when the volume of smoke was small, the smoke avoided the majority of the water spray effect with the circulation flow; however, when the volume of smoke was large, the effect of the circulation flow decreased and the smoke gathered close to the sprinkler head. At this time, the blocking effect of the water spray was significant. The mean square error analysis revealed that activating the sprinkler had the most significant cooling impact on the wall on one side of the air duct.
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Chen, Jin Mao, Xiao Ying Sun, Guan Jun Leng, Ru Juan Yi, and Bo Gao. "Improvement of Engine Coolant Ultrasonic Cavitation Apparatus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.574.
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The structure of cast iron specimen and the temperature control unit of the engine coolant ultrasonic cavitation apparatus were improved in this paper. The broken problem of cast iron specimen was solved by split-structure design, which also solved the loose binding problem between specimen and sonotrode. The temperature control unit included a beaker with water circulating jacket, water bath, circulating pump and connection hose. The temperature control unit overcame the difficulty of the temperature control of test coolant solution. More important, the temperature control inside the soundproof box was realized, which avoided the effect of ultrasonic vibration noise on the health of operator. The unit has the characteristics of simple, practical and easy to use.
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Ivanyakov, S. V., and D. A. Kryuchkov. "OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATING PARAMETERS OF OPEN COOLING TOWERS OF THE DOUBLE-CIRCUIT COOLING SYSTEM." Petroleum Engineering 21, no. 1 (2023): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ngdelo-2023-1-153-160.
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The operation of most chemical processes is accompanied by the cooling of various production streams over a wide temperature range using various refrigerants. At cooling temperatures of process streams up to 25 °C, the most common refrigerant is water prepared in circulating water supply systems of petrochemical plants equipped with fan cooling towers, the work of which is considered in the article. Operation of open cooling towers in single-circuit cooling systems is characterized by high economic efficiency with a wide range of thermal capacities. However, drip entrainment of circulating water, entry of production products into the atmosphere, enrichment of circulating water with oxygen followed by growth of microorganisms in water requires a transition to two-circuit systems in which cooling is carried out by a closed-cycle refrigerant cooled by open-cycle water passing through cooling towers. But such changes in cooling systems reduce the economic efficiency of these systems. The analysis of the equipment operation in the open and closed circuits of the cooling system, provided that a number of system parameters are constant (heat load, quality of purification of recuperation heat exchangers of the cooling system, etc.), made it possible to formulate optimization (minimization) of operating costs for water cooling. Taking into account the previously obtained models of pollution growth in recuperation heat exchangers and considering the vector of control parameters of the optimization problem, the main parameter of optimization (mimimization) of operating costs for cooling, which is the cooling temperature of cooling water, was identified. The results of the analysis of the influence of ambient air parameters on the temperature of the produced cooling water in the open cooling towers are also presented, and the calculation of the economic efficiency of the cooling system operation is carried out taking into account seasonal changes in ambient air parameters.
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Petrushchenkov, V. A. "Operating modes of the fuel oil circulation heating system when using water vapor or hot water." E3S Web of Conferences 614 (2025): 01002. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202561401002.
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Circulating heating of fuel oil in railway tanks is carried out, as a rule, with the help of saturated water vapor due to the preparation of a heating stream of fuel oil with a temperature of about 90°C. At the same time, a stream of hot water is also used as a heating coolant. Of interest are the operating characteristics of the fuel oil heater as part of such an installation, depending on the type of heating agent, the temperature of the heated fuel oil, and the steam pressure. The behavior of the existing system of circulating heating of fuel oil of the M100 brand while maintaining the fuel oil flow heater in the form of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger is considered. The basic parameters of the heat exchanger are determined at a saturated water vapor pressure of 1.7 bar, fuel oil temperatures of 40°C at the inlet, 90°C at the outlet. The change of all system parameters while maintaining the initial temperature of fuel oil depending on the amount of its heating is investigated: the heat transfer of fuel oil and steam, their costs, the heat capacity of the heater. The influence of steam pressure on all these parameters has been studied. Changes in the system were determined when water vapor was replaced by a heating water flow with a temperature of 115°C. The calculation method is based on the joint solution of the system of conservation equations, taking into account the criterion equations for the heat transfer of fuel oil in laminar flow and water in turbulent flow, the dependence of the thermophysical properties on the temperature of the flows. The system of equations does not use the approximations used earlier. It is shown that by changing the temperature of the heated fuel oil to 70°C, it is possible to increase the power of the heating oil system to 82% at a steam pressure of 1.7 bar, to 212% when the steam pressure increases to 3 bar, to 21% when replacing steam with hot water with an initial temperature of 115°C, the final temperature of 100°C.
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Alghamdi, Mohammed, Faissal Abdel-Hady, A. Mazher, and Abdulrahim Alzahrani. "Integration of Process Modeling, Design, and Optimization with an Experimental Study of a Solar-Driven Humidification and Dehumidification Desalination System." Processes 6, no. 9 (2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6090163.
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Solar energy is becoming a promising source of heat and power for electrical generation and desalination plants. In this work, an integrated study of modeling, optimization, and experimental work is undertaken for a parabolic trough concentrator combined with a humidification and dehumidification desalination unit. The objective is to study the design performance and economic feasibility of a solar-driven desalination system. The design involves the circulation of a closed loop of synthetic blend motor oil in the concentrators and the desalination unit heat input section. The air circulation in the humidification and dehumidification unit operates in a closed loop, where the circulating water runs during the daytime and requires only makeup feed water to maintain the humidifier water level. Energy losses are reduced by minimizing the waste of treated streams. The process is environmentally friendly, since no significant chemical treatment is required. Design, construction, and operation are performed, and the system is analyzed at different circulating oil and air flow rates to obtain the optimum operating conditions. A case study in Saudi Arabia is carried out. The study reveals unit capability of producing 24.31 kg/day at a circulating air rate of 0.0631 kg/s and oil circulation rate of 0.0983 kg/s. The tradeoff between productivity, gain output ratio, and production cost revealed a unit cost of 12.54 US$/m3. The impact of the circulating water temperature has been tracked and shown to positively influence the process productivity. At a high productivity rate, the humidifier efficiency was found to be 69.1%, and the thermal efficiency was determined to be 82.94%. The efficiency of the parabolic trough collectors improved with the closed loop oil circulation, and the highest performance was achieved from noon until 14:00 p.m.
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Yang, Li, Yunfeng Ren, Zhihua Wang, Zhouming Hang, and Yunxia Luo. "Simulation and Economic Research of Circulating Cooling Water Waste Heat and Water Resource Recovery System." Energies 14, no. 9 (2021): 2496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092496.
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Industrial circulating cooling water contains a large amount of low-quality energy, which is lost to the environment through cooling towers. It is of great significance and potential to recover the waste heat to improve energy-saving effects and economic efficiency. However, the effect of common water harvesting and energy saving devices is not significant. Heat pumps have been shown to be effective in improving low-quality heat energy in energy conversion systems, although there are not many applications of heat pump scenarios in engineering practice. Based on this, a recovery solution of circulating cooling water waste heat and water resource using lithium bromide absorption heat pump has been put forward. The energy-saving performance of the recovery system was simulated and analyzed using Aspen Plus V10.0 (Bedford, MA, USA) to explore the effects of the parameters of the working medium in evaporators, condensers, absorbers, generators, heat exchangers, etc., and the modelling results indicated that the evaporation pressure and temperature have a great influence on the system COP (coefficient of performance) and can raise the thermal economy of the system. The heat from driving steam and heating capacity both increased with the increase in generating temperature, while the increase in temperature difference between evaporation and condensation inhibits the COP of heat pump systems. Furthermore, economic analyses and comparisons of the recovery solutions were conducted and the recovery solution of circulating cooling water waste heat with heat pump had the best economic performance due to the annual income from the recovery of waste heat and water resource. The static payback period results indicate that the recovery solution from circulating cooling water waste heat with a heat pump has better economic performance than the scenario with a cooling tower. The waste heat recovery solution with a heat pump can improve the thermal economy of the system and has a great guiding significance for engineering practice.
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Yang, Jinyan, Yong Xu, Jie Zhou, and Shiqiang Wu. "Reservoir water intake pump house location optimization on water age." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 02051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824602051.
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Reservoir circulating currents and water age is considered to optimize the intake pump house locations. Since the air temperature, water depth and nitrogen and phosphor input is hard to control, to optimize the water age and cycling currents of reservoir by water intake pump house location optimization is one of the most usefully way to control the risk of eutrophication of reservoir by growth inhibition of age.
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Lu, Yesheng, Junning Cui, Jiubin Tan, and Xingyuan Bian. "Quick Response Circulating Water Cooling of ±3 mK Using Dynamic Thermal Filtering." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (2020): 5483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165483.
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An enhanced circulating cooling water (CCW) machine is developed to simultaneously achieve high temperature stability and dynamic performance of CCW temperature control. Dynamic thermal filtering based on an auto-updatable thermal capacity medium is proposed to reduce the temperature fluctuation of the CCW. Agile thermal control is presented to realize a quick response and high resolution of temperature control, through thermal inertia minimization and bidirectional regulation of heating/cooling power. Experimental results indicate that a temperature stability of ±3 mK (peak to peak value) and a settling time of 128 s, corresponding to a 1 K step set value, are achieved. It can therefore be concluded that the developed machine can satisfy the challenging requirements of precision manufacturing.
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Vinceslio, Eric M., Zane Fayos, Aaron Bernadette, and Jan-Michael Van Gent. "Expeditionary Immersion Circulating Heating Device: A Promising Technique for Treating Frostbite Injuries and Warming Intravenous Fluids in a Forward Deployed Cold Weather Environment." Military Medicine 185, no. 11-12 (2020): e2039-e2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa213.
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Abstract Introduction Cold weather injuries require prompt warm water immersion therapy, which proves to be a difficult task in the cold austere environment. Current guidelines recommend 104 °F water immersion, but producing and maintaining large volumes of warm water is challenging in sub-freezing temperatures. We describe a novel process of utilizing a sous vide immersion circulator to maintain warm fluids for immersion therapy and efficient fluid rewarming in a cold forward-deployed setting for the treatment of cold weather injuries in an effort to bridge the gap between current medical guidelines and practices. Materials and Methods Large water cans were warmed to 104 °F with the immersion circulator. A thermometer was inserted into a 1-inch steak, frozen to 30 °F, and placed in a basin with only the warmed water while the internal temperature was monitored until physiologic temperature was achieved. The time to this endpoint was recorded. A 1-L bag of normal saline and a 450-mL bag of whole blood were also separately warmed by the same technique. The temperature of the normal saline was monitored at 0-, 5-, 7-, 8-, 9-, and 10 -minute intervals. The process was similarly repeated, measuring the whole blood temperature at 0-, 5-, 7-, and 10-minute intervals. Results Ambient internal tent temperatures averaged 54 °F; outdoor temperatures were consistently sub-freezing. The 5-gallon cans of water at ambient temperature heated to 104 °F in 15 minutes. The water temperature remained constant for 3 weeks with the circulator running. The frozen steak started at 30 °F and reached 98 °F in 52 minutes and 45 seconds. The bag of normal saline and whole blood, refrigerated to 39 °F, achieved temperatures of 102 °F and 94 °F respectively after 10 minutes. Conclusion A heating immersion circulator device is a lightweight, flameless, and inexpensive way to consistently heat large volumes of water for treatment of cold weather injuries, hypothermia, and whole blood rewarming in a cold austere environment.
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Bosak, Mykola, Oleksandr Hvozdetskyi, Bohdan Pitsyshyn, and Serhii Vdovychuk. "THE RESEARCH OF CIRCULATION WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF POWER UNIT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WITH HELLER COOLING TOWER." Theory and Building Practice 2020, no. 2 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2020.02.001.
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Analytical hydraulic researches of the circulating water cooling system of the power unit of a thermal power plant with Heller cooling tower have been performed. Analytical studies were performed on the basis of experimental data obtained during the start-up tests of the circulating water cooling system of the “Hrazdan-5” power unit with a capacity of 300 MW. Studies of the circulating water cooling system were carried out at an electric power of the power unit of 200 - 299 MW, with a thermal load of 320 - 396 Gcal/hr. By circulating pumps (CP), water mixed with condensate is fed to the cooling tower, from where it is returned through the turbine for spraying by nozzles in the turbine steam condenser. An attempt to increase the water supply to the condenser by increasing the size of the nozzles did not give the expected results. The amount of the water supply to the circulating pumping station depends on the pressure loss in the circulating water cooling system. The highest pressure losses are in hydro turbines (HT), which are part of the circulating pumping station. Therefore, by adjusting the load of the hydro turbine, with a decrease in water pressure losses, you can increase the water supply by circulating pumps to the condenser. Experimental data and theoretical dependences were used to calculate the changed hydraulic characteristics of the circulating water cooling system. As a result of reducing the pressure losses in the section of the hydro turbine from 1.04 to 0.15 kgf/cm2, the dictating point for the pressure of circulating pumping station will be the turbine steam condenser. The thermal power plant cooling tower is designed to service two power units. Activation of the peak cooler sectors of the cooling tower gives a reduction of the cooled water temperature by 2-4 °С only with the spraying system.
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Du, Zhehua. "Variable operating conditions characteristics of circulating wheel dehumidification air conditioning system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2520, no. 1 (2023): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2520/1/012034.
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Abstract For its efficient application of low-grade energy, the circulating wheel dehumidification air conditioning system has received a lot of attention and research in response to the shared challenges of environmental protection, energy conservation, and low carbon. Desiccant wheel dehumidification air conditioning systems can recycle waste heat as a desiccant wheel regeneration heat source and improve air quality, which is expected to achieve low energy consumption and high-efficiency dehumidification. The desiccant wheel dehumidification air conditioning system is divided into a treatment air channel and a regenerative air channel. Treated air is directly sent to the air conditioning room after dehumidification and cooling, and regenerative air is directly discharged to the outdoors after the completion of regeneration. Therefore, a new type of recirculated desiccant wheel dehumidification air conditioning system is established. In this paper, the experimental study of the circulating regeneration wheel dehumidification air conditioning system is carried out. Dehumidification characteristics under variable working conditions are quantified and studied. Compared with the water cooling unit, the dehumidification rate of the new circulating wheel air conditioning system is improved effectively. The effects of different treated air temperatures (28 °C–40 °C) and treated air relative humidity (50%–85%) are obtained. The experiment shows that the proposed air conditioning system can effectively improve the dehumidification rate compared with the conventional direct condensation of seawater. Under the same circulating shunt coefficient, the system dehumidification rate increases gradually with the increase of the temperature and humidity of the treated air and the temperature of the reclaimed air. The dehumidification rate has an optimal value, and the corresponding optimal circulation shunt coefficient is 50%–75%, which decreases with the increase of the temperature and humidity of treated air and increases with the increase of the temperature of regenerated air.
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Jiang, Li-li, Hai-Tao Yu, Lie-fei Pei, and Xin-gang Hou. "The Effect of Temperatures on the Synergistic Effect between a Magnetic Field and Functionalized Graphene Oxide-Carbon Nanotube Composite for Pb2+ and Phenol Adsorption." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (July 30, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9167938.
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The effect of temperature on scale inhibition and adsorption properties for Pb2+ and phenol was studied under the synergistic effect of the magnetic field and the adsorbent. The sulfhydryl and amino-modified graphene oxide/oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (NH2-SH-GO/o-MWCNTs) were synthesized and applied as the adsorbent. Additionally, changes in pH, conductivity, molecular activation energy, the relative variation of intramolecular energy and the relative variation in the proportion of free water, and adsorption capacity of the adsorbent were studied under different temperatures of circulating water. The relative variation of the proportion of free water increased with the increasing temperatures. The above results indicated that higher temperature would be detrimental to scale inhibition. The higher the temperatures, the lower the intramolecular energies. And the more stable molecules are formed in the circulating water. Thus, the results reduced the tendency to scale formation. The increased temperatures promoted the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for Pb2+ and phenol. The adsorption process for Pb2+ and phenol conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model under the synergistic effect of magnetic field and NH2-SH-GO/MWCNTs. After five cycles, the adsorption capacities of the adsorbent for Pb2+ and phenol separately decreased by 59.86% and 76.36%. The aforementioned results reveal that temperatures can promote the adsorption process for Pb2+ and phenol, and the synergistic effect between magnetic field and the adsorbent has a potential application for water treatment.
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Li, Yang, and Xiu Juan Liang. "Research for Water Quality Problems of Power Plant Circulating Cooling Water Source Heat Pump System in the Cold and Severe Cold Regions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.399.
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In the northern cold areas, the circulating cooling water contains a large number of low temperature waste heat.Cold and heat sources can be used as a heat pump heating to the building. The experiment shows that the system has significant economic, energy conservation and environmental value. This article describes the plant circulating cooling water source heat pump system, water quality, corrosion and fouling problems, and solve these problems need to pay attention.
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Tang, Zhen, Zhilong Zhao, Ke Zhao, et al. "Water Based Mn-Zn Magnetic Fluid Heat Dissipation Capacity Testing Platform." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2694, no. 1 (2024): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2694/1/012010.
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Abstract Manganese zinc magnetic fluid is a temperature sensitive magnetic fluid that can regulate its flow behavior using temperature and magnetic fields. However, there is currently no testing platform for evaluating the heat dissipation ability of this magnetic fluid working fluid by coupling temperature and magnetic fields. This article establishes two experimental testing platforms for applying magnetic fields, namely a circulating pipeline and a temperature equalization plate. Compared with deionized water, evaluate the average temperature and heat dissipation ability of water-based manganese zinc magnetic fluid. The test results show that the heat dissipation start time of the manganese zinc magnetic fluid loop pipe is better than that of deionized water. Under the action of magnetic field (500Gs), the average temperature of the circulating pipeline decreases by 7.2% (heat source power 15W); Under the action of a magnetic field (3000Gs), the thermal resistance of the homogenizing plate (filled with 48% water-based manganese zinc magnetic fluid) decreases by about 16.7% (heat source power 140W). The water-based manganese zinc magnetic fluid working fluid exhibits better heat transfer performance than the deionized water working fluid under high heat source power. The experimental results prove that the designed water-based manganese zinc magnetic fluid working fluid heat dissipation capacity testing platform has reliable experimental quantification results.
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Ahn, Chang Hyuk, Saeromi Lee, Ho Myeon Song, Jae Roh Park, and Jin Chul Joo. "Assessment of Water Quality and Thermal Stress for an Artificial Fish Shelter in an Urban Small Pond during Early Summer." Water 11, no. 1 (2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010139.
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: This study evaluated water quality variations in an artificial deep pool (ADP), which is an underground artificial structure built in a shallow pond as a fish shelter. The water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured on an hourly basis in the open space and inside the ADP, and a phenomenological study was performed, dividing seasons into normal and rainy seasons and environments into stagnant and circulating conditions. The results showed that the water quality parameters inside the ADP exhibit lower fluctuations and diurnal variations compared with the open space. On average, the water temperature inside the ADP is lower than outside it by 1.7–3.7 °C in stagnant conditions, and by 0.6–0.7 °C in circulating conditions during early summer. Thermal stratification occurs inside the ADP but is temporarily disturbed due to the mixing from the forced circulation and the rainwater input through rainfall events. The ADP provided a constant and optimal water temperature for living and spawning for bitterling (i.e., 15.0–21.0 °C), which dominated in experimental pond during spring to summer. Most importantly, the ADP was able to significantly reduce the thermal stress of the fish in the study site, and as a result, the bitterling, a cool water fish species, could successfully become dominant. Finally, the deployment of the ADP appears to provide a practical alternative for effective fishery resources management to improve species diversity and fish communities in an artificial freshwater ecosystem (garden pond, park pond, other artificial wetlands, etc.).
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Sailani, Sunaina. "TO STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR WATER HEATER PV CELLS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 3 (2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i3.2018.188.
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In this study we are obtaining the maximum temperature of solar water heater using of PV cells. The flat plate solar water heater are consisting using several parts such as collector , flat plate glass , circulating pump, PV cells , frame . The centrifugal pump is operated by PV Cells. Water temperature is measured by digital temperature meter. Hot water is storage in container. The most elements of these are a clear front cover, collector housing associated an absorbent material.
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Usmonov, N., Sh Sanayev, and Z. Yusupov. "CALCULATION OF TEMPERATURE OF ROUTINE WATER COOLED IN IRRIGATED LAYERS." Technical science and innovation 2019, no. 3 (2019): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.19.3.-77-0036.
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The article describes the developed mathematical model, algorithm and program for calculating the process of cooling the water leaving the evaporative cooler and the final temperature of humid air. The compilation of a mathematical model is based on the analysis of literature data. Practically at all industrial enterprises, technological equipment is cooled by means of circulating water supply systems equipped with evaporative coolers. The article made a choice of a cooling system for air conditioning systems of residential premises. The developed basic design scheme of the evaporative water and air cooler with the irrigated layer is presented, as well as the estimated thermal and material balance. One of the main elements of these devices is a heat-mass transfer nozzle - sprinkler. This article presents the results of mathematical modeling of processes occurring in the volume of the sprinkler evaporator chamber, Raschig rings composed of vertical polymeric materials. Expressions are obtained for determining the values of air temperature based on the calculation of thermal modeling of the process of cooling circulating water in evaporative coolers of the type in question.
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Harpen, Romario Van, Purwantono Purwantono, Budi Syahri, and Rizky Ema Wulansari. "Rancang Bangun Circulating System Water Heater dengan Sumber Panas Solar Cell." ARZUSIN 3, no. 5 (2023): 646–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58578/arzusin.v3i5.1774.
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The use of solar energy is very important to increase today because solar energy is renewable energy and also does not cause pollution, but solar collector equipment is still needed to convert solar energy into heat energy. This study aims to analyze the heat transfer in the flat plate solar collector which is used as a source of thermal energy in the water heating process for bathing. A solar collector is used to absorb solar thermal energy and then transfer it to a water pipe. The pipe material uses copper which has a very high conductivity value with an outer diameter of 5/8 '' (15.7 mm). The collector plate uses aluminum plates, because aluminum plates are quite high heat conductors. The dimensions of the box / collector frame are 150 cm long, 80 cm wide and 80 cm high. The collector frame is made of steel, with an angle of 15 ˚ of the tool. The results of the study in sunny weather conditions 46.8 c, then the results in the form of sunny cloudy weather produce an outflow water temperature of 44.3 c and finally the results data collection in the form of cloudy weather the results obtained are 38.3 c. Based on the experimental process, the collector temperature was taken using a thermocouple,heat the water to the initial temperature in a bucket of 28˚c and the temperature of the water out during the study to produce 40˚c.
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Zhu, Dong, Hongwen Jing, Qian Yin, and Guansheng Han. "Experimental Study on the Damage of Granite by Acoustic Emission after Cyclic Heating and Cooling with Circulating Water." Processes 6, no. 8 (2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6080101.
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Hot dry rock is developed by injecting cold water into high-temperature rock mass. At the same time, cold water is heated in contact with the rock mass. With the continuous influx of cold water, the surrounding rock will undergo a rapid cooling process, which results in several cycles of heating and cooling. However, there is little research on the influence of cycles of heating and cooling with circulating water on the mechanical properties of rock, which is of great importance to the stability of rock mass engineering in the process of energy development. In this paper, the effects of cyclic heating and cooling with circulating water on the damage of granite are studied using uniaxial compressive, Brazilian and acoustic emission (AE) tests. The results show that heat treatment temperature and number of cycles have important effects on the mechanical properties of granite as follows: (1) at the same treatment temperature, an increase in the number of cycles means that the distribution of physical and mechanical parameters of the granite show an almost exponential downward trend. The uniaxial compression of granite results in its transformation from brittle to plastic, and the failure mode changes from slipping of the shear surface to plastic failure. With increased cycles of heating and cooling with circulating water, the tensile strength of granite also decreases; temperature has an obvious influence on physical and mechanical parameters, cracking of samples, and plays a controlling role in the failure mode of samples. In addition, (2) at the same temperature, the heating and cooling numbers N have a significant influence on the AE distribution characteristics of the sample under uniaxial compression and the number of AE collisions, and the cumulative number of AE decreases with the increase of N. (3) The concepts of mechanical damage and high-temperature and cold-water shock damage during uniaxial compression of samples were proposed based on AE, and the damage equations were established respectively. The curve equations of damage value (D) and cycle numbers N after thermal shock damage of high temperature and cold water were overlaid. The cracking mechanism of high-temperature and cold water impact on granite was analyzed, and the thermal shock stress equation of high temperature and water cooling was established.
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Qin, Pan Pan, Hui Chen, Li Li Chen, Zhen Qu, Lu Ning Yu, and Shi Kui Liu. "Utilization of Waste Heat of Circulating Cooling Water in Hot-Stamping Power System." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 1829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1829.
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This paper studies the possibility of using heat pump instead of cooling tower to decrease temperature and recover waste heat of circulating cooling water of power system. Making use of heat transfer theory the paper carried on analysis and calculation about recoverable waste heat of circulating cooling water in hot-stamping power system which includes hot-stamping, closing in and extrusion intermediate frequency induction furnace. The results show that the whole process can recover calories which is 2.642×106kJ per hour.Using the recycled calories can make 15.82 tons hot water per hour which is 60°C. This research shows that using heat pump to recover the waste heat of circulating cooling water is effectual.