Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Circulation cérébrale'
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Clavier, Nathalie. "La Régulation de la circulation cérébrale dans les pathologies de réanimation." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA11T058.
Full textLe, Mée Fabrice. "Protection cérébrale par perfusion cérébrale sélective dans la chirurgie de la crosse aortique." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR23013.
Full textNourhashemi, Mina. "Analyse multimodale du couplage neurovasculaire chez le nouveau-né." Thesis, Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0059/document.
Full textNeurovascular coupling (NVC) has become the key aspect for understanding brain function. A multimodal exploration would aim to identify the early NVC biomarkers and determine their predictive character. Paper (1): In this chapter, the photothermal interaction of NIR laser on human tissues were modelled in silico. The results demonstrated the safety of the noninvasive optical evaluation of the brain function and the maximum temperature increase was higher in the neonatal brain than in the adult brain. Paper (2 & 3): The main purpose of this thesis was to provide a multimodal view of the NVC and cerebrovascular regulation in the neonatal premature brain. Paper (2): Key findings included that rCBV and rCMRO2 have a predominant driving influence on rCBF at the resting-state in the preterm neonatal brain. Paper (3): The bursts of electroencephalographic activity in neonates in resting state were found to be coupled to a transient hemodynamic response involving different types of hemodynamic response including: (a) positive stereotyped hemodynamic responses (increases in HbO, decreases in HbR together with increases in CBF and CMRO2), (b) negative hemodynamic responses (increases in HbR, decreases in HbO together with decreases in CBF and CMRO2), (c) Increases and decreases in both HbO-HbR and CMRO2 together with no changes in CBF. The establishment of neurovascular coupling system was observed as a function of age. High coherence was observed between the cerebral hemodynamic (vascular) and electrical (neuronal) oscillations which was less in the non-encephalopathic newborns than in the two pathological groups
Chérif-Fakhfakh, Sarra. "Etudes expérimentale et numérique de l'écoulement du sang dans la macrocirculation cérébrale en pathologie carotidienne." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30231.
Full textChuquet, Julien. "Etude de l'implication de l'endothéline et de l'urotensine-II dans la circulation cérébrale et l'ischémie cérébrale focale chez le rat." Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN2083.
Full textNasr, Nathalie. "L' autorégulation dynamique de la circulation cérébrale : étude physiopathologique dans les situations à risque cérébrovasculaire." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1469/.
Full textAutoregulation of cerebral blood flow is a homeostatic mechanism which limits the variations of cerebral blood flow when the arterial blood pressure (ABP) changes. The so-called static autoregulation refers to stability of cerebral blood flow when ABP is increased or reduced in a steady fashion on prolonged periods of time. The dynamic approach of cerebral autoregulation is based on the analysis of the rapid adaptive response of cerebral arteries to acute changes in ABP to restore cerebral blood flow to baseline. We assessed dynamic cerebral autoregulation (DCA) in three situations associated with an increased risk of cerebral ischemia: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Type 1 diabetes with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, and stenosis and occlusions of the cervical carotid artery due to atherosclerosis. DCA was assessed from slow changes in mean cerebral blood flow velocity and mean ABP which were analysed over time using a custom-made validated algorithm. We found a significant impairment of DCA in the three pathological situations that we addressed. In obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, DCA impairment was probably caused by the residual impact of hypercapnia because it correlated to the apnea-hypopnea index. In type 1 diabetes, DCA impairment correlated to the severity of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. In atherosclerotic stenosis and occlusions of the cervical carotid artery, DCA impairment inversely correlated to baroreflex sensitivity. In type 1 diabetes with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and in carotid atherosclerosis, our results suggest that sympathetic activity enhances DCA. Our research shows that the pathological situations and pathways that can alter DCA are numerous. The physiopathological changes associated with these medical situations can explain a reduction in cerebral vasomotor tone which is responsible for DCA impairment. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of DCA impairment on stroke risk
Chassagnon, Serge. "Imagerie de perfusion des crises épileptiques temporo-limbiques : zones épileptogènes et non épileptogènes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2006/CHASSAGNON_Serge_2006.pdf.
Full textTo assess the contribution of the ictal SPECT to the definition of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) prior to surgery in focal drug-resistant epilepsies, we investigated the effect of the variability of clinical and technical parameters upon patterns of perfusion, that could account for ictal cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes beyond the EZ. We studied CBF patterns in a rat model of amygdala-kindled seizures to assess the influence of the timing of injection of the tracer and the extent of seizure spread, with respect to a control group (interictal CBF measurements in kindled rats), during secondary generalized (SGS, n=26 fully-kindled rats) and focal seizures (FS, n=19 partially kindled rats), in 29 regions of interest, with the quantitative [14C]-iodoantipyrine autoradiographic method. During SGS, the correct lateralization and localization of the focus within limbic structures was only possible at early ictal and post-ictal times, in between we observed widespread rCBF increases. The switch from hyper to hypoperfusion was observed at the time of late ictal injection. The accurate localization of the EZ was obtained for the study of the more FS (stage 0). At stage 1 of the kindling, there was already widespread spreading of hyperperfusion. In humans, we studied 26 pairs of ictal and interictal SPECTs from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, classified in 3 groups according to the progression of ictal semiology. Using visual analysis of subtracted SPECTs (SISCOM) and group comparisons with a control group (using SPM), we observed more widespread combined hyper and hypoperfusion with the increasing complexity and duration of seizures at the time of the ictal SPECT. In the first group with motionless seizures, SISCOM analysis allowed correct localization of the focus in 4/8 patients, whereas SPM analysis failed to detect significant changes, due to individual variation, spatial normalization and small magnitude of CBF changes. In seizures with impairement of consciousness and automatisms (group 2) and dystonic posturing (group 3), SISCOM and SPM analysis showed antero-mesial temporal hyperperfusion (overlapping the EZ), extending to the insula, basal ganglia, and thalamus in the third group. Ictal hypoperfusion involved pre-frontal and parietal regions, the anterior and posterior cingulate gyri, with a greater extent in the 3rd group. In both human and animals studies, we observed a positive correlation between the spatial extent of composite patterns of hyper/hypoperfusion and the severity of seizures, as well as the recruitment of remote sub-cortical structures. We suggest that ictal purposeless human motor automatisms in MTLE results from the hypoactivity of the above mentioned set of hypoperfused areas, whose role in perceptual decision making and motor planning is transiently disrupted under the effect of hyperactive temporo-limbic structures
Callebert, Jacques. "Implication de l'adénosine et de la prostacycline dans la régulation métabolique de la circulation cérébrale." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P503.
Full textDesjardins, Michèle. "Imagerie multimodale des corrélats vasculaires du vieillissement cérébral." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066774.
Full textSeveral decades of research have demonstrated that aging affects a multitude of components in the brain. In particular, evidence is accumulating on the relation between brain function and vascular health, including cerebral blood flow (CBF), which decreases with age, and cardiopulmonary health which could correlate with cognitive performance according to some studies. Several brain imaging techniques commonly used in research, such as the blood oxygenation level dependent signal in magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI), are based on the vascular correlates of neural activity. This makes them suitable tools for the study of the vascular effects of aging, which directly influence the measured signals. This thesis used several imaging modalities based on hemodynamics to study the effects of aging on the brain at different spatial scales, in humans and in an animal model, the rat. Initially, two-photon microscopy was used to measure the velocity of red blood cells (RBCs), the diameter and the density of capillaries and the local hematocrit in nearly 1000 capillaries in 12 young (3 months-old) and 12 aged anesthetized Long-Evans rats (24 months-old). We measured higher RBCs velocity and diameter in the capillaries of aged rats (by 48 and 7 % respectively), while the hematocrit and volumetric capillary density were lower (by 32 and 20 %). These results suggest that the decrease in CBF with age is due primarily to a decrease in vascular density. Second, MRI and time-resolved spectroscopy were used to measure the CBF, oxygenation (sO2) and total hemoglobin concentration (HbT) in the brains of young (18-30 years-old) and elderly (62-72 years-old) humans, in addition to the response to a cognitive Stroop task in terms of BOLD and CBF. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by a VO2max test. In the left prefrontal cortex activated by the Stroop task, we measured lower values of CBF (by 19%), sO2 (by 6%) and HbT (by 21%) in the elderly. In the older group, measures of sO2 were correlated with Stroop task cognitive performance and with VO2max, while CBF and HbT were not. These results suggest a protective effect of physical activity on cognitive health in aging, mediated by an improvement in cerebral oxygenation. Finally, the same groups of young and old rats were subjected to a vasodilating stimulus, hypercapnia, for measuring the hemodynamic response with several imaging modalities. The data demonstrated a decrease in the hemodynamic response to hypercapnia in terms of CBF, HbT and HbO (oxygenated hemoglobin) in aged rats, suggesting decreased vascular reactivity
Bossuet, Philippe. "Simulation in vitro de la macrocirculation cérébrale en pathologie carotidienne : comparaison aux données de la simulation numérique." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT060H.
Full textVoicu, Sebastian. "Arrêt cardiaque réfractaire aux traitements pharmacologiques : quelle solution proposer pour améliorer la circulation systémique et cérébrale." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC076/document.
Full textThe doctoral dissertation « Cardiac arrest refractory to pharmacological treatments : what solution to propose to improve systemic and cerebral circulation ? » showed that circulatory function improvement can be achieved at several stages of the management of cardiac arrest patients. The first study of the dissertation, a double randomization experimental study, showed that extracorporeal life support - ECLS type circulatory assistance improves mortality in refractory cardiac arrest in pigs, and intravenous administration of epinephrine during prolonged resuscitation does not improve survival.The second study showed that cannulation for ECLS can be performed rapidly by the percutaneous technique using echography guidance and stiff wires in the catheterization laboratory in refractory cardiac arrest patients allowing for ECLS initiation in centres with catheterization laboratories but without cardiovascular surgery.The third study found that circulatory shock and arterial pH<7.11 are prognostic criteria identifying patients who, after a cardiac arrest, have return of spontaneous circulation but are at risk of death from circulatory failure refractory to catecholamine treatment.The fourth study showed that hemodynamic stabilization by ECLS can be followed by a better recovery of the left ventricular function by modulating afterload using a pulsatile device lowering ECLS output during systole.Finally, optimization of the cerebral circulation requires besides optimization of the systemic circulation, the control of the interaction between carbon dioxyde partial pressure and cerebral circulatory output, which is improved by normalizing carbon dioxyde partial pressure in pH-stat strategy. This strategy measures partial pressure of carbon dioxyde at the real temperature of the patients instead of the theoretical 37° reference temperature as in alpha-stat strategy.All these results can be applied at different stages of the management of cardiac arrest patients and may improve their prognosis
Macé, Emilie. "Développement d'une nouvelle modalité d'imagerie fonctionnelle cérébrale et étude de l'élasticité du cerveau par ultrasons." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077212.
Full textIn this thesis, we investigate the possible contribution of ultrafast ultrasound imaging in neuroimaging. Ultrafast imaging is a technique using plane wave emissions to acquire ultrasonic images at high frame rate (~ 20 kHz). First, we developed a new brain functional imaging modality called functional ultrasound (fUS) that can image the whole brain at high spatiotemporal resolution (100 μm, 200 ms). For that, we combined ultrafast imaging and synthetic focusing in emission to increase the sensitivity of Doppler imaging by a factor 100 and thus to detect blood flow in cerebral microvessels whose dynamics is linked to local neuronal activity. We validated fUS by mapping in vivo the brain activation induced by various sensory stimuli. Then, we were able to follow by fUS the dynamics of an epileptic seizure, a pathology very challenging for imaging up to now. Finally, we designed a fUS sequence with higher temporal resolution (30 ms) to observe the effect of pulsatility on cerebral blood flow. In a second step, we adapted the "Supersonic Shear Imaging" technique based on ultrafast imaging to map brain elasticity. We then applied it to a rat model of transient cerebral ischemia. We observed for the first time the softening of ischemic tissue and, simultaneously, we followed the stroke impact on brain microvascularization with our new Doppler mode. These new modes are promising not only in neuroscience research but also for their clinical applications in pediatry and neurosurgery
Labrecque, Lawrence. "Influence du sexe sur l'autorégulation cérébrale dynamique chez des individus actifs et en santé." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32549.
Full textAccumulating evidence supports the notion that there are sexual differences in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), notably for resting CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide. Plus, very few studies have attempted to assess sexual differences in cerebral autoregulation (CA), a crucial determinant relating mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CBF [evaluated via mean blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery [MCAv)]. All the studies examining sex influence on CA during either sit-to-stand (StS) or squat-stand maneuvers were done in older populations or by examining static CA (i.e. comparison of steady-state variables). Plus, most metrics quantifying the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory response have a limited ability to characterize each other and comparisons between studies using diverse analytical techniques can produce variable physiological interpretations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of sex on the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity in a young and healthy population using a multiple assessment strategy and hemodynamic stressors (StS, transfer function analysis of spontaneous and forced MAP and MCAv oscillations). We also examined the degree to which dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity was related to the prevalence of initial orthostatic hypotension, in order to appreciate whether the potential impact of sex on dynamic cerebral autoregulatory denotes a functional outcome. Our results indicate a reduced ability of women’s cerebrovasculature to react to large and rapid changes in MAP. However, these subtle impairments did not appear sufficient enough to represent a functional impairment of the female cerebrovasculature.
Combes, Philippe. "Interactions entre alcalose hypocapnique et inhibiteurs calciques sur les vascularisations cérébrale et systémique chez l'homme." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1H235.
Full textGrenier-Boley, Bruno. "Métabolisme et circulation cérébrale après traumatisme cranio-cérébral grave : revue de la littérature et introduction à une nouvelle technologie : le monitorage continu de la saturation en oxygène." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR23072.
Full textFoulquier, Sébastien. "Récepteurs AT1-AT2 de l'angiotensine II et propriétés particulières des antagonistes AT1 sur la circulation cérébrale chez le rat." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0002.
Full textThe Renin Angiotensin System plays a major role in cerebral circulation. AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) afford protection against cerebrovascular complications that go beyond that to be expected from their blood pressure lowering action. Several mechanisms could explain such beneficial effects. Firstly, by blocking AT1 receptors, ARBs promote AT2 receptor stimulation by angiotensin II. The beneficial effect related to stimulation of AT2 receptors (vasodilation) counterbalances the deleterious actions of AT1 receptors stimulation. Changes in this ratio may then alter cerebral circulation. We demonstrated that the AT1- AT2 ratio is modified at the cerebrovascular level during high salt intake, which is a risk factor for stroke. The AT2-mediated vasodilation of pial arterioles is abolished. Secondly, some ARBs act as partial agonists of PPAR-gamma. Such an activity, which has been demonstrated to protect extracerebral vessels, could also be beneficial for cerebral circulation. Our results showed that PPAR-gamma activation improves ARB effects on cerebral circulation (arteriolar diameter, angiotensin II reactivity). The underlying mechanisms could imply functional regulation of AT1-AT2 receptors without any change in expression status. AT2 receptor stimulation and PPAR-gamma activity are two special properties of ARBs. These properties could contribute to the cerebroprotection induced by ARBs, beyond the AT1-receptor blockade. Development of new molecules with AT1-receptor blockade and PPAR-gamma activity could take part into the future therapeutic management of hypertension, providing a better cerebrovascular protection
Dupuis, François. "Implication du système rénine angiotensine aldostérone dans les altérations de la circulation cérébrale au cours de l'hypertension artérielle chronique." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0212_DUPUIS.pdf.
Full textLauwers, Frédéric. "Etude quantitative tridimensionnelle du réseau micro-vasculaire du cortex cérébral humain." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/173/.
Full textDetailed information on microvascular network anatomy is a requirement for understanding several aspects of microcirculation, including interpretation of haemodynamically based functional imaging methods, but very few quantitative data on the human brain microcirculation are available. The main objective of this study is to propose a new method to analyze this microcirculation. From thick sections of India ink-injected human brain, using confocal laser microscopy, the author developed algorithms adapted to very large data sets to automatically extract and analyze centre lines together with diameters of thousands of brain microvessels within a large cortex area. From this database the global densities, the statistical distributions of diameters and lengths were analysed, separating the tree-like and the net-like parts of the microcirculation. The topological structure of the cerebral arterioles and venules is tree-like, while that of the capillaries is net-like. Because of this essential difference in nature, the topology of these branching or mesh structures must be analyzed separately. To extract a vascular tree from the skeleton, we identified its origin in the sulcus and traced automatically all the paths from this origin through vessels in which resistance to flow is lower than a prescribed value. The branching pattern of the arteriolar and venous trees extracted is best described by the diameter defined Strahler system. Furthermore, our analysis included variations in volume density along the cortical depth and along vectors parallel to the cortical surface. It appears that spatial specificity of fMRI signals at an intracortical level could profit from precise quantitative evaluation of the vascular network suggested by the present anatomic study
Stoquart-El, Sankari Souraya. "Cerebral hydrodynamics imaging : from physiology to pathology." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIED003.
Full textProisy, Maïa. "Étude de la perfusion cérébrale par Arterial Spin Labeling en IRM à 1.5T chez le nouveau-né et l’enfant." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B052/document.
Full textPhysiological changes in overall and regional cerebral perfusion are related to age and neurocognitive development. Brain perfusion in the pediatric population can be assessed using a number of imaging techniques. Two literature reviews were undertaken and published on this topic: one based on brain perfusion imaging techniques in neonates, and the other based on the ASL technique in the pediatric population and its clinical applications. The Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI perfusion sequence is one of the most suitable imaging techniques for children given that the procedure is non-irradiating and non-invasive (without exogenous contrast agent injection). There are many emerging cerebral perfusion imaging applications for children due to the highly convenient implementation of the ASL sequence, which can be easily incorporated into standard brain MRI protocols following acquisition of morphological images. Certain technical adjustments to the imaging parameters are required to account for the fundamental differences between the pediatric and adult populations. Measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) in neonates and children using ASL therefore requires a number of adaptations to acquisition and related parameters.The processing of ASL data also requires specific adaptations, in particular regarding the automated segmentation of brain tissues, and the parameters used for CBF quantification models. The processing pipeline for both anatomical and perfusion images that had been previously developed by our team for adult data was adapted firstly for children and secondly for neonates. These two populations notably have specific age-related concerns; in particular the signal-to-noise ratio of ASL is very good in children, but much less so in neonates, and the morphological images have inverted contrast due to incomplete myelination at birth. Following adaptation of the processing pipeline, several studies were completed (2 original articles published and 1 under review), showing the clinical benefits of studying cerebral perfusion in three situations: first physiological changes in cerebral perfusion in children between 6 months and 15 years; secondly changes in cerebral perfusion in children with a first attack of migraine with aura; and lastly changes in brain perfusion between day of life 3 and day of life 10 in asphyxiated neonates. Following adaptation of the processing pipeline, several studies were completed (2 original articles published and 1 under review), showing the clinical benefits of studying cerebral perfusion in three situations: first physiological changes in cerebral perfusion in children between 6 months and 15 years; secondly changes in cerebral perfusion in children with a first attack of migraine with aura; and lastly changes in brain perfusion between day of life 3 and day of life 10 in asphyxiated neonates. Several studies are still in progress, and these present new image processing challenges, involving, for example, children with neurosurgical conditions and morphological changes in the brain, or premature babies, in line with the work undertaken for this thesis
Leger, Pierre-Louis. "Dysfonctions neurovasculaires et mitochondriales dans un modèle néonatal d'ischémie cérébrale focale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833157.
Full textDauphin, François. "Innervation cholinergique des vaisseaux sanguins cérébraux : origines possibles, pharmacologie et physiologie." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P615.
Full textBouressam, Marie Lynda. "Importance de la S-nitrosation des récepteurs cérébrovasculaires de l’angiotensine II." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0067/document.
Full textStroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, the development of new therapeutics is thus urgent. Two actors play a major role in the regulation of cerebral circulation: nitric oxide (NO) and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The first chapter of this manuscript focuses on NO, its role and its signaling pathways. We present the available NO donors as well as those in development. Dinitrosobucillamine, a new NO donor developed in our team, is evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The second part of the introduction focuses on RAS and its preponderant role in blood pressure maintenance and cerebrovascular regulation. We present the angiotensin II (AngII) receptors, AT1 and AT2 responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation of cerebral arteries, respectively. Finally, the last part presents the regulation of AngII receptors by NO, in particular through S-nitrosation of the receptors, the covalent bound between NO and cysteine residues. We present the work of Leclerc, showing that exposure of cells overexpressing AT1 to NO causes a decrease in AngII affinity for AT1 (Leclerc et al., 2006). The second chapter is devoted to the experimental studies. The objective of this work is to study the importance of AngII receptor S-nitrosation at the cerebrovascular level. First, we address the current problematic concerning the nonspecificity of anti-AT1 antibodies. We show here that the new monoclonal anti-AT1 antibody, which is supposed to be more specific, does not recognize AT1 in western blot and immunofluorescence, making its use impossible. We then make a pharmacological demonstration of S-nitrosation effects on AngII receptors. We show that exposure to NO donors (S-nitrosoglutathione or sodium nitroprusside) specifically abolishes AT1-mediated vasoconstriction compared to other vasoconstrictors sharing or not its signaling pathway. Moreover, this exposure also abolishes AT1-mediated AngII-independent myogenic tone, suggesting an alteration on the receptor itself. We also show that this effect (i) does not depend on endogenous NO, (ii) is mediated by S-nitrosation rather than by the cGMP/sGC pathway. Finally, we study AT1 internalization by flow cytometry on a heterologous model of AT1 expression. Our results show that GSNO does not alter AT1 cell surface localization and does not prevent its internalization, indicating that the ß-arrestin pathway is not impacted by nitrosation
Kovalevsky, Pierre. "Etude du débit sanguin cérébral par doppler transcaranien lors des apnées obstructives chez des patients présentant un syndrome d'apnées du sommeil." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11216.
Full textSouchotte, Pascal. "Pressions pariétales induites par des discontinuités de surface soumises à un gradient de pression externe : applications à l'automobile." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ECDL0027.
Full textWall pressure fluctuations inducted by a surface roughness in adverse pressure gradient: Automobile applications Wall pressure fluctuations near isolated singularities under an adverse mean pressure gradient are experimentally investigated. A new concept of anechoic wind tunnel is designed in order to obtain a channel flow which is representative of the flow around a given region of a real car. The experiment is carried out in two phases: first, the flow around a singularity is examined under an unperturbed mean flow, the singularities being a backward facing step; second, singularities like windshield joints or roof antennas are placed into the adverse pressure gradient flow which mimics the around the upper side of the car. An extensive data base is provided both as validation tool for computer programs and as input for vibro-acoustic models. Furthermore results give a new insight into the physics of flow reattachment
Ghosn, Rania. "Effets des téléphones portables sur la physiologie humaine : vascularisation cérébrale, microcirculation cutanée, échauffement cutané et électroencéphalogramme." Phd thesis, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931086.
Full textLeston, José Maria. "Étude de la circulation intraventriculaire cérébrale de la mélatonine et intérêt de la détermination de son rythme nycthéméral dans le diagnostic des tumeurs de la région pinéale." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10331.
Full textTo determine sources of melatonin (MLT) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), MLT concentrations were measured in various areas of the cerebral ventricular system of patients and compared with the plasma levels. CSF was sampled during neurosurgery in both lateral and third ventricles (Abnormal movements) in the optocarotidian cistern (epilepsy), in the lateral ventricle (hydrocephalus), and in cerebellar pontine angle (trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm). MLT levels were higher in the third than in the lateral ventricle, showing that MLT may enter the CSF through the pineal recess. The high MLT levels in hydrocephalus suggested that uptake of MLT from peripheral blood could contribute to MLT production in the CSF compartment. Study 2 : To investigate the interest to determine the nycthemeral MLT rhythm in tumours of the pineal region (TPR), we determined daily MLT variations, before and/or after surgery, in 29 patients with TPR which include different entities, namely germ cell tumours (GCT), pineal parenchymal tumours (PPT) and 5 patients as controls with a tumour in the vicinity of the pineal gland (tectal plate glioma, TPG). Before surgery, plasma melatonin profiles displayed a daily variation with nocturnal increase in the 5 TPG patients and in 13 cases with TPR Undifferentiated or invasive pineal tumours displayed a decreased MLT rhythm, whereas differentiated tumours maintained a rhythm. After surgery, a daily variation was observed in 3 patients with meningioma and 1 with TPG. The contribution of determination of MLT profiles to the diagnosis of TPR remains of interest, especially after surgery where evidence for MLT deficiency could justify MLT administration
Guibert, Romain. "Analyse des écoulements micro-vasculaires cérébraux." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1803/.
Full textThis work is concerned with the hydrodynamics of blood flow in micro-vascular cerebral networks. The micro-vascular networks are reconstructed from specimens using high resolution three-dimensional micro-tomography imaging and post-processing techniques. A numerical quasi-static approximation of blood flow is then developed. This approach allows to account for both the complex geometric structure of micro-vascular networks and the non-local hydrodynamic interactions of red blood cells flowing within them. The proposed method permits the evaluation of pressure, hematocrit and flow distributions over cortical brain volumes of about ten cubic millimeters containing tens of thousands of vascular segments. A systematic analysis of blood rheology models demonstrate the importance of the choice of viscosity model, in contrast to the low impact of the phase separation on the flow, a phenomenon for which we also offer alternative model. Moreover, we analyse the the cerebral blood perfusion and the general organisation of cortical blood flow. We quantify the vascular regions that are essentially micro-vascular functional units under normal physiological conditions and assess their evolution and robustness in pathological contexts such as for cerebral micro-strokes
Guibert, Romain. "Analyse des écoulements micro-vasculaires cérébraux." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00491347.
Full textHirschler, Lydiane. "Developments in preclinical arterial spin labeling." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY014/document.
Full textCerebral blood flow (CBF) characterizes the blood supply to brain tissue. This perfusion-related parameter contributes in diagnosis and therapeutic follow-up in many diseases. The least invasive technique to measure CBF is arterial spin labeling (ASL), where arterial water is used as tracer. The aim of this PhD project, conducted within a CIFRE agreement (Convention Industrielle de Formation par la REcherche), was to increase the performance and to facilitate the use of continuous and pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL, pCASL) tools in preclinical studies. CBF quantification by means of ASL is one of the most challenging MRI modalities in terms of the workflow, since additional adjustments, acquisitions and post-processing steps are required. First, to render the workflow smoother for the user, a CASL package has been developed in collaboration with Bruker. This workflow allows easier relative and absolute CBF measurements, thanks to the integration of automated adjustments and reconstruction steps. In a second step, problems arising at high magnetic field were addressed. A strategy to optimize the pCASL labeling sequence in order to obtain robust results was developed and its robustness towards suboptimal shim conditions was demonstrated at 9.4 T in rats. The developed pCASL-package, consisting of three sequences, was shared with ten other institutes worldwide. Another issue encountered at high magnetic fields is heating due to RF power deposition, which was assessed locally in the brain and in the carotids, as well as globally, for the CASL and pCASL sequences and for two different transmit coil configurations. In a third step, time-encoded pCASL was developed in mice in collaboration with teams of the Leiden University Medical Center. This tool enables the simultaneous mapping of CBF and arterial transit time, a parameter that can reflect underlying pathologies such as increased vessel tortuosity or occlusion
Fouard, Céline. "Extraction de paramètres morphométriques pour l'étude du réseau micro-vasculaire cérébral." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00308884.
Full textVergeur-Laborie, Valérie. "Simulation numérique de l'écoulement artériel cérébral : contribution à l'étude des conséquences hémodynamiques des sténoses situées en amont et en aval du polygone de Willis." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30168.
Full textDacouri, B. Pierre. "Optimisation de la reconstruction en tomographie d'émission monophotonique à l'aide de la méthode de Monte Carlo : application à la mesure du débit sanguin cérébral chez l'homme." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30237.
Full textBenarab, Ammar. "Harnessing endothelial lipid signaling for ischemic stroke protection." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UNIP5197.
Full textRationale: Cerebrovascular function is critical for brain health, and endogenous vascular protective pathways may provide therapeutic targets for neurological disorders. S1P (Sphingosine 1-phosphate) signaling coordinates vascular functions in other organs and S1P1 (S1P receptor-1) modulators including fingolimod show promise for the treatment of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. However, S1P1 also coordinates lymphocyte trafficking, and lymphocytes are currently viewed as the principal therapeutic target for S1P1 modulation in stroke. Objective: To address roles and mechanisms of engagement of endothelial cell S1P1 in the naive and ischemic brain and its potential as a target for cerebrovascular therapy. Methods and results: Using spatial modulation of S1P provision and signaling, we demonstrate a critical vascular protective role for endothelial S1P1 in the mouse brain. With an S1P1 signaling reporter, we reveal that abluminal polarization shields S1P1 from circulating endogenous and synthetic ligands after maturation of the blood-neural barrier, restricting homeostatic signaling to a subset of arteriolar endothelial cells. S1P1 signaling sustains hallmark endothelial functions in the naive brain and expands during ischemia by engagement of cell-autonomous S1P provision. Disrupting this pathway by an endothelial cell-selective deficiency in S1P production, export, or the S1P1 receptor substantially exacerbates brain injury in permanent and transient models of ischemic stroke. By contrast, profound lymphopenia induced by loss of lymphocyte S1P1 provides modest protection only in the context of reperfusion. In the ischemic brain, endothelial cell S1P1 supports blood-brain barrier function, microvascular patency, and the rerouting of blood to hypoperfused brain tissue through collateral anastomoses. Boosting these functions by supplemental pharmacological engagement of the endothelial receptor pool with a blood-brain barrier penetrating S1P1-selective agonist can further reduce cortical infarct expansion in a therapeutically relevant time frame and independent of reperfusion. Conclusions: This study provides genetic evidence to support a pivotal role for the endothelium in maintaining perfusion and microvascular patency in the ischemic penumbra that is coordinated by S1P signaling and can be harnessed for neuroprotection with blood-brain barrier-penetrating S1P1 agonists
Peyrounette, Myriam. "Towards brain-scale modelling of the human cerebral blood flow : hybrid approach and high performance computing." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19543/1/Peyrounette.pdf.
Full textChibbaro, Salvatore. "Impact de la cranioplastie sur l'hémodynamique et métabolisme cérébral chez les patients craniectomisés : évaluation de l'effet de la cranioplastie comme facteur pronostic de l'amélioration clinique chez les traumatismes crâniens graves, HSA, HIC, Thrombophlébite des sinus duraux et AVC ischémique malin." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077134.
Full textCranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy in patients suffering from severe head injury, SAH, ICH and dural sinus thrombosis often leads to a functional improvement although, to date, the pathophysiology of this phenomenon remains unclear. A few hypotheses have been proposed. The impact of cranioplasty on cerebral perfusion coulb be one explanation. We have evaluated the impact of cranioplasty on the functional status of patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy with its influence on cerebral perfusion. This was a multi-centric and prospective study concerning different patient's cohort undergoing to a cranioplasty within 12 weeks following decompressive craniectomy; An experimental animal study has also been realized. A clinical and radiological evaluation was performed prior to and after cranioplasty in ail patients. Neurological and cognitive evaluation was performed with the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS), the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Radiological evaluation was performed by perfusion CT scan, transcranial Doppler and in selected case by a 18 FDG PET scan. A statistically significant neurological and cognitive improvement was observed in 92% of patients at 6 months follow-up (F-U). Brain perfusion was improved at 6 weeks F-U, predominantly in the affected hemisphere. Systolic and diastolic blood velocity flow were improved in both middle cerebral arteries being in favor of cerebral perfusion improvement. Cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy probably improves the functional outcome of these patients, thanks to a global improvement of cerebral perfusion. The former data are in favor of a therapeutic effect of cranioplasty which until now has been considered a procedure to improve just cosmetic feature and brain protection. Finally the implementation of new technique and/or devices to perform the craniectomy keeping in the same time the brain protected could constitute a true revolution in the management of such patients
Lacroix, Alexandre. "Les neurones pyramidaux corticaux dans le couplage neurovasculaire et neurométabolique : mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066200/document.
Full textThe tight coupling between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow, known as neurovascular coupling (NVC), is essential for brain functions. It is also the physiological basis of cerebral imaging, widely used to map neuronal activity in health and disease. Despite this importance, its cellular and molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. A better understanding of NVC will not only permit an accurate interpretation of cerebral imaging but also a better diagnosis of neurological diseases. In the cerebral cortex, numerous messengers are involved in NVC. Prostanoids, released during NMDA receptors activation, play a key role in NVC. However, the cellular and molecular origins, as well as the nature and the targets of this lipid messengers remain elusive. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), produced by the rate limiting cyclo-oxygenases 1 or 2 (COX-1 or COX-2) and specific terminal enzymes, are the main cortical vasodilatory prostanoid. This work shows that NMDA-induced vasodilations are COX-2 dependent and require the activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors of PGE2 and IP receptors of PGI2. Furthermore, pyramidal cells are the main cell type equipped for the biosynthesis of PGE2 and PGI2 derived from COX-2 activity. In summary, these observations demonstrate that pyramidal cells play a key role in NVC by releasing PGE2 produced via COX-2 and acting on the vasodilatory EP2 and EP4 receptors
Drouin, Annick. "Impact du stress oxydant et de l’athérosclérose sur la fonction vasculaire cérébrale au cours du vieillissement." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4240.
Full textReactive oxygen species can have different roles in neurons and cerebral vascular cells as low concentrations are beneficial while unlikable effects are observed at higher concentrations. Mice cerebral circulation is different from other vascular beds as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a major endogenous endothelium-derived relaxing factor. The objective of our first study was to characterize the physiological implication of H2O2 derived from eNOS activation in mice cerebral arteries. We tried to identify the mechanisms implicated in flow-mediated dilation (FMD), the most physiological reactive endothelial function. Our study suggested that H2O2, but not nitric oxide, derived from cerebral eNOS activity was the main factor implicated in the regulation of FMD. However, the evolution of this dilatory pathway through ageing associated or not with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is poorly understood. Ageing is associated with increase oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, the later characterized by an imbalance in the release of endothelial constricting and relaxing factors. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as hypercholesterolemia, can increase oxidative stress and could hasten endothelial dysfunction. However, the evolution of the endothelial factors through ageing, particularly H2O2 dilatory pathway, in the cerebral circulation is still not well described. In our second study, we hypothesise that alterations in endothelial factors might be responsible for (1) cerebral endothelial dysfunction observed during ageing and (2) the accelerated endothelial dysfunction associated with atherosclerosis. Our results suggested that increased in oxidative stress associated with ageing leads to the release of endogenous TXA2, which in turn, reduces eNOS activity and, consequently, reduces endothelial-dependent dilation. Furthermore, we found that oxidative stress increase associated with atherosclerosis hastens cerebral endothelial dysfunction in mice. The implication of oxidative stress was confirmed by the beneficial effect of the antioxidant catechin on atherosclerosis associated cerebral endothelial function. Finally, premature cerebral endothelial dysfunction observed during atherosclerosis could not only be associated with increase stroke incidence but also associated with a reduction in cerebral blood flow and, ultimately, a decrease in cognitive function. For our third study, we hypothesise that oxidative stress increase during atherosclerosis is associated with reduced cerebral blood flow and an accelerated cognitive function decline normally associated with ageing. We treated 3 month-old atherosclerotic mice with the antioxidant catechin and used untreated mice as controls. Our results suggested that catechin treatment can prevent the decrease in FMD, the decrease in cerebral blood flow and cognitive function decline observed during atherosclerosis. Taken together, our study allows to distinguish the effect of ageing and atherosclerosis on cerebrovascular function. Catechin treatment had beneficial effects on endothelial dilation, cerebral blood flow and cognitive function suggesting that the redox environment is a key player in the regulation of cerebral function.
Piquette, Dominique. "Effets de la nitroglycérine intraveineuse sur la saturation cérébrale hémisphérique pendant la chirurgie cardiaque à haut risque." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15369.
Full textBolduc, Virginie. "Relation entre la structure et la fonction des artères cérébrales dans l’athérosclérose : impact des traitements cardioprotecteurs." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8301.
Full textLarge artery stiffness and endothelial dysfunction are markers of atherosclerosis. Stiffening of the carotid arteries contrast with the paradoxical increase in distensibility of cerebral arteries that was reported in the presence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. However, our knowledge concerning the influence of atherosclerosis on cerebrovascular compliance and structure remains incomplete. By targeting the endothelium, atherosclerosis induces a severe cerebral endothelial dysfunction affecting chronically the cerebral blood flow and potentially leading to cognitive dysfunctions. Few studies have shown that the paradoxical increase in cerebrovascular distensibility is consistently reported in animal model of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases exhibiting a cerebral endothelial dysfunction. That being said, we hypothesized that the compliance and structure of cerebral arteries is essentially controlled by the endothelium. To validate our hypothesis, in a first study, we selected three distinct therapeutic approaches that modulated the cerebral endothelial function and the mechanical stress imposed to the vascular wall by lowering heart rate in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, LDLr-/-; hApoB-100+/+ during three months. Ivabradine, metroprolol and voluntary physical training protected, with different efficiencies, the cerebral flow-mediated dilation and this was reflected by a prevention, or not, of the increase in compliance. A 13.5 % heart rate reduction with ivabradine and metoprolol limited carotid artery stiffening. Voluntary physical training did not induce an overall reduction of heart rate explaining the lack of effect on carotid mechanics and suggesting that carotids compliance is more influenced by the mechanical stress imposed to the vascular wall by the cardiac cycle. In a second study, we confirmed our previous findings using a diatery approach that targeted more directly the endothelium, the polyphenol antioxidant catechin. Catechin was previously proven, by us and others, to reverse endothelial dysfunction, reduce inflammation and neutralize reactive oxygen species in diverse vascular beds from animal models of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, we found that catechin prevents adverse cerebral wall remodeling but, again, without a significant heart rate reduction, carotids remained stiff. We also integrated a new live imaging technology allowing us to confirm our findings in vivo and to demonstrate that endothelial, structural and mechanical protection by catechin can result in an improvement of basal cerebral blood flow. Finally, both studies identified metalloproteinase -9 as a potential player in the process leading the weakening of the cerebral artery walls. Taken together, our studies highlight that structural and biomechanical alterations are genuinely triggered by endothelial dysfunction. In carotids, mechanicals stress seems to be the main factor controlling remodeling. In essence, indirect protection of the endothelium impedes in cerebral vessels the remodeling processes, such as the activation of metalloproteinase -9. Numerous studies have revealed that vascular, especially cerebral endothelial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. When brain perfusion is compromised, the suboptimal energy delivery causes neuronal death. Deleterious cerebrovascular outcomes that promote the impairment of vasodilation and the encroachment of the lumen will limit cerebral blood flow in a chronic manner. Chronic treatment with ivabradine, voluntary physical training and catechin preserved the endothelial function, the structure and the mechanics of cerebral arteries, which guarantees a closer management of cerebral blow flow in atherosclerotic mice and a reduce propensity to develop cognitive deficiency.
Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec Dre Christine Des Rosiers