Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Citogenètica general'
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Pujol, Masana Aïda. "Anàlisi citogenètica preimplantacional: alteracions cromosòmiques numèriques i estructurals." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3769.
Full textL'objectiu general d'aquest treball és estudiar la incidència d'aneuploïdia en la línia germinal femenina i en els primers estadis del desenvolupament embrionari.
S'han utilitzat oòcits descartats de cicles de FIV per a desenvolupar una metodologia de hibridació in situ fluorescent (FISH) que permet detectar nou cromosomes en 1CPs i en MII. Fins ara, les absències de cromosomes o cromàtides en 1CP es consideraven artefactes però la valoració de la complementarietat 1CP- MII realitzada constata que només ho són una minoria (25,8%).
Tant la freqüència d'aneuploïdia obtinguda per als nou cromosomes estudiats (47,5%) com el risc estimat d'aneuploïdia per els 23 cromosomes (57,2%) són molt elevats. El risc estimat de segregació anòmala per cromosoma analitzat és del 0,89%.
S'han identificat diferents mecanismes de generació d'aneuploïdies en l'oòcit: separació precoç de cromàtides germanes (observada amb més freqüència al 1CP que a la MII) i no-disjunció de cromosomes homòlegs en la meiosi i segregació anòmala en la mitosi de l'etapa proliferativa de la línia germinal (mosaïcisme gonadal). Aquest fenomen s'ha detectat en un 25,7% de les pacients analitzades i fa recomanable el diagnòstic prenatal a les pacients que quedin gestants després d'un DGP-1CP.
Aplicant DGP-1CP a dones amb cariotip normal (dones d'edat avançada), la incidència d'aneuploïdia per als nou cromosomes ha estat del 60,4%, corroborant a aquest grup com a grup de risc per la presència d'aneuploïdies. Aplicant-lo a dues pacients portadores de translocacions robertsonianes s'ha trobat una taxa d'aneuploïdia molt alta per als cromosomes no implicats en la translocació (91,7% i 72,7%), independentment de les alteracions observades per als cromosomes de la translocació.
L'anàlisi d'aneuploïdies en blastòmers de pacients portadors i portadores de translocacions recíproques mostra un alt índex d'aneuploïdies de cromosomes no implicats en la translocació (60,3%) i també un alt percentatge de mosaïcisme (58,7%), tenint en compte tant els cromosomes implicats com els no implicats en la translocació. S'han trobat embrions normals o equilibrats per la translocació però aneuploides per altres cromosomes.
Sembla necessari l'estudi seqüencial de la segregació dels cromosomes implicats en la translocació i de les aneuploïdies per altres cromosomes, en pacients portadors de translocacions.
Per a validar la interpretació del resultat de la FISH en l'anàlisi d'aneuploïdia en cèl·lules proliferants, s'han estudiat cèl·lules en estadi de G0 (cèl·lules de Sertoli) i cèl·lules proliferants (limfòcits). En aplicar FISH en cèl·lules en proliferació s'estima que el 10,8% de dobles marques en excés trobades, en comparació amb les trobades en cèl·lules no proliferants, no són senyals partits, sinó deguts al procés de replicació. L'aplicació de FISH en cèl·lules en proliferació, com són els blastòmers, pot dificultar la interpretació dels resultats de FISH. Caldria incloure marcadors de l'inici o el final de la replicació per tal de ser usats simultàniament amb les sondes diagnòstiques de FISH en realitzar un DGP en blastòmers.
El DGP per a la detecció d'aneuploïdies és un procediment més del que es disposa per tal d'oferir als pacients amb risc tot i que s'ha de valorar, en cada cas, si la seva aplicació pot ser beneficiosa.
Cytogenetic analysis of the 1st polar body (1PB) allows an indirect characterisation of the oocyte in the metaphase II stage (MII) without compromising its reproductive capability. This allows, in an in vitro fertilisation treatment (IVF), the development of a variant of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in which the 1PB is analysed (PGD-1PB).
The aim of this study is to analyse the aneuploidy rate in the female germ-cell line and in its first embryo development stages.
We have used oocytes discarded from IVF cycles to develop a fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) method that allows for the detection of nine chromosomes in 1PBs and in MII. Until now, missing chromosomes or chromatids in the 1PB have been considered as artefacts but the evaluation of the 1PB-MII complement could proves that they are only a minority (25.8%).
Both the aneuploidy rate found for the nine chromosomes analysed (47.5%) and the estimated risk of aneuploidy for the 23 chromosomes (57.2%) are very high. The abnormal segregation percentage per analysed chromosome is 0.89%.
Different mechanisms for the generation of aneuploidies have been identified: predivision of sister chromatids (more frequently observed in 1PB than in MII) and non-disjunction of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I and altered segregation in mitosis during the proliferative stage in the germ-cell line (gonadal mosaicism). This phenomenon has been found in 25.7% of the analysed patients and makes the application of prenatal diagnosis in patients which become pregnant after a PGD-1PB advisable.
When applying PGD-1PB in females with a normal karyotype (advanced maternal age), the aneuploidy rate for the nine chromosomes is 60.4%, corroborating this group as a risk group for the presence of aneuploidies. Applying it to two female carriers of Robertsonian translocations, a high aneuploidy rate for the chromosomes not implicated in the translocation has been found (91.7% and 72.7%), independently of the alterations observed in the chromosomes of the translocation.
The analysis of aneuploidies in blastomeres of male and female reciprocal translocation carriers shows a high aneuploidy rate for the chromosomes not involved in translocations (60.3%) and also a high percentage of mosaicism (58.7%), including both the chromosomes implicated and not implicated in the translocation. Normal and balanced embryos for the translocation, but with aneuploidies for other chromosomes, have been found.
In translocation carriers, the sequential analysis of the segregation of the chromosomes involved in the translocation and the aneuploidy screening for other chromosomes seems necessary,
In order to validate the interpretation of FISH results in the aneuploidy screening of proliferating cells, G0 stage cells (Sertoli cells) and proliferating cells (lymphocytes) have been studied. When applying FISH in proliferating cells, 10.8% extra double-dots found, in comparison with the ones found in non-proliferating cells, are not splits but are due to the replicating process.
The use of FISH in proliferating cells as blastomeres could make the interpretation of FISH results difficult. It would be necessary to include markers of the beginning or the end of replication to be simultaneously used with other FISH probes in PGD-analysed blastomeres.
PGD for aneuploidy screening is another procedure which is available to be offered to patients at risk although it has to be evaluated, case by case, to determine if its application can be beneficial.
Escalona, Mena Ariadna. "Aplicació de les tècniques de citogenètica molecular per a l'establiment d'associacions genotip-fenotip." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3839.
Full textEn aquest treball s'han analitzat 145 mostres de pacients que presentaven malformacions congènites i/o retard mental i infertilitat i amb un cariotip normal o anormal sense acabar de ser caracteritzat per citogenètica convencional. Les 145 mostres s'han dividit en cinc grups: GRUP A: 90 pacients amb cariotip normal i quadre clínic; GRUP B: 8 barons 46,XX; GRUP C: 10 pacients portadors d'anomalies cromosòmiques "aparentment" equilibrades; GRUP D: 18 pacients amb monosomies o trisomies parcials i el GRUP E: 19 pacients amb cromosomes marcador.
S'han aplicat tècniques d'extracció d'ADN, de cultiu cel·lular, i d'obtenció d'extensions metafàsiques per analitzar les mostres. Amb l'ADN extret, s'han aplicat les tècniques de MLPA (P036B, P070, P106-B1), de CGH/HR-CGH (Nick translation kit) i d'aCGH (qChip Post de 60000 clons i xip de 19000 clons). A partir de les extensions metafàsiques, s'han aplicat diferents tècniques de FISH: locus específica, pintat cromosòmic, sondes de cromosomes artificials de bactèries, multipintat, multicolor centromèrica i de bandeig multicolor.
L'aplicació d'una bateria de tècniques de citogenètica molecular ha permès confirmar la presència d'anomalies cromosòmiques al 7.8 % dels pacients del grup A i s'ha proposat un protocol d'actuació en un laboratori de diagnòstic clínic per aquest tipus de pacients. Respecte al grup B, s'ha evidenciat l'existència d'heterogeneïtat de material corresponent a la regió pseudoautosòmica XPAR1 que podria contribuir a la variabilitat fenotípica que presenten els barons 46,XX,SRY+. Pel que fa als resultats obtinguts al grup C, s'ha caracteritzat amb més precisió l'anomalia cromosòmica al 55% dels casos. L'estudi del grup D ha permès caracteritzar l'origen cromosòmic implicat en les diferents anomalies en tots els casos. A més, s'ha confirmat l'anomalia detectada per CGH/HR-CGH al 78 % dels casos i la FISH amb sondes BAC ha permès redefinir els punts de trencament implicats en l'anomalia cromosòmica en tots els casos en què ha estat aplicada. Finalment, respecte al grup E, la combinació de diferents tècniques de citogenètica molecular ha permès una identificació de l'origen del sSMC al 94.7% dels pacients. S'ha proposat també un protocol d'actuació en un laboratori de diagnòstic clínic i s'ha vist que l'origen cromosòmic més comú del marcador ha estat el cromosoma 15 (10 casos), seguit del cromosoma 8 (3 casos), 13/21 ó 14/22 (2 casos) i dels cromosomes 2 , 7 , 9 i 22 (1 cas).
Paral·lelament, l'anàlisi dels punts de trencament implicats en les diferents anomalies cromosòmiques estudiades , ha revelat que la seva distribució al genoma no és a l'atzar, ja que la majoria es localitzen en les bandes clares (un 61%), que corresponen a regions amb major densitat gènica. També, que majoritàriament els punts de trencament coincideixen amb bandes riques en duplicacions segmentàries (DSs) i en regions on s'han descrit variacions en el número de còpies (CNVs) (un 83% i un 94% respectivament). A més a més, cap de les regions CNVs implicades als casos que presentaven un fenotip normal havia estat associada a alguna síndrome clínica a la literatura, mentre que entre el 18% i el 25% de les regions CNVs implicades en els punts de trencament dels pacients amb anomalies cromosòmiques i fenotip alterat, sí que havien estat associades a síndromes clíniques segons la literatura.
Nowadays there are many people who consult The Genetic Clinical Services because of congenital malformations and/or mental retardation. In these cases, it is essential to make a proper genetic diagnosis as well as a good clinical exploration in order to establish accurate genotype-phenotype associations.
145 samples from patients presenting congenital malformations and/or mental retardation and infertility with a normal or an abnormal karyotype have been studied in this work. These samples have been classified in 5 different groups. Group A: 90 patients with a normal karyotype and clinical manifestations; Group B: 8 46,XX males; Group C: 10 patients with apparently balanced chromosomal abnormalities; Group D: 18 patients with partial monosomies or trisomies and Group E: 19 carriers of supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC).
DNA extraction protocols, cell culture and metaphase spreads have been applied in order to analyze all these samples. MLPA (P036B, P070, P106-B1 kits), CGH/HR-CGH (Nick translation kit) and/or aCGH (qChip Post of 60000 clones and a chip of 19000 clones) techniques were applied from extracted DNA. To confirm these results, different FISH techniques (MFISH, cenMFISH and subcenMFISH) have been used over metaphase spreads.
The use of a variety of molecular cytogenetic techniques has allowed the identification and confirmation of chromosomal anomalies in 7.8% of the patients from group A. Besides, a protocol of proceedings has been suggested to use in private clinical laboratories in such cases. In reference to group B, this battery has shown that the pseudoautosomal region XPAR1 can be very heterogeneous in these patients, and this heterogeneity might contribute to the phenotypic variability of 46,XX,SRY+ males. Referring to group C, a more accurate identification of the chromosomal anomaly has been obtained in 55% of cases. The study of patients from group D has allowed the identification of the chromosomal origin of the anomaly in all the cases. The CGH/HR-CGH results have been confirmed in 78% of these patients. Besides, FISH with BAC probes has demonstrated to be a very useful tool in order to identify the break points involved in all the chromosomal anomalies analyzed. Finally, in reference to group E, this battery of techniques has allowed the identification of the origin of SMC in 94.7% of cases. Another protocol of proceedings has been suggested to use in private clinical laboratories in such cases. The marker chromosomes more frequently analyzed in this work derived from chromosomes 15 (10 cases), 8 (3 cases), 13/21 or 14/22 (2 cases) and 2, 7, 9 and 22 (1 case each).
On the other side, the analysis of all the break points involved in the chromosomal anomalies studied in this series of patients has revealed that their distribution along the human genome is not random, since the 61% were located in white bands, which are gene-rich. Besides, they do also tend to locate in DSs-rich bands and in regions where CNVs have been described (83% and 94% respectively). Furthermore, none of the CNVs involved in phenotypic normal cases had been described as pathogenic previously , whereas over the 18%-25% of the CNVs identified at the break points in patients with an abnormal phenotype had been associated with clinical syndromes according to the literature.
Santos, Verdaguer Mònica. "Aplicació de la citogenètica molecular a la genètica mèdica: malformacions congènites i infertilitat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3795.
Full textVa esser a partir de l'any 1970, amb la introducció de les tècniques de bandeig cromosòmic, quant es van caracteritzar un gran nombre d'anomalies cromosòmiques. Els darrers anys s'ha produït un important avanç en la citogenètica amb la introducció de tècniques moleculars, com la FISH, CGH, MLPA entre d'altres, ja que permeten establir correlacions, molt més acurades, entre el fenotip i el genotip.
L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball ha estat caracteritzar les anomalies cromosòmiques presents en individus amb malformacions congènites o infertilitat, mitjançant tècniques de citogenètica convencional i molecular. A més de comparar l'eficiència de les diferents tècniques emprades, valorar-ne les avantatges i limitacions.
Per tal d'assolir aquest objectiu s'han estudiat 123 pacients, que presentaven malformacions congènites o infertilitat, mitjançant diferents tècniques de citogenètica convencional i moleculars com la CGH, HR-CGH, array-CGH, M-FISH, cenM-FISH, subcenM-FISH, BACs i MLPA.
S'ha analitzat el tipus i freqüència d'alteracions cromosòmiques presents en aquests pacients. S'han caracteritzat: 26 monosomies parcials autosòmiques, 29 trisomies parcials autosòmiques, 9 monosomies parcials gonosòmiques, 6 trisomies parcials gonosòmiques, 4 reorganitzacions cromosòmiques complexes i 21 cromosomes marcadors supernumeraris petits. La identificació exacta d'aquestes anomalies cromosòmiques ens ha permès establir noves correlacions genotip-fenotip no descrites anteriorment a la bibliografia.
Per últim, l'anàlisi de 116 punts de trencament implicats en aquestes anomalies cromosòmiques mostra que la distribució en l'ideograma humà no és a l'atzar, ja que la majoria d'ells es localitzen en les bandes-G-clares (62,2%), en regions del genoma riques en duplicacions segmentàries (81,9%) i no coincideixen amb bandes on s'ubiquen llocs fràgils (75%). També s'ha observat que les bandes cromosòmiques especialment afectades han estat la 11q23, 15q11.1, 15q26, Xp22.3 i Yq11.2.
Chromosomal abnormalities have been described as an important cause of congenital defects such as mental retardation and congenital malformations. Phenotipical consequences depend not only on size implied in the imbalance, also on genes located at this region. For this reason it is very important to determine chromosomal fragment implied in the alteration.
Since 1970, when chromosomal banding techniques were described, a high number of chromosomal abnormalities have been characterised. In last years, cytogenetics have been improved with the introduction of molecular techniques, such as FISH, CGH, MLPA and others, since they allow more accurate genotype-phenotype correlations.
The main aim of this work has been to characterise chromosomal abnormalities present in individuals with congenital malformations, or infertility, with conventional and molecular cytogenetic techniques. We established the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques and compared the efficiency.
In order to achieve the main aim, we studied 123 patients with congenital malformations or infertility, with conventional and molecular cytogenetic techniques (CGH, HR-CGH, array CGH, M-FISH, cenM-FISH, BACs and MLPA).
We analised the frequency and sort of chromosomal abnormalities in these patients. We could characterise: 26 parcial autosomic monosomies, 29 parcial autosomic trisomies, 9 partial gonosomic monosomies, 6 partial gonosomic trisomies, 4 complex chromosomal reorganisations and 21 small supernumerary marker chromosomes. The exact identification of these chromosomal abnormalities has allowed establishing new genotype-phenotype correlations not previously described in the literature.
Finally, analysis of the 116 breakpoints implied in these chromosomal abnormalities show that their distribution is not random. The majority are localised in light G-Bands (62,2%), in bands with segmental duplications (81,9%) and there is no coincidence with fragile sites (75%). The higher rate breakpoints were located at 11q23, 15q11.1, 15q26, Xp22.3 and Yq11.2.
Casas, Fontdevila Sílvia. "Caracterització genètica de la leucèmia mieloide aguda mitjançant tècniques de citogenètica i biologia molecular." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3741.
Full textLa tècnica de hibridació genòmica comparada (CGH) es va utilitzar per la detecció de guanys i pèrdues de material genètic en la LMA, demostrant que l'alteració genètica desequilibrada més freqüent és la pèrdua parcial de regions cromosòmiques (54 %), les quals es loalitzen majoritàriament als cromosomes 5q, 7q, 7, 16q i 17p, essent també recurrents els guanys dels cromosomes 8 i 22. Els resultats de CGH van aportar informació útil per la identificació d'alteracions genètiques no identificades prèviament per ACC, identificant alteracions cromosòmiques més complexes, i ajudant a la caracterització de cromosomes marcadors, derivatius i materials cromosòmics afegits al cariotip. Els estudis complementàris de FISH i M-FISH van confirmar els perfils de CGH i van ajudar a proposar el cariotip final, sobretot en els casos de cariotip complex. Destacar que els resultats de CGH i M-FISH suggereixen que el subgrup de LMA <60 anys i cariotip normal, no es caracteritza per la presència significativa d'anomalies genètiques.
Es van estudiar perfils d'expressió gènica, mitjançant cADN array, de gens relacionats amb el mecanisme d'apoptosis en pacients de LMA, ja que alteracions en l'apoptosis tenen efecte onogènic i poden donar resistència al tractament. Un total de 27 gens apoptòtics es trobaven desregulats, dels 205 gens inclosos en l'array. Es destaquen IGFBP3, IGFBP5, CLU, GADD45 i gens codificants per enzims de detoxificació per glutatió, com a nous gens implcats en l'alteració de les vies senyalització de l'apoptosis en LMA. Els resultats es van validar per QRT-PCR a temps real, obtenint una elevada correlació entre ambdues tècniques.
La mateixa tècnica de QRT-PCR a temps real es va emprar per analitzar l'expressió dels gens HOXA9, DEK, CBL i CSF1R en una sèrie de 41 pacients de LMA. La desregulació d'aquests gens s'havia s'havia identificat en treballs publicats recentment per cADN array, on se suggeria que podrien ser gens importants pel desenvolupament de la LMA. En la sèrie estudiada es va confirmar la desregulació d'aquests gens, demostrant alhora diferents associacions significatives entre expressió gènica i paràmetres biològics: sotaexpressió de HOXA9 en LMA amb t(8;21)(q22;q22); sobreexpressió de DEK i HOXA9 en LMA sense expressió de CD34; sotaexpressió de CSF1R i HOXA9 en LMA-M2; sobreexpressió de CBL i CSF1R en LMA-M5 i sotaexpressió de CBL i pacients majors de 60 anys.
To identify genetic alterations not previously detected by conventional cytogenetic analysis (CCA), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization multiplex (M-FISH) were used to analyze several series of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at the time of diagnosis. In 2 cases whose karyotype showed an unknown additional chromosomal material, we detected a partial trisomy of chromosome 11, from 11q22~23 to 11qter, as a result of an unbalanced chromosomal translocation. Partial tandem duplication of MLL gene were detected in both cases. Furthermore, in a series of 40 AML patients with inv(16)(p13q22)/t(6;16)(p13;q22), we identify two cases of masked translocation associated with inv(16)(p13q22), which were not described previously, t(10;16)(p13;q22)inv(16)(p13q22) and t(1;16)(p36;q22)inv(16)(p13q22). Moreover, we did not detected the t(5;11)(q35;p15.5) by FISH in a series of 40 AML patients with normal karyotype, which is in contrast with previously reported series of childhood AML patients.
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to detect gains and losses of chromosomal material in a series of 128 AML patients. The most frequent genetic alteration was the partial loss (54 %), frequently involving the 5q, 7q, 7, 16q and 17p chromosomal regions. Gains of chromosome 8 and 22 were also recurrent. CGH was useful to identify chromosomal alterations not previously detected by CCA, and it help to characterize marker chromosomes, derivative chromosomes and unknown additional chromosomal materials. Complementary FISH and M-FISH experiments confirmed CGH results and helped to proposed the final karyotype. Genetic alterations were not identify by using CGH and M-FISH in the series of AML patients younger then 60 years and normal karyotype.
We investigated apoptotic gene expression profiles by cDNA array technique in a series of AML patients. Alterations in the apoptotic signaling pathways have oncogenic effect and could induce resistance to therapy. A total of 27/205 apoptotic genes presented an abnormal expression as compared to the reference. IGFBP3, IGFBP5, CLU, GADD45 and several genes of glutathione detoxification pathway were identified as new important genes in the pathogenesis of AML. Real time QRT-PCR was used to confirm the data obtained by cDNA array technique, which showed a good correlation.
Real time QRT-PCR were also used to analyzed in a series of 41 AML patients the expression of HOXA9, DEK, CBL and CSF1R, which were reported to be aberrantly expressed in AML. We confirm the deregulation of these genes in AML as well as we described several associations between gene expression and hematological and clinical parameters: under-expression of HOXA9 in AML with t(8;21)(q22;q22); over-expression of DEK and HOXA9 in AML without CD34; under-expression of CSF1R and HOXA9 in AML-M2; over-expression of CBL and CSF1R in AML-M5; under-expression of CBL and patients older than 60 years.
Lloveras, Caballé Elisabet. "Contribució de la citogenètica convencional i la hibridació in situ a l'estudi de les gammapaties monoclonals." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3662.
Full textS'han estudiat 53 pacients afectes de gammapatia monoclonal de significat incert (GMSI), 54 pacients amb mieloma múltiple (MM) i 7 pacients amb leucèmia de cèl.lules plasmàtiques.
S'han aplicat les següents tècniques: la citogenètica convencional, el mètode MAC, la hibridació in situ fluorescent (FISH) i la tècnica de May-Grünwald Giemsa-FISH (FISH).
S'han presentat els resultats de tres articles:
-"The contribution of cytogenetics and in situ hybridization in the study of monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance" Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 132: 25-29, 2002.
-"Cytogenetic and FISH studies in 60 patients with multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukaemia" Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 148: 71-76, 2004.
-"Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) studies in four cases of plasma cell leukaemia (PCL)" Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 121: 163-166, 2000.
I un annex de tres articles més:
-"May-Grünwald-Giemsa- Fluorescence in situ hybridization (MGG-FISH) technique applied to a plasma cell leukemia" Haematologica 84 (6): 568-569, 1999.
-"A new case of Turner syndrome associated with multiple myeloma" Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 171(1): 80-81, 2000.
-"Técnicas de hibridación in situ (HIS). Fundamento y aplicaciones en neoplasias hematológicas" Sangre 44 (4): 261-267, 1999.
Les conclusions que es van obtenir van ser les següents:
1. Els estudis citogenètics en GMSI no són informatius degut a que la cèl.lula que entra en divisió no és la cèl.lula plasmàtica. La FISH sobre el total de cèl.lules de moll d'os és fiable i permet detectar alteracions encara que possiblement enmascara alguns pacients amb aneuploidies.
2. Els pacients amb GMSI tipus IgA s'associen de forma estadísticament significativa a la presència d'una monosomia 18.
3. La citogenètica convencional en MM només detecta alteracions en un 50% dels casos. Les alteracions més freqüents són les alteracions al cromosoma 1, reordenaments a 14q32 i la monosomia 13.
4. L'associació entre monosomia 18 i IgA no s'ha confirmat.
5. El 100% dels pacients amb LCP presenten alteracions citogenètiques, freqüentment amb hipodiploidia i monosomia 13.
6. La técnica MGG-FISH permet determinar en quina cèl.lula es troba l'alteració citogenética.
The present study is based in the cytogenetic study of monoclonal gammopathies. Monoclonal gammopathies are characterized by the presence of a clone of plasma cells in the bone marrow.
Samples were collected from 53 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), 54 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and 7 patients with plasma cell leukemia.
We applied the following techniques: conventional cytogenetics, the MAC method, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and May-Grünwald-Giemsa-FISH (MGG-FISH) technique.
Results were published three papers:
-"The contribution of cytogenetics and in situ hybridization in the study of monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance" Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 132: 25-29, 2002.
-"Cytogenetic and FISH studies in 60 patients with multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukaemia" Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 148: 71-76, 2004.
-"Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) studies in four cases of plasma cell leukaemia (PCL)" Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 121: 163-166, 2000.
And another three papers were included in an annex:
-"May-Grünwald-Giemsa- Fluorescence in situ hybridization (MGG-FISH) technique applied to a plasma cell leukemia" Haematologica 84 (6): 568-569, 1999.
-"A new case of Turner syndrome associated with multiple myeloma" Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 171(1): 80-81, 2000.
-"Técnicas de hibridación in situ (HIS). Fundamento y aplicaciones en neoplasias hematológicas" Sangre 44 (4): 261-267, 1999.
Conclusions were:
1. Cytogenetic studies in MGUS are not informative because the cell that we studied is not the plasma cell. FISH applied in the totality of the bone marrow cells is trust worthy but probably, in some of our cases, the aneuploid plasma cells cannot be detected because their low percentage.
2. Patients with MGUS and IgA type are associated with the presence of monosomy 18.
3. Conventional cytogenetics in MM can detect abnormal karyotypes in 50% of cases. The more frequent abnormalities are rearrangements in chromosome 1 and 14q32 and monosomy 13.
4. The association of monosomy 18 and IgA was not observed in our series of MM.
5. The 100% of patients with PCL presented cytogenetic abnormalities, frequently hypodiploidy and monosomy 13.
6. The MGG-FISH technique permits to determine which cell presents the cytogenetic abnormality.
Granada, i. Font Isabel. "Estudi citogenètic de les leucèmies i síndromes mielodisplàstiques en diferents àrees sanitàries de Catalunya: període 1990-2009." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284909.
Full textBetween 30% and 80% of patients diagnosed with leukemia or Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) have cytogenetic abnormalities that may vary with age and sex, and each one confers a different prognosis. On the other hand, the genetic predisposition of each individual, exposure to environmental factors and lifestyle may influence the occurrence of leukemia or MDS. The aim of the study was: 1. - Characterize and determine the frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities in patients diagnosed with different types of leukemia and MDS among four geographically distinct health regions: Barcelona Nord and Baix Maresme (Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol - HGTIP), Tarragona and Terres d'Ebre (Hospitals Verge de la Cinta and Joan XXIII - HVC / HJXXIII), Girona, Plà de l’Estany i Selva Interior (Josep Trueta Hospital - HJT) and Hospitalet, Prat de Llobregat, Garraf, Alt Penedès and Anoia (Hospital Duran i Reynals - HDiR ) between 1990 and 2009; 2. - Analyze the differences between the four health regions in different types of leukemia (chronic myeloid leukemia - CML, acute myeloid leukemia - AML, acute lymphoblastic leukemia - ALL and chronic lymphocytic leukemia - CLL) and MDS respect: the frequency of abnormal karyotypes, the different types of anomaly, and the degree of complexity and distribution of the cytogenetic risk groups. Patients, material and methods: Patients ≥ 15 years old consecutively diagnosed of leukemia or MDS between 1990 and 2009. Diagnosis was established by cytology and immunophenotype. The cytogenetic study was conducted in a single center using the techniques of karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The karyotype was 24 hours by culturing of immature cells in the case of CML, AML, ALL and MDS, growing 72 -hour stimulation with phorbol 12 - myristate 13 - acetate on cell phenotype B in the case of CLL. The chromosomal analysis was according to the G banding (ISCN 2009). FISH was applied when necessary to complete the study of the karyotype and in all cases of CLL. The FISH probes used were: the LSI BCR -ABL, LSI CBFB, LSI MLL, LSI PML-RARA, LSI D13S319 / 13q3413q34 / CEP 12 / LSI ATM / LSI TP53 (Abbot). Conclusions: 1. Percentage of cases with abnormal karyotype in MDS has been 40.3 % , 56.5 % in AML, 75.3 % in the ALL and 77 , 9% in the CLL. 2. Anomaly more common in patients diagnosed with MDS has been deletion 5q, in AML t(15,17), in ALL t(9;22) and in CLL del(13)(q14 ). 3. Percentage of cases with complex karyotype in MDS was 24.4 %, AML was 31.1%, ALL was 28.5 % and CLL was 17.2 %. 4. In the group of patients younger than 60 years old the most frequent abnormalities observed were the t(15,17), t(8;21) and inv(16) for AML and t(1,19), t(4,11) and hyperdiploidy in the case of LLA (statistically significant). In the group of patients aged 60 and older the most frequent abnormalities observed were complex karyotype for AML and t(9;22) for LLA (statistically significant). 5. The 5q deletion in cases of MDS and trisomy 12 in cases of CLL are more frequent in the group of female patients (statistically significant). Trisomy 8 in cases of MDS and deletions of 11q22.3/ATM en cases of the LLC are more frequent in the group of male patients (statistically significant). 6. Patients with MDS who have been diagnosed at the HGTIP have higher proportion of altered karyotypes and more cases in the adverse cytogenetic risk group than the other centers (statistically significant). 7. Patients with CML who have been diagnosed at the HJT have more cases of variant translocation t(9,22) and patients with MDS have more complex karyotypes to the other centers (statistically significant). 8. Patients with AML who have been diagnosed in hospitals HVC/HJXXIII have more cases in the favorable cytogenetic risk group below the other centers (statistically significant).
Mariotti, Marco 1984. "Computational genomics of selenoproteins." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/295583.
Full textLes selenoproteïnes s’agrupen en una classe heterogènia de proteïnes les quals contenen selenocysteïna, l’aminoàcid 21. La selenocisteïna és insertada durant el procés de traducció, recodificant codons UGA molt específics, mitjançant una maquinàiria dedicada. Els programes estàndard de predicció de gens interpreten el codó UGA només com a senyal d’stop de la traducció, i per aquesta raó els gens de selenoproteïness solen estar mal anotats. En els darrers anys, hem desenvolupat eines computacionals per a predir selenoproteïnes a escala genòmica. Amb aquestes, hem caracteritzat el conjunt de selenoproteïnes en aquells genomes que han estat seqüenciats, inferint la seva història filogenèitca. Hem dedicat especial ateníció a la família selenophosphate synthetase, selenoproteïna necessària per a la síntesi de selenocisteïna, i que per tant pot ser utilitzada com a marcador de codificació de selenocisteïna Mostrem que les selenoproteïnes han patit una evolució molt diversa en diferents llinatges. Tot i que es troben molt conservades en vertebrats, les selenoproteïnes van ser perdudes de manera independent en molts altres organismes. Gràcies a la sequenciació de genomes, vam traçar amb precisió els esdeveniment que van portar a l’extinció de selenoproteïnes a diverses espècies de drosòfila.
Arcas, Mantas Aida 1979. "The evolutionary landscape of the DNA damage response network: a computational approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/124843.
Full textLa respuesta al daño en el ADN (DDR) es una red de señalización esencial que mantiene la integridad genética. Esta red es un conjunto de sub-redes distintas, pero a menudo solapantes, donde los componentes que participan desempeñan diversas funciones según marcos espacio-temporales precisos. Para comprender cómo estas sub-redes han surgido a lo largo de la evolución y cómo se han ido ensamblando, hemos buscado componentes de DDR en 47 especies que cubren el árbol de la vida, y hemos analizado sus propiedades evolutivas y funcionales según distintas edades de genes y siguiendo varias clasificaciones. Esta es la primera vez que un análisis sistemático cubre la evolución global de la red de DDR. Nuestros resultados indican que la mayoría de los componentes de la DDR son genes antiguos, que todas las sub-redes contienen al menos un representante trazable hasta procariotas, y que el núcleo ancestral de la maquinaria de DDR está principalmente relacionado con reparación y se construyó sobre actividades de detección y efectores. A lo largo de la evolución, la ampliación de la red ha ocurrido a través de la adición de nuevos componentes que han evolucionado para interaccionar y funcionar junto a los antiguos, lo que puede haber incrementado la complejidad de la red de DDR en términos de precisión y de comunicación con otras redes.
Brunel, Montaner Helena. "Genetic association analysis of complex diseases through information theoretic metrics and linear pleiotropy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134362.
Full textColl, Lladó Montserrat. "Expressió gènica en microorganismes marins." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129684.
Full textRecent advances have been crucial to understand, or at least to have a new perspective, on the diversity of microorganisms present in the oceans through molecular biology and metagenomics. The next step is to find out what functions are hidden within this diversity and how and when are they used. The regulation of gene expression is the basis of the versatility and adaptability of any living organism to the environment. The study of the genes expressed in an organism can help to deduce many of the characteristics of the environment. Usually, organisms express only a portion of their genes in response to both internal factors (e.g. cell cycle) and external factors (temperature, light, nutrients, etc.). Massive sequencing technologies have also been applied to the study of the expression of genes in marine microbial communities (metatranscriptomics). However, these technologies are not yet sufficiently optimized and often provide sequences that cannot be assigned to known genes. In this PhD thesis I have studied gene expression of marine organisms at three different levels: at the community level, at the genome level, and at the gene level. The major effort was dedicated to gene expression at the community level, where the challenge was to develop a technique equivalent to DNA fingerprinting methods that are routinely used -such as ARISA or DGGE- in order to explore the dynamics of gene expression patterns in marine microbial communities, allowing the comparison of a large number of samples at an affordable price and without the need for prior knowledge of the messenger RNA sequences. This technique, called TFA (from “Transcriptome Fingerprinting Analysis”), has then been used to study I) seasonal variations in gene expression patterns of marine picoeukaryotes at the Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory during 4 years, and II) changes in expression patterns along spatial horizontal and vertical gradients and diel cycles. In both cases, expression changes were compared with changes in community structure (by ARISA). At the genomic level I have studied the global transcriptional response to light of a heterotrophic microorganism. Light is responsible for a large number of physiological responses. A large fraction of marine microorganisms that use light perform photosynthesis, but there are other organisms as photo-heterotrophs, who use light to generate energy but do not fix CO2. At the gene level, we have studied the proteorhodopsin gene expression by RT-PCR in a culture of a marine flavobacterium. In a study of environmental genomics, the presence of this photoactive protein was found to be associated with a group of uncultivated marine bacteria. Proteorhodopsins are responsible of a new mechanism of phototrophy in the oceans; they act as proton pumps powered by light that generate a membrane proton gradient in order to synthesize ATP. In the present study it was found that light increased the expression levels of the proteorhodopsin gene.
Triviño, Palomares Emma. "Estudi citogenètic i molecular de pacients afectes de retinoblastoma esporàdic i familiar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3732.
Full textPer a determinar si un pacient presenta la forma hereditària o no hereditària de la malaltia, cal un diagnòstic genètic, pel que l'objectiu principal d'aquest treball va ser l'establiment d'un protocol de diagnòstic addient.
Es va realitzar un estudi citogenètic i d'hibridació in situ fluorescent, i un estudi molecular, utilitzant les tècniques de detecció directa de mutacions per PCR i digestió enzimàtica, la tècnica de SSCP, i la seqüenciació automàtica. Es va portar a terme d'altra banda un estudi indirecte per anàlisi de lligament, en famílies amb al menys dues generacions d'individus afectes
A partir d'aquest treball s'han obtingut els resultats i conclusions següents:
1.- Mitjançant l'estudi citogenètic s'ha detectat un 4,2% d'anomalies constitucionals que justifiquen el fenotip dels pacients
2.- Mitjançant FISH s'han detectat mutacions constitucionals en el 14,3% dels individus estudiats, que justifiquen el seu fenotip
3.- En l'anàlisi de lligament utilitzant els marcadors BamHI, XbaI, Tth 111 I, Rb1.20, i VNTR16 s'ha observat un percentatge d'heterozigots del 46,6%, 60%, 34,5%, 74,2% i 84,6% respectivament
La utilització conjunta de cinc marcadors polimòrfics ha permès identificar l'al·lel del gen RB1 al que va lligada l'herència del retinoblastoma en les famílies estudiades
4.- L'anàlisi dels exons 8 i 18, que contenen codons CGAarg, per digestió amb enzims de restricció, ha permès detectar mutacions en dos pacients (5%), caracteritzades per seqüenciació, i els resultats obtinguts estan d'acord amb el fenotip dels pacients
5.- El cribatge de mutacions mitjançant SSCP ha permès la detecció, en quatre pacients, de tres variants, (3,1%, 2,8%, 5,8% dels pacients estudiats per cada exó), caracteritzades mitjançant seqüenciació
6.- La baixa incidència d'anomalies detectades mitjançant SSCP es justifica tant per l'alt percentatge de pacients amb retinoblastoma esporàdic unilateral i unifocal inclòs a l'estudi (35%), com per l'elevada heterogeneitat mutacional del gen RB1, i per la baixa eficiència del mètode.
7.- El diagnòstic genètic mitjançant l'anàlisi de mutacions ha permès l'assessorament als familiars de risc, i oferir un diagnòstic prenatal
L'anàlisi indirecta ha estat útil per a la detecció de portadors adults no afectes, i per a determinar la condició de no portadors de pacients en edat de risc, fet que els pot excloure de revisions oftalmològiques
8.- La variabilitat clínica i l'heterogeneitat genètica de la malaltia, fan necessari utilitzar un protocol d'estudi genètic, tant per pacients amb retinoblastoma bilateral com unilateral, aplicable a la rutina clínica en termes de cost-benefici.
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common intraocular tumour in children, with an incidence of 1 in 16.000-23.000 live births. Of all Rb-patients, 40% have a heritable predisposition; this form is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, with high, but incomplete penetrance.
In order to determine carrier status it's necessary to establish a test suitable for genetic diagnosis.
Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, as well as a molecular study of mutations by enzymatic digestion, SSCP and PCR sequencing were carried out. In patients with positive family history, we have employed intragenic polymorphic markers in a linkage analysis
Our main results and conclusions are as follow:
1.- Cytogenetic and FISH analysis allowed the detection of constitutional mutations in 4,2% and 14,3% of patients respectively
2.- Segregation of disease-causing gene was followed by linkage analysis in all families studied
3.- Enzimatic digestion analysis of exons 8 and 18 revealed mutations in two patients (5%), confirmed by sequencing, and related to patient's phenotype
4.- Mutation screening by SSCP allowed the detection of three alterated patterns (3,1%, 2,8%, 5,8% of patients studied for each exon), all of them characterized by sequencing
5.- The low frequency of mutations found in our study using SSCPis explained by the high percentage of unilaterally sporadic affected patients analyzed (35%), as well as by the wide spectrum of mutations affecting Rb gene, and by the low efficiency of SSCP
6.- Direct detection of mutations has allowed genetic assessment of parents, and can be applied in prenatal screening
Indirect analysis has allowed unequivocal identification of gene carriers as well as exclusion of repeated ophthalmological examination of those individuals who don't carry the mutant gene. The study has been applied prenatally
7.- Because of clinical and genetic heterogeneity, a procedure for genetic testing is required, both for bilaterally and unilaterally affected patients. This procedure needs to be applicable to clinic routine
Zamora, Plana Lurdes. "Caracterització Biològica de la Trombocitemia Essencial i la Policitemia Vera." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3667.
Full textLa PV és el resultat de la proliferació anormal d'una cèl·lula mare pluripotent, que dóna lloc a una hemopoesi clonal d'hematies, granulòcits i plaquetes, amb predomini d'hiperplàsia eritroide sobre la resta de línies hemopoètiques.
La TE és una SMPC caracteritzada per un increment persistent de la xifra de plaquetes i per una hiperplàsia megacariocítica en la medul·la òssia.
Un dels criteris diagnòstics majors de la PV i majoria dels criteris diagnòstics de la TE són criteris d'exclusió. Aquest fet fa que constantment s'estiguin buscant nous biomarcadors que ajudin al diagnòstics d'aquestes patologies. Les tècniques que s'han utilitzat en aquestes tesi amb aquest propòsit han sigut:
1. Citogenètica convencional:
- PV: Al moment del diagnòstic entre el 13-18% dels pacients presenten un cariotip alterat mitjançant tècniques de citogenètica convencional. Les alteracions més freqüents són: del(20q) (25%), trisomia 8 (16%), trisomia 9 (16%) (tampoc era rar trobar les dues trisomies 8 i 9 juntes en el mateix pacient), duplicacions de bandes inespecífiques d'1q o trisomies d'1q (10%), seguit per del(13q), del(11q), del(7q), del(5q) i trisomia 21.
- TE: Al moment del diagnòstic entre el 5% i 10% dels casos presenten alteracions cromosòmiques. Entre les alteracions citogenètiques més descrites en la TE trobem les delecions dels braços llargs dels cromosomes 20 (del(20q)) i 13 (del(13q)) i les trisomies 8 i 9.
2. Hibridació in situ fluorescent:
- PV: El percentatge de pacients amb alteracions cromosòmiques que es detecten mitjançant la tècnica de FISH varia entre 14.3% i 71.5% en funció de cada sèrie.
- TE: El percentatge de pacients amb alteracions cromosòmiques que es detecten mitjançant la tècnica de FISH varia entre 15% i 55% en funció de cada sèrie.
3. Estudi de clonalitat mitjançant el gen HUMARA:
- PV: El percentatge de clonalitat entre les pacients afectes de PV oscil·la entre el 41% i el 73%.
- TE: El percentatge de clonalitat entre les pacients afectes de TE oscil·la entre el 18.7% i el 68%.
La tècnica més útil com a nou biomarcador ha estat l'estudi de clonalitat mitjançant el gen HUMARA. Ara bé, la recerca constant de possibles biomarcadors (ex. PRV-1, JAK2...) poden superar la eficacia d'aquesta tècnica.
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV) are chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) arising from the clonal expansion of a pluripotential stem cell. Specific genetic lesions have not been recognized for both disorders, so, diagnostic criteria still are based on the presence or absence of particular clinical and laboratory features
In recent years, there have been attempts to find new positive criteria that could help in the diagnosis of ET and PV, such as spontaneous in vitro colony formation of erythroid and megakaryocytic progenitors, conventional cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques and analysis of X-chromosome inactivation patterns (XCIPs). This thesis wants to better characterize PV and ET. For this propose it has been used the following methodologies:
1. Conventional Cytogenetics:
- PV: At diagnosis between 13-18% of patients has an abnormal karyotype with conventional cytogenetics methodologies. The most frequent abnormalities are del(20q) (25%), trisomy 8 (16%), trisomy 9 (16%) (we can also find both alterations together in the same patient), duplications of unspecific bands from 1q or trisomy 1q (10%), del(13q), del(11q), del(7q), del(5q) and trisomy 21.
- TE: At diagnosis between 5-10% of patients has an abnormal karyotype with conventional cytogenetics methodology. The most frequent abnormalities are del(20q)), del(13q) and trisomy 8 and 9.
2. Fluorescent in situ hybridization:
- PV: The percentage of patients with abnormalities detected by FISH goes from 14.3% to 71.5% depending on the series.
- TE: The percentage of patients with abnormalities detected by FISH goes from 15% to 55% depending on the series.
3. Clonality study with HUMARA gene:
- PV: The percentage of clonality between patients goes from 41% to 73%.
- TE: The percentage of clonality between patients goes from 18.7% to 68%.
The most useful technique as a biomarker has been the clonality study with the HUMARA gene. But the constant investigation of new possible biomarkers (ex. PRV-1, JAK2...) could be even more useful than this one.
Tolosa, Montero Mª Amparo. "Gen FOXP2: Esquizofrenia, alucinaciones auditivas y lenguaje." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9945.
Full textThis thesis has focused in the study of FOXP2 gene, which is the first gene related to a language disorder and which has been subject to positive selection in human lineage, as candidate gene for schizophrenia through different approaches Case-control study didn't allow establishing a consistent relationship between the analyzed structural variants (SNPs and trinucleotide repetitions) and auditory hallucination as alternative phenotype for schizophrenia. Nevertheless, a role of FOXP2 in vulnerability to schizophrenia through its relationship with language cannot be ruled out since SNP rs2396753 showed a trend to significance and SNP rs2253478 showed significative differences for Poverty of Speech. Analysis of promoter region suggests regulation of the expression of the gene is more complex than it was initially expected.Evolutionary analysis of a 6Kb fragment surrounding first exon of the gene revealed different evolutionary rates in different fragments as well as some potential promoter regions. A highly conserved region was detected upstream of the annotated promoter. In order to determine if this highly conserved region should be included in the promoter core functional analyses were performed. These experiments indicated that this region probably contains repressor elements. Under the epigenetic hypothesis of the origin of schizophrenia an analysis of the methylation patterns of a CpG island adjacent to first untranslated was performed. Differences between upstream and downstream region were detected as well as differences for methylation of parahippocampal gyrus in patients and controls and between hemispheres. Quantification of mRNA levels was conducted in order to correlate methylation and expression levels of the gene, with inconclusive results.As a summary, with our results we cannot rule out a role of FOXP2 in the susceptibility to schizophrenia, although no direct evidence has been obtained.
Ramos, Masdeu Laia. "Validació de l’anàlisi citogenètica exhaustiva de tot el complement cromosòmic en cèl·lula única: Aplicació translacional al Diagnòstic Genètic Preimplantacional per factor masculí." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131330.
Full textPreimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) allows the diagnosis of genetic disorders in IVF embryos from affected couples or carriers of monogenic diseases, in order to select non-affected embryos for transfer to the maternal uterus. Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), however, consists in the cytogenetic analysis of embryos in order to select only euploid ones for transfer and thus increase pregnancy rates in IVF cycles. PGS can be carried out with the comparative genome hybridization on metaphase spreads (mCGH) technique, which allows cytogenetic analysis of the 22 autosomal chromosomes in addition to the sex chromosomes. This technique also allows the detection of structural imbalances, either due to Robertsonian or reciprocal translocations present in the parents, as well as deletions or duplications of chromosome segments, often found in male pronucleus. PGS is mainly carried out by analysing one blastomere biopsied from each embryo that has reached the 6-8-cell stage. In this thesis, we have determined the effect of the cell stage in mCGH analysis from single cells. This study has been carried out with a model cell-line of fibroblasts and also with blastomeres from human cryopreserved embryos. A second objective of this thesis was to determine the presence of structural abnormalities in embryos from couples with male-factor infertility, either with balanced chromosomal rearrangements, abnormal seminogram or increased incidence of sperm aneuploidies. A complete seminogram and sperm DNA fragmentation analysis has been performed in all PGD couples in order to study the relationship between embryo cytogenetics, reproductive prognosis and sperm DNA fragmentation. This will allow a more accurate characterisation of couples undergoing PGD cycles, so their reproductive success can be predicted. A different methodology, much more powerful than mCGH, has also been validated in this thesis for single-cell cytogenetic analysis: oligonucleotide CGH array from Agilent. Correspondence between cytogenetic diagnoses obtained by mCGH, oligonucleotide CGH array and BAC CGH array, a widely used technology in PGD in the last years, has been analysed. The validity of oligonucleotide CGH array for its application to PGD has been demonstrated in a PGD case for a balanced carrier of a Robertsonian translocation.
Durban, Llenas Mercè. "Estudi citogenètic del primer corpuscle polar d'oòcits d'hàmster i d'humans: diagnòstic genètic preimplantacional mitjançant l'anàlisi de primer corpuscle polar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3813.
Full textEl objetivo general de este trabajo ha sido poner a punto un método de DGP-1CP mediante la técnica de análisis citogenético molecular conocida con el nombre de hibridación in situ fluorescente (FISH). Nos hemos centrado en la aplicación clínica del DGP-1CP en mujeres portadoras de translocaciones robertsonianas y mujeres portadoras de translocaciones recíprocas.
La metodología de obtención de extensiones cromosómicas de 1CP para realizar el análisis citogenético, se ha puesto a punto en un modelo animal (hámster, Mesocricetus auratus) y se ha adecuado a ovocitos humanos descartados de ciclos de FIV antes o después de su inseminación. Los Comités Éticos de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB) y del Centro de FIV correspondiente han aprobado el protocolo a seguir para realizar el presente estudio y los ovocitos han sido donados por pacientes cuando estaban llevando a cabo su ciclo de FIV.
Se han elaborado dos series de parejas 1CP-MII procedentes de ovocitos humanos no inseminados y descartados post inseminación, y se ha demostrado que las dotaciones cromosómicas son complementarias. La tasa de aneuploidia ha sido nula para ovocitos no inseminados y de un 5,1 % en ovocitos descartados por no mostrar signos de fecundación. La concordancia en parejas 1CP-MII en ovocitos no inseminados ha sido del 100 % y del 95,1 % en ovocitos descartados post inseminación.
También se han estudiado citogeneticamente, ovocitos inmaduros y cigotos humanos anómalos, descartados de ciclos de FIV después de su inseminación y donados por las pacientes. Tras el análisis citogenético mediante FISH, se ha demostrado que un 25,4 % de los complementos cromosómicos correspondientes a ovocitos inmaduros son euploides en estadio de metafase I y el resto son aneuploides. Se ha observado una mayor incidencia de aneuploidia en ovocitos inmaduros descartados post inseminación (88,2 %) que en ovocitos inmaduros no inseminados (47,1 %). En cuanto a los cigotos anómalos descartados de ciclos de FIV con inseminación convencional por tener más de dos pronúcleos, en todos ellos la ploidía correspondía al número de núcleos observado. Por el contrario los cigotos con un único pronúcleo pueden ser diploides (88,9 %) o haploides (11,1 %).
Aplicando el DGP-1CP a cinco mujeres portadoras de translocaciones robertsonianas y a cuatro mujeres portadoras de translocaciones recíprocas, y haciendo una revisión de los casos publicados hasta el momento, se ha hecho evidente que en mujeres portadoras de translocaciones robertsonianas la frecuencia de ovocitos cromosómicamente normales o equilibrados para la anomalía estudiada es del 60 % y en mujeres portadoras de translocaciones recíprocas es del 40 %. Se ha evidenciado una correlación estadísticamente positiva entre la frecuencia teórica de puntos calientes de recombinación y la incidencia observada de no disyunción de cromosomas homólogos en mujeres portadoras de translocaciones recíprocas con mínimo nuevo ovocitos diagnosticados.
In females, the particular characteristics of the gametogenesis allow the indirect characterization of the chromosome constitution of the gamete through the study of the first polar body (1PB) and these presents an opportunity for germ line analysis. The 1PB contents a chromosome set complementary to that of the oocyte. Thus, the 1PB can be analysed to obtain information on the chromosomal constitution of the corresponding oocyte, which is maintained in culture.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) using the first polar body is a modality of PGD that can be used when the woman is the carrier of a genetic disease or of a balanced chromosomal reorganization.
Here, we describe a procedure to obtain 1PB chromosome complements and our experience based on the analysis by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of unfertilized or fresh human oocytes and non-inseminated control human oocytes, by fixing separately the 1PB and the corresponding oocyte, and on the study of nine clinical cases of PGD using 1PB biopsy (five Robertsonian translocations and four reciprocal translocations).
The method was developed in an animal model (Syrian hamster). Human samples were donated by patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. The Informed Consent Form and the protocol for the study were approved by the Ethics Committees of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and the IVF Centre.
In fresh oocytes, the chromosome morphology of the 1PB was well preserved, and the results were always concordant for each 1PB-oocyte pair. This indicates that the 1PB can be reliably used for the diagnosis of chromosome reorganizations. The frequency of aneuploidy was zero in fresh oocytes and 5.1 % in unfertilized oocytes.
Moreover, we describe the study of immature oocytes and abnormal zygotes from IVF cycles. We observed that 25.4 % of the chromosome complements from immature oocytes, were euploid in metaphase I, and the rest of complements were aneuploid. We observed more aneuploidy in immature oocytes discarded post insemination (88.2 %) than in immature oocytes non-inseminated (47.1 %). The ploidy of all zygotes with more than two pronuclei was concordant with the number of nuclei observed. Nevertheless, the zygotes with only one pronucleus were 88.9 % diploids and 11.1 % haploids.
Applying PGD-1PB to five female carriers of Robertsonian translocations and four carriers of reciprocal translocations, and reviewing the cases published, we observed that in women carriers of Robertsonian translocations robertsonianas and in women carriers of reciprocal translocations, the frequency of normal or balanced oocytes was 60 %, and 40 % respectively. In reciprocal translocation cases, published in the literature or studied by us, in whom at least nine oocytes had been diagnosed, a correlation has been found between the frequency of non-disjunction observed and the theoretical recombination rate.
Baró, Llàcer Cristina. "Aplicació de la citogenètica, hibridació in situ fluorescent (FISH) i cariotipat espectral (SKY) per a la caracterització genètica dels limfomes de la zona marginal esplènica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/368220.
Full textSplenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a well recognized entity by the World Health Organization (WHO) that show clinical, morphological and immunophenotypical characteristic features. In contrast with other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, SMZL does not present an associated genetic aberration. Complex chomosomal alterations are obseved in about 80% of cases and 7q deletion and trisomy 3 are the most recurrent anomalies and are considered characteristic in SMZL. Apart from 3 and 7, recent studies described as the more frequent involved chromosomes in this entity chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 12 and 14. Regarding translocations involving immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, only few sporadic series has been published concluding that Ig translocations could be a secondary event in SMZL. The aim of this memory is to present a comprehensive study of SMZL performing conventional banding cytogenetic, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY) techniques to detect new aberrations and genetic markers associated with this entity. Our results confirm the high incidence of 7q deletion and trisomy 3 as well as a high implication of chromosomes 3, 6, 8, 9 and 12 in chromosomal alterations. SKY technique was very helpful to redefine complex karyotypes and combined with FISH techniques we could detect new chromosomal translocations associated to SMZL. In the same way, we could observe that translocations involving Ig genes are more common than has been described in this entity and in some cases these aberrations are masked by the complexity of the karyotypes.
Sesé, Faustino Marta. "Arquitectura cel.lular i transducció del senyal: El gen CDI/TESKI com a modulador de sevenless." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1886.
Full text"Celular Architecture and Signal Transduction:cdi/TESK1 gene as a modulator of Sevenless"How cellular behaviors such as cell-to-cell communication, epithelial organization and cell shape reorganization are coordinated during development is poorly understood. The developing Drosophila eye offers an ideal model system to study these processes. Localized actin polymerization is required to constrict the apical surface of epithelial cells of the eye imaginal disc to maintain the refined arrangement of the developing ommatidia. The identity of each photoreceptor cell within the epithelium is determined by cell-to-cell contacts involving signal transduction events. The R7 photoreceptor cell requires the activity of the Sevenless RTK to adopt a proper cell fate. We performed an EP screen for negative regulators of this inductive process, and we identified the serine/threonine kinase Center divider (cdi) as a suppressor of the phenotype caused by an activated Sevenless receptor. Cdi is homologous to the human testis-specific kinase 1 (TESK1), a member of the LIM kinases involved in cytoskeleton control through ADF/cofilin phosphorylation. We have analyzed the effects of gain- and loss-of-function of cdi and found alterations in actin organization and in the adherens junctions proteins DE-cadherin and β-catenin, as well as in Sevenless apical localization. Interference with the function of the ADF/cofilin phosphatase Slingshot (ssh), which antagonizes Cdi, also results in a suppression of signaling triggered by the Sevenless RTK. The results of this first chapter of the Thesis reveal a critical interplay between the localization of molecules involved in epithelial organization and signal transduction.In the second chapter of this Thesis we describe the role of the mammalian homolog of cdi, testis-specific kinase 1 (TESK1), in PC12 neuronal cell differentiation and fibroblast proliferation. In addition, we show data indicating that TESK1 interferes with both the magnitude and duration of the ERK activation profile.
Sebé, Pedrós Arnau. "L'origen de la multicel.lularitat a metazous, una aproximació genòmica i funcional / The origin of metazoan multicellularity, a genomics and functional approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117359.
Full textEl origen de la multicelularidad animal es una de las mayores transiciones evolutivas de la historia de la vida. La secuenciación, en los últimos años, de genomas de animales basales como esponjas y cnidarios ha permitido establecer la maquinaria genética común a todos los animales. La mayoría de estos genes son aquellos involucrados en la adhesión celular, la comunicación celular y el control de la proliferación y la diferenciación. El acceso a datos genómicos de organismos unicelulares muy cercanos a los animales, como Capsaspora owczarzaki, es esencial para entender mejor esta transición. Los objetivos principales de esta tesis ha sido estudiar la presencia de genes de multicelularidad y su conservación funcional en Capsaspora owczarzaki, así como su ciclo vital. Analizando su genoma, descubrimos una completa maquinaria de adhesión por integrinas en C.owczarzaki. Hemos podido reconstruir en detalle la historia evolutiva de este mecanismo crucial de adhesión y comunicación celular. También hemos encontrado un amplio repertorio de factores de transcripción, elementos esenciales para regular la diferenciación y la proliferación en los animales, que se creían exclusivos de animales en el genoma de C.owczarzaki; por ejemplo, genes NFkappaB, T-box o p53. Por último, hemos descrito que una importante vía de señalización en animales, la llamada vía Hippo, también está presente en C.owczarzaki. Este mecanismo es esencial para controlar la proliferación y el tamaño de los órganos en los animales. Mediante estudios de función heteróloga en Xenopus y Drosophila demostramos la conservación funcional de los homólogos del gen Brachyury (un factor de transcripción de la clase T-box) y de la vía Hippo de C.owczarzaki. C.owczarzaki y el coanoflagelado Salpingoeca rosetta nos sirvieron para estudiar la evolución y el origen de los filopodios y microvilli animales y su maquinaria molecular. Por último, el estudio de la biología y el ciclo de C.owczarzaki, mediante el uso de técnicas microscopias, citometría y transcriptómica comparada de los distintos estadios vitales del organismo. Demostramos la existencia de un estadio de pluricelularidad agregativa y que la transición entre éste y otros estadios está finamente regulada a nivel de expresión génica y de splicing alternativo. El estudio de C.owczarzaki nos ha dado valiosos ejemplos de cómo, más allá de la innovación génica, la co-opción de maquinaria pre-existente en un contexto unicelular fue un mecanismo esencial para el origen de la multicelularidad animal.
Candel, Camacho Sergio. "Caracterización del papel de los receptores de TNF en inflamación usando el pez cebra como modelo= Modelling the impact of TNF receptors in inflammation using the zebrafish." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/124105.
Full textPsoriasis is a chronic, debilitating skin disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Although there is no mouse model that accurately reproduces all facets of the psoriasis, the accessibility of skin tissue from patients has facilitated the elucidation of some pathways involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and highlighted the importance of the immune system in the disease. Recently developed antibodies that selectively target several cytokines, including TNFα, IL-23 and IL-17, have shown promising results in early-phase clinical trials. However, these treatments are extremely expensive and show important side effects. Importantly, numerous studies have reported new-onset psoriasis following TNFα antagonist therapy in adult inflammatory bowel disease patients. Despite these clinical data pointing to an ambiguous function of TNFα in psoriasis, the role of TNFα, and in particular the contribution of each TNFR, in the regulation of skin inflammation has scarcely been studied. OBJECTIVES: Taking that into consideration, the objectives of the present work are: (1) Characterization of the role played by Tnfa and its receptors (Tnfr1 and Tnfr2) in the neutrophil function and distribution patterns in zebrafish larvae; (2) Characterization of the Tnfr1 and Tnfr2 signaling pathways involved in skin homeostasis in zebrafish larvae; (3) Characterization of the role played by Tnfa and its receptors in chronic inflammation in the skin in zebrafish larvae; (4) Evaluation of the zebrafish larvae as a potential model for the study of human chronic inflammatory diseases. METHODOLOGY: Some zebrafish transgenic lines and the unique advantage of the zebrafish embryo for in vivo imaging and cell tracking have been used for the study of the neutrophil distribution patterns. Furthermore, the skin inflammation caused by the depletion of Tnfa or Tnfr2, but not of Tnfr1, has been studied using both genetic (morpholinos and dominant negative forms) and pharmacological (DPI) inhibition of Duox1. The expression of pro-inflammatory molecules has been measured by RT-qPCR, while neutrophils and keratinocytes have been FACS-sorted from controls and Tnfr2-deficient larvae. H2O2-specific probes have been used in order to detect the production of that compound. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We found that depletion of Tnfa or Tnfr2, but not of Tnfr1, caused skin inflammation through the activation of an H2O2/NF-κB/Duox1 positive feedback inflammatory loop. Moreover, both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Duox1 completely abrogated skin inflammation, placing Duox1-derived H2O2 upstream of the positive feedback inflammatory loop. Thus, these results lead us to the next conclusions: (1) Genetic inhibition of Tnfa or Tnfr2, but not of Tnfr1, results in neutrophil mobilization from the CHT to the skin, where they get infiltrated; (2) Target gene silencing of Tnfa or Tnfr2 results in the induction of the expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory mediators in the skin; (3) The absence of Tnfa signaling through Tnfr2 triggers the local production of H2O2 by Duox1; (4) Genetic inhibition of Tnfa or Tnfr2 results in the activation of the master regulator of inflammation NF-кB in the skin, downstream the production of H2O2; (5) Tnfa signaling through Tnfr2 is critically required for skin homeostasis; (6) DUOX1 induction and/or the subsequent production of H2O2 in the skin of psoriasis patients, may be new targets for pharmacologic and genetic therapies for the treatment of psoriasis. These new strategies could be applicable to other chronic inflammatory diseases as well; (7) Zebrafish can be used as a model organism for the study of psoriasis and other inflammatory chronic diseases.
Butí, Barceló Elisenda. "Migració i guiatge cel.lular durant el desenvolupament embrionari de Drosophila melanogaster. Contribució de Hedgehog i Patched." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/120512.
Full textWe have analysed the tracheal phenotype of patched (ptc) mutant embryos to clarify the involvement of Ptc in tracheal development, in particular its role in cell migration and pathfinding. One of the main points of interest is the fact that in ptc mutants the ganglionic branches (GB) do not invade the ventral nerve cord as they do in the wild-type (wt). We found that the number of cells that constitute the tracheal tree in the mutant is slightly lower than in wt but these changes in cell number are not due to apoptosis, as we cannot detect any additional caspase activity in mutant embryos, and, in addition, these lower numbers of cells are not sufficient to prevent the extension of the GBs. The ptc tracheal phenotype is already visible by stage 12 and 13 of embryogenesis when the GBs start showing defects in migration/extension, and show higher number of DSRF positive cells, compared to the wt. Embryonic Ptc protein expression and activation or inactivation of the Hh pathway in tracheal cells alone, either using active or inactive forms, does not show a phenotype, suggesting a non-autonomous requirement for the Hh pathway in tracheal cells. In addition, overexpression of Hh in the embryonic ventral region, phenocopies the GB migration/extension phenotype. For these reasons, we have analysed the expression of Branchless (Bnl), the FGF ligand, in ptc mutant embryos, where migration is not properly occurring. By using in situ hybridisation and RT-PCR we have found that wt and ptc mutants show different levels of bnl expression, these being higher in ptc mutants than in wt embryos. In parallel of the Ptc project in the tracheal system, and since we already knew and have observed some phenotypes in the nervous system, we decided to further analyse some observations we have done while overexpressing Hh in the midline. It is reported that in vertebrates the morphogen Sonic Hedgehog acts as an axon chemoattractant that collaborates with Netrin-1 in midline axon guidance at the level of the floor plate. We have been able to demonstrate that the same is occurring in Drosophila. We could see the same effect while overexpressing the morphogen outside the midline using Apterous (Apt) as a driver, confirming the effect of Hh as a guidance molecule.
Rúa, Tarín Mª del Pilar de la. "Variabilidad genética, análisis molecular y filogenia de poblaciones ibéricas y canarias de Apis mellifera (Linneo 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/95890.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to characterise at the molecular level, the population variability of Apis mellifera Linné, 1758, and to corroborate in this way several hypotheses. One of them is related with the structure of the honeybee populations from Murcia and the racial effect derived from the queen importation and the migrating movements. Other hypothesis to be corroborated is referred to Canarian honeybees, whose origin could be either Northern Africa (due to natural events) or the Iberian Peninsula (due to human activities from XVI century). The existence of an endemic honeybee race from the Canaries will be investigated.
Silveira, Simão Daniela. "Distribution and population biology of pelagic decapod crustaceans of the western Mediterranean." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134798.
Full textAquesta tesi presenta nova informació sobre crustacis decàpodes pelàgics, principalment sobre els pasifèids presents a la Mediterrània: Pasiphaea sivado i Pasiphaea multidentat. S’han trobat diferències importants en les pautes de distribució dels pasifèids en relació a la influència de les aigües atlàntiques a la Mediterrània. Globalment, tant l’abundància com la biomassa dels pasifèids del Mar d’Alboran van ser superiors que a la resta de poblacions mediterrànies mostrejades. La profunditat a la qual es comencen a trobar les diferents espècies de pasifèids de la Mediterrània és també menor a la Mar d’Alboran, on P. sivado va presentar el major rang de distribució en fondària, així com també la més gran talla de maduresa en femelles. Aquesta talla es va fent progressivament menor a mesura que augmenta la distància a la font d’aigües atlàntiques, és a dir, de la zona de l’Estret de Gibraltar. Ambdues espècies van presentar una estructura de talles variable en funció de la profunditat, amb individus juvenils ocupant profunditats més somes que els adults. Addicionalment, juvenils de P. multidentata només es van observar al Mar Català, mentre que van ser absents del Mar d’Alboran, fet que suggereix l’existència de diferències important en l’estacionalitat de la reproducció i/o de la dinàmica de les poblacions. L’existència de dimorfisme sexual entre mascles i femelles de P. sivado es reporta per primera vegada en aquesta tesi, així com de diferències significatives en l’estructura de talles entre sexes. Els cinc pleopodis de les femelles adultes són clarament més fins i allargats que els pleopodis dels mascles adults, els quals són arrodonits anteriorment i tenen una forma més robusta. S’ha detectat una talla crítica a partir de la qual la proporció de sexes de les poblacions canvien cap a una dominància significativa dels mascles. Aquesta talla disminueix progressivament i significativa des de la població més propera a l’Estret de Gibraltar, la del Mar d’Alboran, passant per la població d’Alacant, fins a la població del Mar Català, en concordança amb els canvis observat a la talla de maduresa de les femelles. Aquesta tesi també presenta una primera aproximació a investigar el paper de l’Estret de Gibraltar sobre l’estructura genètica de les poblacions de pasifèids, utilitzant les dues espècies utilitzades en els capítols precedents, les quals representen espècies congenèriques, simpàtriques geogràficament, però amb una marcada distribució batimètrica diferencial. Les anàlisis efectuades han mostrat que l’Estret de Gibraltar constitueix una forta i única barrera geogràfica per a la connectivitat genètica entre les poblacions d’ambdues espècies situades a una banda i altra de l’Estret. En ambdues espècies s’ha detectat l’existència d’una marcada estructuració genètica caracteritzada per dos haplotips principals, un que es troba només en poblacions atlàntiques, i un altre únicament en poblacions mediterrànies. Basant-se també en característiques genètiques, s’ha obtingut nova informació referent a la filogènia del gènera Pasiphaea, que mostra l’existència d’una important divergència genètica entre P. sivado i la resta d’espècies de la família Pasiphaeidae de les quals en l’actualitat es té informació, fet que indica que dins del gènere Pasiphaea es troben diferents subgrups genètics ben delimitats. L’estudi de la comunitat de crustacis decàpodes pelàgics en aigües al voltant de l’illa de Mallorca, localitzada entre les conques Algeriana i Catalano-Balear ha mostrat la presència de dues comunitats faunístiques diferenciades, no geogràficament sinó en funció de la batimetria: una en aigües localitzades sobre el límit plataforma-talús i una altra al damunt del talús mig. La comunitat més soma, la del límit plataforma-talús, es va caracteritzar per la dominància d’espècies pràcticament transparents, com Sergestes arcticus, l’espècie que va assolir les abundàncies més elevades, i Pasiphaea sivado, espècie omnipresent a tots els nivells pelàgics mostrejats. Els registres a l’ambient pelàgic de Chlorotocus crassicornis i Plesionika heterocarpus, no citades anteriorment en aquest ambient, es van restringir a les capes de difusió profunda del límit plataforma-talús. Les espècies de coloració més vermellosa (Gennadas elegans, Pasiphaea multidentata i Sergia robusta) es van localitzar únicament sobre fons del talús mig. No es van trobar diferències significatives en funció de la localització geogràfica o de les dues estacions de l’any mostrejades. Es considera que la comunitat de crustacis decàpodes pelàgics del Mar Balear està fonamentalment estructurada tant per la geomorfologia i característiques hidrogràfiques associades a la transició entre la plataforma i el talús continentals, com per la influència de la llum a la columna d’aigua. No es van trobar espècies de crustacis decàpodes en mostres epipelàgiques preses durant el dia. L’anàlisi de les talles dels individus capturats ha mostrat que els moviments de les diferents classes de talla (edat) a través de la columna d’aigua varien al llarg del cicle dia-nit d’una manera diferencial en funció de cada espècie. Adicionalment, aquest treball confirma clarament que la fracció adulta de la població de Pasiphaea multidenta presenta també la capacitat de dur a terme migracions verticals. S’és conscient que existeixen avui dia encara molts forats en el coneixement de l’autoecologia i cicle vital tant dels pasifèids com de la resta de decàpodes pelàgics. Moltes qüestions romanents per a comprendre millor l’estructura i dinàmica de poblacions, distribució i filogènia, podrien ser millor enteses i discutides si hagués més coneixença sobre el cicle vitat, els estadis larvaris i post-larvaris, així com sobre la dispersió i connectivitat de les poblacions. L’elevat esforç de mostreig, i el seu alt cost associat, són encara avui dia una de les raons principals de l’escassetat d’informació disponible.
Castillo, Aliaga Josefa. "Clonación del CDNA y expresión del Gen de una proteina de la cromatina de embrión de guisante." Universitat de València, 2001. http://www.tesisenxarxa.net.
Full textAgulleiro, i. Gozalbo Maria Josep. "Fisiología de la reproducción del lenguado senegalés (Solea senegalensis): mecanismos endocrinos y aplicaciones en acuicultura." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9933.
Full textThe present work was aimed at the investigation of some endocrine mechanisms involved in oocyte growth in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), as well as to develop methods for the control of reproduction of this species in captivity. The thesis was divided into three separate parts:(i) Chapter 1, a General Introduction where it was reviewed the endocrine regulation of reproduction in teleosts, and it introduced the reader into the significance and current problems in the culture of flatfish, particularly the Senegalese sole;(ii) Chapters 2 and 3, in which it was investigated the vitellogenic process of Senegalese sole. In chapter 2, it is described the isolation of complementary DNAs encoding two isoforms of very low-density lipoprotein/vitellogenin receptor (VtgR) and a novel fatty acid-binding protein (FABP), FAB11. The analysis of expression of these genes suggested that the the level of vtgr transcripts in the ovary may be used as a functional marker to quantify the number of oocytes recruited for vitellogenesis, while that of fabp11 may be a very useful molecular marker for determining cellular events and environmental factors that regulate follicular atresia. In chapter 3, an homologous EIA to quantify plasma vitellogenin was developed, and annual plasma levels of vitellogenin were correlated with changes in plasma 17-estradiol, gonadosomatic index, and percentage of oocyte at different developmental stage in the ovary; and(iii) Chapters 4 and 5, in which it was investigated the induction of ovulation and spermiation in Senegalese sole. In chapter 4, males and females were treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). Treatment was able to induce ovulation and spawning of F1 females that often fail to reproduce. However, this treatment was ineffective in males. Further studies were performed in chapter 5, where GnRHa treatment in combination with a biosynthetic precursor of 11-ketotestosterone, stimulated spermatogenesis, increasing the production of conjugated forms of 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, enhancing the motility of spermatozoa by 2-fold. In conclusion, the present work has contributed with novel information on the endocrine mechanisms involved in gametogenesis in Senegalese sole, and has established some protocols for the induction of ovulation and spermiation in this species through hormonal therapies.
Simó, Cruanyes Joan. "Millora genètica del calçot (Allium cepa L.) : desenvolupament d'eines de selecció i aplicació a l'obtenció de nous cultivars." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134276.
Full text‘Calçots’, the floral stems of second-year onion (Allium cepa L.) resprouts, are a typical crop from Catalonia and they play and important role in Catalan agriculture. In the last season (2012-2013), 48 millions of units were produced and this number is constantly increasing. Around 15% of this production is commercialized under the European quality label ‘Protected Geographical Indication Calçot de Valls’. The landrace ‘Ceba Blanca Tardana de Lleida’ (CBTL), the most commonly used variety in the production of ‘calçots’, has undergone a gradual decreasing of the ‘calçots’ number per plant in the last 8 years. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis is to obtain more productive cultivars for ‘calçots’ production. However, the lack of information about the genetic basis of the main commercial traits and the most efficient handling techniques, made it necessary to develop methodological tools to move forward in ‘calçots’ breeding. As a result, the thesis is articulated in five indexed peer-reviewed papers, with the following main results: a) A standardized protocol for the preparation of samples for sensory and chemical analysis where 50 commercial-size ‘calçots’ per entry are roasted at 270oC for 18 minutes, and then pureed; b) The design of a sensory ideotype for ‘calçots’ based on high sweetness, low fiber perception, and low off flavors perception; c) The finding of high sensory and agromorphological intervariety variability for 'calçots’ produced by different prestigious Spanish onion landraces, which could be incorporated in breeding programs; d) The modeling of ‘calçots’ populations through the determination of the ‘calçots’ number per plant at different stages of the crop, using a Gompertz function, which allows establishing comparisons and clarifying the optimum harvest time; e) The report of a high similarity in the Spanish onion landraces genetic background, estimated using SSR and AFLP, suggesting an important genetic flow among varieties and the implication of few loci in morphological differentiation; f) The development of efficient regression equations enabling good estimations of the number of ‘calçots’ per plant from the number of gemmae measured in the bulb phase, and the determination of the minimum size of the onion bulb that enables a non-limited expression of the genetic potential for ‘calçots’ production; g) Finally, as a result of a breeding program, we have developed the new cultivars ‘Roquerola’, with an early development and an medium number of ‘calçots’ (4.6 commercial ‘calçots’ per plant in January), and ‘Montferri’, with a late development and 8 commercial ‘calçots’ in March on average.
Ademà, Llobet Vera. "Estudio de perfiles moleculares en pacientes con síndrome mielodisplásicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/377772.
Full textMYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders highly heterogeneous. This disease is characterized by bone marrow failure that led to peripheral blood citopenias. The outcome of these patients is closely related to cytopenias and to an increased risk to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression. Nowadays, these patients are classified according to the revised version (2008) of the WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, which includes 7 subcategories. Due to high heterogeneity, the well-known scoring system IPSS-R (International Prognostic Scoring System) have been developed to better assess the overall survival (OS) their risk to progress. IPSS-R includes 3 variables, cytopenias at peripheral blood, bone marrow blast percentage and karyotype. The last one has shown a high influence in the IPSS-R. We hypothesize that alterations detected by molecular techniques could help us to better define patients with MDS. To elucidate this hypothesis, we studied three groups of MDS patients with different karyotypic alterations, patients with MDS and monosomal karyotype (MK), patients with alterations in chromosome 7 by FISH and patients with MDS or AML and del(5q). MK and alterations of chromosome 7 are included in high risk MDS, whether patients with isolated del(5q) are included in low risk MDS. However, when the alteration is detected in a complex karyotype, the outcome is significantly worse. These three group of patients were studied separately. First we studied the effect of MK. We studied a total of 1,054 adult patients with MDS and altered karyotype. Our main objective was to describe the incidence, characteristics and prognosis of patients with MK and its relation with OS and the progression risk to AML. This study helped us to determine that the worse prognosis related to MK (included in a complex karyotype) is karyotype complexity. This is the one that have a negative impact on patient’s prognosis with lower OS and higher risk to AML progression. Second, we studied by FISH a total of 820 patients with MDS without monosomy 7 or 7q deletion by conventional cytogenetics. Our objective was to define the impact of FISH detection (7- or 7q-) in the outcome of MDS patients. A total of 5.2% of cases were positive by FISH. This is of note because -7 and 7q- are related with worse outcome and more aggressive treatments. Moreover patients with an intermediate morphologic risk (WHO 2008) would benefit from a FISH study in order to better classify their prognosis. Due to chromosome 7 alterations worse prognosis, it would be highly recommended to apply FISH 7q in patients with chromosome 7 alterations by conventional cytogenetics who doesn’t fulfill clonally criteria. Last group studied were del(5q) patients, this alteration is one of the most common in MDS. We collected 228 patients with del(5q) with myeloid neoplasms (MDS and AML) by applying next-generation sequencing techniques. We were able to determine the 6 genes most commonly mutated: TP53, DNMT3A, CSNK1A1, SF3B1, PRPF8 and ASXL1. Both TP53 and DNMT3A were related to worse prognosis. TP53 and DNMT3A had a negative impact on the OS, but only DNMT3A retained its prognostic impact on the multivariate analysis. Although we couldn’t define a mutational profile for patients with del(5q), it would be important to perform initial studies to define patients with a better outcome. Especially when CSNK1A1 is mutated for its correlation with a good lenalidomide’s treatment response. In contrast, patients with mutations in TP53 should be closely followed for its well-known negative impact on OS and lenalidomide response. Moreover, due to the high negative impact of DNMT3A mutations in our series. Further studies are needed to clarify its impact on del(5q) patients.
Vales, Segura Gerard. "El proyecto nanogenotox: hacia el desarrollo de una metodología robusta para la determinación del potencial genotóxico de los nanomateriales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129406.
Full textNanotechnology is an emerging field that investigates the properties of matter at the nanometer scale. On this scale, the material properties begin to be dominated by quantum effects rather than by the physical laws by which matter is governed in the micrometer scale and above, and it is these same properties that arouse much interest the same that raise suspicions about its potential effects on human health. Consequently, the Nanogenotox project was encompassed in the efforts carried out by the European authorities to develop a framework for regulation of nanomaterials. During the development of the project, the results of the screening phase showed that the different nanomaterials used do not induce DNA damage in Caco-2 and BEAS-2B cell lines ( by carbon nanotubes) and 16HBE (by SiO2 nanoparticles), evaluated by the comet assay. The Round Robin test was conducted by all laboratories involved in the in vitro genotoxicity work package of the project by the comet assay and micronucleus assay, analyzing the treatments with 4 types of nanomaterials on two different types of cell lines. The methodology used was not validated due to the absence of clear trends and comparable set of results. Additional experiments based on low dose chronic experiments with carbon nanotubes and TiO2 in the BEAS-2B cell line showed that the former are capable of inducing ROS increases and chromosomal alterations in these conditions as well as a decreased expression of proinflammatory factors and an induction of tumor initiation in vitro. Although internalization of carbon nanotubes in the cells was not observed until the third week of exposure. In contrast, the TiO2 nanoparticles were unable to induce these effects despite being quickly internalized. In conclusion, the development and the information obtained in this project will help to establish criteria and a specific methodology, and therefore a regulatory framework, for the correct evaluation of the genotoxic potential of nanomaterials.
Chica, Díaz Rosa Ana de la. "Estudio citogenético en amniocitos de gestantes fumadoras." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3784.
Full textObjetivos: En este estudio se ha valorado el posible efecto genotóxico del hábito de fumar durante la gestación en las células de líquido amniótico. Para ello se ha analizado si se producía, o no, un incremento de inestabilidad cromosómica expresado en forma de las lesiones cromosómicas (gaps y roturas), y la presencia de anomalías cromosómicas estructurales. Así mismo, se ha analizado si existen regiones cromosómicas especialmente afectadas por la exposición al tabaco.
Material y métodos: En este estudio prospectivo se han analizado un total de 50 muestras de líquido amniótico, procedentes de diagnóstico prenatal, subdivididas en dos grupos: 25 muestras de gestantes no fumadoras (C; controles) y 25 de gestantes fumadoras (F). Estas últimas consumían más de 10 cigarrillos al día, al menos durante 10 años, y continuaban fumando durante el embarazo. En total se requirieron 800 encuestas para seleccionar las gestantes de ambos grupos; 496 encuestas para encontrar 25 mujeres controles que no fueran fumadoras pasivas; y 175 entrevistas para conseguir las 25 gestantes fumadoras. Ninguna de las gestantes debia consumir alcohol, café ni té. La evaluación citogenética se realizó de acuerdo con los procedimientos convencionales, analizándose sólo metafases de alta calidad. Se estudiaron más de 100 metafases por muestra para detectar las lesiones cromosómicas mediante tinción secuencial uniforme-bandas G (Wright). Para caracterizar las anomalías cromosómicas estructurales, se cariotiparon como mínimo 25 metafases por muestra.
Resultados: Para la comparación de los datos citogenéticos obtenidos en fetos de los dos grupos de gestantes se ha utilizado el método de ecuaciones estimado generalizado (GEE) . Se han observado importantes diferencias estadísticas entre (i) la proporción de metafases con inestabilidad cromosómica (F: 10.5% (262/2492); C: 8.0% (210/2637); P=0.0357), (ii) La proporción de lesiones cromosómicas (F: 15.7% (391/2492); C: 10.1% (267/2637); P=0.0450), y (iii) la proporción de anomalías cromosómicas estructurales (F: 12.1% (96/793); C: 3.5% (26/752); P=0.0015). El análisis estadístico de los 689 puntos de rotura implicados en lesiones y alteraciones cromosómicas estructurales mostró que la banda 11q23 fue la región cromosómica más afectada por el tabaco
Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados muestran un incremento de la inestabilidad cromosómica en células fetales (amniocitos) de gestantes que fuman más de 10 cigarrillos al día, durante más de 10 años y que continúan haciéndolo durante su embarazo. La banda 11q23 es especialmente sensible al efecto de los componentes del tabaco en células fetales. Se sabe que esta banda esta relacionada con procesos leucémicos ya que en ella se encuentran los genes ATM (cell prolymphocytic leukemia), PLZF (leukemia acute, promyelocytic; PLZF/RARA type), y MLL (leukemia, myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage). Nuestros resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que los componentes del tabaco, al atravesar la placenta, podría estar asociada a la aparición de procesos oncohematológicos pediátricos. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios epidemiológicos para determinar si, efectivamente, la descendencia de progenitores fumadores tiene incrementado el riesgo de padecer cáncer pediátrico.
Context: Tobacco increases the risk of systemic diseases, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and it has adverse effects on pregnancy. Maternal smoking during pregnancy has many consequences both during an after pregnancy, such as infertility, coagulation problems, obstetric accidents such an extrauterine pregnancy or placenta previa and intrauterine growth retardation. A relationship between postnatal exposure to tobacco and childhood cancer, especially leukemia and lymphomas, has also been suggested. Tobacco contains a high number of mutagenic compounds. Recently , the presence of tobacco-specific metabolites has been described in fetal blood an cell-free amniotic fluid (transferred from the mother via placenta) and in newborns from women who smoke, suggesting a possible genotóxico effect of smoking during pregnancy However, only indirect data have been published on a possible genotoxic effect on pregnancy in humans.
Objetives: In this study we assess the possible genotóxico effect of maternal smoking on amniotic fluid cells, based on the presence of an increased chromosomal instability expressed as chromosomal lesions (gaps and breaks) and structural chromosomal abnormalities. We also analyze whether any chromosomal regions are especially affected by exposure to tobacco in the fetus.
Desing, Setting and Patients: In this prospective study, amniocytes were obtained by routine amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis from 25 control and 25 women who smoke (>10 cigarettes/day for >10 years), who were asked to fill out the smoking questionnaire concerning their smoking habits. In total, 800 interviews were carried out. Four hundred ninety-six interviews were required to find the 25 nonsmokers who fulfilled the strict criteria set up in our protocol; 175 interviews were required to find the 25 mothers who had smoked 10 or more cigarettes daily for at least 10 years and who continued smoking during pregnancy. Cytogenetic evaluation was performed according to standard procedures. Only high-quality metaphases were analyzed in each case. (About 100 randomly selected metaphases uniformly stained). Later preparations were destained with methanol and incubated in 2xSSc, and stained with Wright-Giemsa stain to identify the bands where the lesions were located . To characterize structural chromosomal abnormalities at least 25 banded metaphases per patient were karyotyped .Breakpoints implicated in chromosome abnormalities were identified by G-banding.
Results: Comparison of cytogenetic data between smoker (S) and control (C) groups, using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) method, showed statistical significance for (i) the proportion of metaphases with chromosome instability (S: 10.5% (262/2492); C: 8.0% (210/2637); P=0.0357), (ii) the proportion of chromosome lesions (S: 15.7% (391/2492); C: 10.1% (267/2637); P=0.0450), and (iii) the proportion of structural chromosome abnormalities (S: 12.1% (96/793); C: 3.5% (26/752); P=0.0015). Statistical analysis of the 689 breakpoints detected showed that band 11q23, which is a band commonly implicated in hematopoietic malignancies, was the chromosome region most affected by tobacco.
Conclusions: Our findings show that smoking more than 10 cigarettes/day for at least 10 years and during pregnancy is associated with increased chromosome instability in amniocytes. Band 11q23, known to be involved in leukemogenesis, seems especially sensitive to genotoxic compounds contained in tobacco. This band contains the genes ATM (cell prolymphocytic leukemia), PLZF (leukemia acute, promyelocytic; PLZF/RARA type), and MLL (leukemia, myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage). Thus, the transplacental exposure to tobacco could be associated with an increased risk of pediatric hematopoietic malignancies. Epidemiologic studies will be needed to determine whether the offspring of parents who smoke have an increased lifetime risk of cancer.
Palenzuela, Díaz Lluís. "Anàlisi genètico-molecular d'una nova forma de distròfia muscular de maluc autosòmica dominant en un extens pedigrí." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3468.
Full textS'ha estudiat a fons un dels gens candidats, la Filamina C, proteïna que lliga actina. S'ha pogut excloure la Filamina C com a gen responsable de la nostra nova forma de LGMD després de no trobar-se cap mutació present en tots els individus afectes en co-segregació amb la malaltia ni cap alteració en el nivell d'expressió a nivell de mARN (àcid ribonucleic missatger).
Podem concloure que ens trobem davant una nova forma d'LGMD autosòmica dominant genèticament diferenciada que caldria anomenar LGMD1F, segons la nomenclatura de l'OMIM (On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man database).
It has been performed the genetic and molecular analysis of a large Spanish family affected by a new limb-girdle muscle dystrophy form (LGMD) with an autosomal dominant inheritance trait. Once described the clinical features of the disease we compared them with the 5 other autosomal dominant LGMD previously described. Aditionally to some clinical specific and differential traits, 3-point linkage analysis (2 markers and disease) with linked markers to this forms (regions 1q11-q21, 3p25, 5q31, 6q23 and 7q) excluded them as responsible for the disease in our pedigree. Once stablished that we had a new genetically distinguished form, we performed a genomic wide 2-point linkage analysis (marker-disease), by the use of many polymorphic markers spread all over the 22 autosomal chromosomes, checking manually and statistically its segregation with respect to the clinical phenotype. We first performed the analysis with fluorescently labeled markers and then, for the fine mapping, we used aditional 32P labeled markers, including in this part up to 55 members of the pedigree, being 27 of them affected and 28 unaffected. As a result, we could find the locus of the disease in the long arm of chromosome 7, specifically to region 7q31-q32. By the use of aditional markers and analysing the 4 informative recombinant individuals found in different parts of the pedigree it was possible to stablish a candidate region that spans 3.7 megabases, between markers D7S680 and D7S2544, following the available human physical and genetic maps. We have identified some candidate genes and expressed sequence tags (EST) in this interval. The continuous improvement in the Human Genome Project has become a great help at the time of placing and choosing markers and genes in Chromosome 7.
One of the candidate genes, Filamin C, an actin-binding protein, has been extensively studied. We were able to exclude Filamin C as the gene responsible for the disease in our LGMD pedigree after the analysis of the whole coding sequence and not finding any pathological mutation in all affected individuals co-segregating with the disease and after checking the expression levels at the mRNA level in affected individuals in comparison with unaffected individuals, not being significatively different.
We can conclude that this is a new autosomal dominant LGMD form, genetically distinguished that we could name LGMD1F, following the OMIM nomenclature (On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database).
Miranda, de Sousa Dias Miguel. "Novel Approaches for Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases by Next Generation Sequencing: Application to Breast Cancer and Retinitis Pigmentosa in the Clinical Practice." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/133297.
Full textMolecular testing of genetic diseases is in increasing demand in routine clinical practice. Medical analysis of candidate genes to characterize the mutation that causes a disease currently requires amplification of the exonic and flanking sequences by PCR as a previous step to individual PCR fragment capillary electrophoresis sequencing (Sanger sequencing). BRCA1 and BRCA2, which are associated with the risk of breast cancer, are large genes with a high number of exons, and therefore involve a considerable number of individual PCRs and sequencing reactions to cover the coding and flanking sequences of both genes, which is a very costly and time consuming task. On the other hand, in genetically heterogeneous monogenic diseases such as autosomal dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa (adRP), mutation screening may be required in more than 20 genes in order to establish the molecular cause of the disease. Even so, using these expensive approaches, just 20-30% of adRP patients can be molecular diagnosed due to the fact that the mutation associated with the disease is yet unknown in more than 60% of all adRP cases Hence the use of massive DNA sequencing or next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is a vital practice within any clinical genetic laboratory. Large next-generation platforms are indicated for this task. Likewise, for the analysis of the whole exome to characterise new genes associated with adRP and/or for extensive patient surveys, these large platforms are also required. However, the cost and extremely large capacity of these platforms results in a loss of flexibility regarding the needs of many genetics laboratories where it is sometimes necessary to analyse samples from only one or just a few individuals in a reasonably short time. In consequence, technologic firms participating in the NGS marketspace have introduced smaller NGS platforms adapted for clinical use. One such platform, the GS Junior, has successfully proven its potential for molecular diagnosis in molecular genetics laboratories. Sharing the same core technology as the GS 20 and the GS FLX, the GS Junior platform exploits similar emulsion PCR and pyrosequencing approaches, but with lower set-up and running costs. Accordingly, this research work aims for the successful management of NGS technologies in order to offer advanced molecular diagnosis services at assumable costs. As a result, a Long-Range (LR) -PCR approach associated with two distinct enzymatic DNA shearing methods was devised in order to prepare DNA libraries for NGS to achieve molecular testing of the large BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Furthermore, different methods based on LR, multiplex, emulsion PCR, or targeting DNA gene capture were assayed to detect mutation-causing adRP. In addition, and taking the advantage of the significant price reduction per Megabase sequenced, the whole exome analysis method was also put to the test. The efficiency of the distinct methodologies used for NGS in routine clinical practice was evaluated resulting in new diagnostic protocols based on this research work, which are already introduced at a clinical routine level. In order to characterize novel genes associated with adRP, NGS was used. 448 candidate genes array and the whole exome analysis approach were carried out. It was demonstrated that the analysed patients showed a large number of variants. To characterize these variants as a disease-causing mutation, segregation in the family is mandatory. Thus, validation of results only can be achieved in families with at least two affected and one unaffected member. In this case, more than 150 genetic variants putative causing of adRP were obtained in one family.
Betancourt, Cano Luz Angela. "Impacto de la colonización en la tasa de transposición, la expresión y la estructura molecular de los elementos transponibles bilbo y gypsy en Drosophila subobscura." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/120188.
Full textPrevious studies about the distribution of the transposable elements (TEs), bilbo and gypsy in Drosophila subobscura chromosomes were done to a better understanding of the role of TEs and the mechanisms triggering their activity. D. subobscura is an interesting species of study because it recently colonized South America and North America (~ 30 years ago); which makes this species valuable for studying the impact of the colonization in the dynamic and distribution of TEs in the genome. This research work where we compare the copies of mobile elements in original and colonizer populations, supports the hypothesis that the founding drift is the responsible for the bimodal distribution, previously observed in two TEs in the genome of colonizer populations. However, we cannot categorically discard the existence of an increase of transposition rates towards particular sites of chromosomes in colonizer populations. In order to assess whether TE activity was different in original vs. colonizer populations, a study of expression and transposition rates of gypsy and bilbo was performed. The expression rates were analyzed in whole adult individuals, ,ovaries and testes. The results of the of whole individual analysis showed differences in expression rates of both elements, being gypsy which showed the highest rate . Moreover, colonizing populations showed a generalized pattern of higher expression rates than original ones. This result suggests an increase in the activity of these two elements at somatic level in colonizing populations. However, this pattern was not observed in the germline analysis of where no differences in expression rates were observed between colonizing and original populations. A major point of this work are the differences in expression rates between sexes. (i.e. between males and females at both levels Gypsy showed the highest expression rate in females, whereas in the germline the largest increase was found in males. However, the expression rates of bilbo were the same when germinal line and the whole individuals males were checked. Studies of gypsy transposition rates showed a higher incidence of new transposition events in males from colonizing populations whereas in original populations these differences were not clear. Results of this study show differences in the expression rates of gypsy and bilbo at different levels: sex, cellular type, and population. These differences could be determined by different control mechanisms specific of each element. It is known that the epigenetic control of expression of many TEs follows different mechanisms in germinal and somatic tissues. Moreover, this control can be influenced by the environment to which each population is exposed and their genetic content (at the same time affected by the colonization). This would explain the observed differences between germinal line, somatic tissues and populations. The regulation mechanisms displayed by the host genome would affect the expression and the population dynamics of these TEs in the D. subobscura genome.
Pastor, Benito Susana. "Biomonitorización citogenética de cuatro poblaciones agrícolas europeas, expuestas a plaguicidas, mediante el ensayo de micronúcleos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3858.
Full textEsta Tesis comprende una serie de trabajos sobre la evaluación del daño genotóxico de los plaguicidas en cuatro poblaciones agrícolas europeas, mediante la técnica de micronúcleos (MN) en dos tipos celulares: linfocitos de sangre periférica y células de descamación de la mucosa bucal. Paralelamente, también se determinó el índice de proliferación celular (CBPI).
Las poblaciones que se han estudiado pertenecen a colectivos agrícolas con una continua exposición a plaguicidas, procedentes de Almería (España), Malopolska (Polonia), Nea Makri (Grecia) y del sudeste de Hungría. Cada población ha sido evaluada individualmente y finalmente se han agrupado y analizado los datos conjuntos, para obtener una visión general de los efectos de la exposición.
Además, en la población almeriense se realizó un estudio longitudinal, para evaluar la existencia de diferencias estacionales en dos periodos de distinta aplicación de plaguicidas. Asimismo, en esta población se evaluó la posible influencia de los genotipos GSTM1 y GSTT1 sobre la susceptibilidad individual en al respuesta genotóxica a la exposición a plaguicidas. Únicamente se observó una relación entre GSTM1 y CBPI disminuyendo este último en presencia del producto del gen GSTT1 en los agricultores.
A pesar de que en alguna población se observa una tendencia a un mayor número de células binucleadas con micronúcleos (BNMN), en los linfocitos de los individuos expuestos a plaguicidas, en ninguna de las poblaciones evaluadas individualmente ni en el análisis global de la población, las diferencias observadas llegan a alcanzar un nivel estadísticamente significativo. Lo mismo ocurre con las células bucales con MN (CBMN).
Respecto del CBPI, en la mayoría de poblaciones se observan descensos, significativos o no, de los valores del mismo en el colectivo agrícola. Al valorar toda la población en global estas variaciones se traducen en un descenso significativo del CBPI en los individuos expuestos a plaguicidas, lo que refleja el efecto citotóxico de los mismos.
En el análisis global, observamos que el hecho de pertenecer a un país u otro confiere una serie de características particulares a cada grupo, que se reflejan en una mayor frecuencia de un determinado tipo de daño genético según el sistema celular estudiado.
Otro de los objetivos de la Tesis era valorar los factores higiénicos, de salud, de exposición a plaguicidas, de protección laboral, de alimentación, etc., que podían influir en las variaciones de la frecuencia de micronúcleos y en la proliferación celular. Entre los factores que han mostrado tener un efecto significativo en la variación de las frecuencias de las variables de estudio están la edad, el hecho de ser mujer, el tabaco, la exposición a rayos X por diagnóstico médico, así como factores de la dieta (consumo de vegetales crudos, pescado y aceite de oliva).
Hay que destacar el incremento significativo en el porcentaje de abortos encontrados en la población agrícola de Polonia, lo que junto con el elevado número de intoxicaciones y el descenso del CBPI en este colectivo nos indica que, a pesar de no observarse un incremento significativo de daño genético detectable mediante el ensayo de MN, los plaguicidas están ejerciendo efectos biológicos adversos sobre los agricultores.
The importance of pesticides can be reflected as much on the benefits that they represent for society (crops pest prevention, vector erradication); as on the negative effects they have on health (reproductive problems, sarcomas, lymphomas, etc.). These adverse effects mainly affect occupationally exposed populations, such as farmers.
This PhD Thesis comprises a series of works on the evaluation of genotoxic damage caused by pesticide exposure of four agricultural European populations, using the micronucleus assay (MN). Both lymphocytes of peripheral blood and exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa were used. The cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) was also calculated to detect possible variations in the proliferative kinetics of lymphocytes (due to the pesticide exposure).
Populations from Greece, Spain, Poland and Hungary, all with an intense and continuous agriculture activity, were evaluated individually. Finally, in order to obtain a general effect of the exposure to pesticides, all the data was pooled and analysed together.
Furthermore, a follow-up study was carried out in the Spanish population to determine, at two different periods of time and different pesticide intensity application, if there were season-related differences in the MN frequency.
In this population, to look for relationship between the genotypes and the cytogenetic response, each donor was assessed for the presence or absence of glutathione S-transferase M1 and GSTT1. Only in the exposed individuals, the CBPI appeared to be affected, decreasing in the presence of GSTT1.
Although in some populations we observed a trend to a high number of BNMN (binucleated cells with micronucleus) in the lymphocytes of farmers exposed to pesticides, none of the statistical analysis showed significant differences between controls and farmers, for neither lymphocytes nor buccal cells with MN.
Regarding the CBPI, decreases were observed in most of the pesticide-exposed populations. In the evaluation of all the populations, the group occupationally exposed to pesticides showed a significantly lower CBPI level, indicating some cytotoxicity due to the exposure.
The global analysis showed us that the increases in genetic damage seemed to be related to different cellular systems for each country, revealing the particular characteristics of the populations evaluated.
One of the aims was to assess the hygienic and health factors, exposure to pesticides, work protective measures, diet, etc., that could influence on the frequency variations of MN and cell proliferation. From the studied variables, those with a significant effect on the frequencies studied were age, the fact of being woman, tobacco, X-ray medical exposure and some diet factors (consuming raw vegetables, fish and olive oil).
The agricultural Polish population showed a significant increase in the percentage of miscarriages, which together with the high number of intoxications and the CBPI decrease in this group, showed us that pesticides do have biological adverse effects on the farmers despite the lack of a significant increase of cytogenetic damage evaluated by the MN assay.
García, Quispes Wilser Andrés. "Radiosensibilidad y factores genéticos de riesgo en el cáncer de tiroides." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96238.
Full textCancer is a complex disease with the involvement of environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors; however, it is known that repair mechanisms have a major influence on their development because of its involvement in maintaining genome integrity, characteristic which is lost in several types of cancers. This is the reason why our Group has been working in the search of genetic factors that may have a influence on the risk for the development of thyroid cancer. There is a critical relationship between the capacity to repair DNA damage and the development and progression of cancer, as well as with the response to the therapy used against this disease. In this study we evaluated the potential risk of five polymorphisms in repair genes [OGG1 (rs1052133) and XRCC1 (rs25487, rs25489), involved in base excision repair pathway, and XRCC2 (rs3218536) and XRCC3 (rs1799796) involved in homologous recombination repair pathway] on the development of thyroid cancer. We also assessed the sensitivity to ionizing radiation in a subgroup of patients of thyroid cancer and the possible influence of the polymorphisms mentioned above on the levels of DNA damage. Since our Group has reported an association between the WDR3 gene and the risk of developing papillary thyroid cancer, additionally and following the same model of analysis used for the repair genes, three WDR3 gene polymorphisms (rs3754127, rs3765501, rs4658973) were also evaluated to establish their influence on the levels of DNA damage. Thus, it was found that the presence of the A variant (rs25489) in XRCC1 gene is a genetic factor associated with an increased risk for developing thyroid cancer in the Spanish population. In spite of the sensitivity to ionizing radiation showed by thyroid cancer patients, no significant differences were found between patients with thyroid cancer and controls, when DNA damage was induced by ionizing radiation in peripheral blood lymphocytes in the G0 phase of the cell cycle. Finally, we found that the levels of DNA damage, both basal and induced by ionizing radiation appear to be significantly influenced by the presence of variants of the assayed polymorphisms rs1052133 (OGG1) and rs3754127, rs3765501, rs4658973 (WDR3).
Marín, Nieto Fátima. "Análisis de la variabilidad genética de los genes MUC y TFF de protección de la mucosa gástrica en relación al cáncer gástrico y las lesiones precursoras." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129330.
Full textGastric cancer is the result of a long multistep and multifactorial process that involves well-characterized sequential stages and where a large number of environmental and genetic factors play a role. Different TFF and MUC genes encode for the main proteins involved in the formation, maintenance and repair of the protective mucous layer of the gastrointestinal tract, where they have a central defensive role against pathogens and other external challenges, as well as having a central regulatory role in cellular processes needed to maintain epithelial homeostasis. However, their role in gastric carcinogenesis is still poorly known despite recent evidences on their importance. This study has been designed with the purpose of analyzing the genetic variability of the MUC and TFF genes of the gastric mucous layer and its association with gastric cancer and with the evolution of its precursor lesions. Through database searches and gene scanning of the functional regions of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 we could identify and validate a total of 13 potentially functional variants, seven of which hadn’t been previously reported, that we selected for association analyses. Furthermore, through linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses of HapMap information for each of the three TFF and the MUC1, MUC2 and MUC6 genomic regions, we selected tagSNPs of the most common genetic variation of these regions. For the association analyses we used a population of 453 patients with gastric cancer precursor lesions whose evolution was followed for a mean period of 13 years; A case-control population (365 gastric cancer cases y 1284 controls), nested in the European EPIC cohort, was also analyzed. Three polymorphisms of the 3’ region of MUC2 were significantly and inversely associated with the progression of the lesions, appearing as protective against it, while another four polymorphisms of the 5’ region of the gene were associated with regression. Haplotype analyses confirmed this association with genetic variability of MUC2, which was significant only in H.pylori infected patients, thus suggesting a genetic interaction with the bacterium. MUC2 polymorphisms were also found associated with gastric cancer, particularly of the intestinal-type and non cardia localization, thus suggesting a role of this secreted mucin in gastric carcinogenesis. A MUC1 SNP, rs4072037, was also found associated with gastric cancer, with a stronger association with the intestinal-type and, probably, the cardia localization, which was in agreement with previous reports. Three variants at the 5’ region upstream of TFF1 were associated with the regression of the gastric lesions and an intronic SNP was associated with an increased progression risk. Furthermore, eight variants in this gene and its adjacent regulatory were associated with gastric cancer of the intestinal type. This association was confirmed by haplotype analyses, which put into evidence the large variability of TFF1 and the different effects on gastric carcinogenesis according to the different haplotypes. Although association with TFF2, TFF3 and MUC6 was not so clear, some results suggest that these genes could also have an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. Finally, polymorphisms in the CD14, CDH1, TLR4, TNF and PTNP11 genes were associated with the evolution of gastric lesions, suggesting that genetic variability in genes involved in the H.pylori signaling pathway and immunoinflamatory response, may influence the initial stages of gastric carcinogenesis.
Arribas, Arranz Jéssica. "Los factores de transcripción TBX15 e YY1 en cáncer. Función y regulación de TBX15. Expresión de YY1 en cáncer de tiroides." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/323905.
Full textTBX15 and YY1 are transcription factors; these molecules are able to transduction signals, being essential in the regulation of many basic cellular processes including cell proliferation and apoptosis. Therefore, the anomalous expression and function of these transcription factors is crucial in the beginning and in the development of cancer. Transcription factors act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes and their expression is found altered in multiple types of cancer. Specific transcription factors of the thyroid gland have been reported to be associated with thyroid cancer; however there is no information about the implication of general transcription factors, such as TBX15 or YY1. The involvement of YY1 in cancer is well documented; whereas there are scarcely any studies describing the possible implication of TBX15 in cancer. In this context, the present thesis provides knowledge about the role of transcription factor TBX15 in the development of cancer; moreover, it also analyzes the expression of transcription factor YY1 in differentiated thyroid cancer. Our study reveals a novel function of transcription factor TBX15 as an inhibitor of cellular apoptosis, which can contribute to the proliferative potential of cancer cells, and may suggest TBX15 as a potential therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Furthermore, we have also proven that NFkB activates the transcription of TBX15 by binding to the 5’-flanking regulatory region of the gene TBX15. Thus, the interaction between TBX15 and NFkB could prove to be important to understand the function of TBX15 in cancer. Without any previous information regarding the expression of transcription factor YY1 in thyroid cancer, our results represent the first study about the implication of YY1 in this type of cancer. We demonstrate how YY1 is overexpressed in differentiated thyroid cancer, and what’s more, its positive expression has been found to be more frequent in the papillary type rather than in the follicular type. Therefore these results evidence the possible implication of transcription factor YY1 in thyroid cancer.
Simón, Martínez Marc. "Ancient DNA: a multifunctional tool for resolving anthropological questions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/298316.
Full textIn the current thesis we have examined anthropological questions of ancient Catalonian and Balearic populations using DNA. First, we have tried to improve our methodology applying a different protocol in the study of a site which had provided unexpected poor results. We have seen that under some circumstances the change of our protocol using phenol-clorophorm for the kit QIAamp DNA investigator which uses DNA affinity to silica particles is positive and delivers significantly better results, although it seems that the optimal method can vary at any given site and a consideration on a site by site basis should be made when deciding the most suitable protocol. Next, we have aimed to go into the analysis of intrapopulation relationships in groups buried in close association to analyze the role of nuclear families in the antiquity. We examined a common burial cave from Catalonia in the Late Bronze Age, and proved that the hypothesis considering the individuals found in Catalonia’s burial cave a nuclear family was erroneous. The high mtDNA variability inside the group and the fact that the only shared haplogroup (4 individuals) was uncommon in the region at that time, suggested the existence of a patrilocal mating system with the integration of foreign women and pointed to the kinship of some of the individuals. Our conclusion is that possibly the genetic ties were not the only determinant factor in close groups in the Late Bronze Age in contrast to the situation in current nuclear families in Western society, with cultural issues also playing an important role in what could possibly seen as an extended family structure. Concerning ancient Balearic populations, we analyzed intra and interpopulational relationships. In general their frequency of haplogroup H was very important since at least the Iron Age, with the exception of one necropolis, Son Real, which has very particular characteristics. This fits with the high values from their contemporary populations from the Western Mediterranean as well as with the current ones, exception made of Current Minorca which may be influenced by the English colonization during the XVIIIth century. Our results in the Minorcan necropolises proved the lack of sex bias in the interments and suggested different lifestyles between the populations living in the plain and those living in the rugged southern coast regarding inbreeding. In Majorca we proved a differential use of the necropolises. With the exception of Son Real, all the ancient Balearic necropolises seem to have an homogeneous European haplogroup pool so these differences evidence that the individual treatment of each necropolis makes sense as they all have their own uniqueness. The haplotipic analysis confirms that they already belong to the European genetic variability and show a very similar genetic pool to the ancient Catalan population, reaffirming their already documented historic interactions, and rules out a direct relationship between the members of the Nuragic and the Talaiotic cultures regarding the feminine lineages. Finally, we have made a first approach to the illnesses which accompanied these populations studying a widespread infection as caries. Studying the virulence factor dextranase of the cariogenic agent Streptococcus mutans we have been able to use direct data from the Bronze Age to the current era to propose that it has been evolving under neutral evolution at least since then and that a constraint of the selective pressure in this segment seems the most plausible explanation to understand its changes over time.
Del, Rey Pérez Alfonso. "Análisis funcional de la región promotora de los genes recA y uvrA de Paracoccus denitrificans." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3852.
Full textEl objetivo de esta tesis ha sido ahondar en el conocimiento de la regulación del sistema SOS dentro del grupo a de las Proteobacterias. Para conseguir nuestro objetivo hemos estudiado la regulación de los genes recA y uvrA de Paracoccus denitrificans y Rhodobacter capsulatus.
En primera instancia procedimos a aislar, secuenciar y caracterizar el gen recA de P. denitrificans, gracias a una sonda derivada del gen recA de Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Posteriormente obtuvimos una cepa RecA- de P. denitrificans. También aislamos y secuenciamos la región operadora y el extremo 5' de la región codificante del gen uvrA de P. denitrificans, mediante hibridación con un fragmento interior del gen uvrA de R. sphaeroides. Para asegurarnos de que el gen uvrA de P. denitrificans formaba parte del sistema SOS de dicho microorganismo comprobamos su capacidad de inducción frente a lesiones en el DNA.
El estudio de las regiones operadoras de los genes recA y uvrA, tanto in vitro mediante análisis de movilidad electroforética, como in vivo mediante el análisis de la inducción de fusiones con el gen lacZ de E. coli, nos ha permitido identificar el motivo GTTCN7GTTC como la caja SOS de P. denitrificans. La presencia de este motivo es necesaria para la unión de un represor, análogo al LexA de E. coli.
Así mismo, y dado que el gen recA de R. capsulatus ya había sido secuenciado en nuestro laboratorio con anterioridad, nos centramos en el aislamiento y secuenciación del gen uvrA de esta especie bacteriana mediante una sonda obtenida a partir del gen uvrA de R. sphaeroides. Una vez dispusimos de la secuencia operadora y del extremo 5' de la región codificante de este comprobamos su inducibilidad frente a lesiones en el DNA.
El estudio in vivo de la región operadora de estos dos genes pertenecientes al sistema SOS de R. capsulatus se llevó a cabo mediante fusiones con el gen lacZ de E. coli. En este caso también se comprobó que la caja SOS de R. capsulatus responde al motivo GTTCN7GTTC.
Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo así como los estudios previos realizados en nuestro laboratorio sobre el sistema SOS de R. sphaeroides y de la familia Rhizobiaceae nos permiten afirmar que el motivo GTTCYYYTTTTGTTC es la secuencia consenso para la caja SOS del grupo a de las Proteobacterias. Este es el primer caso en el que se describe una caja SOS cuya secuencia no es palindrómica.
Los siguientes artículos describen y discuten los resultados en los cuales está basado este trabajo. En el texto se identifican con números romanos.
I. Fernández de Henestrosa, A. R., del Rey, A., Tarragó, R. y Barbé, J. 1997. Cloning and characterization of the recA gene of Paracoccus denitrificans and construction of a recA-deficient mutant. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 147: 209-213.
II. del Rey, A., Diestra, J., Fernández de Henestrosa, A. R. y Barbé , J. 1999. Determination of the Paracoccus denitrificans SOS box. Microbiology 145: 577-584.
III. Labazi, M., del Rey, A., Fernández de Henestrosa; A. R. y Barbé, J. 1999. Consensus sequence for the Rhodospirillaceae SOS operators. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 171: 37-42.
In Escherichia coli, a multigenic system induced by DNA damage is well known. This system is called the SOS system. Similar systems have been reported in other bacteria, either Gramnegative and Grampositive (specially well studied in the case of B. Subtilis).
This thesis tries to deep the knowledge of the regulation of the SOS system in the a-Subclass of the Proteobacteria. We have studied the regulation of the recA end uvrA genes of Paracoccus denitrificans and Rhodobacter capsulatus.
First of all we have cloned, sequenced and characterised the recA gene of P. denitrificans, using a labelled probe containing the recA gene of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. After that, we constructed a recA-deficient mutant P. denitrificans strain. We also isolated and got sequenced the 5' end coding region and the promoter of the uvrA gene of P. denitrificans, probing a P. denitrificans genebank with an internal fragment of the R. sphaeroides uvrA gene. To be sure that the P. denitrificans uvrA gene was a member of the P. denitrificans SOS system, we studied its capacity to be induced by DNA damage.
The study of the recA and uvrA genes promoter region in vitro, with the electrophoretic mobility, and in vivo, with fusions between both promoters and E. coli lacZ gene, has allowed us to identify the motive GTTCN7GTTC. This motive is necessary for the binding of the repressor, similar to the E. coli LexA protein.
The recA gene of R. capsulatus have been previously sequenced in our laboratory. We isolated the uvrA gene of this microorganism with a R. sphaeroides uvrA gene labelled probe. We got the 5' ending region and the promoter. We proved that the uvrA gene from R. capsulatus was DNA-damage-inducible.
The in vivo studies of the promoter region of this two genes from the SOS system of R. capsulatus was carried out with fusions with the E. coli lacZ gene. We proved that the GTTCN7GTTC was also the R. capsulatus SOS box.
In our laboratory, other members of the a-Subclass of the Proteobacteria have been studied. This works allowed us to define the GTTCYYYTTTTGTTC as the consensus sequence for the a-Subclass of the Proteobacteria SOS box. Is the first SOS box described that is a direct repeat and not a palindrome.
Baida, Gil Aida. "Factores genéticos de susceptibilidad al cáncer de tiroides y riesgo genético del tratamiento con (131)I." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3896.
Full textEl análisis adicional de los seis SNPs de la región 1p12-13 muestra que los polimorfismos rs2145418 y rs46599873 presentan una asociación estadísticamente significativa con la susceptibilidad al cáncer de tiroides. Dado que el marcador rs2145418 está en una región en la que no se ha descrito ningún gen, consideramos que el responsable de la asociación podría ser un factor sin identificar o que se trate de una región reguladora. Asimismo, puesto que el SNP rs4659873 se sitúa en el intrón 25 del gen WDR3, posiblemente implicado en procesos de regulación génica y progresión del ciclo celular, proponemos la posible implicación de este gen en la susceptibilidad al cáncer de tiroides.
En los últimos años, el descubrimiento de la inestabilidad genómica inducida por la radiación ha provocado un aumento del interés en conocer los efectos de la exposición a largo plazo, incluyendo la transmisión de estos efectos a la descendencia (inestabilidad transgeneracional). En este contexto, el segundo objetivo de nuestro estudio consistió en establecer si la radiación induce inestabilidad genómica a largo plazo en humanos. Para ello, estudiamos dos familias en las que uno de los progenitores, paciente con cáncer de tiroides, había sido tratado con 131I, 17 y 7 años antes del estudio, respectivamente. Se establecieron líneas celulares linfoblastoides (LBCLs) de cada uno de los miembros de las familias y se realizaron los ensayos del cometa y de micronúcleos para estimar el daño genético en los cultivos celulares a lo largo de sucesivas divisiones celulares. Consideramos que este diseño experimental nos permitiría detectar el posible efecto genético a largo plazo, tanto en células somáticas (al comparar los padres entre sí y cada individuo a lo largo de las sucesivas divisiones), como en la línea germinal (comparando padres con hijos y hermanos concebidos antes y después del tratamiento). Sin embargo, en nuestras condiciones experimentales, no pudimos detectar que el tratamiento con 131I produjese una inestabilidad genómica que persita en las sucesivas generaciones celulares, ni su transmisión a la línea germinal; aunque no podemos descartar que nuestro estudio carezca de la sensibilidad necesaria para detectar este tipo de efectos, en especial si se trata de un efecto débil.
Thyroid cancer represents 98% of endocrine cancers and there are just a few studies about genetic susceptibility factors for this cancer. During the last years the role of genetic polimorphisms in individual susceptibility to cancer it's being studied with attention. In our study, he have genotyped by PCR two microsatellites, THRA1 and BAT-40, and six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a case-control population. The aim of the study was to establish a possible association between thyroid cancer susceptibility and two different genomic regions. On one hand, the gene NR1A1a (17q11.2), that codes the ?1 thyroid hormone receptor, and which includes THRA1 microsatellite. On the other hand, region p12-13 on chromosome 1, by studying the BAT-40 microsatellite and six SNPs. In both cases we analised the association between the different SNPs and thyroid cancer susceptibility, as well as the SNPs and environment interaction. Our results show that short THRA1 repeats (<18 CA) may have a protective effect regarding thyroid cancer susceptibility. This effect could be related to NR1A1a expression. Also, genotypes involving the BAT-40 repeat range A25-A29 show a protective effect, and genotypes involving less than 11 repeats could be associated with thyroid cancer susceptibility. Therefore, BAT-40 microsatellite could be a possible susceptibility genetic marker for this cancer.
The additional analysis of six SNPs within 1p12-13 region shows that polymorphisms rs2145418 and rs4659873 have an statistically significant association with thyroid cancer susceptibility. Taking into account that rs2145418 marker is not located within any gene, we consider that an unidentified factor could be responsible of this association or maybe that it is a regulating region. In the same way, as rs4659873 is ubicated within intron 25 of WDR3 gene, possibly involved in gene regulation
processes and cell cycle progression, we suggest the possible implication of this gene on thyroid cancer susceptibility.
During the last years, the establishment of a radiation induced genomic instability has lead to an increase interest in knowing the long term effects of radiation exposure, including the transmission of these effects to the offspring (transgenerational instability). In this context, the second aim of our study consisted in establishing the possible long term radiation induced genomic instability on humans. We studied two families where one progenitor was a thyroid cancer patient, who received iodine-131 treatment, 17 and 7 years before the study, respectively. Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LBCLs) from each family member were established, and MN and comet assays were performed to detect genetic damage during the consecutive cell divisions. We assumed that with this experimental design we could detect the possible long-term genetic effects of radiation in the somatic cells (comparison between parents and along the different cell divisions) and in the germ line (parent/son comparison and comparison between siblings, conceived before and after the parent therapy). However, in our study, we couldn't detect that I-131 treatment induced a genomic instability maintained along the different cell divisions, nor its transmission to the germ line. Although we cannot discard our study lacks enough sensitivity to detect this sort of effects, specially if it is a weak effect.
Carmona, Ortiz Erico R. "Evaluación genotóxica de algunos metales pesados en Drosophila melanogaster mediante los ensayos SMART de alas y Cometa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3929.
Full textLos resultados obtenidos con el ensayo SMART en alas de D. melanogaster indican que ninguno de los tres metales muestra una actividad genotóxica detectable. Sin embargo, al analizar la interacción de estos metales frente al daño genotóxico inducido por la radiación gamma, se observa que únicamente los compuestos de níquel muestran una interacción de tipo sinérgica, lo cual indicaría una interferencia con los mecanismos involucrados en la reparación. Por otro lado, los resultados obtenidos con el ensayo del cometa en hemocitos aislados de larvas previamente tratadas con metales, muestran un daño genético significativo con el metilmercurio, el nitrato de plomo y el sulfato de níquel, indicando una mayor sensibilidad de este ensayo en comparación con el ensayo SMART de alas.
Como conclusión final de este trabajo de tesis doctoral se desprende que la genotoxicidad de los metales pesados evaluados en D. melanogaster podría se considerada débil y dependiente de su formulación química.
The present study aims at analysing the genotoxicity of mercury, lead and nickel metals in D. Melanogaster. Two in vivo assays have been employed and developed in order to achieve this: 1) the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in D. melanogaster wings, and, 2) the comet test in Drosophila haemocytes.
Our results with the SMART test in D. melanogaster indicate that none of the three metals show a detectable genotoxic activity. However, when analysing the interaction of these metals with the genotoxic damage induced by gamma irradiation, only nickel compounds show a synergic interaction, indicating an interference with the repair mechanisms. On the other hand, the results obtained in the comet assay with isolated haemocytes from larvae previously treated with the metals show a significant genetic damage under methylmercury, lead nitrate, and nickel sulphate, indicating that this test is more sensitive than the SMART assay.
Finally, through this doctoral dissertation we have been able to conclude that the genotoxicity of heavy metals on D. melanogaster can be considered weak and dependant of its chemical formulation.
Masvidal, Sanz Laia. "Estudi dels mecanismes moleculars subjacents en mutacions CFTR que afecten l’eficiència de l’splicing. Desenvolupament de tècniques complementàries per a la caracterització a nivell de DNA, RNA i proteïna en cèl·lules epitelials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/82073.
Full textCystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common recessive genetic disease in Caucasian population. Over 1,600 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene sequence variations have been identified in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and/or related disorders such as congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens, chronic pancreatitis and bronchiectasis. The splicing process has been shown to be regulated in multiple ways. An interplay of cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors modulates splicing by the interaction of many complexes, proteins, DNA domains, etc. This fine machinery is susceptible to be disrupted by mutations and single nucleotide polymorphism leading to a variable number of transcripts and therefore to a broad phenotypic spectrum. The purpose of this work has been to study the subjacent molecular mechanism of CFTR mutations that affect the efficiency of splicing as well as to develop complementary techniques for its characterization at DNA, RNA and protein level in epithelial cells; by doing so we aim to determine the clinical relevance of CFTR expression levels. In order to reach our goals we used nasal epithelium, an accessible sample that allowed us to study CFTR gene expression and CFTR protein localization. Mutations and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis was done in all individuals to accurately group them into controls, carriers and patients. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was essential to determine the expression level of CFTR. As Normalization of qPCR data is a necessary step reference genes must be selected for each gene/tissue. Therefore, we applied an accurate approach to select reference genes for CFTR expression analysis (geNorm, NormFinder, Kruskal-Wallis). GUSB and ATP2B4 have been validated as the most reliable gene combination. An in silico analysis along with a qualitative assessment of more than 30 CFTR mutations (missense, nonsense and splicing) identified an aberrant transcript for three of the mutations analyzed, c.580-1G>T, c.2657+5G>A and c.3718-1G>A. Its quantification led to the identification of a novel complex allele c.2562T>G (p.=)-c.2675+5G>A. At the protein level, the lack of CFTR on the membrane for the three mutations analyzed correlated with both the transcript level observed and patient phenotypes. In conclusion, CFTR quantitative transcript analysis showed a clear correlation with the phenotype of individuals carrying a splicing mutation. Therefore, it could be a useful parameter for the evaluation of aberrant splicing-targeted therapies.
Guillén, Montalbán Yolanda. "Comparative genomics: chromosome and gene evolution in two cactophilic Drosophila species, D. buzzatii and D. mojavensis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284911.
Full textThe genetic basis of ecological adaptation has been long investigated by exploring particular regions of the genomes, like chromosomal rearrangements, morphological polymorphisms or allozymes. The increasingly appreciated power of comparative genomics and the explosive number of sequenced genomes have offered the opportunity to better understand how molecular evolution relates to adaptation and phenotypic variation at the organismic level. Adaptive changes have been attributed to different genomic features including (i) changes in the coding sequences of the genes; (ii) gain or loss of functional genes; (iii) alterations of gene expression regulation; (iv) TE activity; and (v) chromosomal rearrangements. In this work we have focused on the adaptive value of two genomic features: chromosomal inversions and genes evolving under positive selection. We first investigated seven inversions fixed in chromosome 2 of D. mojavensis, a cactophilic species that lives under extreme ecological conditions. Different mechanisms were found responsible for their generation, including TE-mediated ectopic recombination and breakage and repair by NHEJ. In addition important gene alterations were identified at some of the breakpoint regions, suggesting that natural selection was the main force driving the fixation of these inversions. Secondly we compared the genomes of two cactophilic flies, D. buzzatii and D. mojavensis, in order to characterize the patterns of protein-coding gene divergence between two species with a well-defined ecology. To accomplish this objective the genome of D. buzzatii was sequenced and annotated. Furthermore, we provided an overview of the transcriptional profile along the D. buzzatii development using RNAseq-based experiments. By using codon substitution models we have detected more than 1000 protein-coding genes evolving under positive selection, likely indicative of adaptive evolution.
Roquet, Ruiz Cristina. "Evolució, sistemàtica i biogeografia de Campanula L. i relacions filogenètiques amb gèneres afins de Campanulàcies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3698.
Full text1. La circumscripció i la classificació intragenèrica de Campanula és altament controvertida. Per tal de dilucidar les relacions filogenètiques de Campanula i gèneres aliats, així com explorar els processos biològics que van ocórrer durant l'evolució d'aquest gènere, s'han obtingut un total de 105 noves seqüències de la regió de DNA cloroplàstic trnL-F i 41 noves seqüències de la regió nuclear ITS de diferents espècies de Campanula i gèneres afins. El mostreig inclou les principals seccions i subgèneres de Campanula, així com gèneres propers. S'ha construït una matriu de seqüències per a cada regió afegint-hi altres disponibles a la base de dades Genebank, per tal d'analitzar les matrius independentment i de forma combinada mitjançant els mètodes de Parsimònia i Inferència Bayesiana. S'han mapat en els arbres filogenètics resultants dades per cercar patrons evolutius: nombre cromosòmic, tipus de corol.la, hàbit, tipus de dehiscència de la càpsula. Les anàlisis filogenètiques han revelat que Campanula, en la seva circumscripció actual, no és un gènere monofilètic. Aquest gènere es divideix en dos clades principals: el primer és un ampli clade format per la majoria d'espècies de Campanula incloent gèneres propers (Adenophora, Asyneuma, Azorina, Campanulastrum, Diosphaera, Edraianthus, Githopsis, Hanabusaya, Heterocodon, Legousia, Michauxia, Petromarula, Physoplexis, Phyteuma, Trachelium and Triodanis); i el segon és un clade constituït per Musschia més dos espècies de Campanula. L'ampli clade de Campanula es compòn de dos grups, un tipus Rapunculus i un tipus Campanula. Tant l'anàlisi bayesiana com la de Parsimònia indiquen que els principals caràcters morfològics utilitzats en les classificacions tals com la forma de la flor i la dehiscència de la càpsula han aparegut paral.lelament. Per explicar la convergència floral es suggereixen fortes pressions selectives per part dels pol.linitzadors. Plantegem dues propostes diferents per tal d'obtenir una classificació de Campanula que reflecteixi més acuradament l'evolució d'aquest gènere.
2. En aquest estudi hem explorat l'evolució espaial i temporal (en termes d'àrees ancestrals i episodis de divergència) de les Campanulàcies en sentit estricte, i de Campanula en particular, mitjançant una aproximació bayesiana de la datació molecular i de l'ànalisi de dispersió-vicariança que té en compte la incertesa filogenètica. Per resoldre les relacions filogenètiques en els grups majors (Wahlenbergieae-Campanuleae), hem seqüenciat la regió conservada rbcL incloent tàxons dels principals llinatges de Platycodoneae i Wahlenbergieae. Les anàlisis de datació i biogeografia s'han aplicat a les noves dades del marcador rbcL i a les dades del marcador trnL-F obtingudes en l'estudi previ. Les anàlisis filogenètiques mostren que Platycodoneae és el grup germà de les Wahlenbergiae-Campanulae, les quals apareixen combinades entre sí. Els resultats suggereixen que l'oest d'Àsia i l'est de la Mediterrània han jugat un paper important com a centres de migració i diversificació del grup Campanula. La història biogeogràfica d'aquest gènere sembla que ha estat molt complexe. Les taxes de diversificació de Campanula haurien incrementat durant el període Messinià. Suggerim que els canvis climàtics i l'expansió de regions muntanyoses durant aquest període actuaren com a fortes pressions selectives que expliquen el fet que moltes espècies de Campanula estan adaptades a ambients secs, freds o alterats.
3. Campanula subgènere Roucela comprèn espècies que conformen unitats evolutives difícilment delimitables morfològicament degut a la manca de caràcters estables. Per aquesta raó, el tractament taxonòmic del subgènere Roucela és molt controvertit. S'han obtingut noves seqüències nuclears i cloroplàstiques (ITS, trnG i trnL-trnF) per a construir les respectives matrius i analitzar-les independentment i de forma combinada mitjançant els mètodes de parsimònia i inferència bayesiana, per millorar els coneixements de les relacions filogenètiques d'aquest grup. S'han mapat en els arbres filogenètics els nombres cromosòmics i caràcters morfològics per tal d'esbrinar possibles patrons evolutius. Les anàlisis filogenètiques de Roucela han revelat que la circumscripció actual no és monofilètica. Campanula scutellata presenta tendències morfològiques i moleculars que suggereixen la seva pertanyença a una unitat evolutiva diferent. La resta d'espècies de Roucela conformen un grup monofilètic, tot constituïnt tres clades que no es corresponen amb els principals trets morfològics. Es suggereix una proposta taxonòmica per tal d'obtenir una circumscripció que es correspongui amb l'evolució del subgènere Roucela.
We present a synthesis of the main results and conclusions of each chapter of the thesis.
1. The circumscription and intrageneric classification of Campanula is highly controversial. In order to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of Campanula and related genera, and explore the biological processes that occurred during the evolution of this genus, we obtained 105 new sequences of the DNA chloroplastic region trnL-F and 41 new sequences of the ITS nuclear region of different species of Campanula and allied genera. An extensive sampling of the main sections and subgenera of Campanula and related genera was done. We constructed a sequence matrix for each region where we added other sequences available in Genebank. Independent and combined data from nuclear and chloroplast sequences were analyzed with Bayesian and Parsimony methods. Chromosome numbers, corolla types, habit and capsule dehiscence were mapped on the phylogenetic trees obtained to search for evolutionary patterns. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that Campanula, as currently circumscribed, is not monophyletic. This genus is divided into two main clades: a large core of Campanula species that includes related genera (Adenophora, Asyneuma, Azorina, Campanulastrum, Diosphaera, Edraianthus, Githopsis, Hanabusaya, Heterocodon, Legousia, Michauxia, Petromarula, Physoplexis, Phyteuma, Trachelium and Triodanis), and a clade constituted by Musschia plus two Campanula species. The large core of Campanula is divided into two main groups, a rapunculoid and a campanuloid group. Both Bayesian and Parsimony analyses indicate that the main morphological characters used in classifications such as flower shape and capsule dehiscence have arisen in parallel. Strong selective pressures from pollinators are suggested to explain floral convergence. We put forward two different proposals in order to accomplish a classification of Campanula that more accurately reflects the evolution of this genus.
2. In this study, we explored the spatial and temporal evolution in terms of ancestral areas and divergence episodes of the Campanulaceae s. str. and Campanula alliance in particular, by applying a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal-vicariance analysis that takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty. To better resolve relationships among major groups (Wahlenbergieae-Campanuleae) and the position of some genera such as Trachelium L. with respect to Campanula, we have sequenced the rbcL-conserved region including taxa of some major lineages within Platycodoneae and Wahlenbergieae. Dating and biogeographic analyses were applied to the new rbcL data and to the trnL-F data obtained in a previous study. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Platycodoneae is the sister group of Wahlenbergiae-Campanulae, which appeared inter-graded. The results obtained suggest that Western Asia and Eastern Mediterranean seem to have played an important role as centers of migration and diversification of the Campanula core. The biogeographical history of this genus seems to be highly complex. Rates of species diversification of Campanula seem to have increased during the Messinian period. Strong selective pressures from the climate changes and the expansion of mountainous regions during this period are suggested to explain the fact that many species of Campanula are adapted to drought, cold or disturbed environments.
3. Campanula subgenus Roucela includes species that constitute evolutionary units very difficult to delimit morphologically due to the lack of stable characters. Because of this, the taxonomic treatment of Roucela is highly controversial. We obtained new nuclear and chloroplast sequences (ITS, trnG and trnL-trnF) to analyze these data with Bayesian Inference and Parsimony methods to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of Roucela, in order to ameliorate the understanding of its phylogenetic relationships. Chromosome numbers, and morphological characters were mapped on the phylogenetic trees searching for evolutionary patterns. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that Roucela, as currently circumscribed, is not monophyletic. Campanula scutellata shows morphological and molecular trends that suggest that it belongs to a different evolutionary unit. The rest of the Roucela species constitute a monophyletic group with three different lineages, which are not in consonance with the main morphological features. We suggest a taxonomic proposal in order to obtain a more natural circumscription for the subgenus Roucela.
Pastoret, Calderó Anna. "Implicación de los factores nucleares hepáticos en el proceso carcinogénico mediado por el arsénico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96432.
Full textInorganic arsenic (i-As) is a naturally occurring toxic metalloid affecting millions of people world-wide. It is known to be carcinogen, liver being an important target, and related to the prevalence of diabetes in arseniasis-endemic areas. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 and 4 alpha (HNF1α and HNF4α) are key members of a transcriptional network essential for normal liver architecture. Changes in HNF1α and HNF4α expression are clearly associated with the development of liver malignancies and diabetes in humans. In this work, hepatic HepG2 cells and Golden Syrian hamsters were exposed to sub-toxic, environmentally relevant doses of sodium arsenite (SA; up to 10 µM in vitro, 15 mg/L in vivo) in order to evaluate whether arsenic is able to compromise the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs). Also, several markers of hepatocyte differentiation and glucose metabolism status were determined in vitro as a measure of i-As-induced effects. Results show a consistent down-regulation of HNF1α and HNF4α under an scenario of exposure where HepG2 cells (i) gained resistance to arsenic-induced toxicity/apoptosis, (ii) attained loss of tissue specific features (as shown by the observed downregulation of ALDOB, PEPCK and CYP1A2, the triggering of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program (EMT) and the hypersecretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9), (iii) failed to maintain balanced their self-renewal program (as shown by the observed deregulation of C-MYC, OCT3/4, LIN28 and NOTCH2) and (iv) showed glucose metabolism impairment. We conclude that the i-As-induced down-regulation of HNF1α and HNF4α under chronic settings may play a central role in the observed features of disease and cancer.
Donoso, Contreras José M. "Genética de la introgresión de genes del almendro (prunus dulcis Mill.) en el melocotonero [P. persica (l.) Batsch]: desarrollo de una estrategia de selección de líneas casi isogénicas (Nils) con marcadores moleculares." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283517.
Full textPeach is the most important stone fruit crop of the world in cultivated surface and the third among temperate fruit after apple and pear. It is one of the best genetically characterized species of the Rosaceae family. Peach has a low level of genetic variability but it is sexually compatible with other Prunus species, as almond, that could be a source of new genes for enrichment its genome. We studied the genetics of traits related to flower, phenology, fruit quality, leaf morphology and resistance to diseases in two almond (‘Texas’) x peach (‘Earlygold’) progenies: an F2 (TxE) and a BC1 (T1E) to the ‘Earlygold’ parent. High density maps were developed using a 9k peach SNP chip and a collection of 131 SSR markers. Three maps were obtained: the F2 map (named TxE) and the maps from the two parents of the backcross, T1E (for the hybrid) and E (for ‘Earlygold’). Comparison of the intraspecific E map with the interspecific TxE and T1E maps showed that recombination rates were much lower in interspecific than in intraspecific crosses. The E map had approximately half of its genome without polymorphic markers, which we interpreted as being identical by descent in the fixed regions due to its high level of coancestry. Male sterile plants were recovered in the F2 and BC1 generations and their segregation was consistent with the existence of a cytoplasmic male sterility, where individuals having the almond cytoplasm required the presence of the almond allele in at least one of two independent restorer genes, Rf1 and Rf2, to be fertile. Several traits as flower type (Sh), fruit type (Ft), juiciness (Jui), anther color (Ag and Ag2), blood flesh (Bf2), flower color (Fc2) and powdery mildew resistance (Vr3) have been mapped as single genes. The genetics of quantitative traits has been studied and 63 significant QTLs that had a consistent behavior across years have been identified for 32 flower (2), phenology (7), fruit (15) and leaf (8) traits. New alleles from almond on important traits such as red skin color, blood flesh or powdery mildew resistance have been identified that may prove to be useful for the introduction of new variability into the peach commercial gene pool. We propose the strategy of Marker Assisted Introgression (MAI) to integrate chromosomal fragments of almond into the peach background in a short time span (2-3 generations). MAI includes three steps: the first consists of selecting a set of individuals with a low number of introgressions (preNILs) from a large BC1 progeny, and we obtained nine individuals with three or less introgressions from 882 T1E progeny, showing that this step is feasible. The second MAI step involves mapping some of the major genes of interest using a collection of preNILs. We selected 18 peach-almond preNILs with four or less introgressions and showed that all major genes tested could be mapped to their expected positions, although this occurred in only one of the two major QTLs assayed. The third step consists of selfing or backcrossing and selfing some of the preNILs to extract homozygous NILs (Near Isogenic Lines) having a single almond introgression in the peach background. A complete collection of NILs (covering the complete almond genome) is a powerful tool for genetic analysis of complex characters and NILs containing genes of interest can be readily introduced into peach breeding to obtain cultivars with novel genes. This third step is currently in progress and will be delayed one generation due to the presence of the cytoplasmic male sterility. The extension of the MAI strategy to other donor Prunus species is proposed as a way to incorporate in the peach genome needed genes for pest and disease resistance and fruit quality for the cultivars of next decades.
Salido, Galeote Marta. "Caracterització genètica del limfoma esplènic de la zona marginal (LEZM)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129387.
Full textThis thesis contains the results of genetic characterization of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (LZME). It is presented as a compendium of publications, and includes, in this order, the sections: Introduction, Hypothesis and Objectives, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, Bibliography and Appendices. The introduction summarises the lymphomagenesis and the the origin of B lymphocytes, and details the anatomy of the organs involved in this process. Below there is an introduction to mature B-cell neoplasms explaining the current classification of lymphomas and detailing the cytogenetic and molecular alterations. More specifically explains the clinical and biological features of LZME. Finally, there is a summary of methods used for detecting chromosomal and molecular alterations in cancer. The results contain a brief summary of the papers included in this thesis and also included articles published as a result of this work. In the discussion section, the results are analysed and compared with other studies in the literature. Finally, there is a chapter appendices containing materials and methods used in this thesis and supplementary tables of one of the papers included.
Julià, Cano Antonio. "Genomic approaches for the identi cation of risk loci for Rheumatoid Arthritis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/48650.
Full textZúñiga, Venegas Liliana A. "Optimizaciones metodológicas del ensayo del cometa y su aplicación en biomonitorización humana." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3930.
Full textEn los últimos años, se han desarrollado con éxito nuevas metodologías capaces de evaluar el daño en el DNA, diseñándose técnicas que permiten medir directamente roturas de cadena simple (SSB) y de doble cadena (DSB) en el DNA. Entre ellas, el ensayo del cometa se ha convertido en una de las más populares para la evaluación de este tipo de daño.
Aunque el ensayo del cometa se ha propuesto como una herramienta apropiada, todavía existen muchos aspectos que deben reconsiderarse, por lo que el objetivo principal de este trabajo de Tesis fue la optimización del ensayo del cometa como biomarcador de daño en el DNA y su aplicación tanto en radiobiología, mediante la construcción de una curva de calibración, como en la biomonitorización de dos cohortes de madres e hijos de dos localidades de Barcelona.
Las metodologías del ensayo del cometa que se aplican en los diferentes laboratorios son variadas pero, sin duda alguna, la versión alcalina es la más utilizada. A pH >13, la técnica resulta más sensible para la detección de niveles bajos de daño, por lo que la hemos elegido como versión estándar. Se desarrollaron numerosos experimentos con modificaciones que optimizaron el ensayo en aspectos como: el soporte utilizado, que permitió la manipulación de un elevado número de muestras en un mismo ensayo; la utilización de enzimas de reparación para la detección de daño oxidativo, y la criopreservación para el almacenamiento masivo de muestras valorables mediante el ensayo.
En cuanto a las aplicaciones, la construcción de una curva de calibración resulto ser un gran aporte ya que con ella se pudo establecer el daño genético basal de una población, en términos de roturas/109 Da de DNA. Además, se ha puesto de manifiesto que la radiosensibilidad individual puede ser medida con el ensayo de cometa, lo que respalda a la técnica como un buen indicador de inestabilidad genómica individual.
Finalmente, en el área de la biomonitorización humana, se encontró una fuerte correlación, tanto en el daño basal como oxidativo, entre madres e hijos; aunque, no se pudo establecer fehacientemente una influencia significativa de ninguno de los factores de confusión considerados. Esto pone en evidencia los problemas asociados con la reciente inclusión del ensayo del cometa en los estudios de biomonitorización, por lo que surge la necesidad de desarrollar estudios específicos que tengan como objetivo principal la determinación de aquellos factores que puedan incidir significativamente en los niveles de daño en el DNA de poblaciones humanas.
The DNA integrity is a fundamental aspect for human health and for the suitable
functions of our organism. However, the genetic material is susceptible to be damaged by many agents and processes. Although the majority of damage induced in our genetic material is repaired efficiently, a part of this damage escapes from this process and becomes one of the substrates for the potential development of a carcinogenic process.
During the last years new methodologies have been developed to assess the DNA damage by performing techniques which allow to measure single strand breaks (SSB) and double strand breaks (DSB) directly. The comet assay has become one of the most popular approaches to evaluate this type of damage. Although this technique has been proposed as an appropriate tool, many aspects must be still reconsidered. For this reason, the aim of this Thesis was to contribute to the optimization of the comet assay as a biomarker of DNA damage and its application in radiology, by means of the construction of a calibration curve and, also, biomonitoring of two cohorts composed by mothers and newborns recruited from two hospitals of the Barcelona province.
The methodologies of the comet assay, which are applied in the different
laboratories, are variable but, with no doubt, the alkaline version is the most used. This technique is more sensitive to detect lower levels of damage at pH>13. For this reason, we have chosen it as the standard version to be used in our study. We have developed numerous experiments with modifications which have optimized the assay in three aspects: the type of support utilized, which allows the manipulation of many samples in the same experiment; the use of repair enzymes in order to detect the oxidative damage; and the cryopreservation to keep many samples which can be properly evaluated in the assay.
As regards the applications, the construction of a calibration curve was an important contribution because, with its use we have been able to establish the basal genetic damage of the population, in terms of breaks /109 Da DNA. Moreover, it has been proposed that the individual radiosensitivity can be measured with the comet assay. This supportsthat this technique is a satisfactory indicator of individual genomic instability.
Finally, in the area of human biomonitoring, we have found a strong correlation for both the DNA basal damage and oxidative damage between mothers and children; but we couldn't clearly establish a significant influence of any of the confusion factors that has been considered in this study. This evidence has revealed related problems with the recent use of comet assay in biomonitoring studies, and has resulted in the necessity to develop specific studies in order to determine these factors, which can influence significantly on the levels of DNA damage in human populations.
Dolgova, Olga. "Genetic and phenotypic differentiation in three chromosomal arrangements of drosophila subobscura." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129183.
Full textBackground Global warming is affecting many wild species in different ways. One of the species demonstrating thermal adaptation on the population genetic level is Drosophila subobscura. Latitudinal clines in the frequency of many chromosomal inversions of this species were well documented in the original Palearctic populations, and the discovery of parallel clinal patterns a few years after the colonization of South and North Americas provided compelling evidence that the clines evolved by natural selection. However, the selective process maintaining inversions in populations is not yet clear. Traditionally three selective hypotheses have been advanced to explain the maintenance of the chromosomal polymorphism, according to the level of operation of natural selection: chromosome, coadapted genes (“supergenes”) and individual genes. Objectives To distinguish between different hypotheses the following aspects were studied in D. subobscura: 1. The distribution of chromosomal arrangements along the thermal gradient; 2. The nucleotide variation in six genes inside the three most frequent chromosomal inversions; 3. The genetic basis of thermal preference and heat shock tolerance in isochromosomal lines. Results and conclusions The frequencies of the most abundant chromosomal arrangements in general correlated with temperature gradient, forming latitudinal clines. The arrangement OST positively correlated with latitude and its frequency increased from the south to the north. At the same time the frequency of O3+4+7 shows a negative correlation with latitude and reaches its maximum frequency in the south of Europe disappearing in the north. The O3+4 arrangement has a negative correlation with the latitude. Therefore, the arrangement OST is supposed to be cold-adapted while the other arrangements are considered to be warm-adapted. The nucleotide variation of the most frequent chromosome arrangements was analyzed in two distant Spanish populations situated along a latitudinal gradient. No within-inversion genetic differences were detected among populations, which suggest that the gene content along the gradient is rather constant for the various chromosomal arrangements and genetic flow is high. Although gene flux between different inversions was detected, significant genetic differentiation among inversions for all genes was found. Genetic differentiation between arrangements was also detected by linkage disequilibrium analysis, showing significant associations between informative sites when comparing arrangement pairs, which could be explained by low recombination rate between inversions and probable epistasis between some genes. The footprints of selection nearly in all genes, either in coding or noncoding parts, were detected using several neutrality tests. The Local Adaptation hypothesis is the one that fits better to our data and would explain the maintenance of the coadapted gene complexes within inversions in D. subobscura. Our results corroborate that arrangements on chromosome O affect adult thermal preference in a laboratory temperature gradient, with cold-climate OST carriers displaying a lower thermal preference than their warm-climate O3+4 and O3+4+8 counterparts. However, these chromosome arrangements did not have any effect on adult heat tolerance and, hence, we putatively discard a genetic covariance between both traits arising from linkage disequilibrium between genes affecting thermal preference and genes of heat shock resistance. Therefore, thermal preference and heat tolerance in the isochromosomal lines of D. subobscura appear to be genetically independent, which might potentially prevent a coherent response of behavior and physiology (i.e., coadaptation) to thermal selection. If this pattern were general to all chromosomes, then any correlation between thermal preference and heat resistance across latitudinal gradients would likely reflect a pattern of correlated selection rather than genetic correlation.
Paiva, Sousa Leiliane. "Estudio de biomonitorización de una población de trabajadores expuestos al arsénico y caracterización de los posibles factores moduladores del daño genotóxico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3915.
Full textInicialmente, se llevó a cabo un estudio de biomonitorización para averiguar las posibles correlaciones entre efectos genotóxicos y exposición ocupacional al arsénico. Se utilizaron los niveles de arsénico y de sus metabolitos en orina como biomarcador de exposición y los ensayos de MN y de SCE como medida de daño citogenético.
Dado que recientemente se ha propuesto que los dos miembros funcionales de la nueva clase Omega, GSTO1 y GSTO2, juegan un papel importante en la homeostasis celular, estando también involucradas en la biotransformación del arsénico, hemos postulado que, polimorfismos en estos genes podrían estar correlacionados con cambios en la actividad de estas proteínas que lleven a diferencias en el perfil de excreción del arsénico y, consecuentemente, a diferencias de respuesta frente a una exposición. La segunda parte del trabajo ha consistido en el análisis de los polimorfismos de GSTO1 y de GSTO2 entre tres grupos étnicos y en la caracterización enzimática de dos de las variantes de GSTO1. Además, los polimorfismos de GSTO1 y de GSTO2 también se han analizado en la población de trabajadores chilenos, estableciéndose correlaciones entre genotipos, perfil de excreción y daño citogenético, integrando así las dos partes del estudio.
A pesar de los avances en los estudios de expresión de GTSO1, el papel que ejerce esta enzima en el metabolismo y en la toxicidad del arsénico sigue en discusión. Así, se han utilizado dos líneas celulares con diferentes niveles de expresión de GSTO1, junto con la reducción de sus niveles de expresión mediante la técnica de RNAi, para evaluar las diferencias de respuesta frente a distintos compuestos de arsénico. No se han detectado diferencias en la toxicidad del arsénico relacionadas con los diferentes niveles de expresión. En contraste, la reducción del estrés oxidativo por la NAC indica que diferencias en los niveles de GSTO1 pueden estar modulando las diferencias de respuesta al estrés oxidativo inducido por los compuestos de arsénico. Nuestros resultados no excluyen la participación de otras enzimas en el proceso de biotransformación y toxicidad del arsénico.
Arsenic has become a major world health problem, due to the size of the exposed population and the seriousness of its effects, which are mainly related with the increase of cancer cases among the chronically exposed populations. Even though the mechanisms of action of this element are not fully understood, it has been clearly reported that it is cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic in humans. In this context, we planned to study the genotoxic effect of this metal, to understand the metabolic mechanisms involved in this process, and to find biomarkers of susceptibility to arsenic exposure.
Initially, a biomonitoring study was carried out to investigate the correlation between arsenic occupational exposure and genotoxic effects in smelting plant workers, using the levels of arsenic and its metabolites excreted in urine as an exposure biomarker and the SCE and the MN assays as measures of cytogenetic damage.
Two members of the recently identified Omega class glutathione S-transferase enzymes (GSTO1 and GSTO2) have been proposed to play an important role in cellular homeostasis and in the arsenic reduction pathway. Therefore, polymorphisms in these genes could be related with variations in the protein activity leading to changes in the arsenic excretion profile, and consequently with the response to chronic exposures. The second part of this study was based on the analysis of hGSTO1/2 polymorphisms among three ethnical groups and the enzymatic characterization of two GSTO1 variants. Moreover, GSTO1 and GSTO2 polymorphisms were also analyzed in the Chilean workers. Then, the first and the second part of this work have been linked, establishing correlations among genotypes, variations of urine arsenic profile and cytogenetic damage.
Despite the recent progress in the study of GSTOs expression and pharmacokinetics, the role of these enzymes in the arsenic metabolism and toxicity is under discussion. To clarify this, two cell lines with different expression levels of GSTO1 have been used to evaluate the cytotoxic response of various arsenic compounds. In addition, depletion of the GSTO1 levels with siRNA has also been used. Results do not shown significant variations in arsenic toxicity, according to the different expression levels. In contrast, reduction of oxidative stress by NAC indicates that differences at GSTO1 expression levels could modulate the response to the oxidative stress induced by arsenic compounds. These results do not rule out others enzymes participating in the arsenic metabolism and toxicity.
Codina, Pascual Montserrat. "Estudi de la sinapsi i de la recombinació meiòtica en espermatòcits humans mitjançant immunocitofluorescència i stM-FISH." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3766.
Full textS'han processat biòpsies testiculars de set individus control i de tretze infèrtils. La detecció immunofluorescent de proteïnes de CS (SCP1 i SCP3) i de llocs de recombinació (MLH1) s'ha utilitzat por primera vegada en combinació amb un mètode de hibridació in situ fluorescent amb múltiples sondes subtelomèriques específiques (stM-FISH), que permet la identificació de tots els SCs d'una cèl·lula a paquitè.
Les regions d'heterocromatina no centromèrica, 9qh, 1qh, 16qh i braços curts dels cromosomes acrocèntrics, han presentat una major incidència d'anomalies sinàptiques, indicant que són les últimes regions del genoma en fer sinapsi. La incidència d'anomalies sinàptiques en aquestes zones varia entre individus, fet explicable per polimorfismes d'aquestes regions en la població general. Anomalies sinàptiques en altres zones, aquelles que afecten a varis CSs en un mateix nucli o aquelles presents en estadi de paquitè tardà podrien indicar una afectació severa de la sinapsis. Els CSs dels cromosomes 15 i 21 s'associen més freqüentment al parell de cromosomes sexuals possiblement degut a l'homologia existent entre les regions heterocromàtiques d'aquests cromosomes i la del cromosoma Y.
L'anàlisi de la recombinació meiòtica ha mostrat que la recombinació homòloga en el parell XY pot ser un indicador de la freqüència general de recombinació i de la progressió de la meiosi. Els resultats confirmen que una menor freqüència de recombinació pot augmentar el risc d'univalents a metafase I i que les diferències entre individus en aquesta freqüència podrien explicar la variabilitat en la freqüència d'aneuploïdies en espermatozoides humans. Els resultats de distribució de punts de MLH1 en cada CS i de les distancies entre aquests punts ens ha permès proposar un model de com es distribueixen aquests punts al llarg del CS.
L'anàlisi de la longitud del CS ha mostrat que cada un dels braços del CS, de manera independent a l'altre, pot variar la seva longitud relativa en comparació a la longitud relativa dels cromosomes mitòtics. En el treball s'evidencia que aquesta variació de la longitud relativa pot reflectir la quantitat de fibres compactes i no compactes de cromatina presents a la zona.
Finalment, la observació d'una cèl·lula tetraploide en estadi de paquitè, possiblement originada per endoreduplicació, demostra que la sinapsi i la recombinació meiòtica poden tenir lloc en aquestes cèl·lules en humans. A més a més, permet suposar que aquestes cèl·lules són un altre possible origen de espermatozoides diploides.
Durant el transcurs d'aquest estudi s'ha caracteritzat citogenèticament un isocromosoma dicèntric Yq(p11.32) en mosaic en un individuo azoospermic, mitjançant FISH amb sondes específiques pel cromosoma Y.
During meiotic prophase I, homologous chromosomes are joined forming bivalents and they exchange genetic material by the processes of synapsis and crossing over. The synaptonemal complex (SC) appears along the synapsis axis. Synapsis and crossover anomalies have been considered as two possible causes of partial or total meiotic arrest. The general aim of this study is to analyse the incidence of synaptic and crossover anomalies in controls and infertile men in order to characterise different degrees of anomaly in these processes in idiopathic infertility.
Testicular biopsies from seven controls and thirteen infertile men have been processed. Immunolabelling of SC proteins (SCP1and SCP3) and of DNA mismatch repair proteins present in crossover foci (MLH1) has been applied, for the first time, in combination with the seven-fluorochrome subtelomere-specific multiplex FISH assay (stM-FISH) in order to analyse synapsis and crossovers individually in each SC of a nucleus at pachytene.
SCs regions with non-centromeric heterochromatin, 9qh, 1qh, 16qh and short arms of acrocentric chromosomes, have presented the highest incidence of gaps and splits, indicating that these are the last regions in the genome to synapse. Interindividual variability in the incidence of synaptic anomalies in these regions may be explained by polymorphisms of these regions in the general population. Synaptic anomalies in other SC regions, those affecting several SCs or present in late pachytene nuclei may indicate nuclei with a severely affected synapsis. Autosomal SC15 and SC21 associate with the XY pair more frequently than other SCs, possibly due to the homology between non-centromeric heterochromatins in the short arm of chromosomes 15 and 21 and in the q arm of chromosome Y.
The analysis of crossovers shows that the amount of XY pairs with a crossover could be an indicator for general crossover frequency and for a successful meiotic process. Results confirm that reduction in the crossover frequency may increase the risk of achiasmatic small bivalents, and that interindividual differences in crossover frequency could explain the variability in the frequencies of aneuploidy in human sperm. How MLH1 foci are positioned within the SC is discussed based on detailed MLH1 foci distributions and interfoci distances.
SC length analysis has shown that SC arms can be longer or shorter than the corresponding mitotic ones. Moreover, for a given SC, the variation in length found in one arm was independent of the variation observed in the other one. Evidence that the variation of the SC arm length may reflect the abundance of open and of compact chromatin fibres in the arm is shown.
The finding of a tetraploid pachytene, possibly originated by endoreduplication, demonstrates that synapsis and crossover events can occur in these cells in humans. Moreover, it indicates that diploid sperm may also originate from tetraploid meiotic cells.
During this study, a dicentric Yq(p11.32) isochromosome has been cytogenetically characterised in an azoospermic male by FISH using specific probes for chromosome Y.