Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Citrus fruits

Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers
Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Citrus fruits'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Citrus fruits.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Citrus fruits"

1

Pardo, Hagar, Abiola Owoyemi, Livnat Goldenberg, Yossi Yaniv, Ofir Benjamin, Adi Doron-Faigenboim, Ron Porat, and Nir Carmi. "Quality and Flavor of ‘Aliza’ Fruit: A Unique Pomelo × Mandarin Hybrid." Horticulturae 9, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040420.

Full text

Abstract:

‘Aliza’ is a new pomelo × mandarin hybrid (Citrus maxima, cv. Red Chandler × Citrus reticulata, cv. Ora) developed by the Israeli citrus breeding program at the Volcani Institute. Here, we aimed to characterize the quality and flavor of ‘Aliza’ fruit as compared to other commercial citrus fruit, specifically pomelo (C. maxima), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), orange (Citrus sinensis) and mandarin (C. reticulata). ‘Aliza’ fruits have a similar size as grapefruits, but have a thinner peel and a unique yellowish/golden color. ‘Aliza’ fruits are completely seedless and have especially high juice contents. They also have a unique, highly preferred flavor, characterized by high sweetness and moderate bitterness and acidity, with strong citrusy and tropical fruity aromas. Sensory analyses conducted with the aid of a trained panel and an electronic tongue revealed that the flavor of ‘Aliza’ fruits is different from the flavors of other citrus species. Consumer acceptance and preference tests revealed that ‘Aliza’ fruit are highly appreciated and favored. The aroma volatile profile of ‘Aliza’ fruit was somewhat similar to those of pomelo and grapefruit, but very different from those of orange and mandarin. Overall, ‘Aliza’ fruits can be distinguished from other citrus fruits by their unique color, high juice content and exceptional, unique flavor.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Aslam, Kinza, Shahzad Zafar Iqbal, Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, Sunusi Usman, and Nada Basheir Ali. "Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052270.

Full text

Abstract:

This research aims to assess the natural occurrence of patulin (PAT) in selected citrus fruits from central cities of Punjab and Pakistan’s northern cities. A total of 2970 fruit samples from 12 citrus cultivars were examined using liquid chromatography fitted with a UV detector. The detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit were 0.04 and 0.12 µg/kg, respectively. About 56% of samples of citrus fruits from Punjab’s central cities, Pakistan, were found to be contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 1150 µg/kg in samples from central Punjab cities. Furthermore, 31.7% of samples of citrus fruits from northern cities of Pakistan were contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 320 µg/kg. About 22.1% of citrus fruit samples had PAT levels greater than the suggested limits established by the European Union (EU). The dietary intake levels of PAT ranged from 0.10 to 1.11 µg/kg bw/day in the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan, and 0.13 to 1.93 µg/kg bw/day in the northern cities of Pakistan.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

He, Yu. "Assessment of Climate Adaptability in the Late-Maturing Citrus Industry in Sichuan Province." Agriculture 14, no. 7 (July 9, 2024): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071101.

Full text

Abstract:

Sichuan Province is the largest inland area for late-maturing citrus fruit production in China, and its climate conditions are a primary consideration for the cultivation of late-maturing citrus fruits. Based on meteorological data from 2010 to 2020 for the 18 prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures in Sichuan Province that cultivate late-maturing citrus fruits, along with the traditional method of dividing the advantages of citrus and the calculation of comparative advantage using factor endowment coefficients, we identified the annual average temperature, annual accumulated temperature ≥ 10 °C, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation, and annual sunshine hours as input indicators. We selected the resource endowment coefficient as the output indicator and used the DEA–Malmquist index model to evaluate the climate adaptability of Sichuan’s late-maturing citrus fruit industry. The analysis results indicate that the overall climate conditions in Sichuan are suitable for the growth of late-maturing citrus fruits. However, extensive cultivation of similar varieties has led to a decline in resource endowment across different regions. The use of arable land for cultivating late-maturing citrus fruits has also reduced climate adaptability. Policies that contradict climate adaptability do not support sustainable development within Sichuan’s late-maturing citrus fruit industry.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Leporini, Mariarosaria, Rosa Tundis, Vincenzo Sicari, and Monica Rosa Loizzo. "Citrus species: Modern functional food and nutraceutical-based product ingredient." Italian Journal of Food Science 33, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 63–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v33i2.2009.

Full text

Abstract:

Citrus is the most cultivated fruit crop in the world and occupies a place of considerable importance in the country’s economy. Almost 33% of the citrus fruits are processed for juice production; however, a great amount of wastes, including peels, segment membranes, and seeds are also produced. Indeed, citrus fruits consist of 45% juice, 26% pulp, 27% peels, and 2% seeds. Pruning, a cultural practice involving the removal of tree branches and limbs, was applied to improve fruit’s quality. A large amount of leaves are produced through pruning. These agri-food matrices contain a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals compared to fruits. The present review covers the past 5 years of research carried out in chemistry, health properties, and applications in food and nutraceutical industries of all portions of citrus fruit and its major bioactive compounds. Additionally, patents are also included.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Dorj, Ulzii-Orshikh, Uranbaigal Dejidbal, Hongseok Chae, Lkhagvadorj Batsambuu, Altanchimeg Badarch, and Shinebayar Dalkhaa. "CITRUS FRUIT QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 48, no. 5 (January 9, 2019): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2018-5-12.

Full text

Abstract:

A new computer vision algorithm for citrus fruit quality classification based on the size of a single tree fruits was developed in this study. The image properties of area, perimeter, and diameter for the citrus fruits were measured by pixels. In order to estimate citrus fruit size in a realistic manner, the ratios of diameter, perimeter and area in pixel values in relation to the actual size of one fruit were determined. The total of 1860 citrus fruits were grouped based on diameter, perimeter, and area in pixels. The results of the grouping of citrus fruits by diameter, perimeter and area were compared with the results of the survey research into citrus fruit size as conducted by the Jeju Citrus Commission. Comparative results reveal that the image of the citrus fruit diameter in pixels demonstrate a more accurate size than the other two pixel values, i.e. perimeter and area.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Setianingsih, Ni Luh Putu Putri, I. Ketut Selamet, I. Wayan Sudiarta, and I. Wayan Wesna Astara. "Empowerment of Housewives and Marketing Strategies in the Development of Various Citrus Fruit Processed Businesses in Catur Village, Kintamani, Bali." Asian Journal of Applied Business and Management 2, no. 3 (August 31, 2023): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ajabm.v2i3.5591.

Full text

Abstract:

The activities of the Assisted Village Empowerment Program, which are carried out in Catur Village, Kintamani, and Bangli-Bali, aim to increase the knowledge and skills of groups of housewives in managing the results of citrus fruit products into various processed citrus fruits that have economic value. The Housewives Group has become a leader in citrus fruit management at the household level. The methods used include observation, counseling, education, and direct practice. Based on the results, 100% of the Housewives Group can use tools for the product manufacturing process to produce various processed citrus fruits that have economic value and quality. The group of housewives in Catur Village, after receiving socialization and training, is committed to producing citrus fruits and making various processed citrus fruits into products that have economic value and quality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Dhiman, Poonam. "Contemporary Study on Citrus Disease Classification System." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 10035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10035ecst.

Full text

Abstract:

Machine vision systems enable many applications in all important fields of life like medical healthcare, agriculture, fruit and vegetable industry, etc. One of the application fields is disease detection of fruit. The disease identification of fruits is a critical issue and advanced automatic detection systems need to be developed. In the recent years, image processing techniques have been employed for the quality evaluation of the fruits. This paper presents the current advancement in image processing techniques used by the disease recognition system of the citrus fruits. In past few years, different approaches are applied for grading the citrus fruits using machine vision system. The paper presents the overview of different techniques like pre-processing, segmentation, and classification that is used by the disease detection system of citrus fruits. This paper also presents the detailed description of the different state of art disease detection system proposed by the researcher for attending identifying the disease present in citrus fruit. The detailed survey of the disease detection technique present in citrus fruit has been presented to investigate the usage of recent approaches employed in machine vision systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Nikos T. Papadopoulos, Dimitrios P. Papachristos, and Charalambos Ioannou. "CITRUS FRUITS AND THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1065 (January 2015): 1009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1065.126.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Kalatippi, A. S., Patil S S, Kapil Patil, Rahul Dongre, Dinesh Kumar Kuldeep, and Manmohan Singh Bhooriya. "Citrus Physiological Disorders and Their Ameliorating Control Measures: A Review." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 5 (March 13, 2024): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i51921.

Full text

Abstract:

Citrus fruits are well known for their taste, flavour, aroma and fragrance, with rich vitamin C content. Fruits are rich in various nutrients, minerals and vitamins because of which they have the important role in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. The citrus fruit cultivation experiences many challenges through biotic and abiotic stresses leading to occurrence of pest and diseases coupled with physiological disorders. The occurrence of pre and post-harvest disorders due to abiotic stresses and improper harvesting methods and unhygienic field conditions would lead to reduction in yield, fruit quality and commercial value of the produce and products. Improper harvesting and management in citrus fruits reduce the quality and appearance of the fruits. Pre-harvest disorders like granulation, fruit cracking, puffiness, superficial rind pitting, creasing and sunburn, and post-harvest disorders such as chilling injury, oleocellosis, rind staining, peteca, stylar end breakdown and stem end rind breakdown are the resultant disorders repeatedly noticed in citrus fruits. Maintenance of garden hygiene, flower regulation, water and nutrient management, bahar treatment, use of growth regulators and crop load coupled with canopy management would help in minimising the above disorders in citrus fruit crops.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Jyoti, Jyoti, and Veena Veena. "Knowledge of Utilization of Citrus Fruit Peels after Consumption among Random Selected Population at Sonepat District in Haryana State." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i12.003.

Full text

Abstract:

Citrus is an important part of fruit family. It belonging to the family Rutaceae, which include fruits such as orange, mandarin, lime, lemon, sour orange and grapefruit, pomelo appear as a well known promising source of multiple beneficial nutrients for human beings. Processing of citrus by-products (peel, pulp, and seed) potentially represents a rich source of phenolic compounds and dietary fiber, by consumption of citrus fruit the large amount of peel waste produced. These citrus fruit residues, which are generally discarded as waste in the environment, they can act as potential nutraceutical resources. Such comprehensive Utilization of Citrus By-products provides comprehensive knowledge and information on the development and utilization of citrus by-products, including (types, preparation, and determination) of their main functional components. One of the most popular fruits in the world, from the point of processing is citrus fruits by which produces citrus peel, a primary by-product. Current statuses of citrus peel pollute the environment and waste resources so eco-friendly solutions are sought. This review systematically summarized the knowledge of utilization of citrus peel, which generally discarded as waste by consumer after consumption of fruit.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Citrus fruits"

1

Campbell, Julie Hutchinson Ebel Robert C. "Interaction of wax, fungicide and ethylene treatments on storage and shelf-life of Satsuma mandarins." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2005/SPRING/Horticulture/Thesis/CAMPBELL_JULIE_7.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Fallahi, Esmaeil, Mike Kilby, and Phil Tilt. "Adaptation of Deciduous Fruit to the Desert Climate." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215696.

Full text

Abstract:

Chilling requirements and maturity of several varieties of peaches and apples were studied at the University of Arizona, Yuma Mesa Agricultural Center (Southwest Arizona) in 1985-1986. Flordared, Flordabelle, Flordabeauty, Flordagold, Desert Gold and Suwanee peaches broke their dormancy earlier than other cultivars and showed full bloom between mid-to-late January. Suwanee and Desert Gold matured earlier than other tested varieties, but they produced small size fruit with low sugar content. Anna and Dorsett Golden apples showed extended blooming period due to insufficient chilling.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Xu, Zhengyao. "Cell wall hydrolases in citrus fruits." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289440.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Prinsloo, Johan Andries. "Ecophysiological responses of citrus trees and sugar accumulation of fruit in response to altered plant water relations." Thesis, Link to online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/463.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Rethwisch, Michael D., Charles McDaniel, and Manuel Peralia. "Seasonal Abundance and Field Testing of a Citrus Thrips Temperature Development Model in Arizona Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220568.

Full text

Abstract:

Citrus thrips populations (adults and nymphs) were monitored through the spring of 1991-1992 in several locations throughout most of the commercial citrus production areas in Yuma County to determine if citrus thrips seasonality was similar to that previously reported in California. Study findings indicate that seasonality is similar throughout the winter and very early spring. Adult thrips numbers increase rapidly in groves due to attractive foliage, whether it is weeds or citrus. High nymph numbers did not always follow adult peaks, and were not statistically correlated. Predatory mites and rains may have affected 1992 results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Knight, Toby George. "Investigation of the physiological basis of the rind disorder oleocellosis in Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck)." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AHP/09ahpk71.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-164) Microscopy investigations into the oil glands, localisation of the rind oils and the development of oleocellosis have been carried out in Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck). Aims to develop an improved understanding of the physiological basis of the rind disorder.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Mudau, N. Fhatuwani (Nixwell Fhatuwani). "Yield and fruit quality of citrus species relative to foliar sprays of macronutrients." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52616.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Yield and fruit quality of Citrus species relative to foliar sprays of macronutrients Marginal fruit colour and poor internal quality have been primary problems in the production of early-maturing mandarins in the Western Cape region (34 Os t 9°E). This leads to a reduction in the percentage of exportable fruit, a delay in the picking and consequent reduction in internal quality due to over-maturity. Therefore, a well-developed rind colour and internal quality of citrus are quality parameters of major importance in the fruit market. The effect of soil-applied limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN) and foliar low-biuret on fruit colour, yield and internal fruit quality of 'Mihowase' Satsuma on 'Troyer' citrange rootstock were evaluated. A significant reduction in leaf N levels was recorded where soil N has been reduced from 168 kg N/ha per annum to 126 kg Nlha per annum. Nitrogen applications influenced internal quality, although differences between treatments were too small to be of commercial importance. Despite tree appearance being more yellow in some years where N was predominantly applied as foliar spray, no consistent reduction in fruit size or yield was found. There were no clear significant differences in fruit colour, probably due to the fact that leaf N-Ievels were still within or below the norms suggested for Satsuma. The effect of Seniphosf , a mineral mixture of 31Og/L P20S, 56g/L CaO and 30g/L total N, and mono-potassium phosphate (MKP) [52% P20Sand 34% K20] on fruit colour, yield and internal fruit quality of mandarins, viz., 'Mihowase' Satsuma and 'Nules' Clementine on 'Troyer' citrange rootstock were evaluated. Seniphos'" and MKP applied during autumn colour break also did not influence fruit colour, yield and internal fruit quality, viz., juice content (%), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acid (TA) and TSS:TA ratio of 'Nules' Clementine and 'Mihowase' Satsuma. In the Citrusdal region of South Africa (Western Cape Province), rind roughness is a general problem which often limits the percentage of exportable fruits. The effect of foliar mono-potassium phosphate (MKP) applied at 3% or 5% and urea ammonium phosphate (UAP) at 2% at 4 or 6 weeks, respectively, after full bloom (AFB) on yield, internal and external fruit quality (rind texture) of Citrus spp on rough lemon rootstock were evaluated. MKP and UAP had no consistent effect on yield, juice content (%), TSS, TA and TSS:TA ratio of 'Nouvelle' tangor, 'Valencia' orange, 'Shamouti' midseason and 'Oroval' Clementine. MKP and UAP sprays significantly, but inconsistently improved rind texture of 'Nouvelle' tangor, 'Shamouti' midseason and 'Valencia' orange. However, no positive effect was found on rind texture of 'Oroval' Clementine and 'Eureka' lemon. Inconsistent effects ofMKP and UAP sprays were also found on % leafN, P and K.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Opbrengs en vrugkwaliteit van sitrus spesies relatief tat blaar toedienings van makroelemente Marginale vrugkleur en swak interne kwaliteit is die prim ere produksieprobleme in vroee seisoen mandaryne in die Wes-Kaap (34 Os 19°E). Die gevolg is 'n lae persentasie uitvoerbare vrugte omdat die oesdatum uitgestel word wat 'n afname in interne kwaliteit veroorsaak weens oorrypheid. Goed ontwikkelde skilkleur en interne kwaliteit is dus van groot belang vir bemarking van die vrugte. Grond-toegediende kalksteen-ammonium-nitraat (KAN) en lae biuret ureum se effek op vrugkleur, oesgrootte en interne vrugkwaliteit van 'Mihowase' Satsuma op 'Troyer citrange' onderstamme is ge-evalueer. 'n Betekenisvolle afname van die N viakke in die blare is gevind nadat grondtoediening van N vanaf 168 kg N/ha/jaar na 126 kg N/ha/jaar venninder is. N toedienings het interne kwaliteit beinvloed, maar die verskille tussen die behandelings was nie van kornmersiele waarde nie. Al was die boomvoorkoms geler in sommige jare waarin N hoofsaaklik as blaarvoedings toegedien is, was daar nie konstante afnames in vrug-of oesgrootte nie. Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille in vrugkieur nie, waarskynlik omdat die blaarvlakke van N steeds binne die nonne daarvoor in Satsumas was. Die effek van Seniphos ('n minerale mengsel van 310g/L P20S, 56g/L CaO en 30g/L totaal N en monokaliumfosfaat (MKP) [52% P20S en 34% K20] op vrugkleur, oesgrootte en interne vrugkwaliteit van 'Mihowase' Satsumas en 'Nules' Clementine op Troyer citrange onderstarnme is geevalueer. Seniphos en MKP, toegedien tydens kleurbreek in die herfs, het ook nie skilkleur of interne vrugkwaliteit (sappersentasie, totale oplosbare vaste stowwe (TOV), suurheid (TS) en TOV:TS) betekenisvol bemvloed nie. In die Citrusdal-omgewing in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie (Suid-Afrika) is skilgrofheid 'n algemene probleem wat die hoeveelheid uitvoerbare vrugte beperk. Die effek van blaartoegediende MKP teen 3 en 5% en ureum-amrnoniurn-fosfaat (UAP) teen 2%, op onderskeidelik 4 of 6 weke na volblom, is geevalueer ten opsigte van oesgrootte, interne en ekstenne (skil grofheid) vrug kwaliteit in Citrus spp op growweskilsuurlemoen onderstam. Nie MKP of UAP het konsekwente verskille getoon t.o.v. oesgrootte, sappersentasie, TOV, TS, of TOV:TS in 'Nouvelle' tangor, 'Valencia' orange, 'Shamouti' midseison of 'Oroval' Clementine nie. Skiltekstuur is egter betekenisvol, hoewel inkonsekwent, verbeter in laasgenoemde drie. Skiltekstuur van 'Oroval' Clementine en 'Eureka' suurlemoen is nie bemvloed nie. Blaarpersentasies van N, P en K is ook inkonsekwent deur MKP en UAP beinvloed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

McClure, Michael A., and Mark E. Schmitt. "Control of Citrus Nematode with Cadusafos." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220519.

Full text

Abstract:

Granular (Rugby 10G) and liquid (Rugby 100ME) formulations of Cadusafos were evaluated for the control of Tvlenchulus semipenetrans on mature lemon trees in a commercial citrus orchard at Yuma, Arizona. Three applications of cadusafos, with two months between applications, at the rate of 2 g a.i. /m2 reduced nematode populations to undetectable levels and increased the yield and rate of fruit maturity of 'Rosenberger' lemons. Yields were increased 12,587 kg per hectare with Rugby 100ME and 8,392 kg per hectare with Rugby 10G. Nematode populations were suppressed for at least 12 months after the last application.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Taverner, Peter D. "Effects of postharvest oils on arthropod pests of citrus /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht233.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Carstens, Karin. "Determination of distinctness among citrus cultivars using biochemical and molecular markers." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004082.

Full text

Abstract:

Citrus is among the most important fruit crops worlstwide, and therefore the preservation and improvement of citrus germplasm is of the essence. Citrus breeders are often faced with the difficulty of distinguishing between new and existing cultivars because of the ambiguous nature of morphological traits due to environmental influences and error in human judgement. The protection of new varieties is very important to the breeder. New varieties cannot be patented in South Africa, but it can be protected by Plant Breeders' Rights, only if it is genetically distinguishable and significantly different economically from existing varieties. Cultivars in four genera (c. sinensis, C. paradisi, C. grandis and C. reticulata) included in the Citrus Improvement Programme (CIP) or cultivars awaiting recognition of Plant Breeders' Rights by the International Union for the Protection of New Plant Varieties (UPOV) were analyzed with Isoenzymes, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Five enzyme systems (PGM, PGI, MDH, GOT and IDH) were analyzed and founded to be suitable for grouping together cultivars belonging to the same genera. It was not suited for routine discrimination of cultivars in a particular genus. RFLP studies were conducted on five grapefruit cultivars, using cDNA clones from a genomic library of Rough Lemon. RFLP studies were valuable for the discrimination of closely related cultivars which probably originated from a common ancestor by bud mutations. This technique was, however, abandoned due to its biohazardous nature and replaced by the PeR-based Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA. RAPDs are easy to perform and gave promisin& results which were exploited to reveal polymorphisms between cultivars within the various groups. Although the interpretation of data produced by this method is often suspicious, it is the best method currently available for cultivar identification. It can playa complementary role in the protection of new varieties when classical morphological interpretation of differences is not capable of determining sufficient distinctness for the awarding of Plant Breeders' Rights.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Books on the topic "Citrus fruits"

1

Ghosh, S. P. Citrus fruits. New Delhi: Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2007.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Ghosh, S. P. Citrus fruits. New Delhi: Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2007.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Virginia, Siewertsen, Birnbaum Lois, Na Lima Kokua, and Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, eds. Citrus fruits. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii (P.O. Box 340, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii 96765): Na Lima Kokua, for the benefit of the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, 1987.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Organisation for economic co-operation and development. Citrus Fruits. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2010.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

ill, Yates John 1939, ed. Citrus fruits. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 1990.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Brennan, Ethel. Citrus. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1996.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Wardowski, Wilfred F., Steven Nagy, and William Grierson, eds. Fresh Citrus Fruits. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8792-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

F, Wardowski Wilfred, Nagy Steven, and Grierson William, eds. Fresh citrus fruits. Westport, Conn: AVI Pub. Co., 1986.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Lesley, Ehlers, and Jacobson Eric, eds. Citrus: A cookbook. London: Ted Smart, 1992.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Klein, Maggie Blyth. All about citrus & subtropical fruits. Edited by Moore Paul 1916-, Sweet Claude, and Ortho Books. San Francisco, CA: Ortho Books, 1985.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Citrus fruits"

1

Gmitter, Fred G., Chunxian Chen, M. Nageswara Rao, and Jaya R. Soneji. "Citrus Fruits." In Fruits and Nuts, 265–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34533-6_14.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Smilanick, Joseph L., Arno Erasmus, and Lluís Palou. "Citrus Fruits." In Postharvest Pathology of Fresh Horticultural Produce, 3–54. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315209180-1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Sandhu, Kulwant S., Kuldip S. Minhas, and Jiwan S. Sidhu. "Processing of Citrus Juices." In Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing, 489–533. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118352533.ch29.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Sharma, Renu, Rupali Nanda, and Nisha Bhagat. "Citrus Flavours." In Citrus Fruits and Juice, 275–99. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8699-6_12.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Grierson, W., and S. Ben-Yehoshua. "Storage of Citrus Fruits." In Fresh Citrus Fruits, 479–507. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8792-3_20.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Miller, W. M., and R. P. Singh. "Energy in Citrus Packing." In Fresh Citrus Fruits, 535–46. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8792-3_22.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Soule, James, and William Grierson. "Anatomy and Physiology." In Fresh Citrus Fruits, 1–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8792-3_1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Grierson, William, Eliahou Cohen, and Hirotoshi Kitagawa. "Degreening." In Fresh Citrus Fruits, 253–74. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8792-3_10.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Wardowski, Wilfred F., William Grierson, and Maurice Johnson. "Separation and Grading of Freeze-Damaged Fruit." In Fresh Citrus Fruits, 275–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8792-3_11.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Grierson, W., A. F. G. Smith, Frank Thornton, and Gavriel Felsenstein. "Packingline Machinery." In Fresh Citrus Fruits, 287–313. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8792-3_12.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Citrus fruits"

1

Miller, William M. "Automated Inspection/Classification of Fruits and Vegetables." In ASME 1987 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec1987-3305.

Full text

Abstract:

Rapid advances in the electronic industry have generated high interest in automated grading technology tor fresh fruits and vegetables. During the last two decades, packaging and container handling have become significantly mechanized. However, sorting remains a labor intensive operation in many fresh produce industries. The amount of fruit removed can be quite significant. In Florida citrus packing, an average of 30% of the fruit is diverted to processing. Such high removal rates coupled with limited grading tables areas can diminish human grading performance and the production capacity of a packing plant. Furthermore, the cullage removal rates will probably increase with further mechanization of harvesting and field handling. Paper published with permission.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Davitadze, Nazi, and Irina Bejanidze. "VALORIZATION OF CITRUS FRUIT PROCESSING WASTE." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/5.1/s20.38.

Full text

Abstract:

Currently, the food industry accounts for the largest amount of waste, a third of which is waste from the processing of fruits into natural fruit juices, the consumption of which has recently increased significantly due to health problems among the population. The transition to a healthier and more natural lifestyle involves reducing the consumption of soft drinks, which can contain high concentrations of sugars, artificial colors, preservatives, and increasing the production of natural juices. Studies were carried out on citrus fruits: mandarin, lemon, orange and pomelo. The possibility of valorization of citrus fruit juice production waste: peel and juice bags to obtain high-quality dietary fiber-pectin was studied. The process of pectin hydrodistillation has been studied: the influence of the collection time and fruit morphology on the pectin yield, the time of pectin extraction and the type of extractant have been determined, the kinetics of the extraction process and its dependence on the temperature and concentration of the extractant have been studied, for a more complete isolation of the pectin sol, the need for preliminary concentration of its extracts by membrane methods has been shown. Based on the study of pectin quality parameters, such as the content of galacturonic acid and the degree of esterification, the optimal parameters of the pectin extraction process were formulated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Arivazhagan, S., R. Newlin Shebiah, S. Selva Nidhyanandhan, and L. Ganesan. "Classification of citrus and non-citrus fruits using texture features." In 2010 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT'10). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt.2010.5591562.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Khan, Ejaz, Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman, Fawad Ahmed, and Muhammad Attique Khan. "Classification of Diseases in Citrus Fruits using SqueezeNet." In 2021 International Conference on Applied and Engineering Mathematics (ICAEM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaem53552.2021.9547133.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Tony Grift, Reza Ehsani, Kentaro Nishiwaki, Catherine Crespi, and Min Min. "Development of a Yield Monitor for Citrus Fruits." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20661.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Forlin, Emanuela, Gianfranco Santovito, Laura Guidolin, and Paola Irato. "CITRUS FRUITS. COURSE TO EDUCATE TO SCIENTIFIC CURIOSITY." In 10th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.1573.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

ZHENG, Shiji, Zhiquan LIN, Jiahao XIE, Mingfeng LIAO, Shujun GAO, Xin ZHANG, and Tian QIU. "Maturity recognition of citrus fruits by Yolov4 neural network." In 2021 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Engineering (ICBAIE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbaie52039.2021.9389879.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Wang, Yaxing, and Qi Men. "Impact of TBT on Chinese Export of Citrus Fruits." In International Conference of Logistics Engineering and Management (ICLEM) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41139(387)99.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Saini, Ashok Kumar, Roheet Bhatnagar, and Devesh Kumar Srivastava. "Citrus Fruits Diseases Detection and Classification Using Transfer Learning." In DSMLAI '21': International Conference on Data Science, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3484824.3484893.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Mello-Júnior, Ronaldo Elias de, Nathane Silva Resende, Jefferson Luiz Gomes Corrêa, Leila Aparecida Salles Pio, and Elisângela Elena Nunes Carvalho. "The influence of ethanol on the convective drying and on the nutritional quality of dekopon slices." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7772.

Full text

Abstract:

Dekopon or Hallabong (Citrus reticulate “Shiranui”) is a hybrid fruit that belongs to the citrus fruits. The scientific and commercial interests in dekopon is due to its nutritional composition. The objective of the study was to verify the influence of ethanol as a pretreatment in reducing drying time as well as maintaining nutritional quality (vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity) of dekopon slices. The drying with ethanol at 70 °C promoted the greatest reduction in drying time, but the processed pretreated samples at 50 °C presented the highest level of nutritional quality parameters. Keywords: drying time; vitamin C; phenolic compounds; antioxidant activity

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Citrus fruits"

1

Blumwald, Eduardo, and Avi Sadka. Sugar and Acid Homeostasis in Citrus Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697109.bard.

Full text

Abstract:

Citrus fruit quality standards have been determined empirically, depending on species and on the particular growing regions. In general, the TSS (total soluble solids) to total acidity (TA) ratio determines whether citrus fruit can be marketed. Soluble sugars account for most of the TSS during harvest while TA is determined almost solely by the citric acid content, which reaches levels of 1-5% by weight in many cultivated varieties. Acid and sugar homeostasis in the fruit is critical for the management of existing cultivars, the development of new cultivars, the improvement of pre- and post-harvest strategies and the control of fruit quality and disorders. The current proposal (a continuation of a previous proposal) aimed at: (1) completing the citrus fruit proteome and metabolome, and establish a citrus fruit functional database, (2) further characterization of the control of fruit acidity by studying the regulation of key steps affecting citrate metabolism, and determine the fate of citrate during acid decline stage, and (3) Studying acid and sugar homeostasis in citrus fruits by characterizing transport mechanisms across membranes. These aims were completed as the following: (1) Our initial efforts were aimed at the characterization and identification of citric acid transporters in citrus juice cells. The identification of citrate transporters at the vacuole of the citrus juice cell indicated that the steady-state citrate cytosolic concentration and the action of the cytosolic aconitase were key elements in establishing the pH homeostat in the cell that regulates the metabolic shift towards carbon usage in the fruit during the later stages of fruit development. We focused on the action of aconitase, the enzyme mediating the metabolic use of citric acid in the cells, and identified processes that control carbon fluxes in developing citrus fruits that control the fruit acid load; (2) The regulation of aconitase, catalyzing a key step in citrate metabolism, was further characterized by using two inhibitors, citramalte and oxalomalte. These compounds significantly increased citrate content and reduced the enzyme’s activity. Metabolite profiling and changes of amino-acid metabolizing enzymes in oxalomalate- treated cells suggested that the increase in citrate, caused by aconitase inhibition, induces amino acid synthesis and the GABA shunt, in accordance with the suggested fate of citrate during the acid decline stage in citrus fruit. (3) We have placed a considerable amount of time on the development of a citrus fruit proteome that will serve to identify all of the proteins in the juice cells and will also serve as an aid to the genomics efforts of the citrus research community (validating the annotation of the fruit genes and the different ESTs). Initially, we identified more than 2,500 specific fruit proteins and were able to assign a function to more than 2,100 proteins (Katz et al., 2007). We have now developed a novel Differential Quantitative LC-MS/MS Proteomics Methodology for the identification and quantitation of key biochemical pathways in fruits (Katz et al., 2010) and applied this methodology to identify determinants of key traits for fruit quality (Katz et al., 2011). We built “biosynthesis maps” that will aid in defining key pathways associated with the development of key fruit quality traits. In addition, we constructed iCitrus (http://wiki.bioinformatics.ucdavis.edu/index.php/ICitrus), a “functional database” that is essentially a web interface to a look-up table that allows users to use functional annotations in the web to identify poorly annotated citrus proteins. This resource will serve as a tool for growers and field extension specialists.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Blumwald, Eduardo, and Avi Sadka. Citric acid metabolism and mobilization in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587732.bard.

Full text

Abstract:

Accumulation of citric acid is a major determinant of maturity and fruit quality in citrus. Many citrus varieties accumulate citric acid in concentrations that exceed market desires, reducing grower income and consumer satisfaction. Citrate is accumulated in the vacuole of the juice sac cell, a process that requires both metabolic changes and transport across cellular membranes, in particular, the mitochondrial and the vacuolar (tonoplast) membranes. Although the accumulation of citrate in the vacuoles of juice cells has been clearly demonstrated, the mechanisms for vacuolar citrate homeostasis and the components controlling citrate metabolism and transport are still unknown. Previous results in the PIs’ laboratories have indicated that the expression of a large number of a large number of proteins is enhanced during fruit development, and that the regulation of sugar and acid content in fruits is correlated with the differential expression of a large number of proteins that could play significant roles in fruit acid accumulation and/or regulation of acid content. The objectives of this proposal are: i) the characterization of transporters that mediate the transport of citrate and determine their role in uptake/retrieval in juice sac cells; ii) the study of citric acid metabolism, in particular the effect of arsenical compounds affecting citric acid levels and mobilization; and iii) the development of a citrus fruit proteomics platform to identify and characterize key processes associated with fruit development in general and sugar and acid accumulation in particular. The understanding of the cellular processes that determine the citrate content in citrus fruits will contribute to the development of tools aimed at the enhancement of citrus fruit quality. Our efforts resulted in the identification, cloning and characterization of CsCit1 (Citrus sinensis citrate transporter 1) from Navel oranges (Citrus sinesins cv Washington). Higher levels of CsCit1 transcripts were detected at later stages of fruit development that coincided with the decrease in the juice cell citrate concentrations (Shimada et al., 2006). Our functional analysis revealed that CsCit1 mediates the vacuolar efflux of citrate and that the CsCit1 operates as an electroneutral 1CitrateH2-/2H+ symporter. Our results supported the notion that it is the low permeable citrateH2 - the anion that establishes the buffer capacity of the fruit and determines its overall acidity. On the other hand, it is the more permeable form, CitrateH2-, which is being exported into the cytosol during maturation and controls the citrate catabolism in the juice cells. Our Mass-Spectrometry-based proteomics efforts (using MALDI-TOF-TOF and LC2- MS-MS) identified a large number of fruit juice sac cell proteins and established comparisons of protein synthesis patterns during fruit development. So far, we have identified over 1,500 fruit specific proteins that play roles in sugar metabolism, citric acid cycle, signaling, transport, processing, etc., and organized these proteins into 84 known biosynthetic pathways (Katz et al. 2007). This data is now being integrated in a public database and will serve as a valuable tool for the scientific community in general and fruit scientists in particular. Using molecular, biochemical and physiological approaches we have identified factors affecting the activity of aconitase, which catalyze the first step of citrate catabolism (Shlizerman et al., 2007). Iron limitation specifically reduced the activity of the cytosolic, but not the mitochondrial, aconitase, increasing the acid level in the fruit. Citramalate (a natural compound in the juice) also inhibits the activity of aconitase, and it plays a major role in acid accumulation during the first half of fruit development. On the other hand, arsenite induced increased levels of aconitase, decreasing fruit acidity. We have initiated studies aimed at the identification of the citramalate biosynthetic pathway and the role(s) of isopropylmalate synthase in this pathway. These studies, especially those involved aconitase inhibition by citramalate, are aimed at the development of tools to control fruit acidity, particularly in those cases where acid level declines below the desired threshold. Our work has significant implications both scientifically and practically and is directly aimed at the improvement of fruit quality through the improvement of existing pre- and post-harvest fruit treatments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Alestig, Mira, and Sabita Banerji. The Workers Behind the Citrus Fruits: A focused Human Rights Impact Assessment of Coop Sweden’s Moroccan citrus fruit supply chains. Oxfam, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8762.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper reports on a focused human rights impact assessment (HRIA) of Coop Sweden’s Moroccan citrus supply chains. The HRIA aimed to assess the actual and potential human rights impacts at the production stage of the value chain in Morocco, to identify their root causes, and to provide recommendations to relevant stakeholders concerning their mitigation and/or remediation. The assessment took just over a year and consisted of five phases of analysis using a methodology aligned with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). The field phase took place between January and April 2021. The HRIA was commissioned by Coop Sweden, who wanted a better picture of working conditions in the citrus sector and of the experiences of workers in seasonal production.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Droby, Samir, Tim R. Gottwald, Richard Stange, Efraim Lewinsohn, and T. Gregory McCollum. Characterization of the biochemical basis of host specificity of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum on citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587726.bard.

Full text

Abstract:

l. This research demonstrates that citrus fruit volatiles play an important role in host recognition by P. digitatum and P. italicum. 2. Volatiles derived from non-host fruits and vegetables (apple, pear, tomato, pepper, strawberry and avocado) had no effect on promotion of spore germination and growth of citrus pathogens. 3. Citrus volatiles have a specific stimulatory effect solely on P. digitatum and P. italicum. Non-citrus pathogens such as P. expansum and B. cinerea not affected orinhibited by the volatile materials. The specific stimulatory effect of fruit peelvolatiles on citrus pathogens and inhibitory effect on non-pathogens indicateimport ant role of volatile compounds in the host selectivity of citrus postharvestpathogens. 4. Comparative CG-MS quantification was per formed and identification of volatileconstituents of citrus commercial oils, peel extracts and the headspace of thewounded fruits was completed. Monoterpenehydrocarbons (limonene, a-pinene,sabinene, and myrcene) were the most abundant in all volatiles regardless of thesource. 5. Our results demonstrated stimulation of germination and germ tube growth in both P. digitatum and P. italicum by limonene, myrcene, a-pinene, and b-pinene). Limonenewas show n to be the most efficient in induction of germination and growth in bothpathogens. 6. P. digitatum spores placed on the surface of lemon fruit, adjacent to a wounded oil gland, were induced to germinate and grow, thus supporting all the in vitro results and demonstrating that the phenomenon of stimulation of germination and growth occurs on the fruit. 7. We established that P. digitatum is capable of biotransformation of limonene to a terpineol. a-terpinel was proved to be involved in induction of fungal sporulation process. 8. Chemotropism (directional growth) of P. digitatum towards the volatiles released from the oil glands on fruit surface was demonstrated. 9. Citrus germplasm screening work for fruit susceptibility/resistance for P. digitatum infection showed no definitive results regarding host range and susceptibility.Although the sour orange selections appear to show higher resistance to infection and decay development. 10. We demonstrated that P. expansum, non citrus pathogen, is capable of germinating in citrus fruit surface wounds, but it strongly induced host resistance mechanisms which restrict it growth and prevented decay development. The host (citrus fruit) reacted strongly by production of ROS. On the other hand, P. digitatum seems to actively suppress host natural resistance mechanisms possibly through inhibiting the production of ROS production.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Sadka, Avi, Mikeal L. Roose, and Yair Erner. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Citric Acid Accumulation in Citrus Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573071.bard.

Full text

Abstract:

The acid content of the juice sac cells is a major determinant of maturity and fruit quality in citrus. Many citrus varieties accumulate acid in concentrations that exceed market desires, reducing grower income and consumer satisfaction. Pulp acidity is thought to be dependent on two mechanisms: the accumulation of citric acid in the vacuoles of the juice sac cells, and acidification of the vacuole. The major aim of the project was to direct effort toward understanding the mechanism of citric acid accumulation in the fruit. The following objectives were suggested: Measure the activity of enzymes likely to be involved in acid accumulation and follow their pattern of expression in developing fruit (Sadka, Erner). Identify and clone genes which are associated with high and low acid phenotypes and with elevated acid level (Roose, Sadka, Erner). Convert RAPD markers that map near a gene that causes low acid phenotype to specific co dominant markers (Roose). Use genetic co segregation to test whether specific gene products are responsible for low acid phenotype (Roose and Sadka). Objective 1 was fully achieved. Most of the enzymes of organic acid metabolism were cloned from lemon pulp. Their expression was studied during fruit development in low and high acid varieties. The activity and expression of citrate synthase, aconitase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) were studied in detail. The role that each enzyme plays in acid accumulation and decline was evaluated. As a result, a better understanding of the metabolic changes that contribute to acid accumulation was achieved. It was found that the activity of the mitochondrial aconitase is greatly reduced early in high-acid fruits, but not in acidless ones, suggesting that this enzyme plays an important role in acid accumulation. In addition, it was demonstrated that increases in the cytosolic forms of aconitase and NADP-IDH towards fruit maturation play probably a major role in acid decline. Our studies also demonstrated that the two mechanisms that contribute to fruit acidity, vacuolar acidification and citric acid accumulation, are independent, although they are tightly co-regulated. Additional, we demonstrated that sodium arsenite, which reduce fruit acidity, causes a transient inhibition in the activity of citrate synthase, but an induction in the gene expression. This part of the work has resulted in 4 papers. Objective 3 was also fully achieved. Using bulked segregant analysis, three random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were identified as linked to acitric, a gene controlling the acidless phenotype of pummelo 2240. One of them, which mapped 1.2 cM from acitric was converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR marker, and into co dominant restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) marker. These markers were highly polymorphic among 59 citrus accessions, and therefore, they should be useful for selecting seedling progeny heterozygous for acitric in nearly all crosses between pummelo 2240 and other citrus genotypes. This part of the project resulted in one paper. Objective 4 was also fully achieved. Clones isolated by the Israeli group were sent to the American laboratory for co segregation analysis. However, none of them seemed to co segregate with the low acid phenotype. Both laboratories invested much effort in achieving the goals of Objective 2, namely the isolation of genes that are elevated in expression in low and high acid phenotypes, and in tissue cultures treated with arsenite (a treatment which reduces fruit acidity). However, conventional differential display and restriction fragment differential display analyses could not identify any differentially expressed genes. The isolation of such genes was the major aim of a continuation project, which was recently submitted.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Wilson, Charles, and Edo Chalutz. Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Citrus and Deciduous Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1991.7603518.bard.

Full text

Abstract:

The objectives of this research were to develop control measures of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits by using naturally-occurring, non-antibiotic-producing antagonists; study the mode of action of effective antagonists and optimize their application methods. Several antagonists were found against a variety of diseases of fruits and vegetables. One particularly effective yeast antagonist (US-7) was chosen for more in-depth studies. This antagonist outcompetes rot pathogens at the wound site for nutrients and space; it is better adapted than the pathogen to extreme environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and osmotic changes, and is relatively resistant to common postharvest fungicides. Our data suggests that other modes of action may also be involved. These are induction of host resistance by the antagonists or its products, and direct interaction between the antagonists and the pathogen with the possible involvement of an extracellular material and/or cell wall degrading enzymes produced by the antagonist. However, these interactions were not fully elucidated. The antagonistic activity of US-7 and other biocontrol agents isolated, was enhanced by calcium salts. While the mode of action is not known, the addition of these salts had a significant effect both in laboratory experiments and in large-scale tests. Compatibility of the yeast antagonist with present packinghouse treatments and procedures was determined. An integrated control procedure was developed, utilizing the antagonists together with ultra-low dosages of fungicides and activity-enhancing additives. This cooperative research resulted in numerous publications describing the antagonistic agents. their mode of action and possible commercial application. Patents were developed from this research and a commercial company is pursuing the licensing of these patents and the testing of the procedure on a commercial scale. Our research findings have expanded the potential for using non-antibiotic-producing antagonistic microorganisms in the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables; thus meeting a critical need to find alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides on food products.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Porat, Ron, Gregory T. McCollum, Amnon Lers, and Charles L. Guy. Identification and characterization of genes involved in the acquisition of chilling tolerance in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587727.bard.

Full text

Abstract:

Citrus, like many other tropical and subtropical fruit are sensitive to chilling temperatures. However, application of a pre-storage temperature conditioning (CD) treatment at 16°C for 7 d or of a hot water brushing (HWB) treatment at 60°C for 20 sec remarkably enhances chilling tolerance and reduces the development of chilling injuries (CI) upon storage at 5°C. In the current research, we proposed to identify and characterize grapefruit genes that are induced by CD, and may contribute to the acquisition of fruit chilling tolerance, by two different molecular approaches: cDNA array analysis and PCR cDNA subtraction. In addition, following the recent development and commercialization of the new Affymetrix Citrus Genome Array, we further performed genome-wide transcript profiling analysis following exposure to CD and chilling treatments. To conduct the cDNA array analysis, we constructed cDNA libraries from the peel tissue of CD- and HWB-treated grapefruit, and performed an EST sequencing project including sequencing of 3,456 cDNAs from each library. Based on the obtained sequence information, we chose 70 stress-responsive and chilling-related genes and spotted them on nylon membranes. Following hybridization the constructed cDNA arrays with RNA probes from control and CD-treated fruit and detailed confirmations by RT-PCR analysis, we found that six genes: lipid-transfer protein, metallothionein-like protein, catalase, GTP-binding protein, Lea5, and stress-responsive zinc finger protein, showed higher transcript levels in flavedo of conditioned than in non-conditioned fruit stored at 5 ᵒC. The transcript levels of another four genes: galactinol synthase, ACC oxidase, temperature-induced lipocalin, and chilling-inducible oxygenase, increased only in control untreated fruit but not in chilling-tolerant CD-treated fruit. By PCR cDNA subtraction analysis we identified 17 new chilling-responsive and HWB- and CD-induced genes. Overall, characterization of the expression patterns of these genes as well as of 11 more stress-related genes by RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the HWB treatment activated mainly the expression of stress-related genes(HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein, EIN2, 1,3;4-β-D-glucanase, and SOD), whereas the CD treatment activated mainly the expression of lipid modification enzymes, including fatty acid disaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP). Genome wide transcriptional profiling analysis using the newly developed Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip® microarray (including 30,171 citrus probe sets) revealed the identification of three different chilling-related regulons: 1,345 probe sets were significantly affected by chilling in both control and CD-treated fruits (chilling-response regulon), 509 probe sets were unique to the CD-treated fruits (chilling tolerance regulon), and 417 probe sets were unique to the chilling-sensitive control fruits (chilling stress regulon). Overall, exposure to chilling led to expression governed arrest of general cellular metabolic activity, including concretive down-regulation of cell wall, pathogen defense, photosynthesis, respiration, and protein, nucleic acid and secondary metabolism. On the other hand, chilling enhanced various adaptation processes, such as changes in the expression levels of transcripts related to membranes, lipid, sterol and carbohydrate metabolism, stress stimuli, hormone biosynthesis, and modifications in DNA binding and transcription factors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. False Codling Moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228687.

Full text

Abstract:

The false codling moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta) is a major polyphagous pest native to sub-Saharan Africa, affecting over 50 crop species, including citrus, stone fruits, nuts, arable crops, grapevines and vegetables. Larval feeding causes significant damage to fruits, leading to premature ripening and yield losses. The pest, present year-round due to its lack of diapause, is found in African countries and Israel and can spread through trade. Strict phytosanitary measures are required to prevent its spread, impacting trade markets. There are no classical biological control programs for this pest. Promising biological control agents include the egg parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae and the larval parasitoid Agathis bishop, both native to southern Africa. Additionally, the entomopathogenic virus Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) has been used against it in citrus.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Chalutz, Edo, Michael Wisniewski, Samir Droby, Yael Eilam, and Ilan Chet. Mode of Action of Yeast Biocontrol Agents of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613025.bard.

Full text

Abstract:

In a previous BARD-supported study, three of the investigators of this research were involved in a study on biological control of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits. Several naturally occurring, non-antibiotic producing yeast antagonists were identified. Application of some of these antagonists resulted in very high levels of biocontrol under laboratory conditions but lower efficacy in semi-commercial tests. It was felt that the lack of knowledge on the mode of action of the biocontrol agents was limiting their efficient use. The current study was aimed at narrowing this gap in our knowledge. Two specific objectives were outlined: to study the mechanism by which calcium salts enhance biocontrol activity and to determine the role, if any, of the yeast extracellular materials and/or enzymes which degrade fungal cell walls during the interaction between the antagonists, the pathogen and the host. CaCl2 but not MgCl2, inhibited spore germination, and germ-tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and P. digitatum in culture. It also inhibited the pectinolytic activity of the pathogens. Biocontrol of apple decay by isolate 182 of Candida oleophila, an effective biocontrol agent, was enhanced by the addition of CaCl2 whereas there was no effect on the biocontrol activity of isolate 247 of this yeast. Similarly, CaCl2 enhanced efficacy of the US-7 isolate of Pichia guilliermondii in reducing infection of P. digitatum in citrus fruit. CaCl2 by itself also reduced the infection of peel wounds and stimulated ethylene production by grapefruit peel. This antagonist exhibited a very high ability to maintain cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis when exposed to high CaCl2 concentrations. It is postulated, therefore, that enhanced biocontrol activity by calcium is the result of direct inhibition of the pathogen by calcium ions on spore germination and metabolism and indirectly due to the ability of the biocontrol agent to maintain normal metabolism in the presence of high levels of calcium. The extracellular materials produced by P. guilliermondii in culture and on the fruit inhibited, at low concentrations, the pathogen in culture and reduced percent infection of the fruit. The direct inhibition of the pathogen by these materials may thus be involved in the mode of action of the antagonist. This study contributed to our knowledge on the action of calcium salts and the yeast antagonist extracellular materials on biocontrol activity and will contribute to a more efficient use of this technology in the control of postharvest diseases of fruits.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Droby, Samir, Michael Wisniewski, Ron Porat, and Dumitru Macarisin. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Tritrophic Interactions in Postharvest Biocontrol Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7594390.bard.

Full text

Abstract:

To elucidate the role of ROS in the tri-trophic interactions in postharvest biocontrol systems a detailed molecular and biochemical investigation was undertaken. The application of the yeast biocontrol agent Metschnikowia fructicola, microarray analysis was performed on grapefruit surface wounds using an Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip. the data indicated that 1007 putative unigenes showed significant expression changes following wounding and yeast application relative to wounded controls. The expression of the genes encoding Respiratory burst oxidase (Rbo), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), G-proteins, chitinase (CHI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL). In contrast, three genes, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were down-regulated in grapefruit peel tissue treated with yeast cells. The yeast antagonists, Metschnikowia fructicola (strain 277) and Candida oleophila (strain 182) generate relatively high levels of super oxide anion (O2−) following its interaction with wounded fruit surface. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy we observed that the application of M. fructicola and C. oleophila into citrus and apple fruit wounds correlated with an increase in H2O2 accumulation in host tissue. The present data, together with our earlier discovery of the importance of H₂O₂ production in the defense response of citrus flavedo to postharvest pathogens, indicate that the yeast-induced oxidative response in fruit exocarp may be associated with the ability of specific yeast species to serve as biocontrol agents for the management of postharvest diseases. Effect of ROS on yeast cells was also studied. Pretreatment of the yeast, Candida oleophila, with 5 mM H₂O₂ for 30 min (sublethal) increased yeast tolerance to subsequent lethal levels of oxidative stress (50 mM H₂O₂), high temperature (40 °C), and low pH (pH 4). Suppression subtractive hybridization analysis was used to identify genes expressed in yeast in response to sublethal oxidative stress. Transcript levels were confirmed using semi quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Seven antioxidant genes were up regulated. Pretreatment of the yeast antagonist Candida oleophila with glycine betaine (GB) increases oxidative stress tolerance in the microenvironment of apple wounds. ROS production is greater when yeast antagonists used as biocontrol agents are applied in the wounds. Compared to untreated control yeast cells, GB-treated cells recovered from the oxidative stress environment of apple wounds exhibited less accumulation of ROS and lower levels of oxidative damage to cellular proteins and lipids. Additionally, GB-treated yeast exhibited greater biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, and faster growth in wounds of apple fruits compared to untreated yeast. The expression of major antioxidant genes, including peroxisomal catalase, peroxiredoxin TSA1, and glutathione peroxidase was elevated in the yeast by GB treatment. A mild heat shock (HS) pretreatment (30 min at 40 1C) improved the tolerance of M. fructicola to subsequent high temperature (45 1C, 20–30 min) and oxidative stress (0.4 mol-¹) hydrogen peroxide, 20–60 min). HS-treated yeast cells showed less accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than non-treated cells in response to both stresses. Additionally, HS-treated yeast exhibited significantly greater (P≥0.0001) biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and a significantly faster (Po0.0001) growth rate in wounds of apple fruits stored at 25 1C compared with the performance of untreated yeast cells. Transcription of a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (TPS1) was up regulated in response to HS and trehalose content also increased.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!