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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Citrus fruits – Arizona'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Fallahi, Esmaeil, Mike Kilby, and Phil Tilt. "Adaptation of Deciduous Fruit to the Desert Climate." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215696.

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Chilling requirements and maturity of several varieties of peaches and apples were studied at the University of Arizona, Yuma Mesa Agricultural Center (Southwest Arizona) in 1985-1986. Flordared, Flordabelle, Flordabeauty, Flordagold, Desert Gold and Suwanee peaches broke their dormancy earlier than other cultivars and showed full bloom between mid-to-late January. Suwanee and Desert Gold matured earlier than other tested varieties, but they produced small size fruit with low sugar content. Anna and Dorsett Golden apples showed extended blooming period due to insufficient chilling.

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2

Taylor, Kathryn C. "Nutrition Survey in Arizona Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220554.

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3

Rethwisch, Michael D., Charles McDaniel, and Manuel Peralia. "Seasonal Abundance and Field Testing of a Citrus Thrips Temperature Development Model in Arizona Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220568.

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Citrus thrips populations (adults and nymphs) were monitored through the spring of 1991-1992 in several locations throughout most of the commercial citrus production areas in Yuma County to determine if citrus thrips seasonality was similar to that previously reported in California. Study findings indicate that seasonality is similar throughout the winter and very early spring. Adult thrips numbers increase rapidly in groves due to attractive foliage, whether it is weeds or citrus. High nymph numbers did not always follow adult peaks, and were not statistically correlated. Predatory mites and rains may have affected 1992 results.

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4

Rethwisch, M. D., and C. Sumner. "Update on Fuller's Rose Beetle in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215700.

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Initial studies of Fuller rose beetle (FRB) biology have found some adult emergence in late June and early July. No adults woe found in foliage in May or early June, nor was activity noted in August and early September. FRB were not found in early October, but they began expected major emergence in mid-October. Several FRB collected did not have fused wings, atypical for this species. This finding suggests flight ability in FRB, currently unknown to occur.

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5

McClure, Michael A., and Mark E. Schmitt. "Control of Citrus Nematode with Cadusafos." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220519.

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Granular (Rugby 10G) and liquid (Rugby 100ME) formulations of Cadusafos were evaluated for the control of Tvlenchulus semipenetrans on mature lemon trees in a commercial citrus orchard at Yuma, Arizona. Three applications of cadusafos, with two months between applications, at the rate of 2 g a.i. /m2 reduced nematode populations to undetectable levels and increased the yield and rate of fruit maturity of 'Rosenberger' lemons. Yields were increased 12,587 kg per hectare with Rugby 100ME and 8,392 kg per hectare with Rugby 10G. Nematode populations were suppressed for at least 12 months after the last application.

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6

Butler, Marvin, and Mike Matheron. "Evaluation of Citrus Front Protectant Materials." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215695.

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With the high cost of maintaining and operating wind machines, growers are increasingly interested in alternative methods of freeze protection. Several possible frost protectant materials were applied to Valencia oranges at the Yuma Mesa Agricultural Center. Although temperatures reached the mid-to-upper 20s at the test site during the winters of 1984-1985 and 1985-1986, no frost damage occurred. As a result, it was impossible to evaluate the effectiveness of the materials.

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7

McDonald, Herbert H. "Arizona Cooperative Citrus Registration-Certification Program Anticipates Increased Activity." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215693.

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Activity under the Arizona Cooperative Citrus Registration- Certification Program was at a new low during 1984 and 1985; no trees were budded under the program during that period. however, increased budding and bud sales during 1986 herald increased activity in the future. Because the program has continued to receive the support of the citrus industry, services have been provided uninterrupted. The program continues to maintain the foundation blocks insuring the industry with sources of budwood that have successfully met all requirements for: 1) freedom from known viruses or virus-like disorders, 2) freedom from injurious pests and diseases, and 3) trueness to horticultural type.

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8

Matheron, Michael, Michael Maurer, and Martin Porchas. "Improving Management and Control of Fungal Diseases Affecting Arizona Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220561.

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Experiments were initiated to evaluate chemical disease management tools for Alternaria fruit rot on navel orange and Coniophora brown wood rot on lemon trees, examine the possible effect of branch diameter on development of Coniophora wood rot on lemon trees and continue evaluations of relative resistance of rootstocks to root rot and stem canker development when inoculated with P. citrophthora and P. parasitica. Rovral or Kocide did not significantly reduce the amount of Alternaria fruit rot on navel orange trees occurring in late summer and early autumn when applied during the preceding winter or spring months. Of several chemical treatments tested, only Nectec paste inhibited the development of Coniophora brown wood rot on inoculated lemon branches. The size of wood decay columns on branches 10 mm (0.5 inch) in diameter were significantly smaller than those developing on branches 50-70 mm (2.0-2.75 inches) in diameter. In extensive trials evaluating root rot caused by Phytophthora citrophthora and P. parasitica, some relatively tolerant rootstocks were found among the group of new potential rootstocks as well as currently used rootstocks such as rough lemon, C. macrophylla and Troyer citrange. C. volkameriana was relatively tolerant to the development of root rot by P. citrophthora but demonstrated variable tolerance to P. parasitica. Comprehensive evaluation of stem canker development on citrus rootstocks inoculated with P. citrophthora or P. parasitica revealed that rough lemon is usually highly susceptible to both pathogens, while C. volkameriana was at times less susceptible (more tolerant) than rough lemon to both pathogens. Some of the new potential rootstocks were highly tolerant or resistant to infection of stem tissue by P. citrophthora or P. parasitica.

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9

Byrne, David N. "Control of Insects and Mites Associated with Citrus in Yuma, Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215709.

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A variety of insecticides have been tested during the last three years to keep pace with the ever-present demand for effective materials to control mites and thrips on citrus. This need is particularly acute with the recent loss of dicofol (Kelthane), which for years was an industry standard for mite control. Some of the more promising new compounds include Avermectin and NC 21314. Comments are included concerning the registration status of some of the compounds we tested. Cautions are given concerning the development of resistance to compounds which are soon to be available.

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10

Byrne, David N., and Erich A. Draeger. "Evaluation of Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae L., Populations in Arizona Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220559.

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The potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae L., is a significant pest in the United States, and elsewhere, of alfalfa and potatoes In Arizona and in Coastal and Central California it can also be a pest of citrus. In 1994 and 1995 we collected information concerning their seasonal abundance in a large citrus orchard near Newman Peak Arizona. To do so we employed yellow sticky traps around the orchard periphery, at the same time using a D-Vac® vacuum sampler in the weeds growing in the interior of the orchard During both years peak populations occurred near mid April. This was correlated with a drop in relative humidity and a rise in ambient air temperature.

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11

Butler, Marvin, and David N. Byrne. "Evaluation of Materials for Control of Citrus Thrips." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215710.

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The control of citrus thrips is a major concern for citrus growers in the Yuma area. Five materials were evaluated for control of citrus thrips on Lisbon lemons at the Yuma Mesa Agricultural Center during July and August of 1985. Although there was no statistically significant differences between treatments, Mavrik appeared to provide the best control of the materials tested. Dimethoate (Cygon) and formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) were not tested.

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12

Byrne, David N. "The Ash Whitefly as a Pest of Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215752.

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13

McDonald, H. H., and E. Fallahi. "Selections of Blood Oranges for Arizona Growers." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215706.

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Interest in growing blood oranges in Arizona has been increasing in recent years, especially for producing fruit for sale in roadside stands. The Arizona Cooperative Citrus Registration Certification Program now has four selections from which to choose: 'Moro', 'Tarocco', 'Sanguinelli', and 'Ruby'. Each one has distinct advantages and disadvantages that should be considered before making a selection.

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14

Matheron, Michael, Michael Maurer, Dean Bacon, James Truman, and Al Lopez. "Development of Control Measures for Alternaria Fruit Rot on Roanges in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220552.

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The incidence and severity of Alternaria fruit rot on navel oranges has increased in Maricopa County. The objectives of this study were to test the efficacy of two fungicides, Kocide 101 and Rovral, for disease control and to determine an application schedule that will result in optimum control of disease. In 1994, compared to nontreated trees, a significant reduction in the number of dropped oranges occurred on trees sprayed one to five times with Rovral at monthly intervals from April through August. In the same year, monthly applications of Kocide 101 from April through August were no better than leaving trees untreated. In 1995, Rovral treatments from March through August provided no apparent beneficial effects on control of Alternaria fruit rot, while a single application of Kocide 101 in December, January, or February resulted in significantly less dropped oranges compared to nontreated frees. Because of the inconsistent activity of Kocide 101 and Rovral in these two studies, an additional trial is in progress during 1996. The additional data from 1996 may help identify when and what fungicide(s) could provide significant control ofAlternaria fruit rot of navel oranges in Arizona.

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15

Matheron, M., J. Matejka, and D. Bacon. "Distribution of Two Species of Phytophthora Within the Citrus Acreage in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215712.

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Pkvtophthora citrophthora and P. parasitica cause gummosis and root rot of citrus trees in Arizona. A disease survey was initiated to determine the relative distribution of each pathogen within the citrus acreage of Maricopa and Yuma Counties. Both pathogens were recovered at the same time from 75% and 17% of orchards containing Phytophthora in Maricopa and Yuma County, respectively. P. citrophthora alone was found in 15% of the groves containing Phytophthora in Yuma County, while P. parasitica alone was detected in 25% and 68% of the citrus plantings containing Phytophthora in Maricopa and Yuma County, respectively. This survey will be continued for another year. The potential value of this information for improved disease control is discussed.

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16

Matheron, Michael, Michael Maurer, and Martin Porchas. "Improving Management and Control of Fungal Diseases Affecting Arizona Citrus Trees, 1997." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220528.

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Studies were conducted to evaluate potential chemical disease management tools for Alternaria fruit rot on navel oranges and Coniophora brown wood rot on lemon trees, to investigate the possible effect of branch diameter on development of Coniophora wood rot on lemon trees and to summarize our evaluations of citrus rootstocks with respect to relative resistance to root rot and stem canker development when challenged with Phytophthora citrophthora and P. parasitica. We were unable to reduce the level of Alternaria fruit rot on navel oranges with single applications of Abound or copper hydroxide following significant rainfall events. Wood decay in lemon branches inoculated with Coniophora eremophila was significantly suppressed by Abound and a thick formulation of sodium tetrathiocarbonate. The degree of Coniophora brown wood rot in lemon branches of different diameters was variable, although the level of disease in 10 mm diameter branches was significantly smaller than the amount of wood decay in 30 mm diameter branches. Root loss due to Phytophthora citrophthora and P. parasitica in Citrus macrophylla, rough lemon, C. volkameriana and Troyer citrange was lower than most of the 36 different rootstocks tested. On the other hand, root loss on Carrizo citrange, C-35 citrange and sour orange was among the higher values of disease recorded. Stem canker development due to both species of Phytophthora on Troyer citrange, Carrizo citrange, sour orange and Citrus macrophylla was lower than most of the 36 rootstocks tested. Stem cankers on rough lemon and Citrus volkameriana were among the higher values of disease recorded.

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17

Gilbertson, R. L., M. E. Matheron, and D. M. Bigelow. "Biology and Control of Coniophora Causing Decay and Decline in Arizona Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220551.

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A field survey of mature lemon trees showed an average of 30% of trees with symptoms of brown heartwood rot caused by Coniophora sp. In vivo growth of Coniophora inoculated into branches of different types of citrus (Valencia orange, Marsh grapefruit, Orlando tangelo or Lisbon lemon) on rough lemon rootstock was significantly higher in lemon while Coniophora inoculated into Lisbon lemon wood branches on trees established on rough lemon, volkameriana, macrophylla, Cleopatra mandarin, sour orange or Troyer citrange rootstocks showed no significant differences in growth. Vegetative incompatibility trials from one mature orchard demonstrated that isolates from different trees are incompatible. In vitro fungicide trials showed that only NECTEC paste effectively reduced decay on lemon blocks 15 weeks after inoculation with Coniophora. Field fungicide trials showed that NECTEC P paste as well as the blank paste without fungicides, propiconazole at 10,000 μg /ml, imazalil at 20, 000 μg /ml or propiconazole plus imazalil in combination at 10,000 and 20,000 μg/ml, respectively, significantly inhibited the advance of fungus 7 mo. after inoculation. A second fungus isolated from brown rot in branches in younger orchards was identified as Antrodia sinuosa, a native decay fungus on conifers in Arizona.

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18

Matheron, Mike, and Joe Matejka. "Trunk Application of Phosphorous Acid and Two Other Fungicides for Control of Phytophtora Gummosis of Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215690.

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Gummosis caused by Phytophthora parasitica and P. citrophthora is a serious problem in Arizona citrus groves. In a 15-year-old Orlando tangelo planting at the Yuma Mesa Agricultural Center, a 20 cm section of trunk on each tree was painted with phosphorous acid, metalaxyl or fosetyl-Al. After treatment, pieces of bark were periodically removed from within, as well as below, the treated area and inoculated with P. parasitica and P. citrophthora. After 117 days, both Phytophthora species were inhibited on bark treated with phosphorous acid, metalaxyl or fosetyl-Al. Canker development was also reduced on bark tissue sampled 10 cm below the site of treatment. The results suggest that trunk application of phosphorous acid, metalaxyl or fosetyl-Al can provide effective protection against Phytophthora gummosis of citrus.

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19

McDonald, Herbert H. "California Red Scale Eradicated in Yuma County Again." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215691.

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For the second time in two decades, the Yuma County Citrus Pest Control District has been successful in eradicating an infestation of California Red Scale in a commercial citrus grove within its boundaries. The first infestation, found in 1973, was declared eradicated in 1980. The latest infestation was found in 1984 and will be eradicated in record time. Eradication can be declared early next year after the third series of three sprayings each.

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20

Rethwisch, M. D. "Control of Ctirus Thrips by Avermectin." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215701.

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Two rates of Avermectin were mound- applied; one treatment of Avermectin B one of Carzol were applied by air to citrus in April for control of citrus thrips. Plots were sampled by beating new terminal growth and counting thrips. Ground applications had fewer thrips than applications made by air. Avermectin B1 treatments had significantly fewer thrips than Carzol at all sample dates.

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21

Byrne, D. N., M. D. Butler, and E. A. Draeger. "Pesticide Efficacy Trials for Citrus Flat Mites on Oranges, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215702.

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22

McDonald, H. H. "Eradication of California Red Scale in Yuma County - An Ongoing Battle." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215703.

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During the last 15 years, the Yuma County Citrus Pest Control District (YCCPCD) has twice eradicated infestations of California Red Scale within the district. A third infestation, found in late 1984 is currently being fought with eradication as the goal.

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23

Matheron, M., and J. Matejka. "Evaluating the Potential Threat to Citrus Plantings from Phytophthora Parasitica Originating from Noncitrus Hosts." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215727.

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The relative virulence of Phytophthora parasitica recovered from citrus and other plants to rough lemon was investigated Isolates of Phytophthora parasitica from citrus were highly virulent to rough lemon seedlings, causing crown rot and significant reduction of root weight. Isolates of the pathogen from noncitrus hosts caused slight damage to rough lemon, with no crown rot and only minor reduction of root weight. Evidently, isolates of P. parasitica from several noncitrus hosts do not pose a serious threat to citrus groves.

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24

Matheron, M., and J. Matejka. "Phytophthora Gummosis and Root Rot of Citrus-Effect of Temperature on Disease Development." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215726.

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Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of temperature on development of Phytophthora gummosis and root rot of citrus as well as the influence of temperature on sporulation of Phytophthora citrophthora and P. parasitica. Maximum production of sporangia by each fungus occurred at 25 C, while slight or no sporangia production occurred at 10, 15, and 35 C. Minimal growth of lesions was observed when stems of rough lemon were inoculated with P. citrophthora or P. parasitica and incubated at 5 and 30 C or 10 and 30 C, respectively. The inhibitory and stimulating effect of certain temperatures on sporulation and disease development could be useful for determination of optimum times for application of fungicides or other disease control measures.

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25

Matheron, M., and J. Matejka. "Seasonal Changes in Extent of Colonization of Citrus Root Tissue by Phytophthora citrophthora and P. parasitica." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215750.

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For 24 consecutive months, root pieces were collected from field -grown Lisbon lemon trees established on Citrus aurantium (sour orange), C. jambhiri (rough lemon), and C. volkameriana rootstocks. Root segments were wounded, inoculated with Phytophthora citrophthora or P. parasitica, and incubated for 96 hr in moist chambers. Smaller lesions developed during Jan -Feb than during Jul-Oct on root pieces of all tested rootstocks inoculated with P. citrophthora as well as root pieces of C aurantium inoculated with P. parasitica. Apparently there is a seasonal variation in the susceptibility of citrus rootstocks to colonization by Phytophthora. This information could be useful for more effective timing of fungicide applications.

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26

McDonald, H. H. "California Red Scale Again Eradicated from Yuma County." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215751.

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Since 1973, Yuma County has had three apparently unrelated infestations of California Red Scale (CRS). The Yuma County citrus Pest Control District (YCCPCD) was successful in eradicating the first two in 1980 and 1984, respectively. We are continuing our spray program on the third, but our detection methods indicate that this infestation has now also been eradicated.

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27

Sanchez, C. A., M. Wilcox, G. C. Wright, and P. Brown. "Efficient Irrigation and Nitrogen Management for Lemons: Results for 1993-1995." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220518.

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Studies are being conducted which aim to improve the efficiency of irrigation and N fertilization for lemons produced on sandy soils in the low desert. The first experiment evaluates the response of 'Lisbon' lemons to various flood irrigation intervals. Irrigation intervals are based on soil moisture depletion (SMD) as calculated from frequent neutron probe soil moisture measurements. Individual treatments were irrigated when total SMD was 25 %, 40 %, 55 %, and 70 %, respectively. The second experiment compares the performance of young lemons produced under flood, trickle, and micro -spray irrigation systems. The third experiment evaluates the response of young lemons to water and N combinations (3 by 3 factorial) under micro -spray irrigation. The three irrigation rates were targeted for 30 cnbar, 20 cnbar, and 10 cnbar tension. The three N rates were 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 kg N /tree. One flood irrigation treatment was added for comparative purposes. Overall, results obtained in experiment 1 during 1994 and 1995 indicate optimal fruit growth ,and yield is obtained at approximately 40% SMD. The results of experiment 2 show that after 18 months micro -spray irrigation produced significantly more tree growth than flood and drip irrigation methods. Additionally, first year fruit yields were significantly greater for pressurized irrigation compared to flood irrigation. Results from experiment 3 show a linear response in tree growth up to 10 cnbar soil moisture tension. Furthermore, tree growth at 10 cnbar tension was significantly greater than trees irrigated by flood. Yields were also increased to irrigation regime. There were no significant differences in tree growth to N fertilization rates. However, there was a yield increase to N fertilizer rate at the highest soil moisture regime.

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28

Taylor, Kathryn, Richard Langham, and Zhongguo Xiong. "Relationship of Viroids to Macrophylla Decline." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220553.

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A physiological characterization has established that vascular changes in Macrophylla decline affected trees are not similar in character to xyloporosis affected trees. In addition, a survey of Macrophylla decline affected citrus did not establish any genetic similarity between Macrophylla decline and xyloporosis. We report diagnosis of either CCV or CEV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), as well as diagnosis of Macrophylla decline or xyloporosis by Zn-distribution, water conductivity, accumulation of decline- specific proteins and examination of phloem morphology in lemon trees on the Macrophylla rootstock.

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29

Matheron, Mike, and Joe Matejka. "Seasonal Variation in Susceptibility of Citrus Rootstocks to Phytophthora." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215689.

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Phytophthora parasitica and P. citrophthora are routinely recovered from diseased citrus groves in Arizona. Stem sections were collected monthly from Citrus macrophylla, rough lemon, .sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin, Troyer citrange and Citrus volkameriana. Stem pieces were wounded, inoculated with mycelium of P. parasitica or P. citrophthora, then incubated for 7 days at 21° C in moist chambers. For all tested rootstocks, the smallest cankers were produced on tissue collected in December, January and February, the winter dormancy period for citrus in Arizona. The period of higher susceptibility ranged between March through November, depending on the rootstock tested. Apparently, these six citrus rootstocks possess seasonal differences in their susceptibility to P. parasitica and P. citrophthora.

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30

Fallahi, Esmaeil, David Ross Rodney, and Herbert McDonald. "Influence of Rootstocks on Yield and Quality of "Redblush" Grapefruit." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215692.

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The influence of 12 different rootstocks on yield and quality of "Redblush" grapefruit was studied for several years. Rootstocks consisted of: macrophylla, volkameriana, rough lemon, Palestine sweet lime, sour orange, Carrizo citrange, taiwanica, Savage citrange, Citrumelo, Ichang pummelo, Troyer citrange and Cleopatra mandarin. Trees on volkameriana, Palestine sweet lime, rough lemon, and sour orange had higher yield than other rootstocks, while trees on Savage citrange had lowest yield. However, soluble solids and acid /sugar ratio were relatively low in the fruits on volkameriana but high in fruit on Savage citrange rootstocks.

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31

Matheron, M., and J. Matejka. "Sodium Tetrathiocarbonate - Potential New Fungicide for Control of Phytophthora in Citrus Groves." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215699.

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Sodium tetrathiocarbonate (STTC) releases carbon disulfide when added to water and applied to soil. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effect of this chemical on growth and sporulation of Phytophthora citrophthora and P. parasitica, which cause Phytophthora gummosis and mot rot of citrus in Arizona Zoospore motility, zoospore cyst viability, sporangia production, and mycelia' growth were significantly reduced in the presence of STTC Results of laboratory tests suggest that application of S7TC as a soil drench could reduce inoculum production and subsequent new infections by P. citrophthora and P. parasitica.

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32

Matheron, M., and J. Matejka. "Comparative Control of Phytophthora Root Rot of Citrus with Sodium Tetrathiocarbonate, Metalaxyl, and Dosetyl-Al." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215725.

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This study was initiated to evaluate and compare the effect of root and soil treatments with sodium tetrathiocarbonate (STTC) (Enzone), metalaxyl (Ridomil), and fosetyl-Al (Aliette) on subsequent development of Phytophthora root rot on citrus. Disease development was significantly reduced on rough lemon seedlings treated with STTC or metalaxyl compared to untreated plants when this citrus rootstock was inoculated with sporangia of P. citrophthora or P. parasitica. Growth of rough lemon seedlings in soil naturally infested with P. parasitica that was treated one week before planting with STTC or metalaxyl was equivalent to that obtained in sterilized orchard soil STTC applied as a soil drench at 2,450 ppm was lethal to P. citrophthora and P. parasitica on colonized leaf disks of lepton buried in soil, whereas a similar treatment with metalaxyl at 10 ppm or fosetyl Al at 3,000 ppm did not appreciably affect pathogen viability. Sporangium production on leaf disks of lemon colonized by P. citrophthora and P. parasitica and buried in soil was reduced at least 90% compared to the untreated control six days after treatment of soil with 2,450 ppm of STTC, 10 ppm of metalaxyl, or 3,000 ppm of fosetyl AL These studies demonstrate the potential usefulness of sodium tetrathiocarbonate as a fungicide for control of Phytophthora root rot of citrus. Only fosetyl-Al (Aliette) and metalaxyl (Ridomil) currently are registered for control of Phytophthora diseases on citrus.

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33

Matheron, Michael, and Martin Porchas. "Analysis of Rootstocks and New Fungicides for Control of Phytophthora Root Rot and Gummosis in Arizona Citrus Groves." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220515.

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Experiments were initiated to evaluate potential new citrus rootstocks for their relative tolerance or resistance to root rot and gummosis caused by Phytophthora citrophthora and P. parasitica and to determine the efficacy of potential new fungicides for disease control. In greenhouse trials conducted in 1994 and 1995, the range of root loss due to Phytophthora in the 44 different rootstocks tested ranged from 26-96 %. Rootstocks sustaining 80% or less root loss will be evaluated further to identify those with superior tolerance to Phytophthora. In growth chamber experiments, the same rootstocks were inoculated on the stem to evaluate resistance to gummosis. The length of canker that developed on these test plants ranged from 1-25 mm. Rootstocks with canker development in the range of 1-10 mm in length will be tested further to identify the most resistant selections. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the comparative activity of Aliette, Ridomil, Dimethomorph, Fluazinam, ICIA-5504, and SM-9 at concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1, 000 mg/l on sporulation and growth of P. citrophthora and P. parasitica. Each of the four new molecules was either comparable or superior to Aliette or Ridomil with respect to activity on at least one component of the life cycle of the Phytophthora species tested. The results presented in this report are preliminary in nature and will be validated in future studies.

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34

Taylor, Kathryn, and Danielle Ellis. "Mycoplasma-like Organisms as the Causal Agent for Macrophylla Decline." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220516.

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Previous literature concerning citrus and other tree crops led us to ask if there was molecular evidence for mycoplasma -like organisms (MLOs) as the causal agent of Macrophylla decline and two other decline diseases, citrus blight and lemon sieve tube necrosis. We had molecular probes available to us that were either specific for MLOs of tree diseases and others that were universal for all known types of MLOs. We used a polymerase chain reaction (MLO) to determine if MLOs were present in the vascular tissues of decline and healthy citrus. I all trials performed, the trees were negative for MLO-PCR products. In addition, we attempted to transmit putative MLO 's from decline affected trees to Vinca rosea MLO-nurse plants. We were unable to affect this type of transfer. In addition, our attempts to identify MLO's in phloem tissue gave us negative results. We have since revised our hypothesis. We are currently pursuing the hypothesis that these decline disorders are the result of a rootstock scion incompatibility, that we may be able to avoid culturally, while maintaining these valuable combinations.

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35

Nigh, Edward L. Jr, Christopher Sumner, and Thomas Svodoba. "An Evaluation of Biological Agents for Control of Citrus Nematode and Liohippelates Eye Gnat." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220522.

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Biological agents have been employed in a series of experiments to evaluate their efftcacy,in control of the citrus nematode and Liohippelates eye gnat in the Yuma mesa area. Steinernema riobravis, an entomopathological nematode, considered climatically adapted to western Arizona temperatures, was selected from commercially available sources. Three field trials and a greenhouse study utilizing the nematodes at population ratés of one and two billion juveniles per acre were each unsuccessful in reducing the nematode or insect pest. Poor viability and survival were attributed to the negative results in each of the investigations. The microbial nematicide, DiTera, which was included in two limited trials, was found to be highly effective in suppression of citrus nematode populations infecting Yuma citrus. These results have prompted Abbott Laboratories, manufactures of the product; to establish two demonstration plots in the Yuma mesa area.

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36

Karim, Mohammad R., Glenn C. Wright, and Kathryn C. Taylor. "Effect of Foliar Boron Sprays on Yield and Fruit Quality of Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220555.

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Deficiency of boron (B) in citrus has serious consequences for tree health and crop production. There is evidence that B deficiency may be a problem in Arizona citrus. Certainly, many symptoms of B deficiency are apparent, especially on the Yuma Mesa. A field trial was conducted at Yuma, Arizona to examine the effect of foliar boron application on fruit yield and quality of Citrus sinensis and C. limon. Boron was applied to 5 year old Citrus sinensis cv. Hamlin and C. limon cv. Rosenberger Lisbon trees at 5 different concentrations (0 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 3000 ppm) either before flowering or after flowering. At harvest, fruit yield and quality, and boron concentrations were determined. Foliar application appeared to increase leaf boron concentration (r= 0.50, p= 0.004). Fruit set was increased in Hamlin trees receiving bloom and post bloom applications of boron at the 1000 ppm level. Boron applications had no significant effect on lemon yield in these studies. This fruit set increase in Hamlin accounted for a 35% increase in overall yield relative to control trees. However, there was no significant difference in fruit weight, fruit pH, titratable acidity, peel thickness, juice volume, or soluble solid content of the fruits among treatments. Previous studies indicate that boron influenced in vivo and in vitro pollen germination in many crops. A plausible explanation for increased fruit yield may be that the applied boron was transported to the flowers where it exerted its influence of increased fruit set through an effect on pollen viability and/or pollen tube growth. However, clearly boron supplementation must be performed judiciously to avoid fruit drop from over -application of the element.

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37

Oldfield, George N., Rebecca Creamer, and Glenn C. Wright. "Studies on Stubborn Disease and its Vector in Arizona Citrus Groves and Nurseries." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220564.

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Seasonal flight of beet leafhopper vectors of stubborn disease was monitored at wholesale nurseries in Yuma County, and at young citrus groves in Maricopa County using yellow sticky traps exposed at successive two-week intervals. Trapped leafhoppers were removed and assayed for presence of the citrus stubborn agent by PCR. Leafhoppers were collected live from weed plants in groves and nurseries using an insect vacuum and both leafhoppers and tissue from weed plants were assayed by PCR for the stubborn agent. Selected trees in groves in Yuma and Maricopa Counties were visually inspected for stubborn symptoms.

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38

Fidelibus, Matthew, Chris Martin, and Jean Stutz. "Contributions of Beneficial Soil Fungi to Drought Stress Tolerance of Young Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220566.

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Four arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal isolates (Glomus sp.) from disparate edaphic conditions were screened for effects on whole -plant transpiration of juvenile 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Ten. and Pasq.) plants of similar shoot mass and canopy leaf area. Mycorrhizal and non -mycorrhizal plants were grown in 8 -liter containers for 2.5 months under well- watered conditions before subjection to three consecutive soil drying episodes of increased severity (soil moisture tensions of -0.02 [still moist], -0.06 [moderately dry], and -0.08[dry] MPa respectively). Whole plant transpiration measurements were made on the last day of each soil drying episode and measurements were repeated on the first and second days after re- watering, when soil profiles were moist. The percent root length colonized by AM fungi differed among isolates. Three AM fungal isolates, Glomus sp. 25A, Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerde.) Gerde. & Trappe 114C, and Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith FL 208-3 increased root length and subsequently increased lemon plant water use. Conversely, plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae 51C did not enhance lemon plant root length nor improve plant water use compared with nonmycorrhizal control plants. Inoculating citrus with AM fungi that promote root extension may reduce plant water deficit stress under field conditions.

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39

Maurer, M. A., D. L. Kerns, and T. Tellez. "Citrus Peel Miner Marmara salictella Monitoring Techniques and Control Measures 1996-1997." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220569.

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Citrus peel miner populations were monitored to evaluate various methods of trapping citrus peel miners. Observing 25 fruit per tree and 10 trees per block on the lower three feet of the tree canopy provided the best technique for determining the level of citrus peel miner infestations. The use of oleander plants, clear plates and green 3 inch diameter balls sprayed with Tangle-Trap were not effective in trapping citrus peel miner. In 1996, the first of September citrus leaf miner populations rose above the 10% infestation level. Success, Lorsban, Alert and Agri-Mek provided the highest mortality levels of citrus peel miner larvae. In citrus fruit, Success, Lorsban and Alert had the greatest efficacy of citrus peel miner larvae.

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40

Fallahi, E., and D. R. Rodney. "Performance of Various Lemon Types in Southwest Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215705.

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Long term comparisons of 8 types of lemons (Citrus limon Bunn. F.) on Macrophylla (Alemow) (C. macrophylla) rootstock regarding yield, tree growth, and quality under the arid conditions of the Southwest were studied. 'Foothill Lisbon' showed significantly higher cumulative yield and total acid than 'Monroe Lisbon', 'Prior Lisbon', Eureka strains, and Villa Franca, and had larger fruit than other Lisbon strains. 'Prior Lisbon' produced larger tree canopy than all other strains. Overall, Eureka strains and 'Villa Franca' had lower relative cumulative yield, yield efficiency, canopy volume, soluble solids, total acid and fruit seed content , but higher soluble solids to acid ratio than Lisbon strains. All factors considered 'Foothill Lisbon' and 'Prior Lisbon' have good potential for planting in the arid climate and sandy soil of Southwest, when Macrophylla rootstock is to be used.

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41

Butler, Marvin, and Paul Brown. "Chemical Freeze Protection of Citrus 1989/1990." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215754.

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Three chemical frost protectants were applied to Lisbon lemons using a hand gun operated from a John Bean sprayer. Leaf samples were placed in test tubes with 10 ml of distilled water to determine the temperature at which they froze using a constant temperature bath. Although the sample size was increased by 50 percent over the previous year, the treatments were not significantly different from the untreated.

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42

Butler, M., P. Brown, and E. Fallahi. "Chemical Freeze Protection of Citrus 1987/1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215698.

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Research has shown that the presence of ice-nucleation-active (INA) bacteria, such as Pseudomonas syringae and Erwinia herbicola, will result in ice formation several degrees centigrade higher than would otherwise occur. Seven possible chemical frost protectants were applied to Lisbon lemons of the Yuma Mesa Ag Center. Four replications of effectiveness of the materials were evaluated by determining tip bum and fruit damage following two subfreezing episodes in December 1987. There were no statistically significant differences between treatments under the conditions of this study.

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43

Wright, Glenn C. "International Society of Citrus Nurserymen Conference Report." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220572.

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This report summarizes some of the information that I gained during a trip to the Mediterranean region during Spring 1997. The first two days of the trip were spent in Murcia, Spain, as a guest of Dr. Angel Garda Lidón. We discussed the Spanish lemon industry. After Murcia, I traveled to Valencia, Spain to take part in an International Society of Citrus Nurserymen pre-conference tour. The conference itself took place in Montpellier, France. Following the conference, I participated in a post-conference tour to Sicily.

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44

McCloskey, William B., and Michael Maurer. "Effects of Long-Term Preemergence Herbicide Use on Growth and Yield of Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220524.

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The effects of several preemergence herbicides at various rates were tested on bearing Redblush' grapefruit trees and non-bearing Navel orange trees. Some of the preemergence herbicides caused foliar injury symptoms on the trees including Hyvar X Diuron, and Krovar I although they did not cause significant yield reductions in the short time period of this experiment. Several herbicides including Solicam, Surflan, and Prowl did not cause foliar injury or reduce yield and provided good weed control for various lengths of time. The Prowl treatments provided the longest period of weed control in the experiment on bearing grapefruit trees.

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45

Kerns, David L., and Tony Tellez. "Evaluation of Milestone Herbicide for Early Post-emergence Weed Control in Citrus on the Yuma Mesa." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220529.

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When applied early-postemergence, Milestone at 0.75 and 1.0 lbs-ai/A provided excellent control of summer annual grasses and broadleaf weed for as long as 4 months, equivalent to Karmex. Princep and Krovar also provided good weed control but appeared to offer slightly shorter residual against some broadleaf species. Solicam, although it provided good weed control, particularly of the grasses, was the weakest material evaluated in this trial. Although Karmex is notorious for causing crop injury on the sandy soils of the Yuma Mesa, we did not detect any injury from this herbicide or any others in this trial.

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46

Kerns, David L. "Mite Control and Damage to Arizona Citrus." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197970.

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Lemons were left untreated or treated for mites with Danitol (fenpropathrin). Mite populations were estimated and yield and fruit damage was accessed. Yuma spider mite, Eotetranychus yumensis, was the predominate mite species present during the high fruit susceptibility period. Although there was no apparent impact of mites on yield in this study, there was significant fruit damage that could be attributed to Yuma spider mite. The damage appeared as bronzed colored pitting of the fruit peel. Based on damage ratings, the treated plots produced 56% fancy, 34% choice, and 10% fruit grade based on mite damage, whereas the untreated plots produced 47%, 31% and 22% fancy, choice and juice grade fruit respectively. Statistically, the treated plots produce more fancy and less juice fruit, but did not differ in choice fruit. Although the treated areas produced better quality fruit, the amount of damage suffered in those plots was higher than desired. Fruit in the treated plots likely suffered some mite damage before treatments were initiated. In addition to the fruit damage test, a miticide efficacy test targeting Yuma spider mite on lemon was conducted comparing Agri-Mek, Danitol, Kelthane, Microthiol, and Nexter to an untreated check. Agri-Mek, Nexter, and Microthiol offered 14 days of control; although at 6 DAT Agri-Mek and Nexter did not differ from the untreated. Danitol and Kelthane contained fewer mite that the untreated for at least 35 DAT.

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47

McDonald, H. H. "Arizona Cooperative Citrus Registration-Certification Program Celebrates Silver Anniversary." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215728.

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New methods of determining the content of virus and virus-like disorders in citrus trees are heralding a new era of the Arizona Cooperative Citrus Registration-Certification Program (ACCRCP). It has been 25 years since the first budwood was released to participating nurseries. During that time, the program has relied on indexing using various indicator plants. Last year, indexing was begun in the laboratory using the ELISA unit for tristeza tests. Efforts are now being made to obtain antiserum for stubborn disease which currently has no reliable indexing method using indicator plants.

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48

Wright, G. C., and M. Wilcox. "Cultivar and Rootstock Research for the Arizona Citrus Industry." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220556.

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A lemon rootstock trial and a lemon scion trial were established in 1993. After two years growth, C. volkameriana and C. macrophylla rootstocks have begun to show significant growth and yield increases, compared with 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Carrizo' citrange. These two rootstocks also have led to larger fruit size, especially early in the season. Trees on Rough lemon rootstock had equivalent growth, but less yield. 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' scion cultivar had the greatest yield and largest early season fruit size, compared to 'Frost Nucellar', 'Corona Foothills' and `Prior Lisbon' lemons.

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49

True, Lowell, and Dean Bacon. "Report on the Salt River Valley Citrus Experiment Station." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215755.

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50

Wright, Glenn C., and Marco Peña. "Results of 'Fallglo' Trials for Citrus in Arizona - 2001." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223656.

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A 'Fallglo' mandarin trial was established at the Yuma Mesa Agriculture Center in 1995. Results suggest that trees on C. volkameriana rootstock, rough lemon rootstock, and, in 2001-02, Gou Tou orange rootstock had the greatest yields. There was little effect of rootstock upon fruit size or juice quality.

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