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1
Aguilar-Hernández, Marlene G., Dámaris Núñez-Gómez, María Ángeles Forner-Giner, Francisca Hernández, Joaquín J. Pastor-Pérez, and Pilar Legua. "Quality Parameters of Spanish Lemons with Commercial Interest." Foods 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010062.
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The Spanish Mediterranean region concentrates the largest producers of lemons (Citrus limon Burm. f.) at the national level where the 98.4% of the cultivated area of lemons corresponds to the varieties “Verna” and “Fino”. In this study, the morphological and chemical variations of the fruits obtained in five variety/rootstock combinations were investigated in order to determine the influence and impact of the rootstock on the physicochemical properties of the fruits. The assay was carried out using three lemon varieties (“Fino 95”, “Fino 49” and “Verna”) grafted onto two different rootstocks (Citrus macrophylla and Citrus aurantium). The varieties were selected due to be consolidated commercial varieties, while the rootstocks are the most commonly used in the world. Both the morphological characteristics of the fruits (colour, weight, size) as well as their physicochemical characteristics (total soluble solids, titratable acidity, maturity index, antioxidant activity, sugars, and organic acids) were evaluated. Based on the results, the lemons with the best physicochemical and the best compositional characteristics were obtained in the “Fino 95” and “Fino 49” lemons grafted onto C. aurantium rootstock presented the highest quality fruits.
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Caruso, Marco, Alberto Continella, Giulia Modica, Claudia Pannitteri, Riccardo Russo, Fabrizio Salonia, Carmen Arlotta, Alessandra Gentile, and Giuseppe Russo. "Rootstocks Influence Yield Precocity, Productivity, and Pre-Harvest Fruit Drop of Mandared Pigmented Mandarin." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091305.
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Citrus fruit quality and scion productivity are influenced by the choice of rootstock. We aimed to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on yield and fruit quality of Mandared, a triploid pigmented mandarin. To do so, we established a rootstock field trial on a high pH soil (8.6) in which Mandared was grafted onto 11 rootstocks. These included some standard rootstocks, such as trifoliate orange ((Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), Troyer citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × P. trifoliata), Swingle citrumelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata), and C35 citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), as well as new releases from the Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA, Acireale, Italy) and the University of California Riverside (UCR). The cumulative yield was measured over five consecutive years, while fruit quality was analyzed for two years. The trees on C35, C57 (Citrus sunki Hort. ex. Tan. × P. trifoliata), and C22 (C. sunki × P. trifoliata), started to set fruits one year earlier than the others. The trees on C57 provided some of the highest cumulative yields and canopy volumes. The production of Mandared grafted onto C57 was double that of Mandared grafted onto Troyer, while Mandared grafted onto C35 and C22 resulted in the best yield efficiency. The trees on Swingle and C57 significantly reduced the pre-harvest fruit drop, to which Mandared is particularly sensitive. However, grafting Mandared onto Swingle resulted in the highest variation among replicates, probably due to its high sensitivity to iron chlorosis. Most of the fruit quality parameters, such as fruit size, total soluble solids (TSS), and acidity were not significantly different among the rootstock treatments. However, fruits produced by Mandared grafted onto C22 had one of the highest rates of anthocyanin accumulation. The results indicate that C57, C35, and C22 were the most suitable rootstocks for Mandared in South-Eastern Sicily.
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Khattab, M. M., A. A. Elezaby, S. ElOraby, and A. M. Hassan. "179 Impact of Rootstock on Maturity and Storage of Valencia Orange Fruits." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 421D—421. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.421d.
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This investigation was carried out on 13-year-old Valencia orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] budded on five different rootstocks. Heat unit accumulation (temperature above 12.5 °C) for fruits worked on the various rootstocks were calculated from full bloom to maturity stage. Valencia fruits on Troyer citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) and Carrizo citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) rootstocks matured earlier when compared to those growing on Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. and Pasq.), and sour orange (C. aurantium) rootstocks. The results showed that the Valencia fruits, regardless of rootstock, could be stored for different periods under different conditions. However, in order to avoid degradation in fruit quality, storing periods should not exceed 21, 60, and 120 days under room conditions (25 °C and RH 25% to 35%), 4 °C (RH 80% to 85%), and 8 °C (RH 80% to 85%); respectively.
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Aguilar-Hernández, Marlene G., Lucía Sánchez-Rodríguez, Francisca Hernández, María Ángeles Forner-Giner, Joaquín J. Pastor-Pérez, and Pilar Legua. "Influence of New Citrus Rootstocks on Lemon Quality." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070974.
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Citrus fruits are one of the main crops produced in the world with oranges, tangerines, lemons and grapefruits being among the most important. Among them, lemons are beneficial for human health because of their antioxidant activity, phenols and vitamin C. This study evaluates three rootstocks obtained in a Spanish breeding program (Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (IVIA)): Forner-Alcaide 5 citrus rootstock (‘FA 5’), Forner-Alcaide 13 (‘FA 13’) and Forner-Alcaide 517 (‘FA 517’) grafted onto cultivars ‘Eureka´, ‘Verna´, ‘Fino 49’ and ‘Betera´. The results determined that rootstocks have influenced cultivars in terms of a decrease in the fruit size, weight, and thickness of the peel; but has increased the percentage of juice and soluble solids. With respect to phenol content and antioxidant activity, higher values were found with all cultivars studied on rootstocks ‘FA 13’, followed by ‘FA 517’. Cultivars that were most influenced by rootstocks were ’Bétera’ and ’Eureka’ in physical properties, while in chemical properties they were ’Verna’ followed by ’Fino 49’. This investigation demonstrated the interaction of rootstocks on different cultivars in morphological, biochemical and nutraceutical characteristics.
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Da Conceição, Patrícia Marluci, Fernando Alves De Azevedo, Gerhard Vitor Ecker, Marilia Morelli, and Mariangela Cristofani-Yaly. "Physiological quality of citrandarins, Poncirus trifoliata and Sunki mandarin seeds." Comunicata Scientiae 10, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i4.3138.
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Rangpur lime is the rootstock most used in Brazil, mainly due to its resistance to drought; however, it is susceptible to several diseases, requiring the search for other rootstocks tolerant to factors limiting citrus cultivation. In addition, the Brazilian legislation stipulates that citrus seeds can only be commercialized with at least 50% germination rate. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds of seven citrus rootstocks. The following citrus fruits were harvested: Poncirus trifoliata, Sunki mandarin and their hybrids –citrandarins (70, 106, 254, 299 and 310). Fruit mass, diameter and height were measured. Seeds were extracted from fruits, counting the number of normal seeds (not aborted). Seeds were dried up to 20% water content and stored for 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The physiological quality of seeds was evaluated before storage (time 0) up to 12 months of storage. The quality of Poncirus trifoliata, Sunki mandarin and citrandarins 70, 106, 254, 299 and 310 seeds was reduced during storage. However, their germination rate remained above 50%, evidencing that seeds of all rootstocks could be marketed until 12 months of storage. The new rootstocks tested have seeds with physiological quality compatible with their parents, in compliance with current legislation.
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Patil, Bhimanagouda S. "596 Location and Rootstock Effects on Sheepnosing in Grapefruit." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 499E—499. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.499e.
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Two-year field studies at three sites in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas were conducted to evaluate the effects of location, rootstock, and irrigation on sheepnosing of `Rio Red' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.,) on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock. Based on the equatorial/polar diameter ratio, grapefruit grown in Weslaco had significantly higher percentage of sheepnosed fruits (62.66) than fruit grown in Mission (57.32), while Bayview had a negligible percentage of sheepnosed fruit (4.07). In a second study, `Rio Red' grapefruit grown on Carrizo [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.] had significantly higher percentage of sheepnosed fruit (59.46), compared to `Rio Red' grown on Swingle (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) (47.83). In a third experiment, grapefruit with microjet irrigation had a significantly higher percentage of sheepnosed fruit (53.40), compared to flood irrigation (42.68). Although sheepnosed fruit had significantly greater peel thickness and a lower juice content, fruit quality was better because of higher soluble solids: titratable acidity ratio compared to normal shaped fruits. While significant, the irrigation and rootstock appear have a minor effect on sheepnosing less than growing location.
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Patil, Bhimanagouda S. "Location and Rootstock Affect Sheep-nosing in Grapefruit." HortScience 36, no. 4 (July 2001): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.4.710.
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Field studies were conducted for 2 years, at three sites in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, to evaluate the effects of location, rootstock, and irrigation on sheepnosing (elongation of the apex) of `Rio Red' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.). Based on the ratio of equatorial to polar diameter, grapefruit budded on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock grown at Weslaco had a significantly higher percentage of sheepnosed fruits (63%) than did fruit grown at Mission (57%), while the grove at Bayview produced a negligible percentage of sheepnosed fruit (4%). In a second study, `Rio Red' trees grown on `Carrizo' rootstock [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] produced a significantly higher percentage of sheepnosed fruit (59%) than did those on `Swingle' (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) (48%). In a third experiment, trees irrigated by microjet had a significantly higher percentage of sheepnosed fruit (53%) than did those that were flood-irrigated (43%). Although sheepnosed fruit had significantly greater peel thickness and a lower juice content, fruit quality was better than that of normal fruit because of a higher soluble solids: titratable acidity ratio. In 1999, the significant irrigation and rootstock effects were less than that due to growing location. Effects of location, rootstock and irrigation varied between years. The interaction between factors and years was mainly due to a lack of low amount of sheepnosing in 1998.
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Domingues, Allan Ricardo, Ciro Daniel Marques Marcolini, Carlos Henrique da Silva Gonçalves, Juliano Tadeu Vilela de Resende, Sergio Ruffo Roberto, and Eduardo Fermino Carlos. "Rootstocks Genotypes Impact on Tree Development and Industrial Properties of ‘Valencia’ Sweet Orange Juice." Horticulturae 7, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060141.
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The low diversification of rootstock genotypes in orchards limits the expansion of the citrus industry, restricting increases in productivity and cost-saving via phytosanitary treatments and other horticultural practices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of rootstock genotypes on tree development and industrial properties of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange juice (Citrus sinensis). Twenty rootstock genotypes were evaluated by measuring tree growth and industrial properties of orange juices, including ‘Trifoliata’ hybrids with tangerine (citrandarins) and grapefruit (citrumelos), as well ‘Rangpur’ lime and other potential rootstocks. The experimental orchard was planted in Rancho Alegre, PR, Brazil, under clay soil and subtropical rainfed conditions. A randomized block design with four replicates was used. Trees grown on IPEACS–239 and IPEACS–256 citrandarins, and on ‘US–802’ pummelo hybrid had low vigor, high production efficiency and high industrial properties of orange juice, and are therefore potential alternatives for high-density plantings. The F.80–3 and F.80–5 citrumelos also had good dwarfing potential and high production efficiency, but lower industrial properties of juice compared to the other ‘Trifoliata’ hybrid rootstocks. Trees grown on ‘US–812’ citrandarin rootstock had low vigor, good productive performance, accumulated production and production efficiency similar to ‘Rangpur’ lime, and high industrial properties of juices. Although the ‘Rangpur’ lime and the ‘Florida’ rough lemon allowed high yields, the trees are very vigorous, with low-quality fruits. A Quick Reference Chart was created to provide practical and objective identification of the best rootstock alternatives for ‘Valencia’ orange trees in terms of tree development and industrial properties of juices.
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Paramasivam, S., and A. K. Alva. "Impact of Nitrogen Management Practices on Total Nitrogen in the Fruits of High Productive Hamlin Orange Trees." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 498e—498. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.498e.
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For perennial crop production conditions, major portion of nutrient removal from the soil-tree system is that in harvested fruits. Nitrogen in the fruits was calculated for 22-year-old `Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis) trees on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) rootstock, grown in a Tavares fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments) that received various N rates (112, 168, 224, and 280 kg N/ha per year) as either i) broadcast of dry granular form (DGF; four applications/year), or ii) fertigation (FRT; 15 applications/year). Total N in the fruits (mean across 4 years) varied from 82 to 110 and 89 to 111 kg N/ha per year for the DGF and FRT sources, respectively. Proportion of N in the fruits in relation to N applied decreased from 74% to 39% for the DGF and from 80% to 40% for the FRT treatments. High percentage of N removal in the fruits in relation to total N applied at low N rates indicate that trees may be depleting the tree reserve for maintaining fruit production. This was evident, to some extent, by the low leaf N concentration at the low N treatments. Furthermore, canopy density was also lower in the low N trees compared to those that received higher N rates.
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Murcia, N., S. M. Bani Hashemian, P. Serra, J. A. Pina, and N. Duran-Vila. "Citrus Viroids: Symptom Expression and Performance of Washington Navel Sweet Orange Trees Grafted on Carrizo Citrange." Plant Disease 99, no. 1 (January 2015): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-14-0457-re.
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Citrus are natural hosts of several viroid species. Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) are the causal agents of two well-known diseases of citrus, exocortis and cachexia. Other viroids have been found to induce specific symptoms and different degrees of stunting in trees grafted on trifoliate orange and trifoliate orange hybrids. A field assay was initiated in 1989 to establish the effect of CEVd, HSVd, Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd), and Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) on Washington navel sweet orange trees grafted on Carrizo citrange rootstock. Here we report the effect of viroid infection on symptom expression, tree size, fruit production and quality evaluated from 2004 to 2007. Vegetative growth was affected by viroid infection with height and canopy volume being reduced. No bark scaling symptoms were observed in CEVd-infected trees albeit they presented lesions and blisters in the roots. Bark cracking symptoms were consistently observed in CBCVd-infected trees that were smaller with enhanced productivity and fruit size. No major effects were found as a result of infection with CBLVd, HSVd, or CDVd. The quality of the fruits was not affected by viroid infection, except for the low diameter of the fruits harvested from HSVd-infected trees. An interesting effect was identified in terms of tree productivity increase (yield/canopy volume) as a result of infection with CEVd, CDVd, and especially CBCVd.
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NASCIMENTO, FÁDIA SAMARA SANTOS, VALTEMIR GONÇALVES RIBEIRO, DÉBORA COSTA BASTOS, JUCIENY FERREIRA DE SÁ, and PEDRO HENRIQUE DIAS NASCIMENTO. "THERMAL REQUIREMENTS OF CITRUS FRUITS GRAFTED ONTO ROOTSTOCKS IN THE LOW-MIDDLE REGION OF THE SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER BASIN." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 2 (June 2018): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n209rc.
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ABSTRACT To understand the production cycle of a particular cultivar in a given region, it is necessary to obtain information related to its phenology and the accumulated degree days. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenological cycle of citrus species grafted onto two rootstocks and grown in the Low-Middle Region of the São Francisco River Basin, in particular with respect to accumulated degree days. The experiment was conducted using ‘Rubi’ and ‘Pera D-12’ oranges and ‘Page’ mandarins. Two rootstocks were used, namely ‘Cravo’ and ‘Volkameriano’ lemon species that were drip irrigated in the Campo Experimental de Bebedouro, an experimental field owned by Embrapa Semiárido. ‘Page’ mandarins with ‘Cravo’ or ‘Volkameriano’ rootstocks exhibited a subperiod (0-10) of 183.32 and 181.24 days, respectively. Meanwhile, ‘Pera D-12’ and ‘Rubi’ oranges with ‘Cravo’ rootstocks had values of 249.57 and 178.58 days, respectively, while those with ‘Volkameriano’ rootstocks had values of 226.35 and 200.41 days, respectively. The accumulated degree days were measured from the initial sprouting to harvesting, which took place when the fruits presented a soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio equal to or greater than 12. ‘Page’ mandarins required 2,720 degree days, whereas ‘Pera D-12’ and ‘Rubi’ oranges required approximately 3,390 and 2,280 degree days, respectively. Finally, ‘Pera D-12’ and ‘Rubi’ oranges with either rootstock presented cycles characterized as mid-season and precocious, respectively, while ‘Page’ mandarins had precocious cycles.
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Malikouski, Renan Garcia, Marco Antônio Peixoto, Andréia Lopes de Morais, Arthur Mayrink Elizeu, João Romero do Amaral Santos de Carvalho Rocha, Moises Zucoloto, and Leonardo Lopes Bhering. "Repeatability coefficient estimates and optimum number of harvests in graft/rootstock combinations for 'tahiti' acid lime." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 43 (July 5, 2021): e51740. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v43i1.51740.
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Combining longitudinal data and statistical models from perennial crops enabled us to estimate the optimum number of measures (harvests), implying accurate discrimination of superior genotypes in those crops. Herein, the goal of this study was to determine the optimum number of harvests based on yield traits and recommend a superior graft/rootstock combination (GRC) for Citrus latifolia Tanaka. Twenty-four GRCs of 'Tahiti' acid lime were evaluated from July 2017 to August 2018 for fruit yield per plant (FYP), number of fruits per plant (NFP), and longitudinal (LFD) and transversal fruit diameter (TFD). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The experimental unit consisted of three individuals, totalling 244 individuals. The GRCs were composed of (i) two hybrids that were used as rootstock, citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) and cintrandarin ‘Riverside’ (Citrus sunki x Poncirus trifoliata); and (ii) 12 different C. latifolia genotypes that were used as grafts: Bello Fruit, Eledio, Iconha, Itarana, Santa Rosa, Bearss lime, CNPMF 01, CNPMF 02, CNPMF 2001, CNPMF 5059, BRS Passos, and Persian 58. Mixed models were employed to estimate the variance components. The optimum number of harvests was determined based on selective efficiency values above 0.9. The estimated repeatability coefficients presented values of 0.14 (LFD), 0.16 (TFD), 0.36 (FYP), and 0.38 (NFD). Based on the results, four harvests were able to choose genotypes based on FYP and NFP, whereas LFD and TFD were considered inefficient traits for recommending superior GRCs.
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Vernière, C., X. Perrier, C. Dubois, A. Dubois, L. Botella, C. Chabrier, J. M. Bové, and N. Duran Vila. "Citrus Viroids: Symptom Expression and Effect on Vegetative Growth and Yield of Clementine Trees Grafted on Trifoliate Orange." Plant Disease 88, no. 11 (November 2004): 1189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1189.
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Citrus are natural hosts of five viroid species: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV). CEVd and specific sequence variants of HSVd are the causal agents of the wellknown diseases of citrus, exocortis and cachexia. Other viroids have been found to induce different degrees of stunting. Since commercial citrus trees are commonly infected with mixtures of these viroids, only limited information is available on their effect in species other than Etrog citron. A field assay was conducted to establish the effect of each viroid on Commune clementine trees grafted on Pomeroy trifoliate orange. Infected trees were periodically monitored over a 12-year period (1990 to 2002) for symptom expression, growth, and fruit yield. Only CEVd caused bark scaling on the trifoliate orange rootstock and marked dwarfing, both characteristic of exocortis disease as initially described. In addition, very conspicuous bumps were observed in the wood of the rootstock after removing the bark. Only those HSVd variants, previously characterized as pathogenic in several cachexia-sensitive species, induced pits and gum deposits characteristic of this disease in the clementine scion. Bark cracking symptoms on the trifoliate orange rootstock were also observed. They were associated with CVd-IV, HSVd, or CEVd infection, but in the latter, they were only clearly observed in trees that showed mild scaling. Other abnormalities (deep pits, crests, and gummy pits) were not associated with viroid infection. No specific symptoms resulted from infection with CBLVd and CVd-III. HSVd, CVd-IV, and CBLVd had little or no effect in growth and yield, whereas CEVd and CVd-III caused a significant reduction of growth and yield, which became more pronounced over time with CEVd infection. Yield reduction was associated mainly with loss of production of large fruits. In general, there was a good correlation between reduction in vegetative growth and yield.
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Sousa, Jônatas R. M. de, Hans R. Gheyi, Marcos E. B. Brito, Claudivan F. de Lacerda, Francisco V. da Silva, and Frederico A. L. Soares. "Quantum efficiency of photosystem II and production of orange under salt stress and nitrogen fertilization." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 5 (May 2016): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n5p434-440.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the salt tolerance of 'Mimo do Céu' orange grafted onto three rootstocks using physiological parameters such as maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and the production of fruits. It also evaluated the effectiveness of increased nitrogen (N) fertilization in reducing the effects of salt stress. Two concomitant experiments were carried out under controlled conditions, using drainage lysimeters. The Experiment I evaluated the effects of the application of five levels of saline water on three combinations of scion-rootstocks grafted with 'Mimo de Ceu' orange, in a randomized block design with three replicates in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme. The Experiment II evaluated the application of two N levels (100 and 200% of recommendation) in three scion-rootstock combinations irrigated with water of electrical conductivity of 3.0 dS m-1, in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with three replicates. The maximum quantum efficiency of PSII was inhibited in citrus plants under salt stress. 'Mimo do Ceu' orange grafted onto 'Common' Rangpur lime has higher yield potential. The increase in N dose did not reduce the deleterious effects of water salinity on fruit production.
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SOUSA, JÔNATAS RAULINO MARQUES DE, HANS RAJ GHEYI, MARCOS ERIC BARBOSA BRITO, DIEGO AZEVEDO XAVIER, and GUILHERME DE FREITAS FURTADO. "IMPACT OF SALINE CONDITIONS AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON CITRUS PRODUCTION AND GAS EXCHANGES." Revista Caatinga 29, no. 2 (June 2016): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n218rc.
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ABSTRACT: In two simultaneous experiments, we evaluated the impact of brackish irrigation water and nitrogen (N) fertilization on the production of citrus (scion-rootstock combinations) and its associated gas exchanges. These experiments were conducted at the Campus of Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil in a protected environment (shade screens on the sides) using drainage lysimeters. Experiment I used a randomized block design (3 replicates), in a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement, corresponding to five water salinity levels (0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0 dS m-1) and three scion-rootstock combinations: RS1- Common Sunki mandarin (TSKC) × Poncirus trifoliata English (TRENG) - 256; RS2- Common Rangpur lime (LCRSTC); and RS3- TSKC × (Rangpur lime (LCR) × P. trifoliata (TR)) - 059; with Mimo do Céu orange as the scion variety. Experiment II used a randomized block design (3 replicates), in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to the three scion/rootstock combinations and two nitrogen (N) doses (100 and 200 mg kg-1 of soil). Plants were irrigated with water of 3.0 dS m-1. For both experiments, gas exchanges and mean mass of fruits were evaluated at harvest. Gas exchanges were inhibited in plants under saline stress. Plants grafted with Common Rangpur lime showed greater production potential than did the other genotypes studied, even under brackish water conditions.
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Černi, Silvija, Katarina Hančević, and Dijana Škorić. "Citruses in Croatia – cultivation, major virus and viroid threats and challenges." Acta botanica Croatica 79, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37427/botcro-2020-027.
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Although Croatia is not often perceived as a citrus growing country, citrus species have been planted in the Croatian southern coastal part for centuries. Citrus had always been important as a source of vitamins and micronutrients for local consumption, but with the introduction of Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc.) citrus production started its commercial development. The Croatian coast is probably the northernmost commercial citrus growing area globally with several agroecological constraints influencing citrus production. However, Satsuma mandarins, the most cold-tolerant citrus of economic interest, are successfully cultivated resulting in an excellent quality of fruits that easily finds a market niche. Unfortunately, with the import of plant material in the last century, the simultaneous introduction of viral and subviral pathogens occurred. The most important are Citrus tristeza virus and Citrus exocortis viroid. As certain rootstock-scion combinations are tolerant to virus or viroid infections and display no obvious symptoms, these pathogens have been continuously spreading by plant propagation. Molecular and biological analyses revealed the existence of pathotypes not believed to be endemically present in the Mediterranean region. Their high intra-isolate genetic variability and frequent coinfections suggest that this geographical region presents a sort of a biological enclave of potentially threatening pathogens. Their transmission from this agroecological niche to areas where sensitive rootstock-scion combinations are common presents a serious risk to citrus production, especially when global warming and the resulting migration of efficient vector species are considered. Comprehensive pathogen monitoring is important for improving citrus production and the prevention of pathogen transmission.
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Yilmaz, Bilge, Berken Çimen, Turgut Yesiloglu, Meral Incesu, Muge Uysal Kamiloglu, and Muharrem Yilmaz. "Effects of 2,4-DP- P (2,4-Dichlorophenoxypropionic Acid-P) Plant Growth Regulator on Fruit Size and Yield of Star Ruby Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Osb.)." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 9 (September 16, 2018): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i9.1279-1284.2065.
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Star Ruby is the main grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) variety grown in Turkey; however, small fruit size is a common problem in ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit. Fruit size is a decisive external quality parameter in citrus at the marketing of fresh citrus fruits. Fruit size can be enhanced by several techniques such as girdling and thinning. Various plant growth regulators are known to affect the growth and size of citrus fruit. The objective of the present study was to observe the effects of 2,4 dichlorophenoxypropionic acid-p (2,4-DP-P) on the fruit size, yield and quality of Star Ruby from 20-year-old trees budded on sour orange rootstock in Adana, Turkey in 2007. Four concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 300 ppm) of 2,4-DP-P were applied 8 weeks after anthesis during physiological fruit drop when the mean fruit diameter was 13-15 mm. The results indicated that the application of 2,4-DP-P increased the fruit size of Star Ruby grapefruit without reducing yield. The application had a significant effect on fruit yield except for trees treated with 50 ppm 2,4-DP-P. Compared with the control trees, applications of 2,4-DP-P increased the number of large, commercially valuable Star Ruby (>93 mm, 89-93 mm and 84-89 mm). No effects were determined on fruit internal quality parameters. Thus, the results of the present study revealed that 2,4-DP-P can be used to improve the fruit size of Star Ruby fruitlets during the June drop.
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Rodríguez, Víctor Antonio, Silvia Matilde Mazza, Gloria Cristina Martínez, and Abel René Ferrero. "Zn and K influence in fruit sizes of Valencia orange." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 27, no. 1 (April 2005): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452005000100035.
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In orange commercial farms, Zn deficiencies symptoms and small fruits were observed in Corrientes, Argentine. During four years (1995 to 1998), Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) on Rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstock, implanted in 1974 in sandy soil, where six treatments were tested. Treatments varied from 1 to 3 Kg KCl.tree-1.year-1 (applied in April and December) with and without Zineb 80, 0,35%. year-1, 20 L. tree-1 (13,3 g Zn.tree-1 applied in December). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications, with a single tree and borders in the experimental plot. Foliar sample were taken every year in Autumn and Summer, foliar concentrations of Zn and K were determined by atomic spectrum absorption. Harvested fruits were classified into small, medium and big. Analysis of Variance, Tukey test and Pearson correlations between production and foliar concentrations were performed. Higher fertilization levels of K with Zn increased medium and big fruits production (Kg and percentage). Foliar concentrations of K and Zn were positively correlated with big and medium fruit production and negatively correlated with small one. Chemical names used: Ethilenbis-ditiocarbamate of Zn (Zineb).
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Dwiastuti, Mutia Erti, Sri Widyaningsih, Rudi Cahyo Wicaksono, Dina Agustina, and Unun Triasih. "IDENTIFICATION OF VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA (VAM) FROM SOIL AND ITS POTENCY IN REDUCING DISEASE DEVELOPMENT (Phytophthora sp.) ON 5 CITRUS ROOTSTOCK." El-Hayah 7, no. 2 (March 27, 2019): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/elha.v7i2.8426.
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Phytophthora spp. is one of the fungal pathogens that kills plants on several kinds of the citrus rootstock. In other countries, it is reported that disease pathogens were reduced in roots containing Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM interaction). However, in Indonesia, there is less information about the effect of VAM on the roots of citrus plants against root disease caused by Phytophthora sp. This study aimed to identify VAM in citrus roots and study the potential of VAM in controlling root rot of Phytophthora sp. on five types of the citrus rootstock. The research was carried out at the Phytopathology Laboratory, Indonesian Citrus, and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute (ICSFRI). Phytophthora spp. and VAM samples originated from several citrus centers endemic to Phytophthora were collected. VAM was isolated from the rhizosphere area of citrus plants, while Phytophthora sp. was isolated from infected plant roots. The fungus isolates were isolated, purified, then identified through references. The test of the potential of VAM in increasing resistance of root diseases caused by Phytophthora sp. was performed at the screen house in ICSFRI. The results of the study showed that VAM was identified in 39 gardens in 6 districts from samples collected in 49 yards in 10 regions of citrus centers. The dominant VAM genus is Glomus sp. with the highest density of spores was originated from Ponorogo area. The results of the identification of Phytophthora morphologically showed a diversity of Phytophthora, namely P. parasitica, P. palmivora, and P. citrophthora. The test of the potential of VAM in increasing plant resistance to Phytophthora results showed that Kanci, JC, RL, and Volkameriana varieties inoculated with Phytophthora sp. and Glomus sp. have higher plant height than healthy plants.
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HAMID BENYAHIA, HANDAJI NAJAT,, and NAJAT ARSALANE, HASSAN BENAOUDA. "SELECTION OF NEW PROMISING SEEDLESS MANDARINS TRIPLOID HYBRIDS FROM CROSSES BETWEEN MONOEMBRYONIC DIPLOID FEMALE AND DIPLOID MALE PARENTS." Research in Biotechnology 8 (March 31, 2017): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/rib.2017.v8.3598.
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Morocco is one of the major exporters of small citrus fruits, such as mandarin and Clementine. Seedlessness is a major criterion for this horticultural group. The present study focused on the selection of the best triploid mandarin hybrids (2n=3x=27) characterized by seedless fruits. A series of crosses between ‘Sidi Aissa’ clementine (female parent) and seven mandarin varieties (‘Lee’, ‘Wilking’, ‘Osceola’, ‘Carvalhal’, ‘Satsuma Frost’, ‘Satsuma Owari’ and ‘Chienka’) was performed by the National Institute for Agricultural Research. Forty triploid mandarins were obtained and planted since 2002 in an experimental field at El Menzeh. Varietal evaluation was focusing on fruit quality traits during seven years. Statistical analyzes showed that there is a significant difference for all studied characters and between hybrids. The number of seeds per fruit is the main criterion which differentiates between triploids mandarin’s hybrids and their diploid parent “clementine Sidi Aissa”. The best hybrids selected were: HT11, HT13, HT27, HT43, HT44, and HT49. The best crosses are C1 (‘Sidi Aissa’ × ‘Wilking’) andC2 (‘Sidi Aissa’ בOsceola’). These promising triploid hybrids of mandarin have been multiplied on several rootstock trials and are in the process of quantitative evaluation and multi-site testing.
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Paladin Soče, Ivana, Dario Ivić, and Mara Marić. "The prospects of development of the citrus production in the Neretva valley in the context of contemporary tendencies." Pomologia Croatica 23, no. 3-4 (September 4, 2020): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33128/pc.23.3-4.3.
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In most countries of the world where citrus fruits are grown, including Croatia, several viruses and virus-like agents exist limiting the production and sale of citrus fruits. The most common among them is Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) which causes a decrease in tree fertility and lushness. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the large scale of consequences caused by the CTV in Spain during the 20th century. More than 44 million citrus trees grafted on sour orange (Citrus aurantim L) rootstock sourhad decayed over a period of 10 years due to the intensing spread of CTV. The approaches that addressed the problem of infection of large citrus growing areas in Spain will be presented. Based on the experience in Spain, this paper will show the possibilities of implementing systematic expert measures which would eradicate or minimize the presence of CTV in the area of the Neretva valley, the most important citrus growing area in Croatia. A large number of researches have been carried out on the presence and the outspread of CTV in the Neretva Valley from 2005 to 2019. During this period, the highest percentage of virus outspread was observed in 2006, when CTV was detected in 80% of the collected samples. The virus was regularly detected in the Neretva valley in all the years the research was conducted. The problem of CTV has been present for many years and the pathogen is still spreading, which indicates the need to take some measures to prevent this continuous spreading. Among the most important and effective measures is the control of viral diseases in the propagation materials and the mother blocks and planting virus-free plants in accordance with the provisions of the Ordinance on placing reproductive planting material and seedlings intended for fruit production on the market (OG 9/17, 39/20), which contain European Union Directives 2008/90 / EC, 2014/96 / EU, and 2014/98 / EU
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Acharya, Umesh K., and Roshan Pakka. "Trifoliate Orange Seed Germination Enhancing Method in Mid Hill of Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 5 (April 28, 2019): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v5i1.23807.
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Trifoliate orange seedlings are used as rootstock for citrus crops due to cold hardiness and phytopthora disease tolerance. Nursery owners usually prepare raised bed in open field to sow seeds of trifoliate. The trifoliate seed production in government farms are very low compared to its demand due to limited number of fruiting trees. Further the germination percent in open nurseries are very low. Hence, production of grafted sapling is very much affected by unavailability of rootstock. Therefore, a study was carried out in National Citrus Research Program, Dhankuta to increase germination rate of trifoliate orange in the year 2016 and 2017. Trifoliate seeds were extracted from three stages of fruits (green mature, half yellow and full yellow) and sown at three dates (September 1st week, September 3rd week and October 1st week) at three raised bed (open field, 50-cm low plastic tunnel with or without sides open). The data on percentage seed germination was taken at 35, 50, 65, 90 and 210 days after seed sowing. The fruit maturity had no effect on germination percentage irrespective of sowing date and method of beds used. The date of sowing resulted significantly higher germination at earlier days but there was non-significant effect during final germination count. Plastic tunnel with open sides resulted 80% germination compared to 46% in tunnel side closed nursery. Hence, low plastic tunnel raised bed having open sides is the best option to raise trifoliate seed sown during 1st week of September to 1st week of October in agro-climatic conditions like Dhankuta.
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Devy, Nirmala Friyanti, NFN Yenni, and NFN Hardiyanto. "Pengaruh Penyambungan Plantlet Jeruk Siam Kintamani (Citrus nobilis Lour.) yang Diregenerasi Melalui Embriogenesis Somatik Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman." Jurnal Hortikultura 27, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v27n2.2017.p173-184.
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<p><em>Plantlet</em> jeruk hasil perbanyakan embriogenesis somatik (ES) in vitro telah banyak dihasilkan. Meskipun demikian, pertumbuhan vegetatif dan generatif di lapang belum dievaluasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan pertumbuhan vegetatif dan generatif tanaman jeruk hasil sambung dengan plantlet asal ES dibandingkan mata tempel asal BPMT. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Tlekung, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Jeruk dan Buah Subtropika, mulai September 2013 sampai dengan Desember 2016. Materi penelitian adalah tanaman jeruk dengan batang atas asal (a) plantlet hasil regenerasi melalui ES tanpa bagian akarnya dan (b) mata tempel yang berasal dari Blok Penggandaan Mata Tempel (BPMT), yang masing-masing disambungkan dan ditempelkan dengan batang bawah Japansche Citroen (JC) berumur 8 bulan setelah <em>transplanting</em>. Tanaman hasil sambung berumur 1 tahun dipindah dan ditanam di lapang dengan jarak tanam rapat 1,5 m x 1,5 m. Pengamatan pertumbuhan dilakukan mulai umur 18 – 42 bulan setelah transplanting (BST). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman jeruk dengan batang atas hasil ES dapat tumbuh, berkembang, dan berproduksi sama dengan tanaman dengan batang atas asal BPMT. Tinggi tanaman, diameter batang atas, dan diameter batang bawah pada tanaman ES tidak berbeda nyata dengan tanaman BPMT. Tanaman pada dua perlakuan mulai berbunga pada umur 18 BST, dengan jumlah bunga, buah, dan persentase fruitset yang tidak berbeda nyata antarkedua perlakuan, demikian juga pada pembungaan pada tahun berikutnya. Jumlah buah pada tahun ke-2 berbuah (September 2014) dan akhir pengamatan (September 2016) menunjukkan terjadi kenaikan sebesar 215,7% dan 176,1% pada masing-masing perlakuan ES dan BPMT, sedangkan pada tahun ke-4 pembuahan (2016), perlakuan tanaman jeruk hasil ES mempunyai jumlah buah/tanaman dan berat buah total/tanaman lebih banyak secara nyata dibandingkan asal BPMT. Sifat fisik dan kualitas buah (vit C, total keasaman, dan TPT) yang dihasilkan relatif sama. Tanaman jeruk siam Kintamani yang berasal dari <em>plantlet</em> hasil perbanyakan ES in vitro dan disambungkan dengan batang bawah JC dapat tumbuh, berkembang, dan berproduksi dengan normal di lapang.</p><p>The plantlets derived from citrus somatic embryogenesis (SE) in vitro have been widely produced. However, their vegetative and generative growth in the field has not been evaluated. The aimed of this research was to evaluate the ability of vegetative and generative growth both of SE and Budwood Multiplication Block (BMB) derived citrus plants. The research was conducted in Tlekung Experimental Garden, Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute, from September 2013 to December 2016. The citrus plants derived from (a) root-decapitated plantlets and (b) buds come from BMB that were grafted and budded, respectively on 8 months old JC rootstock. One-year old grafted and budded plants were planted at field using a dense spacing (1.5 m x 1.5 m). The plant growth observation was done at 18–42 months after field transplanting (MAT). The results showed that the SE derived citrus plants could grow, develop, and produce as well as the BMB one. The SE and BMB plant height, scion, and rootstock diameter were not significantly different. All treatment plants were flowering on 18 MAT, the number of flower, fruit, and fruit set percentages were not significantly as well as in the following year. The fruit total in the 2nd year (September 2014) and the end of the observation (September 2016) showed an increase of 215.7% and 176.1% on the both of SE and BMB derived plant, respectively. In the 4th year (2016), the number fruits/plant and total fruit weight/plant were better on SE derived plant than BMB one, however the fruit physical and quality properties produced (vitamin C, total acidity, and TSS) were relatively similar. The Kintamani tangerine citrus plants derived from plantlet that grafted on to JC rootstock could grow develop and produce well in the field.</p>
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Dhini, Debby R., Hermansyah Hermansyah, and Supanjani Supanjani. "Rootstock Incision Type and the Origin of Bud on the Scion Influence the Success Rate of Budding Propagation of “Rimau Gerga Lebong” Tangerine." Akta Agrosia 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/aa.21.2.13-18.
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The development of citrus crops is directed to produce tangerine plants that lead to substitute imported fruits by the development of budding seedlings technique using local varieties citrus. This research was conducted in November 2016 until March 2017 in citrus nursery of Horticultural Seed Center of Pematang Donok Village, Kabawetan Sub-district, Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Province. The research was arranged in a Completely Random Design with combination of two treatments, the first treatment was the origin of bud on the scion plant, they were E1 (upper part of the shoot scion), E2 (middle part of the shoot scion), E3 (basal of the shoot scion). The second treatment was cut type on the rootstock, they were J1 (H type), J2 (Forkert slice), J3 (T wedge). The treatment was repeated three times, so there were 27 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 10 liners, so there were 270 liners of the experiment. The result of this research showed that incision types of H model and Forkert model, as well as the bud originated from the middle and the basal part of shoot scion were good to support the success rate of budding propagation of Rimau Gerga Lebong (RGL) tangerine.
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Mattos Jr., Dirceu, José Antônio Quaggio, Heitor Cantarella, and Ashok Kumar Alva. "Nutrient content of biomass components of Hamlin sweet orange trees." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 1 (February 2003): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000100023.
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The knowledge of the nutrient distribution in trees is important to establish sound nutrient management programs for citrus production. Six-year-old Hamlin orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] on Swingle citrumelo [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. x Citrus paradisi Macfad.] rootstock, grown on a sandy Entisol in Florida were harvested to investigate the macro and micronutrient distributions of biomass components. The biomass of aboveground components of the tree represented the largest proportion of the total. The distribution of the total tree dry weight was: fruit = 30.3%, leaf = 9.7%, twig = 26.1%, trunk = 6.3%, and root = 27.8%. Nutrient concentrations of recent mature leaves were in the adequate to optimal range as suggested by interpretation of leaf analysis in Florida. Concentrations of Ca in older leaves and woody tissues were much greater than those in the other parts of the tree. Concentrations of micronutrients were markedly greater in fibrous root as compared to woody roots. Calcium made up the greatest amount of nutrient in the citrus tree (273.8 g per tree), followed by N and K (234.7 and 181.5 g per tree, respectively). Other macronutrients comprised about 11% of the total nutrient content of trees. The contents of various nutrients in fruits were: N = 1.20, K = 1.54, P = 0.18, Ca = 0.57, Mg = 0.12, S = 0.09, B = 1.63 x 10-3, Cu = 0.39 x 10-3, Fe = 2.1 x 10-3, Mn = 0.38 10-3, and Zn = 0.40 10-3 (kg ton-1). Total contents of N, K, and P in the orchard corresponded to 66.5, 52.0, and 8.3 kg ha-1, respectively, which were equivalent to the amounts applied annually by fertilization.
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Davino, S., M. Davino, A. Sambade, M. Guardo, and A. Caruso. "The First Citrus tristeza virus Outbreak Found in a Relevant Citrus Producing Area of Sicily, Italy." Plant Disease 87, no. 3 (March 2003): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.3.314a.
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In the course of a survey to select superior old citrus lines in the area of Siracusa (Sicily, Italy), trees in several blocks of Fortune (Citrus reticulata Blanco), Nova (C. reticulata Blanco), Satsuma (C. unshiu (Macfad.) mandarins Marc.), and Marsh grapefruit (C. paradisi Macfad.) propagated on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstock showed stunting, decline, dieback, and small-sized fruits. Stunting was particularly evident in grapefruit. Declined plants consistently showed pin-holing in the cambial face of sour orange bark below the bud union line, which is often associated with Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) infection. Young shoots from 600 Fortune, 300 Nova, 400 Satsuma, and 20 Marsh grapefruit plants showing decline were analyzed by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) (Loewe Phytodiagnostica Biochemica, Sauerlach, Germany) and by immunoprinting-ELISA (Agritest Srl Valenzano-Bari-Italy) using CTV specific polyclonal antibodies. All decline tree samples reacted positively with both techniques while healthy greenhouse controls were negative. Total RNA was extracted from 50 of those plants, 25 Fortune and 15 Nova mandarins, 5 Satsuma, and 5 Marsh grapefruit (Qiagen RNeasy Plant minikit, Qiagen S.P.A., Milan, Italy), and tested in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers for genes p20 (forward 5′-CGA GCT TAC TTT AGT GTT A-3′ from CTV T36 genomic position 17767-17786 and reverse 5′-TAA TGT CAA ACT GAC CGC from CTV T36 position 18269-18286) and p23 (forward 5′-ACT AAC TTT AAT TCG AAC A-3′ from CTV T36 position 18347-18286 and reverse 5′-AAC TTA TTC CGT CCA CTT C-3′ from CTV T36 position 19026-19044) (2). In all cases, DNA fragments of the expected size were amplified. Equivalent samples from CTV-free greenhouse control plants did not react in ELISA and yielded no DNA after amplification with the same primers. When the history of the plants in the affected blocks was traced, it was found that all Fortune, Nova, satsuma and Marsh grapefruit trees had been propagated from budwood illegally imported from Spain 10 years before, suggesting the possibility that the imported buds were infected with CTV. The estimated number of infected plants in the area of Siracusa is approximately 10,000, and some evidence suggests that the virus might be spreading in the area (work in progress). Only scattered CTV-infected trees had been detected in Italy previously (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of an important CTV outbreak in Italy. Additional surveys are being conducted to get a more accurate estimation of the CTV incidence, to determine if the virus is being dispersed by aphid vectors, and to biologically and molecularly characterize the virus strains present in the affected area. Presently, there are approximately 100,000 ha of citrus in Sicily, mostly grown on decline susceptible sour orange rootstock. The presence and potential spread of CTV is a major threat for this citrus industry. References: (1) M. Davino and G. Terranova. Frutticoltura 61:18, 1999. (2) A. Sambade et al. Plant Pathol. 51:257, 2002.
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Downton, WJS, WJR Grant, and BR Loveys. "Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Increases Yield of Valencia Orange." Functional Plant Biology 14, no. 5 (1987): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9870493.
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The response to elevated CO2 of 3-year-old fruiting Valencia orange scions (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) on citrange rootstock (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) was studied over a 12-month period under controlled environmental conditions. CO2 enrichment to approx. 800 �bar CO2 which com- menced just prior to anthesis shortened the period of fruitlet abscission. Trees enriched to 800 �bar CO2 retained 70% more fruit, which at harvest were not significantly smaller in diameter or lower in fresh weight than fruit from control trees grown at approx. 400 �bar CO2. Fruit from the CO2 enriched trees also did not differ from the controls in soluble solids content, dry weight, seed number or rind thickness. The progression of fruit coloration was more rapid for the CO2 enriched trees. Dry weight of leaves and branches from the scion portion of the trees and the roots and stem of the rootstock portion did not differ between treatments at time of harvest. Leaf areas were also similar. However, specific leaf dry weight was 25% greater for the CO2 enriched treatment. Changes in dry matter partitioning resulted from the greater fruit yield (58% increase in dry weight) with CO2 enrichment. Photosynthetic rates observed at intervals over the experimental period were always lower in the CO2 enriched treatment compared to controls when measured at the same partial pressure of CO2. However photosynthetic rates in the CO2 enriched cabinet were always higher because of the increased level of CO2. The extent of this difference between the treatments varied with fruit development and increased from 23% higher photosynthetic rates in the CO2 enriched chamber at the end of flowering to 77% higher rates when fruits were 5 cm in diameter and decreased to 18% higher rates when fruit coloration was well advanced. Flushes of leaves that developed during the experiment also showed similar photo- synthetic responses to CO2 enrichment and their photosynthetic rates declined as fruit matured. These results indicate that crop yield by fruit trees will increase as global levels of CO2 continue to rise, at least in those species that experience source limitation during fruit development.
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Bousamid, Anwar, Btissam Mzabri, Jamal Benyazid, Zerhoune Messaoudi, Abdelmajid Belabed, and Abdelbasset Berrichi. "THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION DOSES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF Citrus clementina variety “Fina Berkane”, A VARIETY OF CLEMENTINE PRODUCED IN TRIFFA PLAIN, NORTH EASTERN MOROCCO." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(4).432.438.
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Morocco is a Mediterranean country with an economy based on exporting agricultural products mainly to Europe. However, the ongoing climate change characterized by the frequency and the intensity of drought, along with the regularity of the rainfall is undeniably affecting the productivity of major agricultural products in Morocco. Citriculture is one of the key pillars of agricultural products in Moroccan conditions and the productivity of citriculture is tightly related to water management. To reduce this dependency under climatic change, a pilot study, over three years, has been launched to assess the effect of water stress on the production of clementine (Citrus clementina 'Berkane Clementine'). This study was carried out on the clementine, variety "Fina Berkane" at the Triffa plain, Northeastern Morocco. This variety was grafted on Volkameria rootstock with a density of 3m x 6m. Experimental variety was planted during October 2012, in loam-clay soil equipped with a drip irrigation system. Four doses of water irrigation (60%, 80%, 100%, and the conventional irrigation dose⩾120%) were tested based on the real water demand of the studied plant. Throughout the three-year monitoring, the effect of used water amount on the various parameters including yield, fruit size, and fruit quality have been studied. Results of the study revealed that the treatment 100% ETc provided a high number of fruits, yield, and a good quality ratio. It was also well reported that adopting a dose of 80% ETc could save a significant amount of irrigation water (more than 40% ETc) compared to the conventional irrigation dose (⩾120% ETc) without significantly affecting either the yield or the desired caliber profile (marketable standard).
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Reforgiato Recupero, Giuseppe, Giuseppe Russo, Santo Recupero, Roberto Zurru, Bruno Deidda, and Maurizio Mulas. "Horticultural Evaluation of New Citrus latipes Hybrids as Rootstocks for Citrus." HortScience 44, no. 3 (June 2009): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.3.595.
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In 1968, the CRA-Research Center for Citriculture and Mediterranean Crops (CRA-ACM) started a research program aimed at breeding citrus rootstocks. The monoembryonic species C. latipes (Swing.) Tan. was used as the female parent; trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], sour orange, and volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Pasq.) were used as male parents. The behavior of some of these hybrids tested with other standard rootstocks in Sicily and Sardinia was evaluated. The cultivars under comparison included ‘Washington’ navel orange and ‘SRA 92’ clementine in Sardinia and ‘Tarocco’ orange in Sicily. Our results showed the dramatic influence of rootstock on plant growth and yield; only minor effects on fruit quality were observed. Among the standard rootstocks tested, Swingle citrumelo provided the highest yield. Some of the tested hybrids (F5 P12, F6 P12, and F6 P13) may improve plant yield, thus maintaining good fruit quality. Encouraging data obtained with these hybrids may justify the use of monoembryonic species of the Papeda subgenus for breeding citrus rootstocks.
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Barry, Graham H., William S. Castle, and Frederick S. Davies. "Rootstocks and Plant Water Relations Affect Sugar Accumulation of Citrus Fruit Via Osmotic Adjustment." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 6 (November 2004): 881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.6.0881.
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Citrus rootstocks have well-known effects on tree size, crop load, fruit size, and various fruit quality factors. Fruit from trees budded on invigorating rootstocks are generally larger with lower soluble solids concentration (SSC) and titratable acidity compared to fruit from trees budded on less invigorating rootstocks. Although it is unclear how rootstocks exert their influence on juice quality of Citrus L. species, plant water relations are thought to play a central role. In addition, the larger fruit size associated with invigorating rootstocks and the inverse relationship between SSC and fruit size implies that fruit borne on trees on invigorating rootstocks have lower SSC due to dilution effects in larger fruit. To determine how rootstock type affects sugar accumulation in fruit of Citrus species, controlled water-deficit stress was applied to mature `Valencia' sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] or rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstocks. Withholding water from the root zone of citrus trees during stage II of fruit development decreased midday stem water potential and increased the concentrations of primary osmotica, fructose and glucose. Sucrose concentration was not affected, suggesting that sucrose hydrolysis took place. Increased concentrations of sugars and SSC in fruit from moderately water-stressed trees occurred independently of fruit size and juice content. Thus, passive dehydration of juice sacs, and concentration of soluble solids, was not the primary cause of differences in sugar accumulation. Controlled water-deficit stress caused active osmotic adjustment in fruit of `Valencia' sweet orange. However, when water-deficit stress was applied later in fruit development (e.g., stage III) there was no increase in sugars or SSC. The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that differential sugar accumulation of citrus fruit from trees on rootstocks of contrasting vigor and, hence, plant water relations, is caused by differences in tree water status and the enhancement of sucrose hydrolysis into component hexose sugars resulting in osmotic adjustment. Therefore, inherent rootstock differences affecting plant water relations are proposed as a primary cause of differences in sugar accumulation and SSC among citrus rootstocks.
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Edwards, M. "Effect of type of rootstock on yields of Carina grapevines (Vitis vinifera) and levels of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 2 (1988): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880283.
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Carina grapevines grafted to the rootstocks Ramsey, Harmony, Schwarzmann, K51-32, 5BB Kober, or Richter 110 were compared with their own roots for resistance or tolerance to the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb). Ramsey was the only rootstock of those studied which was considered resistant to the citrus nematode in the field situation. Low numbers of citrus nematode were found on or near the roots (<254 larvae/500 g soil). Ramsey can also be considered to be tolerant to the citrus nematode as Carina vines on Ramsey rootstock had the highest yield over a 3-year period (30.7-38.8 kg fresh fruit/vine). While Harmony was not resistant, having large numbers of citrus nematodes on and about the roots (947-4919 larva/500 g soil), Carina vines on Harmony yielded well in this trial (25.0-28.3 kg fresh fruit/vine), suggesting tolerance to the citrus nematode. All other rootstocks and own rooted vines maintained similar levels of citrus nematodes. However, grafted vines produced higher yields than vines on own roots. This could be due to tolerance to the citrus nematode, or to rootstocks inferring greater root density or inherent vigour than own rooted Carina grapevines. Thus, in field situations, where citrus nematodes are known to be high, Ramsey rootstock gives the best yield and, because of its resistance to the citrus nematode, also reduces the level of this nematode in the soil. K51-32,5BB Kober, Schwarzmann, and Richter 110 would all perform satisfactorily under citrus nematode pressure but would not control the nematode levels in the soil. Harmony would be the least favourable rootstock in a citrus nematode infested vineyard as it increases citrus nematode populations.
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Wutscher, Heinz K., and Laura Lee Hill. "Performance of `Hamlin' Orange on 16 Rootstocks in East-central Florida." HortScience 30, no. 1 (February 1995): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.1.41.
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`Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) was grown on 15 rootstocks: four citrumelos [C. paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], five mandarin × trifoliate orange hybrids (C. reticulata Blanco × P. trifoliata), two pummelo × trifoliate orange hybrids [C. grandis (L.) × P. trifoliata], Vangasay lemon (C. limon Burm. f.), Norton citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), and two Smooth Flat Seville (C. aurantium L. hybrid?) hybrids. These scion–rootstock combinations were compared to trees on Swingle citrumelo, the most widely used citrus rootstock in Florida. One Smooth Flat Seville hybrid was eliminated early because of poor growth and variability in size, and the Vangasay lemon rootstock was eliminated because of severe freeze damage. At age 5, the trees on Norton citrange developed citrus blight and were eliminated. Remaining in the experiment for 7 years, `Hamlin' trees on six of the 13 rootstocks produced more fruit than trees on Swingle citrumelo. Of these six, HRS 852 (Changsha mandarin × English large-flowered trifoliate orange) was the best overall rootstock, with trees on it producing large quantities of high-quality fruit on medium-sized canopies.
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Ritenour, Mark A., Ed Stover, Brian J. Boman, Huating Dou, Kim D. Bowman, and William S. Castle. "Effect of Rootstock on Stem-end Rind Breakdown and Decay of Fresh Citrus." HortTechnology 14, no. 3 (January 2004): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.3.0315.
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Rootstock significantly affected the development of stem-end rind breakdown (SERB) on `Valencia' and navel oranges (Citrus sinensis), but not `Ray Ruby' grapefruit (C. paradisi) or `Oroblanco' (C. grandis × C. paradisi), and affected postharvest decay on navel orange, `Ray Ruby' grapefruit, `Oroblanco' and one of two seasons (2002) on `Valencia' orange. In `Valencia' and navel oranges, fruit from trees grown on Gou Tou (unidentified Citrus hybrid) consistently developed low SERB. `Valencia' oranges on US-952 [(C. paradisi × C. reticulata) × Poncirus trifoliata] developed high levels of SERB in both years tested. Relative SERB of fruit from other rootstocks was more variable. Navel oranges, `Ray Ruby' grapefruit, and `Oroblanco' fruit from trees on Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata) rootstock consistently developed relatively low levels of decay, and in navel this level was significantly lower than observed from trees on all other rootstocks. In three of five trials we observed significant differences between widely used commercial rootstocks in their effects on postharvest SERB and/or decay. Given the expanding importance of sales to distant markets, it is suggested that evaluations of quality retention during storage be included when developing citrus rootstocks and scion varieties for the fresh market.
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Barry, Graham H., William S. Castle, and Frederick S. Davies. "Soluble Solids Accumulation in `Valencia' Sweet Orange as Related to Rootstock Selection and Fruit Size." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 4 (July 2004): 594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.4.0594.
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Juice quality of `Valencia' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] or rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstocks was determined for fruit harvested by canopy quadrant and separated into size categories to ascertain the direct role of rootstock selection on juice soluble solids concentration (SSC) and soluble solids (SS) production per tree of citrus fruit. SS production per fruit and per tree for each size category was calculated. Juice quality was dependent on rootstock selection and fruit size, but independent of canopy quadrant. Fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange had >20% higher SSCs than fruit from trees on rough lemon, even for fruit of the same size. Large fruit accumulated more SS per fruit than smaller fruit, despite lower juice content and SSC. Within rootstocks, SS content per fruit decreased with decreasing fruit size, even though SSC increased. Rootstock effect on juice quality was a direct rather than an indirect one mediated through differences in fruit size. The conventional interpretation of juice quality data that differences in SSC among treatments, e.g., rootstocks or irrigation levels, or fruit size, are due to “dilution” of SS as a result of differences in fruit size and, hence, juice volume, is only partly supported by these data. Rather, accumulation of SS was greater for fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange than rough lemon by 25% to 30%.
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RAMEEH, V., M. R. RAMZANPOUR, and R. MATANI. "EFFECTS OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS ON SOME PLANT NUTRIENT ELEMENTS ABSORPTION OF GRAFTED CULTIVARS." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 52, no. 4 (2020): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/cerce-2019-0036.
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Citrus rootstocks have prime effects on the size of tree and fruit, quality of fruit and micorhyza dependence, which make difference in their leaf mineral elements concentration in leaf of grafted cultivars on them. A pot factorial experiment with two factors including rootstocks (sour orange, Citrange, Rough Lemon, Citrumelo and Yozo) and grafted cultivars (Thomson Navel, Sanguine, Unshiu Tangerine) was carried out in farm conditions with three replications. The studied traits were concentrations of elements in leaves including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper. The result of analysis of variance revealed significant mean squares of variety, rootstock and their interaction effects for the elements in leaves. Citrumelo rootstock had mainly effect on nutritional elements in leaves. Unshiu mandarin with Citrumelo rootstock had the most amount of nitrogen and sanguine variety with Citrange rootstock made the highest concentration of phosphorus and potassium in leaves of the grafted cultivar. Significant positive correlation of K with Fe and Zn indicating that all rootstocks with high mean value of K in leaf of grafted cultivar will have high amount of Fe and Zn. Significant positive correlation also detected between N and P of leaf of grafted cultivars in combination with different rootstocks; therefore, most of combinations with high mean value of N had also high mean value of P. Unshiu Tangerine had high variation for P, but Thomson Novel had lowest variation for this mineral element. Due to Significant positive correlation of S with Mg and Mn, most of rootstocks with high amount of S in leaf of grafted cultivar had high mean values of Mg and Mn in their leaf of grafted cultivars.
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Chaparro, Hans, David Ricardo Hernández, Diana Mayerly Mateus, and Javier Orlando Orduz Rodriguez. "Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010)." Acta Agronómica 66, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/acag.v66n3.52799.
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‘Cleopatra’ tangerine (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) is a commonly used rootstock in the piedmont of Meta department, Colombia for establishing of commercial citrus orchards. Have allowed a late production entrance rootstock and produced big plants when grafted with tangelo ‘Minneola’ (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradise Macf), decreasing the productive efficiency in plants and hard crop practices. The evaluated performance were as follows: tree size, productive efficiency and fruit quality of tangelo ‘Minneola’ grafted in six rootstocks. It found that the cumulated production of 11 years was better with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) with 1388.3 kg tree-1, followed by ‘Cleopatra’ (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) with 893.2 kg.tree-1, in last place was ‘Carrizo’ (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirustrifoliata (L.) Raf) with 182.9 kg tree-1. The other rootstocks, had a medium production. The greatest height and canopy value, was found with ‘Cleopatra’ without significant differences with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’. In fruit quality no significant differences occurred.
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Bisi, Rayane Barcelos, Ute Albrecht, and Kim D. Bowman. "Seed and Seedling Nursery Characteristics for 10 USDA Citrus Rootstocks." HortScience 55, no. 4 (April 2020): 528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14598-19.
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Six new hybrid rootstocks, ‘US-1279’, ‘US-1281’, ‘US-1282’, ‘US-1283’, ‘US-1284’, and ‘US-1516’, were released from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) citrus breeding program to provide improved tree tolerance to huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive disease facing the citrus industry in the United States and many other parts of the world. Five of these new rootstocks were released based on field performance in trials with the rootstocks propagated by stem cuttings, rather than the traditional propagation using nucellar seedlings. In this study, we evaluated the fruit, seed, and seedling characteristics of these new rootstocks, along with four other USDA rootstocks of commercial importance. The study included a determination of the percentage of true-to-type and off-type seedlings by both plant morphology and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. All 10 rootstocks produced an acceptable number of seeds and good seedling emergence from those seeds. The rootstocks ‘Swingle’, ‘US-802’, ‘US-812’, ‘US-1283’, ‘US-1284’, and ‘US-1516’ had a high percentage of true-to-type seedlings and correspondingly good potential to be propagated by seeds. However, no true-to-type plants were observed among seedlings from the rootstocks ‘US-1279’, ‘US-1281’, and ‘US-1282’, indicating that economical seed propagation will be impossible for these cultivars. The 10 SSR marker sets used in this study were observed to easily differentiate the 10 rootstocks studied, and readily distinguished true-to-type and off-type seedlings among progeny from all 10 rootstock clones. This study presents information of significant value for commercial nurseries involved in propagation of citrus rootstocks, and those involved in citrus rootstock breeding and development around the world. We propose the use of these 10 SSR marker sets as readily applicable for accurate identification of most citrus rootstock cultivars and their true-to-type seedlings.
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Economides, C. V., and C. Gregoriou. "Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Nucellar Frost `Marsh' Grapefruit on Fifteen Rootstocks in Cyprus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 3 (May 1993): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.3.326.
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Tree growth, yield, and fruit quality of nucellar `Frost Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) on 15 rootstocks were evaluated under Cyprus conditions. Over the 9-year production period, trees on Palestine sweet lime, the group of rough lemon, and Citrus volkameriana Pasq. were more productive per unit of tree size, and their cumulative yields per tree were significantly higher than those of trees on sour orange, which is the standard rootstock commercially used in Cyprus. Rootstocks affected fruit size and weight, rind thickness, juice content, total soluble solids concentration (SSC), and total acids, but the differences were not large enough to affect the market value of the fruit, On the basis of the results of this trial and because sour orange is highly susceptible to tristeza, the C. volkameriana and rough lemon group, which are tolerant to tristeza, should be included in further trial plantings as a potential commercial rootstock.
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Bowman, Kim D., and Ute Albrecht. "Rootstock Influences on Health and Growth Following Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Infection in Young Sweet Orange Trees." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121907.
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Health, growth, fruit production, and fruit quality of citrus crops are severely affected by tree infection with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and subsequent development of the disease huanglongbing (HLB). The use of HLB-tolerant rootstocks is one strategy that is used to ameliorate the effects of HLB in commercial production. Although there is a clear long-term rootstock effect to improve tree performance, such field trials take many years for establishment and evaluation, and this long time-period is very limiting to expeditious evaluation of new rootstocks. In this study, we have conducted a 50-week greenhouse experiment to evaluate rootstock influences on Valencia sweet orange tree response to CLas infection. The infection of trees with CLas reduced scion and rootstock growth, increased leaf yellowing, and reduced the number of leaves per tree and leaf area, regardless of rootstock. There were clear rootstock influences on some traits during the 50-week study. In general, infected trees on US-942 rootstock had lower CLas root titers, less reduction of the number of leaves, less reduction of leaf area, and less leaf yellowing, as compared with some of the other rootstocks. The 50-week greenhouse evaluation method provided results that corresponded well with results from long-term field testing, indicating this may be a useful tool to accelerate evaluation and selection of new rootstocks, as well as in testing other HLB management strategies.
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ÇİMEN, Berken. "Efficient protoplast isolation from ovule-derived embryogenic callus inCitrusvolkameriana." TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 44, no. 6 (December 8, 2020): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/tar-1912-16.
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The present study reports on the isolation of viable protoplast from ovule-derived embryogenic calli of Volkameriana (Citrus volkameriana L.), which is a rootstock in high demand for lemon production.Ovules of C. volkameriana isolated at 3 different immature fruit stages, comprising4, 8, and 12 weeks after anthesis (WAA),were cultured on5 different media in order to produce embryogenic callus lines as a source material for protoplast isolation. EME medium (MT basal medium + 0.5 gL–1 malt extract), with the addition of phytohormones [kinetin (KIN), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)] at different concentrations, were tested for callogenesis. According to 2-way ANOVA, significant effects were determined as a result of the immature fruit stage and type of culture media (P ≤ 0.01) on the callogenesis and embryogenic callus induction frequency. First, callus formation was recorded after 4 WAA on medium comprising EME + 2,4-D (1.0 mg L–1) + BAP (0.5 mg L–1). Callus induction frequency was the highest (90.00%) in the same culture medium when the ovules wereculturedat8 WAA. In addition, culturing the ovules isolated from 12 WAA immature fruits of C. volkameriana resulted in the highest indirect somatic embryogenesis (24%). Embryogenic callus initiation was the highest (25.56%) using EME + KIN (1.0 mg L–1) and ovules cultured at 8 WAA (14%) resulted in the highest embryogenic callus formation. Effects of different enzyme concentrations on the efficiency of protoplast isolation were calculated using the hemocytometer cell counting method. The combination of 2% cellulase and 0.2% pectinase gave the highest numbers of protoplasts, at 12.33 × 105protoplast/mL. Embryogenic callus lines obtained by culturing ovules of C. volkameriana yielded high-quality protoplasts after isolation and could be useful as a protoplast source for further somatic hybridization studies.
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Quaggio, José Antônio, Dirceu Mattos Junior, Heitor Cantarella, Eduardo Sanches Stuchi, and Otávio Ricardo Sempionato. "Sweet orange trees grafted on selected rootstocks fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 39, no. 1 (January 2004): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2004000100008.
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The majority of citrus trees in Brazil are grafted on 'Rangpur lime' (Citrus limonia Osb.) rootstock. Despite its good horticultural performance, search for disease tolerant rootstock varieties to improve yield and longevity of citrus groves has increased. The objective of this work was to evaluate yield efficiency of sweet oranges on different rootstocks fertilized with N, P, and potassium. Tree growth was affected by rootstock varieties; trees on 'Swingle' citrumelo [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. paradisi Macf.] presented the smallest canopy (13.3 m³ in the fifth year after tree planting) compared to those on 'Rangpur lime' and 'Cleopatra' mandarin [C. reshni (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka] grown on the same grove. Although it was observed an overall positive relationship between canopy volume and fruit yield (R² = 0.95**), yield efficiency (kg m-3) was affected by rootstocks, which demonstrated 'Rangpur lime' superiority in relation to Cleopatra. Growth of citrus trees younger than 5-yr-old might be improved by K fertilization rates greater than currently recommended in Brazil, in soils with low K and subjected to nutrient leaching losses.
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Raga, Verónica, Guillermo P. Bernet, Emilio A. Carbonell, and Maria J. Asins. "Inheritance of Rootstock Effects and Their Association with Salt Tolerance Candidate Genes in a Progeny Derived from ‘Volkamer’ Lemon." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 139, no. 5 (September 2014): 518–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.139.5.518.
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A seedling population from hybrids between ‘Volkamer’ lemon (Citrus volkameriana) and ‘Rubidoux’ trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) was grafted with ‘Hashimoto’ Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) to study the inheritance of rootstock effects on salt tolerance in terms of fruit yield. Trees were maintained in a screenhouse, and a salt treatment (25 mm NaCl) was applied to 32 genotypes from June to September every year for 5 years. Rootstocks were genotyped for five salt tolerance candidate genes. Significant effects of rootstock genotype (G) and treatment (E) were found for most traits. Salinity decreased yield and juice volume but improved soluble solids concentration (TSS) and rind thickness. Year effects were highly significant in most cases. G × E interactions were found for fruit weight, total fruit weight, juice volume (JV), leaf water content (LWC), and leaf [Na+]. Therefore, rootstocks that induce early fruit maturation under salinity (by increasing TSS and maintaining JV) can be selected to expand the harvesting calendar of mandarin cultivars. Salt tolerance candidate genes SOS1 and NHX1 were associated with fruit yield traits under normal conditions (1.4 dS·m−1), and SOS1 and CCC were associated with LWC under salinity conditions (4 dS·m−1). Only 5% progeny induced higher accumulated yield than ‘Volkamer’ lemon under salinity. Given the low heritability of rootstock effects on fruit yield under salinity conditions (0.18 at most), marker-assisted selection might be useful.
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Stover, Ed, Robert Pelosi, Michael Burton, Scott Ciliento, and Mark Ritenour. "Performance of `Oroblanco' and `Melogold' Pummelo × Grapefruit Hybrids on Nine Rootstocks on a Calcareous, Poorly Drained Soil." HortScience 39, no. 1 (February 2004): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.1.28.
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Adjacent but separate trials of `Oroblanco' and `Melogold', both triploid pummelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] × grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) hybrids, were established on nine rootstocks in the Indian River citrus region of Florida in 1993. The trees on the citrandarin rootstock ×639 [Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) × trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L.)] were significantly more productive than trees on any other rootstock tested for `Oroblanco' and all rootstocks except Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) and Cleopatra mandarin for `Melogold'. Cumulative production of `Oroblanco' on ×639, through year 9, was 50% higher than for Swingle or Volkamer lemon [C. limon (L.)], which were the next highest in yield. `Melogold' displayed extremely low yield, with 45% of trees producing fewer than 50 fruit total in the 9 years of this study. Carrizo citrange (C. sinensis Osbeck × P. trifoliata) produced the smallest trees with both scion varieties, reflecting poor adaptation of this rootstock to the calcareous soil at the trial site. As expected, acidity of `Oroblanco' and `Melogold' was much lower than would be observed for grapefruit when fall harvested, with similar total soluble solids (TSS), and much higher TSS: titratable acidity ratio. Some rootstock effects on internal quality were observed.
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Legua, Pilar, Maria R. Martinez-Cuenca, Ricardo Bellver, and María Á. Forner-Giner. "Rootstock’s and scion’s impact on lemon quality in southeast Spain." International Agrophysics 32, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0018.
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Abstract In terms of growth, yield and fruit quality, three lemon varieties (‘Fino49’ F49, ‘Verna50’ V50 and ‘FinoElche’ FE) were tested on three new hybrid root stock selections (Forner-Alcaide 2324, Forner-Alcaide 418 and Forner-Alcaide 5). Yield was weighed within a nine year period and fruit quality was determined in two harvests. Tree size was similar on the Forner-Alcaide 5 and Forner-Alcaide 2324 rootstocks, but reduced by 50% on Forner-Alcaide 418. Forner-Alcaide 2324 and the Forner-Alcaide 5 rootstocks showed similar cumulative yield, while it was decreased by 66% in Forner-Alcaide 418. In all cases, ‘Verna50’ was the less efficient scion. Rootstock was found to significantly affect fruit quality variables. The Forner-Alcaide 418 rootstock induced the lowest peel thickness and peel percentage, but the highest juice content and colour index. Forner-Alcaide 5, together with Forner-Alcaide 418, showed the highest total soluble sugars. In conclusion, both the Forner-Alcaide 5 and Forner-Alcaide 2324 rootstocks generate standard tree size and high yield in the varieties tested, together with great fruit quality, being a suitable alternative for replacing C. macrophylla rootstock when used in lemon varieties. Forner-Alcaide 418 reduces tree size without decreasing yield efficiency and improves alternate-bearing of the harvest. Thus, it may have use in intensifying citrus production as it behaves as a dwarfing rootstock.
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Kunwar, Sudip, Jude Grosser, Fred G. Gmitter, William S. Castle, and Ute Albrecht. "Field Performance of ‘Hamlin’ Orange Trees Grown on Various Rootstocks in Huanglongbing-endemic Conditions." HortScience 56, no. 2 (February 2021): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15550-20.
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Most of the commercially important citrus scion cultivars are susceptible to Huanglongbing (HLB), which is the most devastating disease the citrus industry has ever faced. Because the rootstock can influence the performance of the scion in various ways, including disease and pest tolerance, use of superior rootstocks can assist citrus growers with minimizing the negative effects of HLB. The objective of this study was to assess rootstock effects on the horticultural performance and early production potential of ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees in commercial field settings under HLB-endemic conditions. Two field trials were conducted in different locations in Central and Southeast Florida. The trials were established in 2015 and included 32 diverse diploid and tetraploid rootstock cultivars and advanced selections. One trial was performed in Highlands County, FL, on a poorly drained flatwoods-type site. Another trial was performed in Polk County, FL, on a well-drained sandy Central Florida Ridge site. Horticultural traits including tree height, canopy volume, trunk diameter, canopy health, leaf nutrient content, yield, and fruit quality were assessed during the 2018–19 and 2019–20 production years. Significant differences were found among trees on different rootstocks for most of the measured traits, particularly tree vigor and productivity, but rootstock effects also varied by location. Rootstocks that induced large tree sizes, such as the diploid mandarin × trifoliate orange hybrids ‘X-639’, ‘C-54’, ‘C-57’, and ‘C-146’, also induced higher yield, but with lower yield efficiency. Most of the tetraploid rootstocks significantly reduced tree size, among which ‘Changsha+Benton’, ‘Green-3’, ‘Amb+Czo’, ‘UFR-3’, and ‘UFR-5’ induced high yield efficiency. Therefore, these rootstocks have the potential to be used in high-density plantings. However, trees on some of these small size-inducing rootstocks had a higher mortality rate and were more vulnerable to tropical force winds. This study provides important information for the selection of rootstocks with the greatest production potential in an HLB-endemic environment, especially during the early years of production.
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McCollum, Greg, and Kim D. Bowman. "Rootstock Effects on Fruit Quality among ‘Ray Ruby’ Grapefruit Trees Grown in the Indian River District of Florida." HortScience 52, no. 4 (April 2017): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11435-16.
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The objective of this experiment was to compare fruit-quality parameters of ‘Ray Ruby’ grapefruit grown on seven rootstocks. Four recent releases from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) rootstock breeding program, ‘US-852’, ‘US-897’, ‘US-942’, and ‘US-812’ (all Citrus reticulata × Poncirus trifoliata hybrids), ‘x639’ (C. reticulata × P. trifoliata), along with industry-standard ‘Sour Orange’ and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo were evaluated in a commercial orchard trial in Indian River County, FL. Fruit-quality data were collected in 2011–12 (eight harvests), 2012–13 (five harvests), and 2014 (single harvest). In each season, rootstock effects on fruit size, total solids, and solids acid ratio were significant. ‘Sour orange’ and ‘Swingle’ produced the largest fruit, whereas ‘US-897’ (a semidwarfing rootstock) produced the smallest fruit. Peel thickness (measured only in the 2011–12 season) was greatest in ‘Sour Orange’ early in the season, but not toward the end of the season. Misshapen (“sheep-nosed”) fruit occurred more frequently on ‘Sour Orange’ than on other rootstocks, although the incidence of sheep-nosing was minor. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for fruit-quality data collected in January of each of the 3 years confirmed that ‘Sour Orange’ and ‘Swingle’ produced the largest fruit and ‘US-897’ produced the smallest fruit. Total solids were the highest in ‘US-897’ and the lowest in ‘x639’ and ‘US-852’. Taken together, our data indicate that ‘US-942’ and ‘US-897’ rootstocks produced fruit with quality characteristics that equaled or exceeded ‘Sour Orange’ and ‘Swingle’, the two most common rootstocks used in the Indian River district.
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Simons, Tyler J., Christopher J. McNeil, Aubrey D. Pham, Carolyn M. Slupsky, Mikeal L. Roose, and Jean-Xavier Guinard. "Chemical, Sensory, and Consumer Evaluations of ‘DaisySL’ Mandarins Grafted onto Three Different Rootstocks." HortScience 54, no. 7 (July 2019): 1217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14023-19.
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‘DaisySL’ mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) grafted to Schaub Rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush; SHRL) Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.; CARR), and Rubidoux Trifoliate [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.; RUBT] rootstocks were measured to determine their liking by adults and children, sensory properties, and targeted metabolomics over the course of 2 consecutive years. Chemical measurements showed differences in sugars, acids, and ethanol content, whereas a descriptive analysis found variations in sweetness, mandarin flavor, juiciness, and peelability. During both years, adults significantly preferred ‘DaisySL’ mandarins grafted to CARR and RUBT over those grafted to SHRL (P ≤ 0.05). Children liked the fruit grafted to CARR and RUBT rootstocks significantly more than fruit grafted to SHRL during the first year, but they did not prefer fruit grafted to any rootstock during the second year. This research found that ‘DaisySL’ mandarins are a well-liked variety of mid-to-late season mandarin capable of filling the seasonal gap between clementine and W. Murcott varieties. We concluded that the rootstock can affect the chemical composition, sensory profile, and consumer preferences for ‘DaisySL’ mandarins.
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Andrade-Rodríguez, M., A. Villegas-Monter, and A. García-Velázquez. "CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS DEL FRUTO Y POLIEMBRIONÍA DE TRES PORTAINJERTOS DE CÍTRICOS." Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura IX, no. 02 (December 2003): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2001.10.067.
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LIGUORI, G., G. GUGLIUZZA, and P. INGLESE. "Evaluating carbon fluxes in orange orchards in relation to planting density." Journal of Agricultural Science 147, no. 6 (June 2, 2009): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960900882x.
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SUMMARYOrange (Citrus sinensis L.) is one of the main fruit crops worldwide and its evergreen orchards may have a great potential for carbon (C) sequestration, but no data are currently available. In order to understand carbon fluxes in orange orchards, an experiment was undertaken on traditional and intensive planting systems.The experiment used C. sinensis scions grafted onto Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) rootstock. One orchard contained 14-year-old trees of the cv. Tarocco Scirè (a blood orange) grown in a traditional system with 494 trees/ha. The second orchard contained 12-year-old trees of the cv. Newhall (a seedless navel orange) grown in an intensive system with 1000 trees/ha. Net primary productivity (NPP) was obtained by measuring the annual canopy growth of single orange trees and the above ground dry biomass of the ground cover; soil respiration seasonal pattern was measured with an infrared gas analyser (EGM-4, PP System) from June 2005 to May 2006, every 2 weeks from 12·00 noon to 15·00 h for maximum respiration and from 02·00 to 05·00 h for minimum respiration; a 24 h cycle measurement of soil respiration was made every 3 months.Carbon fixation in the fruits and in the canopy of single trees was almost twice as much (10·7 kg C/tree) in the traditional than in the intensive system (5·5 kg C/tree); however, total NPP of the orchard did not change with planting density, being 5·3 t C/ha/year in the traditional system and 5·5 t C/ha/year in the intensive one. Carbon fixation by the ground cover was higher in the traditional (1·1 t C/ha/year) than in the intensive system (0·5 t C/ha/year). Annual soil respiration was 5·9 t C/ha/year in the traditional system and 4·2 t C/ha/year in the intensive one. The carbon balance was almost four times higher in the intensive system (1·8 t C/ha/year) than in the traditional one (0·5 t C/ha/year), due to large differences in soil respiration.
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Lea-Cox, John D., James P. Syvertsen, and Donald A. Graetz. "Springtime 15Nitrogen Uptake, Partitioning, and Leaching Losses from Young Bearing Citrus Trees of Differing Nitrogen Status." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126, no. 2 (March 2001): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.126.2.242.
Full textAbstract:
15Nitrogen uptake, allocation, and leaching losses from soil were quantified during spring, for 4-year-old bearing `Redblush' grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi Macf.) trees on rootstocks that impart contrasting growth rates. Nine trees on either the fast-growing `Volkamer' lemon (VL) (C. volkameriana Ten & Pasq.) or nine on the slower-growing sour orange (SO) (C. aurantium L.) rootstocks were established in drainage lysimeters filled with Candler fine sand and fertilized with 30 split applications of N, totaling 76, 140, or 336 g·year-1 per tree. A single application of double-labeled ammonium nitrate (15NH 154NO3, 20% enriched) was applied at each rate to replicate trees, in late April. Leaves, fibrous roots, soil, and leachates were intensively sampled from each treatment over the next 29 days, to determine the fate of the 15NH 154NO3 application. Newly developing spring leaves and fruit formed dominant competitive sinks for 15N, accounting for between 40% and 70% of the total 15N taken up by the various treatments. Large fruit loads intercepted up to 20% of this 15N, at the expense of spring flush development, to the detriment of overall tree N status in low-N trees. Nitrogen supply at less than the currently recommended yearly rate of 380 g/tree exceeded the requirements of 4-year-old grapefruit trees on SO rootstock; however, larger trees on VL rootstock took up the majority of 15N from this rate over the 29-day period. Nitrogen-use efficiency declined with increasing N rate, irrespective of rootstock. The residual amounts of 15N remaining in the soil profile under SO trees after this time represented a significant N leaching potential from these sandy soils. Therefore, under these conditions, present N recommendations appear adequate for rootstocks that impart relatively fast growth rates to Citrus trees, but seem excessive for trees on slower-growing rootstock species.