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Journal articles on the topic 'Citrus fruits'
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1
Pardo, Hagar, Abiola Owoyemi, Livnat Goldenberg, Yossi Yaniv, Ofir Benjamin, Adi Doron-Faigenboim, Ron Porat, and Nir Carmi. "Quality and Flavor of ‘Aliza’ Fruit: A Unique Pomelo × Mandarin Hybrid." Horticulturae 9, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040420.
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‘Aliza’ is a new pomelo × mandarin hybrid (Citrus maxima, cv. Red Chandler × Citrus reticulata, cv. Ora) developed by the Israeli citrus breeding program at the Volcani Institute. Here, we aimed to characterize the quality and flavor of ‘Aliza’ fruit as compared to other commercial citrus fruit, specifically pomelo (C. maxima), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), orange (Citrus sinensis) and mandarin (C. reticulata). ‘Aliza’ fruits have a similar size as grapefruits, but have a thinner peel and a unique yellowish/golden color. ‘Aliza’ fruits are completely seedless and have especially high juice contents. They also have a unique, highly preferred flavor, characterized by high sweetness and moderate bitterness and acidity, with strong citrusy and tropical fruity aromas. Sensory analyses conducted with the aid of a trained panel and an electronic tongue revealed that the flavor of ‘Aliza’ fruits is different from the flavors of other citrus species. Consumer acceptance and preference tests revealed that ‘Aliza’ fruit are highly appreciated and favored. The aroma volatile profile of ‘Aliza’ fruit was somewhat similar to those of pomelo and grapefruit, but very different from those of orange and mandarin. Overall, ‘Aliza’ fruits can be distinguished from other citrus fruits by their unique color, high juice content and exceptional, unique flavor.
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Aslam, Kinza, Shahzad Zafar Iqbal, Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, Sunusi Usman, and Nada Basheir Ali. "Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052270.
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This research aims to assess the natural occurrence of patulin (PAT) in selected citrus fruits from central cities of Punjab and Pakistan’s northern cities. A total of 2970 fruit samples from 12 citrus cultivars were examined using liquid chromatography fitted with a UV detector. The detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit were 0.04 and 0.12 µg/kg, respectively. About 56% of samples of citrus fruits from Punjab’s central cities, Pakistan, were found to be contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 1150 µg/kg in samples from central Punjab cities. Furthermore, 31.7% of samples of citrus fruits from northern cities of Pakistan were contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 320 µg/kg. About 22.1% of citrus fruit samples had PAT levels greater than the suggested limits established by the European Union (EU). The dietary intake levels of PAT ranged from 0.10 to 1.11 µg/kg bw/day in the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan, and 0.13 to 1.93 µg/kg bw/day in the northern cities of Pakistan.
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He, Yu. "Assessment of Climate Adaptability in the Late-Maturing Citrus Industry in Sichuan Province." Agriculture 14, no. 7 (July 9, 2024): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071101.
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Sichuan Province is the largest inland area for late-maturing citrus fruit production in China, and its climate conditions are a primary consideration for the cultivation of late-maturing citrus fruits. Based on meteorological data from 2010 to 2020 for the 18 prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures in Sichuan Province that cultivate late-maturing citrus fruits, along with the traditional method of dividing the advantages of citrus and the calculation of comparative advantage using factor endowment coefficients, we identified the annual average temperature, annual accumulated temperature ≥ 10 °C, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation, and annual sunshine hours as input indicators. We selected the resource endowment coefficient as the output indicator and used the DEA–Malmquist index model to evaluate the climate adaptability of Sichuan’s late-maturing citrus fruit industry. The analysis results indicate that the overall climate conditions in Sichuan are suitable for the growth of late-maturing citrus fruits. However, extensive cultivation of similar varieties has led to a decline in resource endowment across different regions. The use of arable land for cultivating late-maturing citrus fruits has also reduced climate adaptability. Policies that contradict climate adaptability do not support sustainable development within Sichuan’s late-maturing citrus fruit industry.
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Leporini, Mariarosaria, Rosa Tundis, Vincenzo Sicari, and Monica Rosa Loizzo. "Citrus species: Modern functional food and nutraceutical-based product ingredient." Italian Journal of Food Science 33, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 63–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v33i2.2009.
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Citrus is the most cultivated fruit crop in the world and occupies a place of considerable importance in the country’s economy. Almost 33% of the citrus fruits are processed for juice production; however, a great amount of wastes, including peels, segment membranes, and seeds are also produced. Indeed, citrus fruits consist of 45% juice, 26% pulp, 27% peels, and 2% seeds. Pruning, a cultural practice involving the removal of tree branches and limbs, was applied to improve fruit’s quality. A large amount of leaves are produced through pruning. These agri-food matrices contain a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals compared to fruits. The present review covers the past 5 years of research carried out in chemistry, health properties, and applications in food and nutraceutical industries of all portions of citrus fruit and its major bioactive compounds. Additionally, patents are also included.
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Dorj, Ulzii-Orshikh, Uranbaigal Dejidbal, Hongseok Chae, Lkhagvadorj Batsambuu, Altanchimeg Badarch, and Shinebayar Dalkhaa. "CITRUS FRUIT QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 48, no. 5 (January 9, 2019): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2018-5-12.
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A new computer vision algorithm for citrus fruit quality classification based on the size of a single tree fruits was developed in this study. The image properties of area, perimeter, and diameter for the citrus fruits were measured by pixels. In order to estimate citrus fruit size in a realistic manner, the ratios of diameter, perimeter and area in pixel values in relation to the actual size of one fruit were determined. The total of 1860 citrus fruits were grouped based on diameter, perimeter, and area in pixels. The results of the grouping of citrus fruits by diameter, perimeter and area were compared with the results of the survey research into citrus fruit size as conducted by the Jeju Citrus Commission. Comparative results reveal that the image of the citrus fruit diameter in pixels demonstrate a more accurate size than the other two pixel values, i.e. perimeter and area.
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Setianingsih, Ni Luh Putu Putri, I. Ketut Selamet, I. Wayan Sudiarta, and I. Wayan Wesna Astara. "Empowerment of Housewives and Marketing Strategies in the Development of Various Citrus Fruit Processed Businesses in Catur Village, Kintamani, Bali." Asian Journal of Applied Business and Management 2, no. 3 (August 31, 2023): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ajabm.v2i3.5591.
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The activities of the Assisted Village Empowerment Program, which are carried out in Catur Village, Kintamani, and Bangli-Bali, aim to increase the knowledge and skills of groups of housewives in managing the results of citrus fruit products into various processed citrus fruits that have economic value. The Housewives Group has become a leader in citrus fruit management at the household level. The methods used include observation, counseling, education, and direct practice. Based on the results, 100% of the Housewives Group can use tools for the product manufacturing process to produce various processed citrus fruits that have economic value and quality. The group of housewives in Catur Village, after receiving socialization and training, is committed to producing citrus fruits and making various processed citrus fruits into products that have economic value and quality.
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Dhiman, Poonam. "Contemporary Study on Citrus Disease Classification System." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 10035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10035ecst.
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Machine vision systems enable many applications in all important fields of life like medical healthcare, agriculture, fruit and vegetable industry, etc. One of the application fields is disease detection of fruit. The disease identification of fruits is a critical issue and advanced automatic detection systems need to be developed. In the recent years, image processing techniques have been employed for the quality evaluation of the fruits. This paper presents the current advancement in image processing techniques used by the disease recognition system of the citrus fruits. In past few years, different approaches are applied for grading the citrus fruits using machine vision system. The paper presents the overview of different techniques like pre-processing, segmentation, and classification that is used by the disease detection system of citrus fruits. This paper also presents the detailed description of the different state of art disease detection system proposed by the researcher for attending identifying the disease present in citrus fruit. The detailed survey of the disease detection technique present in citrus fruit has been presented to investigate the usage of recent approaches employed in machine vision systems.
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Nikos T. Papadopoulos, Dimitrios P. Papachristos, and Charalambos Ioannou. "CITRUS FRUITS AND THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1065 (January 2015): 1009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1065.126.
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Kalatippi, A. S., Patil S S, Kapil Patil, Rahul Dongre, Dinesh Kumar Kuldeep, and Manmohan Singh Bhooriya. "Citrus Physiological Disorders and Their Ameliorating Control Measures: A Review." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 5 (March 13, 2024): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i51921.
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Citrus fruits are well known for their taste, flavour, aroma and fragrance, with rich vitamin C content. Fruits are rich in various nutrients, minerals and vitamins because of which they have the important role in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. The citrus fruit cultivation experiences many challenges through biotic and abiotic stresses leading to occurrence of pest and diseases coupled with physiological disorders. The occurrence of pre and post-harvest disorders due to abiotic stresses and improper harvesting methods and unhygienic field conditions would lead to reduction in yield, fruit quality and commercial value of the produce and products. Improper harvesting and management in citrus fruits reduce the quality and appearance of the fruits. Pre-harvest disorders like granulation, fruit cracking, puffiness, superficial rind pitting, creasing and sunburn, and post-harvest disorders such as chilling injury, oleocellosis, rind staining, peteca, stylar end breakdown and stem end rind breakdown are the resultant disorders repeatedly noticed in citrus fruits. Maintenance of garden hygiene, flower regulation, water and nutrient management, bahar treatment, use of growth regulators and crop load coupled with canopy management would help in minimising the above disorders in citrus fruit crops.
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Jyoti, Jyoti, and Veena Veena. "Knowledge of Utilization of Citrus Fruit Peels after Consumption among Random Selected Population at Sonepat District in Haryana State." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i12.003.
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Citrus is an important part of fruit family. It belonging to the family Rutaceae, which include fruits such as orange, mandarin, lime, lemon, sour orange and grapefruit, pomelo appear as a well known promising source of multiple beneficial nutrients for human beings. Processing of citrus by-products (peel, pulp, and seed) potentially represents a rich source of phenolic compounds and dietary fiber, by consumption of citrus fruit the large amount of peel waste produced. These citrus fruit residues, which are generally discarded as waste in the environment, they can act as potential nutraceutical resources. Such comprehensive Utilization of Citrus By-products provides comprehensive knowledge and information on the development and utilization of citrus by-products, including (types, preparation, and determination) of their main functional components. One of the most popular fruits in the world, from the point of processing is citrus fruits by which produces citrus peel, a primary by-product. Current statuses of citrus peel pollute the environment and waste resources so eco-friendly solutions are sought. This review systematically summarized the knowledge of utilization of citrus peel, which generally discarded as waste by consumer after consumption of fruit.
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Kumar Patel, Manish, Dalia Maurer, Oleg Feygenberg, Amos Ovadia, Yigal Elad, Michal Oren-Shamir, and Noam Alkan. "Phenylalanine: A Promising Inducer of Fruit Resistance to Postharvest Pathogens." Foods 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9050646.
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More than 40% of harvested fruit is lost, largely due to decay. In parallel, restrictions on postharvest fungicides call for eco-friendly alternatives. Fruit’s natural resistance depends mainly on flavonoids and anthocyanins—which have antioxidant and antifungal activity—synthesized from the phenylpropanoid pathway with phenylalanine as a precursor. We hypothesized that phenylalanine could induce fruit’s natural defense response and tolerance to fungal pathogens. The postharvest application of phenylalanine to mango and avocado fruit reduced anthracnose and stem-end rot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, respectively. The postharvest application of phenylalanine to citrus fruit reduced green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum. The optimal phenylalanine concentrations for postharvest application were 6 mM for citrus fruits and 8 mM for mangoes and avocadoes. The preharvest application of phenylalanine to strawberries, mangoes, and citrus fruits also reduced postharvest decay. Interestingly, citrus fruit resistance to P. digitatum inoculated immediately after phenylalanine application was not improved, whereas inoculation performed 2 days after phenylalanine treatment induced the defense response. Five hours after the treatment, no phenylalanine residue was detected on/in the fruit, probably due to rapid phenylalanine metabolism. Additionally, in vitro testing showed no inhibitory effect of phenylalanine on conidial germination. Altogether, we characterized a new inducer of the fruit defense response—phenylalanine. Preharvest or postharvest application to fruit led to the inhibition of fungal pathogen-induced postharvest decay, suggesting that the application of phenylalanine could become an eco-friendly and healthy alternative to fungicides.
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Xiao, Xu, Yaonan Wang, Bing Zhou, and Yiming Jiang. "Flexible Hand Claw Picking Method for Citrus-Picking Robot Based on Target Fruit Recognition." Agriculture 14, no. 8 (July 25, 2024): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081227.
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In order to meet the demand of the intelligent and efficient picking of fresh citrus fruit in a natural environment, a flexible and independent picking method of fresh citrus fruit based on picking pattern recognition was proposed. The convolutional attention (CA) mechanism was added in the YOLOv7 network model. This makes the model pay more attention to the citrus fruit region, reduces the interference of some redundant information in the background and feature maps, effectively improves the recognition accuracy of the YOLOv7 network model, and reduces the detection error of the hand region. According to the physical parameters of the citrus fruit and stem, an end-effector suitable for picking citrus fruit was designed, which effectively reduced the damage during the picking of citrus fruit. According to the actual distribution of citrus fruits in the natural environment, a citrus fruit-picking task planning model was established, so that the adaptability of the flexible handle can make up for the inaccuracy of the deep learning method to a certain extent when the end-effector picks fruits independently. Finally, on the basis of integrating the key components of the picking robot, a production test was carried out in a standard citrus orchard. The experimental results show that the success rate of the citrus-picking robot arm is 87.15%, and the success rate of picking in the natural field environment is 82.4%, which is better than the success rate of 80% of the market picking robot. In the picking experiment, the main reason for the unsuccessful positioning of citrus fruits is that the position of citrus fruits is beyond the picking range of the end-effector, and the motion parameters of the robot arm joint will produce errors, affecting the motion accuracy of the robot arm, leading to the failure of picking. This study can provide technical support for the exploration and application of the intelligent fruit-picking mode.
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Ganry, Jacky. "Citrus greening in Jamaica." Fruits 65, no. 2 (March 2010): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/20010007.
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Yasmeen, Roheela, and Sumaira Mazhar. "Isolation of Aspergillus niger from Deteriorating Sweet Oranges (Citrus Sinensis) and their Effect on Fresh Oranges." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 3, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2019.030256.
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Sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) are the most well-known fruit in the citrus family. It is a good source of vitamin C, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and pectins. Although, fruits are now stored well but concerns for spoilage of fruits particularly due to fungal diseases still present. Fungi can grow on a variety of substrates, and hence responsible for various diseases in humans and are quite harmful to crops and fruits as well. The present study was conducted for isolation, identification and characterization of fungi associated with spoilage of orange fruit (Citrus sinensis). The samples of Citrus sinensis were collected from fruit markets located near Sanda, Lahore. Pure cultures of Aspergillus niger were obtained, after colonial and morphological (shape, structure, color) characterization of the isolates. The isolated fungal strain (Aspergillus niger) was applied on the skin of fresh Citrus sinensis and pathogenicity test was carried out. It was noticed the isolated strain was pathogen and cause disease in fresh specimens of sweet oranges.
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Ben Hsouna, Anis, Carmen Sadaka, Ivana Generalić Mekinić, Stefania Garzoli, Jaroslava Švarc-Gajić, Francisca Rodrigues, Simone Morais, et al. "The Chemical Variability, Nutraceutical Value, and Food-Industry and Cosmetic Applications of Citrus Plants: A Critical Review." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020481.
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Citrus fruits occupy an important position in the context of the fruit trade, considering that both fresh fruits and processed products are produced on a large scale. Citrus fruits are recognized as an essential component of the human diet, thanks to their high content of beneficial nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, terpenes, flavonoids, coumarins and dietary fibers. Among these, a wide range of positive biological activities are attributed to terpenes and flavonoids derivatives. In this review, a list of bibliographic reports (from 2015 onwards) on the phytochemical composition, beneficial effects and potential applications of citrus fruits and their by-products is systematically summarized. In detail, information regarding the nutraceutical and medicinal value closely linked to the presence of numerous bioactive metabolites and their growing use in the food industry and food packaging, also considering any technological strategies such as encapsulation to guarantee their stability over time, were evaluated. In addition, since citrus fruit, as well as its by-products, are interesting alternatives for the reformulation of natural cosmetic products, the sector of the cosmetic industry is also explored. More in-depth knowledge of the latest information in this field will contribute to future conscious use of citrus fruits.
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Shermila P, Josephin, Akila Victor, S. Oswalt Manoj, and E. Anna Devi. "Automatic detection and classification of disease in citrus fruit and leaves using a customized CNN based model." Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas 23, no. 2 (March 30, 2024): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.24.23.2.13.
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India's commercial advancement and development depend heavily on agriculture. A common fruit grown in tropical settings is citrus. A professional judgment is required while analyzing an illness because different diseases have slight variations in their symptoms. In order to recognize and classify diseases in citrus fruits and leaves, a customized CNN-based approach that links CNN with LSTM was developed in this research. By using a CNN-based method, it is possible to automatically differentiate from healthier fruits and leaves and those that have diseases such fruit blight, fruit greening, fruit scab, and melanoses. In terms of performance, the proposed approach achieves 96% accuracy, 98% sensitivity, 96% Recall, and an F1-score of 92% for citrus fruit and leave identification and classification and the proposed method was compared with KNN, SVM, and CNN and concluded that the proposed CNN-based model is more accurate and effective at identifying illnesses in citrus fruits and leaves
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Mcquate, Grant T., Peter A. Follett, Nicanor J. Liquido, and Charmaine D. Sylva. "Assessment of Navel Oranges, Clementine Tangerines, and Rutaceous Fruits as Hosts of Bactrocera cucurbitae and Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae)." International Journal of Insect Science 7 (January 2015): IJIS.S20069. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijis.s20069.
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Export of Citrus spp. fruits may require risk mitigation measures if grown in areas with established tephritid fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations capable of infesting the fruits. The host status of Citrus spp. fruits is unclear for two tephritid fruit fly species whose geographic ranges have expanded in recent years: melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Cocquillett), and Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel). In no choice cage infestation studies, B. latifrons oviposited into intact and punctured Washington navel oranges ( Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) and Clementine tangerines ( C. reticulata L. var. Clementine), but eggs rarely developed to the adult stage. B. cucurbitae readily infested intact and punctured tangerines, and to a lesser extent punctured oranges, but did not infest intact oranges. Limited cage infestation and only a single literature report of field Citrus spp. infestation suggest that risk mitigation of Citrus spp. for B. latifrons is not needed. Risk mitigation options of Citrus spp. for B. cucurbitae, including heat and cold treatments and systems approaches, are discussed.
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Batool, Aniba, Samra Imran, and Afifa Tanweer. "Relative Nutritional And Phytochemical Composition Of Citrus Fruit Compartments- A Case Against Wasting Citrus Peels." NURTURE 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55951/nurture.v14i1.8.
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Citrus fruits are known to contribute towards health considering their nutritional composition as well as bioactive ingredients. Although utilized at the industrial level, household-level consumption of citrus peel is not a common concept. The current study was conducted to compare the composition of different citrus fruits as well as to compare their peels and pulps composition. Three samples of citrus fruits (oranges (Citrus Sinensis) [sample O], lemons (Citrus Limons) [sample L], and grapefruits (Citrus Paradisi) [sample G]) were selected. Two variables; type of fruit with three categories (O vs L vs G) and part of the fruit with two categories (peel vs pulp) were studied. Proximate contents (AOAC methods), antioxidant activity (modified DPPH bleaching), Ferrous ion chelating activity, and total phenol content (Folin- Ciocalteu method) were determined for each sample. Oneway ANOVA and post hoc analysis was run to note down differences among various samples. Except for moisture and fat, all other proximate components showed significantly higher amounts in peels compared with pulp. Fiber and ash contents were significantly higher in peels compared with pulps for all three fruits with a mean difference of L=10.1g, O= 9.29g, G= 10.19g for fiber and L= 0.18g, O=0.37g, G=0.10g for ash. Protein and carbohydrate were found in higher quantity in peels of Samples O and L (mean difference L=0.38g, O=0.15g for protein and L=8.1g, O=13.86g) while significantly lower in the peel of sample G (mean difference protein=1.14g, carbohydrate=0.98g). Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content and chelating activity were found to be significantly higher in peels of L, O, and G though these contents were not significantly correlated (p>0.05) to one another. The findings of this study show that citrus fruits are a rich source of nutrients as well as phytochemicals. The peels of citrus fruits can serve as better sources of antioxidants, phenolic content, chelating properties, and some nutrients than their pulps. This study provides evidence for the benefits of utilizing peels at the household level while reducing food waste.
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THAKRE, MADHUBALA, M. K. VERMA, KANHAIYA SINGH, O. P. AWASTHI, R. R. SHARMA, and MRINMOY RAY. "Proposal and validation of colour index for Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 8 (August 21, 2018): 1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i8.82521.
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Kinnow (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora) acceptability by consumer and processors depends on their bright orange colour, size and other quality traits like TSS and acidity. More bright orange coloured Kinnow fruits are preferred. The objective of this study is to propose an index for growers and researchers to know the harvesting date and better quality of fruits respectively. Kinnow fruits of varying colour gradient were harvested from ten treatments. These ten treatments were different doses of N: P: K. They acted as a source to produce variability in Kinnow peel colour, which was utilized for index formulation and validation. They were compared with a standard. Standard comprised of most uniform bright orange coloured fruits of Kinnow orange. The observations for L, a and b were recorded by Hunterlab. There were total eleven colour indexes studied. Out of eleven indexes, seven were previously validated by other workers for different fruit crops. Four indexes were formulated in this study to validate them for Kinnow along with remaining seven indexes. Index a/b showed highest positive correlation with total carotenoid content of peel (0.548 and 0.519 respectively). It recorded minimum value for standard (0.52±0.02) indicates that lower values for these indices will represent brighter colour of kinnow.
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Kahramanoğlu, İbrahim, Chuying Chen, Zengyu Gan, Jinyin Chen, and Chunpeng Wan. "The Effects of Edible Coatings on the Postharvest Quality of Citrus Fruits as Affected by Granulation." Journal of Food Quality 2020 (July 1, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8819233.
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The world population is growing day-by-day, while the available natural resources for agricultural production, i.e., soil and water, are rapidly decreasing. Moreover, consumer preferences are highly affected by some quality characteristics of food products, which can be classified as external, internal, and hidden attributes. Among the internal quality attributes, granulation is a significant factor damaging the inner quality of citrus fruits and reducing the consumer attraction. The main symptoms of granulation (also known as section drying, crystallization, or scarification) in citrus are shrivelling in juice sacs due to gel formation, hardening, white colour, and low extractable juice content. A well-known result of the granulation is the reduction in soluble solid concentration (SSC), total sugar, and titratable acidity (TA). Granulation is known to affect the citrus fruit quality all over the world. Since citrus is one of the world’s most popular fruit species, it is highly important to identify and manage this physiological problem to help sustainable production throughout the world. Consumer’s preferences have also been moving towards the use of eco- and environmental-friendly alternative methods in postharvest fruit storage, including edible coatings. Edible coatings act as a barrier for the air and water transitions through the surface of fruits which results in retarding the deterioration of fruits, preventing and/or controlling the microbial decay, improving the fruit quality, and hence extending the storage duration. The mechanism of citrus fruit granulation is highly associated with the oxidative stress, and edible coatings have been reported to significantly reduce granulation and improve the quality of the fruits. In line with this information, this review article aimed to summarize the reasons, results, and managements of granulation of citrus fruits.
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Lin, Yuhan, Wenxin Hu, Zhenhui Zheng, and Juntao Xiong. "Citrus Identification and Counting Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv5s and DeepSort." Agronomy 13, no. 7 (June 21, 2023): 1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071674.
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A method for counting the number of citrus fruits based on the improved YOLOv5s algorithm combined with the DeepSort tracking algorithm is proposed to address the problem of the low accuracy of counting citrus fruits due to shading and lighting factors in videos taken in orchards. In order to improve the recognition of citrus fruits, the attention module CBAM is fused with the backbone part of the YOLOv5s network, and the Contextual Transformer self-attention module is incorporated into the backbone network; meanwhile, SIoU is used as the new loss function instead of GIoU to further improve the accuracy of detection and to better keep the model in real time. Then, it is combined with the DeepSort algorithm to realize the counting of citrus fruits. The experimental results demonstrated that the average recognition accuracy of the improved YOLOv5s algorithm for citrus fruits improved by 3.51% compared with the original algorithm, and the average multi-target tracking accuracy for citrus fruits combined with the DeepSort algorithm was 90.83%, indicating that the improved algorithm has a higher recognition accuracy and counting precision in a complex environment, and has a better real-time performance, which can effectively achieve the real-time detection and tracking counting of citrus fruits. However, the improved algorithm has a reduced real-time performance and has difficulty in distinguishing whether or not the fruit is ripe.
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Ghabbari, Mabrouka, and Jouda Mediouni Ben Jemâa. "Infestation and evaluation of damage of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Citrus in Southern Tunisia." JOURNAL OF OASIS AGRICULTURE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 6, no. 01 (April 20, 2024): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.56027/joasd.112024.
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The damages caused by the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were assessed on citrus host fruits namely: Thomson (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), clementine (Citrus clementica Hort. ex Tan.), mandarin (Citrus delisiosa L.), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Eureka) in two regions in southern Tunisia (Gabes and Tozeur) during 2013-14 - 2015-16. Damage were evaluated by the determination of percentages of fruit infestation (Percentage of punctured fruits) and of fallen fruits. Results showed that C. capitata damage varied upon citrus species and sites. The infestation rates were 42. 02, 39.83, 32.5, and 3.44% in Tozeur, against 39.86, 37.18, 30.57, and 3.38% in Gabes, respectively for Thomson, clementine, mandarin, and lemon. Besides, the highest percentages of dropped fruit were obtained for Thomson navel variety (9.02 and 7.84% in Tozeur and Gabes, respectively) against the lowest percentage recorded for the lemon Eureka variety (2.89 and 2.77% in Tozeur and Gabes respectively). In addition, the highest mean number of punctures/fruit was observed for Thomson navel variety in both regions with mean values of 3.17 and 3.38 %, respectively for Gabes and Tozeur. Results highlighted the severity of C. capitata damages in southern Tunisia and the urgency to develop appropriate control strategies in the oasis fragile ecosystem.
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Hochava, Medea, Abdulmutalip Sampiev, Eduard Oganesyan, Marina Semenenko, and Valentina Malyavina. "Development of a technology for obtaining hesperidin from citrus fruit processing waste." BIO Web of Conferences 46 (2022): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224601013.
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When processing citrus fruits into concentrated juice, enterprises generate waste in the form of peel, pit, and pulp. These wastes, especially the peel, are rich in useful biologically active substances. The most representative in terms of content and valuable from the point of view of use in medicine and the food industry, groups of biologically active substances of citrus fruits are flavonoids and carbohydrates. Flavanones are known for their multifunctional and antioxidant action. The dominant flavanone of citrus fruits, hesperidin, can be used as an active substance for the preparation in medicine and in medicinal food products. Research in the ways of using various valuable products from citrus fruit processing waste are presented in foreign scientific sources, while Russian scientists have paid insufficient attention to this urgent problem. This article substantiates and experimentally confirms the optimal method for obtaining hesperidin from citrus fruit processing waste.
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Fan, Zihan, Huaye Xiong, Yayin Luo, Yuheng Wang, Huanyu Zhao, Wenli Li, Xinhua He, Jie Wang, Xiaojun Shi, and Yueqiang Zhang. "Fruit Yields Depend on Biomass and Nutrient Accumulations in New Shoots of Citrus Trees." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121988.
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New shoots (including newly formed leaves and twigs) and fruits of citrus tree are key organs for present yield formation and flower differentiation in the next season, but the relationship between yield fluctuation and accumulations of major nutrients in new shoots and fruits of citrus tree is still unclear. Thus, to quantify the biomass and mineral nutrient accumulation in new shoots and fruits of citrus trees under varied yield levels has essential significance for rational fertilization and pruning management for citrus orchards. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate the accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and the distribution of biomass in new shoots and fruits of citrus trees under low, medium and high-yield levels in each of eight orchards located in Chongqing, China. The results showed that substantial variation of fruit yield was observed in all eight orchards with an average yield of 15.0 (low), 30.9 (medium) and 60.1 (high) kg/plant. The averaged biomass of new shoots ranged from 1.59 to 2.51 kg/plant, which was significantly and positively correlated with fruit yield. Nutrient accumulation in leaves was generally highest among new organs, while more than half of N (52.70–71.4%), P (66.5–80.4%) and K (68.9–85.9%) accumulated in fruit. Fruit yields closely correlated with total amounts of major nutrients in new shoots. Furthermore, the nutrient requirements per unit of newly developed shoots and fruits were gradually decreased with increased yield, but the removed nutrients per ton of fresh fruit were almost stable, indicating that more nutrients were distributed into fruit tissues. Taken together, these findings are valuable for optimizing nutrient and pruning management in citrus orchards in China and other similar countries.
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Al-Hajani, Rezan M. A., N. N. F. Haded, and S. F. A. Al Bamarny. "INFLUENCE OF CITRIC ACID, GINGER EXTRACT AND STORAGE PERIOD ON FRUIT QUALITY OF LOCAL ORANGE (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i4.1597.
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This study was carried out on fruit of local orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) grown at private orchard Diyala governorate / Iraq, to study the effect of dipped fruits for 10 min in (0, 1, 2, 3% citric acid, 5 and 10% ginger) on fruit quality of orange during 65- and 105-days cold storage at 5+1 with 85- 90% RH. Dipping fruits in citric acid solution reduced fruit's weight loss and decay. Ginger extract at 5 and 10% significantly reserved acidity, total sugar and sugar/acid ratio, also caused a reduction in fruit weight loss and fruit decay. There was a significant decreases in fruits peel carotene and an increases in vitamin C, when fruits were treated with 5% ginger extract. Prolonging storage period from 65 to 105day significantly increased fruit total soluble solids, weight loss, total sugar, and fruit peel carotene but, reduced vitamin C and total acidity. The interaction between dip treatments and storage period had a significantly positive effect on the quality feature of fruit orange.
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Al-Jassani, Rahdi Fadel, and Ali Hasan Abou Rgheef. "Seasonal Distribution and Food Preference of the Peach Fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) on Different Types of Citrus Fruit Trees in Baghdad Governorate." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 41, no. 2 (2023): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.2.093097.
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Al-Jassani, R.F. and A.H. Abou Rgheef. 2023. Seasonal Distribution and Food Preference of the Peach Fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) on Different Types of Citrus Fruit Trees in Baghdad Governorate. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 93-97. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.2.093097 The study was conducted in an orchard in Baghdad city to monitor infestation rate and movement of Bactrocera zonata in infested fruits during different periods. Results obtained showed that the seasonal distribution of the peach fruit fly B. zonata was proportional to the presence of the fruits and their maturity stage in the orchard. Apricots infestation occurred in May and June, peach in June and July, yellow figs in July and August, mango in August and September, mandarin in October and November, oranges in November and December, and sour orange in December. The results of the study demonstrated that the peach fruit fly varied in its preference and infestation of the different citrus species fruits, based on fruits infestation rates and the average larvae number per fruit. Mandarin fruits were the most preferred types of citrus by B. zonata, followed by orange fruits, grapefruit, sindhi, sweet lemon, and sour orange. In contrast, the sour lemon fruits were not infested. The seasonal distribution of fruit types is important and can be used in the design of preventive control strategies to protect the various fruits from insect’s infestation. Keywords: Peach fruit fly, seasonal distribution, Baghdad, mandarin, sour orange
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Mudholakar, Sunita, Kavitha G, Kanaya Kumari K T, and Shubha G V. "Automatic Detection of Citrus Fruit and Leaves Diseases Using Deep Neural Network." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 4043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45868.
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Abstract: Citrus fruit diseases are the major cause of extreme citrus fruit yield declines. Plant disease detection and classification are crucial long term agriculture. Manually monitoring citrus diseases is quite tough. As a result, image processing is used for designing an automated detection system for citrus plant diseases. Image acquisition, image preprocessing, image segmentation, feature extraction and classification are main processes in the citrus disease detection process. Deep learning methods have recently obtained promising results in a number of artificial intelligence issues, leading us to apply them to the challenge of recognizing citrus fruit and leaf diseases. In this approach, an integrated approach is used to suggest a convolutional neural networks (CNNs) model. The proposed CNN model is intended to differentiate healthy fruits and leaves from fruits/leaves with common citrus diseases such as black spot, canker and citrus blight. The proposed CNN model extracts complementary discriminative features by integrating multiple layers.
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Hasan, Mohammed Faruk, Mohammed Asadul Islam, and Biswanath Sikdar. "First report on molecular identification of Fusarium species causing fruit rot of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) in Bangladesh." F1000Research 9 (October 8, 2020): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26464.1.
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Background: Fusarium rot is a newly introduced, devastating disease of citrus fruits. The current investigation was undertaken to characterize the microbes responsible for fruit rot in Citrus reticulata. Methods: Pathogens were isolated from infected citrus fruits using morphological and molecular approaches. For confirmation of the isolated fungi, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and internal transcribed spacer gene sequencing techniques were used. Results: The isolated fungus was grown on potato dextrose agar for three days and it produced clamydospores, hyphae and macroconidia. PCR amplification of isolated fungal DNA gave a 650 bp product. The sequence obtained from isolated fungi had 99.42% similarity with the reference Fusarium concentricum sequence in NCBI GenBank. The obtained sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. MT856371). Two isolates showed virulence capability on fresh guava, sweet orange and tomato fruits, which confirmed species identification and Koch’s postulates. Artificially inoculated fungal species grown on tested fruits showed typical Fusarium species symptoms. Conclusions: Outcomes of the present study are beneficial for the detection of this detrimental disease in postharvest Citrus reticulata fruits. Further research is needed for the control of this economically important disease. This is the first study of fruit rot in Citrus reticulata caused by Fusarium in Bangladesh.
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Hasan, Mohammed Faruk, Mohammed Asadul Islam, and Biswanath Sikdar. "First report on molecular identification of Fusarium species causing fruit rot of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) in Bangladesh." F1000Research 9 (February 15, 2023): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26464.2.
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Background: Fusarium rot is a newly introduced, devastating disease of citrus fruits. The current investigation was undertaken to characterize the microbes responsible for fruit rot in Citrus reticulata. Methods: Pathogens were isolated from infected citrus fruits using morphological and molecular approaches. For confirmation of the isolated fungi, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and internal transcribed spacer gene sequencing techniques were used. Results: The isolated fungus was grown on potato dextrose agar for three days and it produced clamydospores, hyphae and macroconidia. PCR amplification of isolated fungal DNA gave a 650 bp product. The sequence obtained from isolated fungi had 99.42% similarity with the reference Fusarium concentricum sequence in NCBI GenBank. The obtained sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. MT856371). Two isolates showed virulence capability on fresh guava, sweet orange and tomato fruits, which confirmed species identification and Koch’s postulates. Artificially inoculated fungal species grown on tested fruits showed typical Fusarium species symptoms. Conclusions: Outcomes of the present study are beneficial for the detection of this detrimental disease in postharvest Citrus reticulata fruits. Further research is needed for the control of this economically important disease. This is the first study of fruit rot in Citrus reticulata caused by Fusarium in Bangladesh.
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Ganry, Jacky. "Citrus Tristeza – Banana Sigatoka disease." Fruits 62, no. 5 (September 2007): A1—A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/200762500.
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Hanif, Zainuri, and Hasim Ashari. "Post-harvest losses of citrus fruits and perceptions of farmers in marketing decisions." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 02059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602059.
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Citrus is a non-climacteric fruit that breaks easily. Poor postharvest handling methods have resulted in severe losses to farmers. This research was conducted in 2017 at Dau Subdistrict, Malang Regency, East Java, using a purposive sampling method to understanding the losses of citrus fruits and perceptions of farmers in marketing decisions. A total of 177 citrus farmers participated in this study. Citrus farmers experienced food loss and waste is 34% in total all activity. From the value chain activities carried out by most citrus farmers: production and harvesting, handling and storage, processing, and packaging, as well as distribution and markets, farmers experience food loss and waste of 13%, 10%, 4%, and 7% respectively. Postharvest losses were influenced by farmers' perceptions of selling citrus fruits, especially prices, cash payments and the frequency of delivery of citrus fruits. By knowing the critical point most detrimental, farmers can take action to minimize losses.
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Yuniti, I. Gusti Ayu Diah, I. Gede Putu Wirawan, I. Nyoman Wijaya, and Made Sritamin. "CVPDr DNA FRAGMENT AFFECT DIFFERENCES IN RESISTANT TO CITRUS VEIN PHLOEM DEGENERATION (CVPD) DISEASE, NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES AND QUALITY OF FRUITS." International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnology 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ijbb.2017.v05.i01.p05.
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Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) disease is a major obstacle in the effort to develop and increase the production of citrus fruits in Bali. The study on the polymorphism of CVPDr DNA fragment shows that the CVPDr DNA fragment is resistant factor againt CVPD disease. This study try to elaborate the difference in resistance led to differences in plant nutrients deficiencies in the citrus plant with CVPD disease. . Besides, there are also difference in the quality of fruit due to CVPD disease attacks such as water content, vitamin C content and antioxidants in citrus fruits, color, flavor, taste and texture and fruit into small, hard and sour taste.
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Saini, Ramesh Kumar, Arina Ranjit, Kavita Sharma, Parchuri Prasad, Xiaomin Shang, Karekal Girinur Mallikarjuna Gowda, and Young-Soo Keum. "Bioactive Compounds of Citrus Fruits: A Review of Composition and Health Benefits of Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Limonoids, and Terpenes." Antioxidants 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020239.
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The increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains contributes to the reduced risk of many diseases related to metabolic syndrome, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and cancer. Citrus, the genus Citrus L., is one of the most important fruit crops, rich in carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, limonoids, and many other bioactive compounds of nutritional and nutraceutical value. Moreover, polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), a unique class of bioactive flavonoids, abundantly occur in citrus fruits. In addition, citrus essential oil, rich in limonoids and terpenes, is an economically important product due to its potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and flavoring properties. Mechanistic, observational, and intervention studies have demonstrated the health benefits of citrus bioactives in minimizing the risk of metabolic syndrome. This review provides a comprehensive view of the composition of carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and limonoids of citrus fruits and their associated health benefits.
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Di Vita, Giuseppe, Massimiliano Borrello, Riccardo Vecchio, Giovanni Gulisano, and Mario D’Amico. "Purchasing Drivers of Fresh Citrus Fruits in Urban Italy: Is It All about Taste?" Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12040979.
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While the medical community supports the growth of citrus consumption as part of a healthy diet, there is limited knowledge about consumer preferences for these fruits. The current study analyzed the purchasing patterns and drivers of fresh citrus fruits from a convenience sample of 346 Italian food shoppers. Results revealed that clementines were the citrus fruit purchased most, followed by oranges and tangerines. Sweetness and smell were important product attributes for respondents. Different drivers affect the purchasing frequencies of various citrus fruits. Taste motivation, with a specific preference for acidity, impacts orange purchasing. Similarly, clementines are purchased primarily for taste motivation, however, the core sensory attribute for respondents in this case was sweetness. Meanwhile, for tangerines, the taste motivation is less important than the energy motivation, and the size together with the color are the core purchasing drivers. These outcomes provide food scientists, agronomists and market practitioners with new insights into Italian consumers’ preferences for citrus fruits, thus contributing to a potential expansion of this market.
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Anthony, John Edgar, and Jenny Lyn Abamo. "E-Citrus: A Cloud-Based Citrus Pest and Disease Detection, Diagnostic and Prevention using Convolutional Neural Network." Journal of Innovative Technology Convergence 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.69478/jitc2024v6n2a09.
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Citrus fruit yields in the Philippines have been fluctuating dramatically in recent years. Diseases, pests, and soil inadequacy have all contributed to the citrus industry's severe decline. More than 15 viruses and virus-like diseases have infected Citrus. Agricultural productivity must improve for a country to be progressive. Resources should be utilized to their full potential, diseases and pests should be controlled efficiently, and technological advancements must be adopted. This application will identify and map common pests and diseases of citrus fruits in Oriental Mindoro, apply image processing techniques to analyze diseases of citrus fruits with corresponding solutions caused by bacteria, and give information about diseases related to citrus fruits and how to cure them. The researchers used the Spiral Model as a Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model to develop this application. In this model, researchers can plan the flow of the application. If the application did not meet the desired result, the researchers could revise it again until it met the desired one. The researchers used the convolutional neural network to classify and process the captured images of the citrus fruits’ diseases and pests. The researchers asked the selected Citrus farmers in Oriental Mindoro to evaluate the project using the different ISO 25010 criteria and rated the application as very acceptable overall.
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Deng, Jianxun. "Analysis and Recognition Based on Citrus Color Grading Model considering Computer Vision Technology." Advances in Multimedia 2021 (December 8, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6426163.
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With the continuous advancement of smart agriculture, the introduction of robots for intelligent harvesting in modern agriculture is one of the crucial methods for the picking of fruits, vegetables, and melons. In this paper, three different illuminations, including front lighting, normal lighting, and back lighting, are first applied to citrus based on the computer vision technology. Secondly, the image data of the fruits, fruit stems, and leaves of the citrus are collected. The color component distributions of citrus based on different color models are analyzed according to the corresponding characteristic values, and an exploratory data analysis process for the image data of citrus is established. In addition, 300 citrus images are selected, and the citrus fruits are segmented from the background through the simulation experiment. The results of the study indicate that the recognition rate for the maturity of citrus has exceeded 98%, which has proved the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.
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Domínguez-Gento, Alfons, Rosita Di Giorgi, María Dolores García-Martínez, and María Dolores Raigón. "Effects of Organic and Conventional Cultivation on Composition and Characterization of Two Citrus Varieties ‘Navelina’ Orange and ‘Clemenules’ Mandarin Fruits in a Long-Term Study." Horticulturae 9, no. 6 (June 19, 2023): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060721.
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A transition towards an organic food system is taking place around the world. This process is favored by growing consumer demand, who associate organic crops with being healthier, tastier, and safer for the environment than conventional crops. Citrus is one of the most widely produced crops worldwide and has important socio-economic and cultural significance in the Mediterranean area. The aim of this work is twofold; on the one hand, it reveals the variability of a set of physical–chemical and nutritional quality parameters of two citrus fruit varieties, ‘Navelina’ oranges and ‘Clemenules’ mandarins, from organic and conventional production in a long-term study. On the other hand, taking advantage of the large number of results, a model is proposed that allows the successful differentiation of citrus fruits from organic and conventional production and a tool that allows predicting the production system of citrus fruits. The results suggest that organically produced citrus fruits do not generate differences in terms of external aspects, providing fruits that are acceptable to the market. Organic production techniques influenced the lower peel content and higher pulp and juice content in ‘Navelina’ orange and ‘Clemenules’ mandarin fruits and led to a greater ability to synthesize vitamin C in the juice, more essential oils in the skin, and higher seed numbers, although in all cases, the fruits can be classified as having low seed numbers. Two discriminating equations were obtained that use easy-to-measure parameters to successfully classify organic citrus fruits. The classification and prediction models obtained constitute useful tools to help in the control of the purity/authenticity of organic citrus fruits.
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Jung, Jiin, Loretta M. Friedrich, Michelle D. Danyluk, and Donald W. Schaffner. "Quantification of Transfer of Salmonella from Citrus Fruits to Peel, Edible Portion, and Gloved Hands during Hand Peeling." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 6 (May 2, 2017): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-423.
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ABSTRACT Although studies have quantified bacterial transfer between hands and various materials, cross-contamination between the surface of fresh citrus fruit and the edible portions during hand peeling has not been reported. This study quantifies transfer of Salmonella to the edible portion of citrus fruit from a contaminated peel during hand peeling. Citrus fruits used for this study were Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) cultivars ‘Valencia' and ‘Navel’, Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarins), Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi (‘Minneola' tangelo or ‘Honeybell'), and C. paradisi (grapefruit) cultivar ‘Marsh’. An avirulent Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 (ATCC 700720) resistant to rifampin was used for all experiments. The inoculum containing approximately 9 log CFU/mL (50 μL) was spot inoculated onto the equator, stem, or styler of each fruit and allowed to dry for 24 h. Six volunteers put on single-use latex gloves and peeled inoculated fruit. Peel, edible fruit portion, and gloves were collected and enumerated separately. Three replicates of the study were performed in which each volunteer peeled two inoculated fruit of each variety (n = 36 fruit per variety). Cross-contamination from contaminated surface of citrus fruits to edible portion or gloved hands during peeling was affected by inoculation sites. Average Salmonella transfer to the edible portion ranged from 0.16% (Valencia inoculated at the equator) to 5.41% (navel inoculated at the stem). Average Salmonella transfer to gloved hands ranged from 0.41% (grapefruit inoculated at the stem) to 8.97% (navel inoculated at the stem). Most Salmonella remained on the peel of citrus fruits. The average level of Salmonella remaining on the peel ranged from 5.37% (Minneola inoculated at the equator) to 66.3% (Satsuma inoculated at the styler). When grapefruit was inoculated, the Salmonella that remained on the peel showed a bimodal pattern in which some individuals left almost all Salmonella on the peel, while others left substantially less.
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Lu, Suwen, Junli Ye, Kaijie Zhu, Yin Zhang, Mengwei Zhang, Qiang Xu, and Xiuxin Deng. "A fruit ripening-associated transcription factor CsMADS5 positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis in citrus." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 8 (February 5, 2021): 3028–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab045.
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AbstractCarotenoids in citrus contribute to the quality of the fruit, but the mechanism of its transcriptional regulation is fairly unknown. Here, we characterized a citrus FRUITFULL sub-clade MADS gene, CsMADS5, that was ripening-inducible and acted as a nucleus-localized trans-activator. Transient overexpression of CsMADS5 in citrus induced fruit coloration and enhanced carotenoid concentrations. The expression of carotenogenic genes including phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), and lycopene β-cyclase 1 (LCYb1) was increased in the peels of fruits overexpressing CsMADS5. Similar results were observed from stable overexpression of CsMADS5 in tomato fruits and citrus calli, even though the effect of CsMADS5 on carotenoid metabolism in transgenic citrus calli was limited. Further biochemical analyses demonstrated that CsMADS5 activated the transcription of PSY, PDS, and LCYb1 by directly binding to their promoters. We concluded that CsMADS5 positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis in fruits by directly activating the transcription of carotenogenic genes. Moreover, CsMADS5 physically interacted with a positive regulator CsMADS6, indicating that CsMADS5 may form an enhancer complex with CsMADS6 to synergistically promote carotenoid accumulation. These findings expand our understanding of the complex transcriptional regulatory hierarchy of carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit ripening.
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Cuong, Hoang Ngoc, Nguyen Cong Minh, Nguyen Van Hoa, Dang Ha Giang, Nguyen Van Hieu, and Pham Viet Nam. "Antifungal Activity of Squid Pen Chitosan Nanoparticles against Three Fungal Pathogens in Various Citrus Fruits In Vitro and In Vivo." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020235.
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Fungal infections have been considered a primary cause of the postharvest losses of citrus fruits. Therefore, it is necessary to find low-cost and high antifungal activity materials for preventing the decay of citrus fruits after harvest. In this study, squid chitosan nanoparticles (SCNs) were prepared from squid pen chitosan and used as a biofungicide against three citrus fungal pathogens in both in vitro and in vivo evaluations. The prepared SCNs had a mean size of ca. 56 nm and a high zeta potential of +98.7 eV with a narrow size distribution. At a range of 50–250 ppm, the SCN concentration of 200 ppm exhibited the highest activity in totally inhibiting the growth of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Alternaria alternate, and Penicillium digitatum in in vitro tests where these fungi were isolated from symptomatic fruits and identified. Furthermore, after 12 days of incubation at 30 ± 0.2 °C and high relative humidity in in vivo studies, the infection area of the sample treated at 250 ppm completely suppressed fruit disease symptoms. The results demonstrate that prepared SCNs efficiently control postharvest citrus fruit diseases. These findings recommend applying SCNs as a potential candidate for citrus fruit storage.
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Sari, Warsani Purnama. "Training on the Utilization of Citrus Fruits in Making Dodol to Improve the Welfare of Citrus Farmers in Lau Riman Village, Tanah Karo Regency." Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal 3, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birle.v3i1.813.
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Citrus fruit is one of the typical Indonesian fruits that is cheap and easy to obtain, as well as one of the daily dessert fruit of the community. One of the Citrus fruit producer locations in North Sumatra is Tanah Karo Regency, where the Citrus orchards are the main livelihood of the community. Citrus Fruit itself was developed in the era of 1990 in Tanah Karo which is able to eradicate poverty and improve the education of Tanah Karo youths. Lau Riman Village, Tiga Panah Sub-district, within +/- 17 km from Kabanjahe, is a producer of Citrus orchards in besides the Merek and Munthe areas. The Citrus orchard in Lau Riman Village surrounds the village with a total of approximately eighty eight Family Heads. Siamese honey citrus or Karo itself is known as a famous sweet citrus, has a sweet smell or aroma, rough citrus flesh, rind that is easy to peel and the appearance of the fruit is quite attractive. The purpose of Community Partnership Program activities is to assist partners in improving the skills and innovation of citrus to packaging technology so that it is expected to create economic independence and increase business income. Based on observations of partners, there are several problems encountered, including: 1) There is no innovation in citrus crop yields, 2) Conventional marketing that is only awaiting the arrival of buyers, 3) Skills and limited knowledge of the utilization of citrus crops. Specific targets in the Community Partnership Program activities that result; 1) Fruit Dodol innovation 2) Marketing Strategy 4) scientific articles published in ISSN journals. The method used to achieve the Community Partnership Program activity goals is the method of education, production training, and packaging and marketing assistance. This activity was carried out for citrus fruit farmers in Lau Riman Village, Tiga Panah Sub-district, Tanah Karo Regency, which is approximately 75 km from the University of Medan Area. The choice of location is because in the village there are communities that depend on the economic life of citrus farming and there has been no innovation to citrus fruits other than just planting, harvesting, and selling fresh citrus fruits.
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Sa’adah, Imroatus, Eny Widajati, Mia Kosmiatin, and Endah Retno Palupi. "Flowering and Seed Development Characteristic of Citrus Derived from Somatic Hybridization of Mandarin Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Siam Madu (Citrus nobilis Lour.)." AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science 44, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v44i1.2978.
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The somatic hybridization between Mandarin Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Siam Madu (Citrus nobilis Lour.) is expected to produce progenies having sweet seedless fruit. The research was aimed to study flowering biology, fruit and seed development to identify parthenocarpic lines derived from somatic hybridization. The research was carried out at Pacet Experimental Station of ICABIOGRAD, Cianjur, West Java (1150 m asl), during August 2019-July 2020. The research materials were 15 citrus lines derived from somatic hybridization between Mandarin Satsuma and Siam Madu, of which 5 plants (± 2 years old) per line were prepared. Observation was carried out on flowering phenology, flower morphology, fruit development, pollen viability, and stigma receptivity. Seedless fruits from un-pollinated, selfpollinated, and cross-pollinated flowers of each line were investigated. The results showed that flower morphology of the 15 citrus lines varied in the number of petals, flower diameter, pistil length relative to the stamen, and number of stamen. The development from bud emergence to fruit ripening also varied among and within lines, ranging from 212 to 316 days. Among the lines, FS 25 showed a stronger character towards stimulative parthenocarpy. FS 84 and FS 89 were potential sources of pollen (pollenizer) to produce seedless fruits.
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Lubinska-Szczygeł, Martyna, Żaneta Polkowska, Tomasz Dymerski, and Shela Gorinstein. "Comparison of the Physical and Sensory Properties of Hybrid Citrus Fruit Jaffa® Sweetie in Relation to the Parent Fruits." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 13, 2020): 2748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122748.
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In the presented study, an overall Jaffa sweetie evaluation was made to find a correlation between Citrus grandis Osbeck × Citrus paradisi Macf. and its parent fruits’ (Citrus grandis Osbeck, Citrus paradisi Macf.) properties. Based on the sensory analysis, it was found that the taste and aroma of the new hybrid fruit are close to pummelo. By the use of chromatographic analysis, the selected monoterpenes present in the fruits were quantified. α-terpineol was typed as the main monoterpene compound in the headspace of sweetie and grapefruit, with the concentrations: 20.96 and 87.9 μg/g, respectively. In turn, γ-terpinene was chosen as the most important monoterpene determining the flavor of sweetie fruit. Based on two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC-TOF-MS) and principal component analysis (PCA) of the data, several volatile compounds were associated with analyzed fruits’ aroma. Jaffa Sweetie is the hybrid fruit with sensory properties similar to pummelo with a higher content of monoterpenes, which improves its health benefits compared to the parent fruit. The research presents an instrumental method for assessing the aroma properties of the fruit as a reference method for sensory analysis, commonly used in the industry.
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Addi, Mohamed, Amine Elbouzidi, Malika Abid, Duangjai Tungmunnithum, Ahmed Elamrani, and Christophe Hano. "An Overview of Bioactive Flavonoids from Citrus Fruits." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010029.
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Citrus species are one of the world’s popular fruit crops, cultivated all over the world for their economic and nutritional values. Citrus, like other fruits and vegetables, are an important source of several antioxidant molecules (polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids) that can inhibit the harmful effects of free radicals on the human body; due to their functional values and health-promoting properties, Citrus species are considered valuable fruits not only in agri-food industry, but also in pharmaceutical industry. Flavonoids are among the major constituents of polyphenols found in different parts of Citrus fruits (skin, peels, seed, pulp membrane, and juice). Flavonoids have different biological properties (antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activities). Several studies have also shown the health-related properties of Citrus flavonoids, especially antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, and cardiovascular protection activities. In the present review, attempts are made to discuss the current trends of research on flavonoids in different Citrus species.
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Abobatta, Waleed Fouad. "Managing citrus orchards under climate change." MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2021.06.00212.
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Citrus occupies the third position in fruit crop production worldwide after grapes and apple, while, citrus ranking the first position in world trading. Citrus fruits one of the popular fruits globally for their taste and flavor, currently there is more interested in citrus fruit consumption particularly under the COVID-19 pandemic due to higher Vitamin C content. Citrus are growing in warm climates from tropical to arid conditions in a wide range of temperatures ranging from 10˚C to 35˚C, while, Mediterranean climate is considered the most proper climate for citrus growth and productivity. Citrus has three or four growth cycle depending on climate conditions and water availability, Generally, vegetative growth starts with warm weather up to 12.8˚C and growth increase continuously with increasing temperature up to 35˚C, while, growth decline with rising temperature more than 35˚C. Due to harsh climate conditions, there is a fluctuation in citrus production and annually drastic yield loss, because of rising temperature and water shortage, which causes weakening growth, flowering, and productivity of citrus.
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Liu, Xiaoyu, Guo Li, Wenkang Chen, Binghao Liu, Ming Chen, and Shenglian Lu. "Detection of Dense Citrus Fruits by Combining Coordinated Attention and Cross-Scale Connection with Weighted Feature Fusion." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 6600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136600.
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The accuracy detection of individual citrus fruits in a citrus orchard environments is one of the key steps in realizing precision agriculture applications such as yield estimation, fruit thinning, and mechanical harvesting. This study proposes an improved object detection YOLOv5 model to achieve accurate the identification and counting of citrus fruits in an orchard environment. First, the latest visual attention mechanism coordinated attention module (CA) was inserted into an improved backbone network to focus on fruit-dense regions to recognize small target fruits. Second, an efficient two-way cross-scale connection and weighted feature fusion BiFPN in the neck network were used to replace the PANet multiscale feature fusion network, giving effective feature corresponding weights to fully fuse the high-level and bottom-level features. Finally, the varifocal loss function was used to calculate the model loss for better model training results. The results of the experiments on four varieties of citrus trees showed that our improved model proposed to this study could effectively identify dense small citrus fruits. Specifically, the recognized AP (average precision) reached 98.4%, and the average recognition time was 0.019 s per image. Compared with the original YOLOv5 (including deferent variants of n, s, m, l, and x), the increase in the average accuracy precision of the improved YOLOv5 ranged from 7.5% to 0.8% while maintaining similar average inference time. Four different citrus varieties were also tested to evaluate the generalization performance of the improved model. The method can be further used as a part in a vision system to provide technical support for the real-time and accurate detection of multiple fruit targets during mechanical picking in citrus orchards.
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Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A., and Slamet Rohadi Suparto. "Effect of Position of Fruits in a Tree and Number of Fruits per Panicle on Growth and Quality of Citrus." Journal of Horticultural Research 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2018-0007.
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Abstract This research aimed to study the effect of the position of fruits in a tree (inner or outer) and the number of fruits per panicle (one, two or three) on the growth and quality of citrus ‘Pontianak’. The study was conducted in a citrus orchard in Central Java, Indonesia for two seasons, 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The results indicated that position of fruits on the tree did not influence weight and diameter of fruits, weight of fruit pulp, and contents of sugars and total acids. Increasing the number of fruits per panicle decreased the weight and diameter of fruits and the weight of pulp but increased the contents of vitamin C and total acids.
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Schinor, Evandro Henrique, Marcelo Arakaki, and Mariângela Cristofani-Yaly. "Agronomic characterization of citrandarin fruits and seeds." Comunicata Scientiae 11 (October 5, 2020): e3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v11i.3416.
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In citrus cultivation, rootstocks are of fundamental importance and affect several characteristics of the variety used as canopy. Despite the great diversity within Citrus and related genera, the production of rootstocks in Brazil is restricted to a small number of varieties, making the citrus culture vulnerable to the appearance of phytosanitary problems. The aim of this study was to agronomically characterize fruits and seeds of seven citrandarins [Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka x Poncirus trifoliata cv. Rubidoux (L.) Raf.], obtained by controlled crossing. The orchard was installed in randomized blocks, with three replicates, in the municipality of Cordeirópolis, SP, where 20 fruits were collected in each replicate, obtained from free pollination of seven citrandarins, Swingle citrumelo and Rangpur lime. The following variables were evaluated: fruit mass, height, diameter, total number of seeds and percentage of viable seeds per fruit; number of embryos per seed, mass of one thousand seeds, number of seeds in 1.0 kg, final emergence rate, number of seedlings per seed, polyembryony rate, emergence speed index and seedling height at 60 days after sowing. For fruit size, the highest values were obtained for Swingle citrumelo. For number of embryos per seed, seedlings obtained through seed and polyembryony, citrandarin TSxPT 245 showed the highest values. Although citrandarin fruits had smaller size than fruits from commercial Rangpur lime and Swingle citrumelo rootstocks, characteristics related to seeds such as viability, polyembryony and emergence rate, were similar or superior, and can be considered potential new rootstocks for the production of citrus plants.
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Kiptoo, Judith Jeruto, Mustansar Mubeen, Hafiz Muhammad Usman, Aqleem Abbas, Kipsumbai Pixley, Emily Chemoiwa, Peris Wangari Nderitu, Rotich Godfrey, and Gaudencia J. Kiptoo. "STUBBORN DISEASE OF CITRUS CAUSED BY SPIROPLASMA CITRI: A SHORT NOTE." Plant Protection 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.005.02.3712.
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Citrus fruit is considered a very nutritious and delicious diet. Citrus consists of lemon, oranges, mandarin, and grapefruit which have economic value in the world. Significant losses occur in citrus due to numerous diseases. Among various diseases, citrus trees are seriously affected by a phytopathogenic mollicute Spiroplasma citri which causes stubborn disease. S. citri is transovarially transmitted by several leafhopper species. Symptoms include smaller and cupped leaves, small size, crook fruits with aborted seeds. Moreover, irregularity on the fruits such as different sizes, shapes, and typically lighter, smaller fruits than its healthy counterpart has also been observed. The affected fruits often drop before maturity. The color inversion is often seen with the stylar end remaining green and the peduncle end showing color. Various molecular and biochemical tests are conducted to identify S. citri. Under in-vitro conditions, S. citri grows on SP4 media where a fried egg-like shaped colony is observed. Keeping the importance of the stubborn citrus disease, the present short note briefly described the symptomology, detection, transmission, and management.
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Khamsaw, Pattarapol, Jiraporn Sangta, Pirawan Chaiwan, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Sasithorn Sirilun, Korawan Sringarm, Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee, and Sarana Rose Sommano. "Bio-Circular Perspective of Citrus Fruit Loss Caused by Pathogens: Occurrences, Active Ingredient Recovery and Applications." Horticulturae 8, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080748.
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) contribute to the improvement of production and consumption systems, hence, assisting in the eradication of hunger and poverty. As a result, there is growing global interest in the direction of economic development to create a zero-waste economy or circular economy. Citrus fruits are a major fruit crop, with annual global production surpassing 100 million tons, while orange and tangerine production alone account for more than half of the overall production. During pre- and postharvest stages of citrus fruit production, it is estimated that more than 20% of fruit biomass is lost, due, primarily, to biotic stresses. This review emphasizes causes of fruit losses by pathogenic caused diseases and proposes a bio-circular perspective in the production of citrus fruits. Due to substantial changes in fruit characteristics and environmental conditions, some of the most economically significant pathogens infect fruits in the field during the growing season and remain dormant or inactive until they resume growth after harvest. Peel biomass is the most significant by-product in citrus fruit production. This biomass is enriched with the value-adding essential oils and polysaccharides. For the complete bio-circular economy, these active ingredients can be utilized as citrus postharvest coating materials based upon their functional properties. The overall outreach of the approach not only reduces the amount of agricultural by-products and develops new applications for the pomology industry, it also promotes bio-circular green economic, which is in line with the SDGs for the citrus fruit industry.