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1
Ali, Junab, Biswajit Das, and Trideep Saikia. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMON PEEL (CITRUS LIMON) EXTRACT." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 4 (2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.20962.
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Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract from the peel of the fruit of Citrus Limon (Family-Rutaceae) in conjugation with phytochemical analysis.Methods: The methanolic extract from the peel of the fruit of Citrus Limon (Family-Rutaceae) was separated from fruits, shade dried, powdered and extracted using methanol, analysed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extract was examined against 2 bacterial strains among one is Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and other is Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and 1 fungal strains (Candida albicans) using agar well diffusion method.Results: The present investigation shows the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the fruits peel Citrus limon. Various phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides and citric acids and tannins. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the plant showed significant result against all the of the test organisms.Conclusion: The present study concluded that methanolic extract of the peel of Citrus Limon contains the high presence of phytochemicals. The methanolic extract of the plant was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards.
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Rahman, Farhan Haidar Fazlur, Lindawati Alimsardjono, and Sunarni Zakaria. "In vitro Antimicrobial Potency of Lemon Fruit (Citrus limon) Extract on Salmonella typhi." JUXTA: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga 11, no. 2 (2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/juxta.v11i22020.69-73.
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Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of lemon fruit (Citrus limon) extract in inhibiting Salmonella typhi growth in vitro.Methods: This research was categorized as a laboratory experimental study. Lemon fruit (Citrus limon) extract was prepared with concentration as follows: 100.000 ppm, 50.000 ppm, 25.000 ppm, 12.500 ppm, 6.250 ppm, 3.125 ppm, 1.562 ppm, 781 ppm, and 390 ppm. Dilution tests with Mueller-Hinton broth medium were performed to determine the MIC. After 24 hours of incubation, isolated Salmonella typhi inside the tube was inoculated back in MacConkey agar plate medium to determine the MBC. Replications were conducted 3 times according to Federer’s formula.Results: MIC of lemon fruit (Citrus limon) extract to Salmonella typhi was determined at 3.125 ppm. Meanwhile, MBC was determined at 6.250 ppm.Conclusion: This study showed the potential antimicrobial effect of lemon fruit (Citrus limon) extract against Salmonella typhi in-vitro. Further studies are still needed to determine its efficacy and safety in vivo and also its full antibacterial spectrum.
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Jaiswal, Sunil Kumar, Vivek K. Gupta, Nikhat J. Siddiqi, Ravi S. Pandey, and Bechan Sharma. "Hepatoprotective Effect of Citrus limon Fruit Extract against Carbofuran Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats." Chinese Journal of Biology 2015 (November 3, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/686071.
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Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol methylcarbamate), is known to induce oxidative stress and to cause inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. The present work was envisaged to evaluate the effect of carbofuran on redox indices and its interactions with hepatic markers in rat. The ameliorating effect of Citrus limon fruit extract on carbofuran induced toxicity was also monitored. The results indicated that carbofuran treatment caused significant alterations in the levels of activities of AST, ALT, and LDH in liver tissues and serum. The levels of enzymatic oxidative stress markers such as SOD and catalase and nonenzymatic redox molecules such as total thiol, GSH, and protein thiol also showed significant perturbations in rat liver due to carbofuran treatment. The administration of Citrus limon fruit extract, however, was able to markedly ameliorate the toxicity of carbofuran by protecting the levels of aforesaid biomarkers to near normal levels. The ameliorative effect of Citrus limon fruit extract may be due to the presence of different antioxidants in it which may neutralize the ROS and RNS generated in the body tissue due to pesticide stress. These results suggested that Citrus limon fruit extract may be utilized as a potential supplement in proper management of pesticide intoxication in association with relevant therapeutics.
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Kumari, Sony, Rabbul Ibne A. Ahad, Mobina Ahmed, Dhanapriya Moirangthem, and Drishtirupa Phukan. "Effect of Cooking Temperature on Biochemical Characteristics, Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Potential of Seed Extracts of Assam, India." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 16, no. 2 (2019): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2760.
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The present study investigated the effects of cooking temperature on the biochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three different seeds of Citrus fruits (Citrus limon, Citrus limetta, Citrus maxima and Citrus aurantifolia) collected from Assam, India. Total soluble sugar (72 mg/mL) were highest in Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol seed extract before heating and 50 mg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-methanol, Citrus limetta hydro-methanol and Citrus maxima hydro-methanol seed extract after heating. Total soluble proteins before and after heating were highest 82 mg/mL and 88 mg/mL in Citrus limon 2 propanol seed extract. Free amino acid contents before and after heating were highest (62 µg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-propanol) and (40 µg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-methanol) and free fatty acids were 29.2 µg/mL and 23 µg/mL in Citrus maxima methanol extract, respectively. H2O2 scavenging activity before and after heating were highest in Citrus aurantifolia propanol (59%) and in Citrus limon (67%), respectively. Total antioxidant capacity was found highest in Citrus maxima hydro propanol (92.5%) before heating and in Citrus aurantifolia 2-propanol (65%) after heating. Antimicrobial activity of the seed extracts was studied on B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa and minimum inhibitory concentration of the four Citrus fruits was determined. MIC of the different seed extracts was observed for 100% (v/v), 75% (v/v), 50% (v/v) and 25% (v/v) against three test microbes viz. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. For Bacillus subtilis, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 100%, 75%, and 75% to the extract of Citrus aurantifolia hydro 2-propanol, Citrus limon methanol, Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol and Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol, respectively. For E. coli, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 75%, 100% and 100% for Citrus aurantifolia hydro 2-propanol, Citrus limon hydro 2-propanol, Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol and Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol, respectively. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 100%, 75% and 50% for Citrus aurantifolia methanol, Citrus limon methanol, Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol and Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol, respectively.
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Yesmin, K., M. Ahmad, MB Momtaz, and K. Begum. "Effect of Fungicides and Plant Extracts in the Management of Foliar, Twig and Fruit Diseases of Citrus (Citrus limon)." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 10, no. 1 (2017): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v10i1.34701.
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A research work was conducted on citrus plants raised at GPC, of Fruit Tree Improvement Project (FTIP) at Horticulture Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, to investigate the effect of fungicides and plant extracts in controlling the scab, die-back and canker. Three fungicides viz. Cupravit 50 wp (0.4%), Dithane M-45 (0.3%), Rovral 50 WP (0.2%) and extracts of 3 plants viz. Neem {Azadirachta indica), Ginger {Zingiber officinale) and Garlic {Allium sativum) were applied for controlling the citrus (C. limon) diseases (scab, die-back and canker). All the fungicides showed significant effect in the control of the above mentioned citrus diseases. The highest reduction of the scab, die-back and canker diseases was recorded applying Rovral 50 WP. Neem leaf extract was the most effective in controlling canker of leaf and fruit. Garlic extract and Neem leaf extract were the most effective in controlling die-back of twig and branches of citrus, respectively. From the above results it can be concluded that Rovral 50 WP is the most effective chemical for controlling all citrus (C. limon) diseases and citrus canker can successfully be controlled specially by Neem leaf and garlic extract.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 93-100 2017
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Uraku, A. J., O. H. Uraku, V. O. U. Nwankwo, et al. "Medicinal prospective of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis peels essential oil by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) compositional analysis." Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology Discovery 5, no. 3 (2020): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jbbd2020.129.
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Citrus fruits are highly nutritious and medicinal fruits that are commonly cultivated throughout the tropics. This study was carried out to determine the bioactive compounds of the methanol peel extracts of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis. The peels from fresh fruits of C. limon and C. sinensis were air-dried at room temperature and were pulverized into fine powder. The bioactive determinations were carried out by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The mass spectrum of the compounds found in the peels extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. The results showed that four (4) and five (5) bioactive compounds were identified in C. limon and C. sinensis methanol peel extracts respectively. The C. limon peel extract contained 4-(methylsulfanyl) but-1-en-3-yne, Sulfanylphenylium, 1,3-thiazole and 3-methylidenecyclobutanecarbonitrile while C. sinensis contained Pyridine-2-carbaldehyde, 1-Methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde, Glutamic acid, 2-Ethyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrrole and Pyrrolidin-2-one. The results of this study therefore unveiled that the C. limon and C. sinensis peel extracts contained variable bioactive compounds with medicinal value and could be useful raw materials for pharmaceutical industries.
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Lavande, Soham, Shraddha Jaiswal, Roshanee Deore, Jayant Pawar, and Vidya Tale. "Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Fruit Extracts as Reducing Agents and Comparative Studies with a Chemical Reducing Agent." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 19, no. 2 (2022): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3002.
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Nanoparticle synthesis using plant extracts is biologically safe, cost-effective, and environment-friendly, hence attracting many researchers owing to its advantages over chemical or physical methods. In the current study copper and silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical and biological methods (using fruit extract). The leftover fruits collected from the fruit vendors and were used for the study, such as guava (Psidium guajava L), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a source of ascorbic acid, while lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) and orange (Citrus X sinensis) as a source of citric acid. Quantification of ascorbic acid and citric acid present in fruit extract was performed by Iodometric and acid-base titrations, respectively, followed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to confirm their role in nanoparticle production. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible (UV–VIS) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The number of particles produced with fruit extract as a reducing agent was more compared to chemical methods. The size and structure of the synthesized nanoparticles produced using fruit extracts were similar to those produced chemically. Also, the antibacterial effect of Cu and Ag nanoparticles was seen against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes strains.
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Fatima, Aziz, Maham Ghouri, and Toba Sajid. "Citrus Fruit Peels in Combating Various Foodborne Pathogens." RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (2018): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/jbas.v9i2.126.
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Foodborne diseases are the world's main problem in a society nowadays; many phytochemicals are of great interest to scientists. Herbal medicines can be used to treat many infectious diseases. In our study, we focus on screening of antibacterial activity of the lemon (Citrus limon) and orange (Citrus sinesis) peels against various pathogens. Bioactive compounds have been found in variety of citrus fruits that have favorable impact on human health. The major component; flavonoids have been found in the peels of citrus fruits in large amount. Citrus peel has a rich amount of flavonoid and other poly methylated flavonoids (exceptional to some plants). These antibacterial compounds exhibit antibacterial activity and have wide application in both food and pharmaceuticals industries. The citrus peel extracts show effective antimicrobial activity. The antagonistic activity of selected citrus peel extracts was determined by agar well diffusion; against test organisms i.e. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis isolated from food products. Effectiveness of peel extracts are measured in terms of inhibitory zones in millimeter. The methanol extract of lemon peel displayed zone of inhibition in between 5mm to 8mm and methanol extract of orange peel displayed zone of inhibition about 10mm and 11mm. It was observed that lemon peel extract has maximum antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (8mm) and minimum antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi (5mm) whereas orange peel extract has maximum antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (11mm) and minimum antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi (10mm). Both Citrus peels extract showed considerable antibacterial activity against all tested foodborne pathogens. Our main focus was the use of herbal treatments against various infections which overcome the emergence of upcoming superbugs.
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Irshad, Ali Saudagar, Jahan Farhat, Shirin Fatima, Tiwari Ashish, Pal Arvindra, and Maravi Sushma. "Investigation of phytochemicals and determination of compounds of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. and Citrus limon (L.) Burm. through proximate analysis and In-vitro antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, no. 3 (2022): 203–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731059.
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<em>Phyllanthus emblica</em> and <em>Citrus limon</em> are medicinal plants usually found throughout India and its neighboring countries used in traditional medicine. The present study amid to evaluate compounds present in fruits of these two species through proximate analysis method, qualitative phytochemical analysis of methanol and hexane extracts of <em>Phyllanthus emblica</em> and <em>Citrus limon</em>. Tannin, flavanoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, glycoside, saponin, carbohydrate, protein and resin, were screened in the present study. The plant extracts of these two species were evaluated for their antifungal activity against, <em>Aspergillus flavus</em>, by using agar well diffusion method. Results of the study showed that hexane extract of <em>Phyllanthus emblica</em> was able to provide a maximum zone of inhibition (8.60±0.95) against <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> on the third day of inoculation, whereas hexane extract of <em>Citrus limon</em> was given least zone of inhibition (3.07±0.27) on the third day at 50 mg/ml.The plant extracts utilized in the present study exhibit the presence of assorted active components, at the side of their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities which can be helpful against totally different infections or diseases. The methanol and binary compound fruit extracts possess effective repressive activity against the tested pathogens. Additional identification and purification of active chemical constituents from the crude extracts of such medicative plants are going to be useful to develop a drug against pathogenic fungi.
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Heyuan Xu, Sayyida Aiza Bukhari, Nawab Ali, Muhammad Ilyas, Muhammad Abubakar, and Muhammad Haidar Zaman. "Investigating the Antimicrobial Efficiency of Staple Food Against Enteric Pathogens." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, no. 4 (2023): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44i4.2008.
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Background: The advent of antibiotics has significantly decreased human death rates. However, the problem of antibiotic overuse and the number of individuals who maintain a suspicious and defensive stance towards medicines remain unresolved concerns. Hence, it is important to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of commonly consumed dietary items. Results and Discussion: This research examined the antibacterial activity of thirteen different daily vegetables and fruits. Among them, the extract from Citrus limon (Eureka) had the highest efficacy as an antibacterial agent against Gram-positive bacteria. The study involved quantifying the antibacterial efficacy of Citrus limon (Eureka) extract by measuring the diameter of the antibacterial zone and determining the cell concentration in the sample using an Ultraviolet Spectrometer. The results revealed a positive correlation between the antibacterial ability of the extract and its quantity, as well as a negative correlation between the inhibition degree of S. aureus and the quantity of Citrus limon (Eureka) extract. Conclusion: The study revealed that the extract derived from Citrus limon (Eureka) has robust antibacterial properties against gram-positive bacteria while demonstrating no discernible effect on gram-negative bacteria.
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M. I, Abdelgadir, and Suliman H.M. "Extraction of Flavonoids from Flavedo Layers of Citrus Fruits Peels and its Expected Anti-Diabetic and Psychological Significance; a Biochemical and Family Medicine Overview." International Journal of Medicine 11, no. 1 (2023): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijm.v11i1.32312.
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This study was aimed at the Extraction of Flavonoids from Albedo layers of citrus fruits peels and its expected anti-diabetic significance. Lemon (Citrus limon) is the third most important species of citrus after orange and mandarin. Flavedo is the peel’s outer layer. It is a rich source of essential oils. Albedo extract was separated. Study results clearly showed the presence (p ≤ 0.05) of flavonoids in Albedo citrus layers; peel > pulp > seeds. Flavonoids are the major constituents of dry citrus fruits as well as citrus peels. Citrus fruit prevents free radical generation and reduces homocysteine level; it also possesses anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids applications in medicinal chemistry includes anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. They also have neuroprotective and cardio-protective effects.
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Bhat, Ramesa Shafi, Abeer M. Al-Dbass, Arwa Ishaq A. Khayyat, and Sooad Al-Daihan. "Utilizing Biomolecule-Rich Citrus Fruit Waste as a Medium for the Eco-Friendly Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Properties." Inorganics 12, no. 7 (2024): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12070180.
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An ample amount of fruit waste is generated as agro-industrial waste, leading to significant nutritional, economic, and environmental challenges. Fruit peels are rich in many valuable bioactive compounds with the potential for developing nanoparticles. This study examined fresh juices of two citrus fruit peel wastes (Citrus sinensis: C. sinesis and Citrus limon: C. limon) for antioxidants and total protein. Then, we investigated their ability to produce silver nanoparticles, which were further analyzed for anti-microbial activity against thirteen pathogenic microbes. Both Citrus peel juices were rich in secondary metabolites. The formation of Ag nanoparticles was initially confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, with peaks at 400 nm for C. sinensis peel Ag nanoparticles and 430 nm for C. limon peel Ag nanoparticles. Further characterization was conducted using zeta sizer, zeta potential, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity was tested using the well diffusion method against 11 bacterial strains (five Gram-positive and six Gram-negative) and two fungal strains of Candida. TEM and SEM results revealed a spherical shape, with an average diameter of about 13 nm for C. sinensis and 21 nm for C. limon Ag. EDX confirmed the presence of silver in both nanoparticles. The FTIR spectrum of the extract indicated the presence of biomolecules, which facilitated the reduction and capping of the synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles showed remarkable antimicrobial activity, but the nanoparticles from C. sinensis exhibited stronger antibacterial properties because of their smaller size. Citrus peel waste is a suitable medium for the eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles.
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Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Szopa, and Ekiert. "Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies." Plants 9, no. 1 (2020): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010119.
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This review presents important botanical, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Citrus limon (lemon)—a species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic and culinary (healthy food) properties. A short description of the genus Citrus is followed by information on the chemical composition, metabolomic studies and biological activities of the main raw materials obtained from C. limon (fruit extract, juice, essential oil). The valuable biological activity of C. limon is determined by its high content of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (e.g., diosmin, hesperidin, limocitrin) and phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic, synapic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids). The essential oil is rich in bioactive monoterpenoids such as D-limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene. Recently scientifically proven therapeutic activities of C. limon include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and antiparasitic activities. The review pays particular attention, with references to published scientific research, to the use of C. limon in the food industry and cosmetology. It also addresses the safety of use and potential phototoxicity of the raw materials. Lastly, the review emphasizes the significance of biotechnological studies on C. limon.
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Agrawal, K. K., A. P. Singh, V. K. Srivastava, S. Singh, and P. Dubey. "IN VITRO ANTI-UROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF FRESH JUICE OF CITRUS LIMON (L.)." INDIAN DRUGS 55, no. 01 (2018): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.55.01.11174.
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The study was planned to investigate the anti-urolithiatic activity of fresh juice of Citrus limon L. fruit. The phytochemical screening was also undertaken to reveal the alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugar, vitamin C, amino acid and sterols present in the sample. Macromolecule supersaturation of higher molecular weight components of plant extract exerts its action similar to natural urinary inhibitors and inhibits crystal aggregation and growth. Pharmacological evaluation of Citrus limon L. was performed by the percentage dissolution and turbidity method. Calcium oxalate crystals were synthetically prepared and packed in a semi-permeable membrane in both methods. Result was compared statistically and it showed significant P<0.001 anti-urolithiasis activity as compared to control and standard (Cystone).
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Rangarajan N, Sangeetha R, Mohanasundaram S, Sampath V, Porkodi K, and Dass Prakash MV. "Additive inhibitory effect of the peels of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis against amylase and glucosidase activity." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (2020): 6876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3661.
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Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem and it is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Decreased utilization of glucose by the body cells and continuous raise in the plasma glucose levels are the major characteristic symptoms of diabetes. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with pathological conditions, mostly micro and macrovascular. Treatment for diabetes is aimed at the management of hyperglycemia using oral hypoglycemic agents which inhibit carbohydrate degrading enzymes, namely amylase and glucosidase. The purpose of this study was to investigate the naturally available inhibitors of amylase and glucosidase present in the peels of citrus fruits such as lemon and orange. The hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit peels were studied for their amylase and glucosidase inhibitory potential and the extract of lemon peel was found to exhibit better inhibition than the orange peel. The extracts were further evaluated for their additive effect. The combined effect of the extracts (50% inhibition achieved at 40 and 80mcg) proved to exhibit better inhibitory potential than the individual effect (50% inhibition achieved at 80 and 160mcg). Thus, from this study, it was very clear that our choice drug sources is containing potential antidiabetic principles that need to be studied further to understand the mechanism of action in detail.
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Goudarzi, Mehdi, Masoumeh Mehdipour, Bahareh Hajikhani, Sadegh Sadeghinejad, and Batool Sadeghi-Nejad. "Antibacterial Properties of Citrus limon and Pineapple Extracts on Oral Pathogenic Bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis)." International Journal of Enteric Pathogens 7, no. 3 (2019): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijep.2019.21.
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Background: Micro-organisms resistant to most of the commercial antibiotics are rapidly expanding and there is an urgent need for detection of novel antimicrobial compounds. Tooth decay is a dental infection with bacterial sources such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effects of different concentrations of Citrus limon peel, pineapple fruit, and pineapple peel extracts on oral pathogens such as S. mutants and S. sanguis. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the hydroethanolic extracts of the selected plants were prepared by maceration method and their antibacterial effects were evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Results: Two-fold dilutions of plant extract solutions were tested to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against each selected microorganism. The results of the current study revealed that pineapple peel extracts had the highest antibacterial effect on S. sanguis (MIC: 1.56 mg/mL and MBC: 3.12 mg/mL). Pineapple fruit had the lowest antibacterial activity against S. mutans (MIC: 25 mg/mL and MBC: 100 mg/mL). C. limon peel had significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. sanguis. Conclusion: The peel of C. limon and pineapple had significant antibacterial activity against cariogenic microorganisms such as S. mutans and S. sanguinis.
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M, Nivetha. "A Study on Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Bacterial, Antifungal, And Anti Platelet Aggregation Potential and Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Citrus limon (L) Burm. f. Rutacae Peel from Coimbatore." International Journal of Agro Nutrifood Practices 1, no. 2 (2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijanp/01.02.a005.
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Therapeutic medicinal plants are the significant constituents of traditional medicine preparations from antiquated occasions. A dominant part of individuals leans toward herbal-based medicines when contrasted with that of regular medication. Safe, effective and inexpensive indigenous remedies have become more popular among the people of both the urban and rural areas of India. Therefore, medicinal plants have become the essential part of the human health care system. Moreover, medicinal plants have attained more attention because of their effectiveness, increased cost of current medicines and cultural preferences. Citrus is presumably place most significant role in commercial and agricultural activities in the world. The peel of the Citrus fruit is a good source of flavanones and numerous polymethoxylated flavones, which are exceptionally uncommon in different plants. The Citrus compounds not just play a significant physiological and natural part but on the other hand, they act as a business intrigue which results in their huge number of utilization in the food and pharmaceutical ventures. Citrus limon (L) burm. f. (lemon) is to be healed of various diseases, and it has various therapeutic, well-being and dietary advantages. Numerous people thought this as a common plant and unaware of its medicinal properties and applications. By this study, we created an aware to grow country based Citrus species and their anti-platelet activity against cardiovascular disease. In this research, pharmacognostical studies in Citrus limon (L) burm. f. has been proved due to the presence of phytoconsituents of the peels. Keywords : Citrus limon, Peel extract, Biological activity, Potential and Characterization, Nutraceuticals.
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Shakya, Alisha, Bhawana Luitel, Pragati Kumari, Ritu Devkota, Puspa Raj Dahal, and Richa Chaudhary. "Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity of Juice and Peel Extract of Citrus Fruits." Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology 6 (December 7, 2019): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v6i0.26589.
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Objectives: This study was aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of peel and juice extracts of citrus fruits.
 Methods: The antibacterial activity of juice and peel extract of five selected citrus fruits [C1- Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange), C2- Citrus limetta (sweet lime), C3- Citrus aurantifolia (lime), C4- Citrus limon (lemon) and C5- Citrus maxima (pommelo)] on three Gram positive and five Gram negative bacterial strains were examined. The juice and peel extract of citrus fruits was obtained by using absolute ethanol. The obtained extracts were dissolved in 1ml 10% v/v DMSO which was taken to carry out the antibacterial susceptibility assay using agar well diffusion method.
 Results: The peel extracts of C1 and C2 were found to be more effective against the given Gram-positive bacteria than the juice extracts with maximum zone of inhibition (20.33±1.527) and (15.33±0.577) against Bacillus spp respectively. While the juice extracts of C3 and C4 were more effective against both Gram positive and negative bacteria than their peel extracts with maximum zone of inhibition (26.66±1.15) against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and (20±1) against E. coli ATCC 25922 respectively. The juice extract of C5 was found to be more effective against both Gram positive and negative bacteria than its peel extract with maximum zone of inhibition (18.66±1.154) against E. coli ATCC 25922 except for Bacillus spp in which peel extract showed maximum zone of inhibition i.e. (15±1)
 Conclusion: This study suggests that these juice and peel extracts may have beneficial antibacterial roles that can be exploited in controlling unwanted bacterial growth.
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Neshovska, Hristina. "Determination of the chemical and mineral composition of citrus by-products in relation to its utilization as a feed raw material." Bulgarian Journal of Animal Husbandry 60, no. 4 (2023): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.61308/oloh8624.
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The global food industry and especially fruit juice production generates millions of tons of organic waste annually. Citrus waste, also known as citrus pulp оr citrus pomace, is a residue obtained during various citrus juices production. This by-product has the potential to become an excellent source of essential nutrients in animal feeding. In the current study, the chemical and mineral composition were determined in the citrus waste by Orange (Citrus sinensis), Lemon (Citrus limon), Red grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), Mandarin (Citrus reticulata), Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), Pomelo (Citrus maxima). Waste products are derived from the production factory of freshly squeezed fruit and vegetable juices located in the village of Musachevo, Western Bulgaria. For all citrus waste, the following indicators were determined: dry matter (DM), moisture (RH), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K). The mineral content was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Their chemical and mineral composition analyses showed differences in the distribution of nutrients and minerals. The data obtained from the conducted analyses showed that citrus pulp could successfully replace some of the main raw materials in the animal’s ration, as it is a source of essential nutrients for it.
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Sreekanth, Deepa, and Sreekanth Sudhan Kaithavalappil. "Basic Phytochemical Study and Evaluation of Antidandruff Potencial of Fruit Juices of Citrus Limon. L." Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (2016): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2016.v02i03.33.
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This study investigates the scientific proof for phytochemical composition and also the proof of antidandruff activity. Screening of phytoconstituents was carried out on the juice concentrates using established procedures. The anti-dandruff activity was carried out by Agar Well Diffusion Assay method against Malassezia furfur, which is the organism responsible for dandruff. The result of antidandruff activity revealed that juice concentrates of the fruits of citrus lemon (10 mg extract/mL) exhibited highly significant antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur. The results of Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) study reveal that the extract possesses anti-dandruff activity above the concentration of 0.1%w/v. The results of MIC study revealed that the extract possesses anti-dandruff activity in a concentration-dependent manner against the test organism and were comparable to the standard drug.
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Boye, Alex, Ernest Amponsah Asiamah, Orleans Martey, and Frederick Ayertey. "Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Fruit Peel Extract Attenuates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley Rats." BioMed Research International 2024 (January 2, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/6673550.
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Background. Traditional herbal medicine practitioners in the Ashanti region of Ghana use the fruit peels of Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (C. limon) in preventive and curative treatment of many cancers including liver cancer. This ethnobotanical claim remains to be verified scientifically. Aim of the Study. This study investigated prophylactic hepatoprotective and anti-HCC effects of C. limon peel extract (LPE) in CCl4/olive oil-induced HCC-like rats. Materials and Methods. After preparation of LPE, it was subjected to phytochemical screening using standard phytochemical methods. A total of 30 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 150-200 g) were randomly assigned into six groups of 5 rats each. Rats in the control group received olive oil (5 mL/kg ip) twice weekly for 16 weeks. Rats in the model group received CCl4/olive oil (2 mL/kg, ip) twice weekly for 16 weeks. Rats in capecitabine (10 mg/kg po) and LPE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg po) groups received CCl4/olive oil (2 mL/kg, i.p) in the morning and their respective treatments in the afternoon twice a week for 16 weeks. Rats in all groups had free access to food and water ad libitum. Body weight and survival rates were monitored. Rats were sacrificed under deep anesthesia, blood was collected, and liver and other organs were isolated. Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), prothrombin time, bilirubin, C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha- (α-) fetoprotein (AFP), and liver histology were assessed. Results. Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins were detected in LPE. Model rats demonstrated increased serum levels of AFP, CRP, ALP, GGT, ALT, and AST, prothrombin time, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, blood lymphocyte, and monocyte counts, but decreased serum albumin and total protein compared to control rats. Unlike the control, model rats demonstrated fat accumulation in periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes and neoplastic transformation. Semiquantitation of periodic acid Schiff- (PAS-) stained liver sections showed decreased glycogen storage in hepatocytes of model rats compared to control rats. Compared to the model, LPE treatment protected against CCl4-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, which was evidenced by decreased AFP, CRP, liver enzymes, total and direct bilirubin, prothrombin time, and blood lymphocyte and monocyte counts; attenuation of fat accumulation; and increased glycogen storage, albumin, and total protein. Conclusion. LPE abates CCl4-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by attenuating liver inflammation and improving metabolic, biosynthetic, and detoxification functions of the liver. The prophylactic hepatoprotective and anti-hepatocarcinogenic effects of LPE are attributable to its phytochemical composition raising hopes of finding potential anticancer bioactive compounds from C. limon fruit peels.
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Nawaz, Mehwish, Bait Ullah, Muhammad Ghazanfar Abbas, et al. "Antibacterial and Mosquito Repellent Potential of Eight Citrus Cultivars and Their Chemical Composition." Horticulturae 11, no. 1 (2024): 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010009.
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Citrus fruit peels are a rich source of essential oils (EOs), which contain biologically active compounds; however, they are often discarded as waste, which causes pollution. The fresh peels of eight citrus cultivars growing in Pakistan were used to extract EOs through steam distillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of fresh peel EOs revealed that limonene was the most abundant compound, constituting 94.5%, 96.1%, 95.3%, 93.3%, 56.2%, 91.5%, 96.4%, and 96.7% of Citrus jambhiri, C. aurantium, C. sinensis var. Malta cv. Blood Malta, C. sinensis var. Malta cv. Shakri Malta, C. limon, C. pseudolimon, C. reticulata var. Mandarin cv. Feutrell’s Early, and C. reticulata var. Mandarin cv. Kinnow, respectively. The dried peel EO of C. reticulata var. Mandarin cv. Kinnow contained 95.2% limonene. C. limon peel EO exhibited the highest antibacterial activity among all citrus peel EOs with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 312 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. The C. aurantium and C. sinensis var. Malta cv. Shakri Malta peel EOs exhibited the highest mosquito repellent activity against Ae. aegypti females, providing protection for 45 min when tested at a concentration of 166 µg/cm2. This study showed C. aurantium and Shaki Malta peel EOs could be used to formulate natural mosquito repellent.
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Thapa, Surendra, Kamala Poudel, Shova Kumari Limbu, Ganesh Dahal, and Shanta Pokhrel. "Phytochemical Screening, GC Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Citrus limon Peel Extract and Essential Oil." Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 43, no. 1 (2022): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46961.
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Lemon (Citrus limon) is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. The fresh lemons were collected from the local market of Kathmandu, Nepal. Hexane and methanol extracts of plant material i.e. lemon peel were screened for the analysis of the presence of phytochemicals as well as their antibacterial activity. Methanol extract of lemon peel showed the maximum positive phytochemical test with the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, glycosides, saponin, tannins etc. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation from fresh peels of lemon using the Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Twenty six (26) chemical components were identified in the essential oil of lemon peel. Lemon peel essential oil indicated the presence of Pinene (β) (15.46 %), Limonene (28.94 %), and Terpinene (γ) (8.64), Terpinen-4-ol (3.29 %), Neral (4.20 %), Geranial (5.28 %) as major components. The lemon peel essential oil was found to be a potent antibacterial agent against the Bacillus subtilis (21 mm).
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Chiechio, Santina, Magda Zammataro, Massimo Barresi, et al. "A Standardized Extract Prepared from Red Orange and Lemon Wastes Blocks High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in Mice." Molecules 26, no. 14 (2021): 4291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144291.
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Citrus fruits are a rich source of high-value bioactive compounds and their consumption has been associated with beneficial effects on human health. Red (blood) oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) are particularly rich in anthocyanins (95% of which are represented by cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-6″-malonyl-glucoside), flavanones (hesperidin, narirutin, and didymin), and hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, coumaric acid, sinapic, and ferulic acid). Lemon fruit (Citrus limon) is also rich in flavanones (eriocitrin, hesperidin, and diosmin) and other polyphenols. All of these compounds are believed to play a very important role as dietary antioxidants due to their ability to scavenge free radicals. A standardized powder extract, red orange and lemon extract (RLE), was obtained by properly mixing anthocyanins and other polyphenols recovered from red orange processing waste with eriocitrin and other flavanones recovered from lemon peel by a patented extraction process. RLE was used for in vivo assays aimed at testing a potential beneficial effect on glucose and lipid metabolism. In vivo experiments performed on male CD1 mice fed with a high-fat diet showed that an 8-week treatment with RLE was able to induce a significant reduction in glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the blood, with positive effects on regulation of hyperglycemia and lipid metabolism, thus suggesting a potential use of this new phytoextract for nutraceutical purposes.
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ALOMRAN, Maryam M., Yaser HAFEZ, Rawia H. MEHANA, Sayed M. EL-KADY, Nadi Awad AL-HARBI, and Khaled ABDELAAL. "Effect of some plant extracts in controlling soft rot disease in some economic plants associated with molecular studies." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 53, no. 2 (2025): 14408. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha53214408.
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Pectobacterium carotovorum strains were isolated from onion, pepper and carrot to investigate the molecular and physiological characters as well as efficiency of plant extracts, nano-particles and bioagents to control the bacterial pathogen. The results of molecular characterization revealed that P. carotovorum strain PB-1 (carrot), strain PB-2 (onion) and strain PB-3 (pepper). The results of phylogenetic tree displayed that the three strains were similar and characterized as P. carotovorum, and the genomic sequencing assured these results. Additionally, the pathogenicity test displayed that the strain PB-1 was very aggressive compared with strains PB-2 and PB-3. Antimicrobial activity using plant extracts, nanoparticles and bioagents were conducted. Application of fourteen plant extracts resulted that the plant extract of Tamarindus indica (fruit) showed highest diameter zone of inhibition (17.5 mm) against the P. carotovorum pathogen followed by Hibiscus sabdariffa (16 mm), Rhus coriaria (15.8 mm), Punica granatum (13.6 mm), Citrus paradise (11.6 mm), Psidium guajava (11.6 mm), Citrus sinensis (7.1 mm) and Citrus limon (6.6 mm) on carrot. Plant extract of Punica granatum (fruit peel) showed highest diameter zone of inhibition on P. carotovorum strains which isolated from onion and pepper followed with Hibiscus sabdariffa (14.25,13.75 mm) and Rhus coriaria (11.8,11.05 mm) compared with control (streptomycin 150 ppm). Nano-copper (Cu) and nano-silver (Ag) gave significant inhibition against the three strains. Nano-Cu showed 15.12, 7.6 and 14 mm inhibition however, nano-Ag showed 10.5, 10.7 and 9.75 mm inhibition on carrot, onion and pepper respectively. Bacillus subtilis as a biocontrol agent gave the best and significant results as antibacterial effect against P. carotovorum which showed 13.6 and 13 mm inhibition on carrot and onion respectively compared with Streptomyces spp., Trichoderma spp. and Saccharomyces spp.
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Gurung, Roshani, Sabina Baral, Santosh Parajuli, Dhana Dhami, and Sushila Ghimire. "A Comparative Study on Ascorbic Acid Concentration, Total Phenol, and Flavonoid Content in Citrus Species Grown in a Different Region of Western Nepal." International Journal of Food Science 2022 (December 19, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3012623.
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Different genetic and environmental factors like altitude, temperature, light radiation, etc. affect the production of phytoconstituents like ascorbic acid, phenol, flavonoid, tannin, etc. So, it is necessary to evaluate phytoconstituents quantitatively and qualitatively because of their different medicinal values. This study is aimed at evaluating and comparing ascorbic acid concentration, total phenol, and flavonoid content in citrus species grown in different places in Western Nepal. For this, fruit collected from Lamjung and Nawalparasi was peeled, and collected juice was extracted with ethanol. Ascorbic acid was estimated using titration with dichlorophenolindophenol dye, and total phenol was estimated using Folin reagent; whereas, flavonoid content was determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. The result showed the maximum ascorbic acid concentration in the fruit juice of Citrus maxima collected from Lamjung, i.e., 2.98 ± 0.161 mg / 100 ml , and the least concentration was recorded on extract of Citrus limon collected from Nawalparasi, i.e., 1.005 ± 0.205 mg / 100 ml . The total phenol content was comparatively higher in Citrus maxima and Citrus aurantifolia collected from Lamjung, i.e., 12.48 ± 0.40 mg GAE/gm, respectively. Flavonoid content was comparatively higher in Citrus maxima collected from Nawalparasi, i.e., 484.466 ± 3.055 mg QE/gm. This study showed a variation in the concentration of chemical constituents between different places in Western Nepal. This might be due to differences in climatic conditions, environmental factors, altitude, temperature, etc. This study helps to reflect the best-suited altitude for commercial cultivation of the citrus species as these phytochemicals have different medicinal values. Also, this study can help the food industry to use an alternative source of synthetic antioxidant such as ascorbic acid, phenol, and flavonoid. And local people will economically benefit by the commercial cultivation of citrus fruits.
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Vafaiezadeh, Mona, Batool Sadeghi-Nejad, and Sedigheh Yusef Naanaie. "Antimicrobial Properties of Citrus limon L. Peel, Pineapple Peel, and Fruit Extracts Against Some Oral Pathogens." International Journal of Enteric Pathogens 11, no. 4 (2023): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijep.5555.
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<strong data-sider-select-id="b1d956c0-9b3c-4cd0-a2c2-fc5f4ac004c7">Background: The resistance of microorganisms, which is quickly expanding is the most serious problem of commercial antibiotics. Thus, it seems necessary to study and know about new antimicrobial agents. <em data-sider-select-id="928d25bb-a61e-41e5-9fbc-a4d8bc54c719">Candida glabrata is the second most common cause of candidiasis after Candida albicans. Resistance to azole antifungal drugs, especially fluconazole, has been repeatedly reported in fungal infections caused by C. glabrata. As a result, the treatment of this type of fungal infection has faced many problems, and high mortality in high-risk patients admitted to the hospital, especially immunocompromised patients, has been reported many times. <strong data-sider-select-id="986b7a21-e1c7-4811-89db-c585a59dc029">Objectives: This survey aimed at investigating the antimicrobial properties of lemon peel pineapple peels, and fruit extracts on some oral pathogens such as <em data-sider-select-id="d164c3c8-2634-4e3a-9966-eeb624fc1ade">Streptococcus salivarius, <em data-sider-select-id="f3605841-2245-4f0b-a4e2-a05a3dcc9b42">Lactobacillus casei, C. albicans, and <em data-sider-select-id="57e6a8fc-8714-4bcd-8ddb-fd70391af4f5">C. glabrata in vitro. <strong data-sider-select-id="86515a01-23a2-40ac-82d0-4c39c965c214">Materials and Methods: In this study the soaking method was used to obtain the extracts of the selected plants, and the well method in agar was utilized to check their antimicrobial properties. <strong data-sider-select-id="18350c59-0cc6-4bb6-9c03-ac842cf6e45d">Results: The results indicated that the lemon peel extract with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.56 mg/mL and pineapple fruit extract with a MIC of 50 mg/mL had the strongest and weakest antimicrobial properties on <em data-sider-select-id="fc9286a5-0c66-4211-b8d2-de82b0eb769d">C. glabrata, respectively. In addition, the lemon peel extract had high antimicrobial properties on <em data-sider-select-id="3ec1c4f3-2596-4b3d-8687-ae7523f4ea12">S. salivarius, with a MIC of 6.25 mg/mL. Pineapple peel and fruit extracts demonstrated moderate antimicrobial properties on<em data-sider-select-id="c3ed26aa-22c4-4929-b558-d10d6058a794"> L. casei with a MIC of 25 mg/mL. <strong data-sider-select-id="96a839ff-d6ec-425b-8b8d-2e8adc33dddb">Conclusion: Taking into account the antimicrobial properties of lemon and pineapple and their in vivo antimicrobial properties it may be possible to apply them as natural antimicrobial factors in the treatment of oral and dental infections and other infectious diseases.
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Hasan, Md, Jannatul Ferdous, Amit Dutta, Fahmida Mina, Sumon Karmakar, and Biswanath Sikdar. "Detection and bio control measures of anthracnose causing fungus isolated from Citrus limon (L.)." Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Experimental Therapeutics 5, no. 3 (2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jabet.2023.d106.
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Anthracnose is one of the most devastating fungi causing twig dieback and postharvest fruit decay. Present study was aimed to identification of anthracnose fungus. Infected leaves of Citrus limon were collected and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media for pathogenic fungus isolation. The isolated fungal pure culture was characterized by physiological and morphological characterization methods. Biological control measures of the fungus were evaluated by disc diffusion methods. The highest growth and development of isolated fungus was detected in PDA media pH 7 in fructose as the best carbon source and 0.05gm NaCl concentrations at 37°C. Pathogenicity potency of isolate was performed on lemon, orange and malta, belonging to the Citrus sp. For antifungal activity, 200µgm/disc methanolic extract of Psidium guajava showed 14.33±0.66 mm inhibition zone against the isolated fungus. From the present investigations, identified anthracnose causing fungus and it’s controlling techniques may help for further research for the isolation of drugs related compound for controlling this disease.
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Mohammad, W. Amer, and M. Awwad Akl. "Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles by Citrus limon fruits extract, characterization and antibacterial activity." Chemistry International 7, no. 1 (2021): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017993.
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In view of advantages of green synthesis, a novel green route for synthesis and stabilization of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using aqueous extract of<em> Citrus limon </em>fruits at room temperature was reported. The formation of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) is monitored by recording the UV–vis absorption spectra for surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) peak (∼579 nm). X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the CuNPs agrees with the reported data for Cu metal and the crystallite average size is ~30 nm. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic (SEM and TEM) show uniform spherical particles obtained by this green method. The antimicrobial activity is found to be effective of CuNPs. Results revealed that the green synthesis is an efficient for the preparation of CuNPs as an active antimicrobial agent for practical applications.
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Boninsegna, Miriam Arianna, Alessandra De Bruno, and Amalia Piscopo. "Improving the Storage Quality of Ready-to-Eat Clementine Fruits Using Lemon By-Products." Agriculture 14, no. 9 (2024): 1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091488.
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In this study, the effect of the antioxidant extract from lemon by-products (Citrus × Limon L.) integrated into an edible alginate-based coating was evaluated to preserve the storage quality of ready-to-eat Clementine (Citrus × Clementina) fruits. The effects of different coatings (1.5% of alginate and 1.5% of alginate + 2–4% of lemon by-product extract) were assessed by the physical, chemical, microbiological, sensorial, and structural analyses of ready-to-eat Clementine fruits stored for 21 d at 4 °C. Ready-to-eat Clementine fruits coated with alginate and extract from lemon by-products showed greater levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and organic acids. A microbiological analysis revealed the dose-dependent effect of the extract to contrast the growth of mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and molds during storage. A sensory analysis confirmed that the enriched coating improved the visual, structural, and olfactory parameters until the end of storage. The evidence in this study proves that an antioxidant extract from lemon by-products is a great sustainable treatment to preserve ready-to-eat fruits.
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Niluxsshun, Moira Carmalita Dharsika, Koneswaran Masilamani, and Umaramani Mathiventhan. "Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from the Extracts of Fruit Peel of Citrus tangerina, Citrus sinensis, and Citrus limon for Antibacterial Activities." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2021 (February 2, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695734.
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Wide application of nanoparticles motivates the need for synthesising them. Here, a nontoxic, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method has been established for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extracts of lemon peel (Citrus limon), green orange peel (Citrus sinensis), and orange peel (Citrus tangerina). The synthesised nanoparticles have been characterised using UV-visible absorptionspectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-visible absorption spectrum of these synthesised silver nanoparticles shows an absorption peak at around 440 nm. TEM images show different shaped particles with various sizes. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was appraised by a well-diffusion method and it was observed that the green synthesised silver nanoparticles have an effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The outcome of this study could be beneficial for nanotechnology-based biomedical applications.
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Sujitha, Mohanan V., and Soundarapandian Kannan. "Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrus fruits (Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata and Citrus sinensis) aqueous extract and its characterization." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 102 (February 2013): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2012.09.042.
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Ramírez-Sucre, Manuel Octavio, Kevin Alejandro Avilés-Betanzos, Anahí López-Martínez, and Ingrid Mayanin Rodríguez-Buenfil. "Evaluation of Polyphenol Profile from Citrus Peel Obtained by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent/Ultrasound Extraction." Processes 12, no. 10 (2024): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12102072.
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Citrus fruits are widely consumed worldwide; however, one of their primary uses is juice production, resulting in over 40 million tons of agro-industrial waste. Citrus peel is the main agro-industrial by-product in citrus production. In recent years, secondary metabolites of interest, mainly polyphenols such as hesperidin, have been identified in citrus peels. Currently, green alternatives like natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride and glucose (Glu), combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction, are studied to obtain polyphenol-rich extracts with potential health applications. This study aims to evaluate the effect of: (1) molar ratios (MR) of 1:0.5, 1:1 or 1:2 mol/mol of choline chloride (ChCl):glucose (Glu); (2) the percentage of added water (WA: 50, 60 or 70%) to NADES; and (3) different citrus peels of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), and Citrus limon (lemon) used for extraction, on polyphenol profiles, total polyphenol content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (Ax) of the extracts. The extracts were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method for TPC and DPPH assay for quantifying AC. A factorial experimental design 33 was implemented. The extract obtained with an MR of 1:1 (ChCl:Glu) from Citrus aurantium peel exhibited the highest concentration of hesperidin (2003.37 ± 10.91 mg/100 g dry mass), whereas an MR of 1:2 (ChCl:Glu) exhibited the highest concentration of neohesperidin (1045.94 ± 1.27 mg/100 g dry mass), both using 60% WA. This extract also showed the highest antioxidant capacity, achieving 100% inhibition. On the other hand, the highest concentration of total phenolic content (TPC) (96.23 ± 0.83 mg GAE/100 g dry mass) was obtained using C. aurantium peel with an MR of 1:0.5 (ChCl:Glu) and 60% WA. The extracts also presented high concentrations of rutin and catechin. These findings highlight the potential of revalorizing citrus peels, particularly Citrus aurantium, and their extracts obtained with NADES for possible health applications.
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Priamsari, Margareta Retno, Nonik Triliana Warianti Subarjo, and Sandi Mahesa Yudhantara. "Pengaruh Penambahan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Perasan Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Pada Minuman Teh Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.)." Jurnal Farmasi & Sains Indonesia 7, no. 2 (2024): 56–66. https://doi.org/10.52216/jfsi.vol7no2p56-66.
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Herbal tea is a drink made from leaves or flowers that are processed or processed as is done when making tea. A plant that is useful as herbal tea is the butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L). Butterfly pea flowers are a safe and natural source of antioxidants. Lemon fruit (Citrus limon (L.) is another plant that is useful as an antioxidant besides butterfly pea flowers. The high nutritional content of lemon fruit, including vitamin C as an antioxidant. Antioxidants are important substances for the body to maintain human health. This study aims to determine the effect of adding lemon juice extract concentration on antioxidant activity in butterfly pea flower tea drinks. Butterfly pea flower tea is made by brewing at a temperature of 70⁰C for 5 minutes. Lemon juice is made by squeezing using a lemon squeezer. The concentrations used in lemon juice are 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm. Testing was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method and the antioxidant potential was seen from the percentage inhibition value and IC50 using UV-Vis spectrophotometric absorbance measurements. The results in this study were obtained using a linear regression equation. Lemon juice extract on butterfly pea flower tea has an IC50 value of 60.792 ppm, while the value IC50 vitamin C is 3,160 ppm. Lemon juice extract on butterfly pea flower tea is classified as a strong antioxidant. This shows that the addition of lemon juice extract to butterfly pea flower tea has an effect on antioxidant activity. The SPSS results of antioxidant activity in butterfly pea flower tea with the addition of lemon juice extract showed a significant difference with the antioxidant activity of vitamin C namely 0,001 (p<0,05).
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Gupta, Charu. "Chemical Composition of Fruit Peels Essential Oil from Citrus Species and their Antimicrobial Efficacy as Biopreservatives." Advances in Food Technology and Nutrition Sciences – Open Journal 8, no. 1 (2022): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/aftnsoj-8-177.
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Aim Extraction, chemical determination and comparison of essential oil (EO) composition from the peel oil of three varieties of citrus, sweet lime (Citrus limetta, Meetha Nimbu), lemon (C. limon) and acid lime (C. aurantifolia, Kagzi Nimbu) and their antimicrobial efficacy as preservative in food spoilage was studied. Material and Methods The extraction from all the three types lemon peel oil was done using clevenger apparatus and the chemical constituents of lemon peel EO analyzed by GC-MS. The antagonistic activity of lemon peel EO and 50% methanolic extract from peel residue left after EO extraction was studied against common food borne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Bacillus sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by agar well diffusion assay. The test fungal species were Rhizopus sp., Rhizomucor sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. Results The chemical constituents of lemon peel EO analyzed by GC-MS showed 22 constituents with limonene (39-92%), β-myrcene (0.08-2.57%), α-terpineol (0.3-7.3%), α- and β-pinene (0.2-25.4%) as major ingredients and 1-Octanol, cis-linalool oxide, sabinene as minor constituents. It was found that lemon peel oil exhibited wide range of antimicrobial activity against both groups of bacteria with highest inhibition of zone produced against Bacillus mycoides and B. cereus 34 mm and 28 mm respectively and against fungi Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp. (34 mm and 28 mm respectively). In contrast to EO, the peel extract produced widest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus followed by S. epidermidis and B. subtilis (IZD of 15, 13 and 13 mm respectively) and in case of fungus, peel extract was most effective against Alternaria sp. and Rhizopus sp. (IZD 26 mm, 17 mm respectively). Conclusion These studies illustrated that antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of EO was much better than its lemon peel extract and has potential to be used as biopreservative in food spoilage.
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Dewanti, Dewa Ayu Putu Sri Ista, Desak Ketut Ernawati, Agung Wiwiek Indrayani, Ni Wayan Sucindra Dewi, and I. Made Jawi. "Protective Effect of Lemon (Citrus limon L.) Ethanol Extract Cream as an Antioxidant Against Exposure to Ultraviolet B Rays in the Skin of Male Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) Rats." Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Komunitas 5, no. 1 (2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jekk.v5i1.6910.
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Background: Indonesia is an archipelagic country and one of the tropical countries that get sun exposure all the time. Sun exposure can have beneficial and detrimental effects in life. Exposure to radiation can cause acute effects in the form of erythema through the inflammatory process. Antioxidants are substances that can protect the body from damage caused by ROS. Natural antioxidants can be found in vegetables and fruits, one of which comes from lemon extract (Citrus limon L.). Lemon extract is known to have various chemical contents with active compounds in the form of flavonoids and phenols which can act as antioxidants. The aim of this research was to determine the protective effect that can be produced by lemons on UVB exposure in the skin of male wistar rats.Methods: This research uses the true experimental post test only control group design method. Samples were divided into three treatment concentrations, namely ethanol extract of lemon 5%, 10%, and 20%.Result: After testing for normality, the significance value was obtained (p <0.05). Based on the results of the normality and homogeneity test, the results of the data distribution are not normal and the homogeneous tests of the hypotheses used are the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test results showed a significant difference with the significance value (p = 0.001). The best degree of erythema score was found in the cream of 10% ethanol extract of lemon with an average of 0.8 ± 0.84.Conclusion : The ethanol extract of lemon (Citrus limon L.) cream in a certain dosage has a significant effect on reducing the erythema degree score in the back skin of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) after exposure to UVB rays.
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Nelma, Nelma, and Sri Wahyuni. "UJI EFEKTIVITAS DAYA TOLAK UAP EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK LEMON (CITRUS LIMON, SWINGLE) TERHADAP NYAMUK AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA : CULICIDAE)." Scientific Proceedings of Islamic and Complementary Medicine 1, no. 1 (2022): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55116/spicm.v1i1.14.
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Citrus reticulata is a plant that is believed to be used as a repellent against mosquito bites. The plant contains several substances that repel mosquitoes. Although quite effective, this type of mosquito repellent is risky because it is presence of active substances in the form of chemical content. Almost all anti-mosquito lotions circulating in Indonesia contain active ingredient DEET (Diethyl toluamide) which is a toxic synthetic chemical when in a concentration of 10-15%. This research is quasi-experimental which aims to find out the ability of citrus reticulata peel extract vapor to repel Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The research was conducted in the laboratory of Integrated Poltekkes Kemenkes Medan. Starting from May 2018 to October 2018. Research material in the form of orange peel (simplisia) obtained from the market of Fruit Brastagi Karo Regency. Simplisia soaked in organic solvents (alcohol 76%) for 3-5 days to get maserate, and filtered using a fine gauze sieve to get citrus reticulata filtrate. The application process to find out its repulsion, using Aedes mosquito test material. adult aegypti, which is carried out rearing for 5 weeks. From the results 2 times 100% (55.52%) and 75% (35.83%). Using electric mosquito repellent, a combination of both comparisons 1 and 2 adult mosquito displacement by 62%. That difference between comparison and test difference is quite small, which is 6.48% at concentration of filtrate 100%, while at a concentration of 75% difference is 26.17%. Test results based on percentage displacement can be said that a dilution of 100%, 75%, 50%.
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Sharmeen, Rehnuma, Md Nazmul Hossain, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Md Javed Foysal, and Md Faruque Miah. "In-vitro antibacterial activity of herbal aqueous extract against multi-drug resistant Klebsiella sp. isolated from human clinical samples." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 1, no. 6 (2012): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i6.10534.
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The studies were carried out to evaluate antibacterial activity of 35 aqueous herbal extracts against a total of 20 clinical Klebshiella sp. isolates. The maximum antibacterial activity was found as 90% in crude extracts of Syzygium aromaticum (leaf) and Citrus limon L. (fruit) followed by 85% in Spondias pinnata (leaf). Sensitivity of these isolates was also evaluated for eight commercial antibiotic discs following disc diffusion assay where most of the isolates found to develop resistance against multiple commercial antibiotics. 85% of isolates exhibited resistant to chloramphenicol and erythromycin and 80% were resiatant to sulfamethoxazole and cephradine. The isolates showed their resistance between 55-60 % to the other four antibiotic discs, viz; gentamycin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. Among 35 herbal extracts tested, 19 herbal extrats were found to possess antimicrobial activity in all multi-drug resistant isolates. Therefore these herbal extracts could be used in future direction as alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment of human diseases caused by Klebsiella sp. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i6.10534 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(6): 133-137
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Etoh, Tadahiro, Yong P. Kim, Masahiko Hayashi, et al. "Inhibitory effect of a formulated extract from multiple citrus peels on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 246.7 macrophages." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 3, no. 6 (2013): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v3i6.50.
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Background: Formulated Citrus Peel Extract (GL) made from the peels of six citrus fruits available in Japan, namely navel oranges, citrus hassaku, citrus limon, citrus natsudaidai, citrus miyauchi and satsuma, was initially developed as a cosmetic product to protect skin from UV irradiation. Anecdotal evidences of anti-cancer property of GL have been reported by consumers based on the cases such as topical application for melanoma, and oral ingestion for prostate, lung and liver cancers. Those anecdotal reports stimulated us to investigate anti-tumorigenesis activity of GL. In the previous study, we reported that the topical application of GL inhibited DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumor formation by decreasing inflammatory gene parameters.Objective: In this study, we mainly investigated the effect of GL on translocation of NF-kB together with production of nitric-oxide and TNF-α induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells.Results: This investigation showed that GL decreased the release of TNF-α and nitric oxide from macrophage RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GL suppressed the expression of iNOS and nuclear translocation of NF-kB in RAW264.7 cells, inhibited the degradation of IκB-α, and scavenged hydroxyl radicals (DMPO/OH adduct) in vitro.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that GL suppresses the inflammation in vitro, and exerts chemopreventive activity through the inhibition of production of TNF-α and iNOS proteins due to the inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-kB and oxidative stress. GL appears to be a novel functional natural product capable of preventing inflammation and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Keywords: GL, Citrus peel extract, anti-inflammation, Nitric oxide, iNOS, NF-kB, TNF-α
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Ertürk, Aliye, and Ömer Ertürk. "The Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Rotten and Fresh Fruits, Vegetables Extracts." Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 14, no. 1 (2024): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1272380.
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This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some fresh fruits and vegetables and their rotten forms. Among the fresh and rotten materials examined, there were Citrus paradise, Citrus sinensis, Punica granatum, Cydonia oblonga, Malus domestica, Citrus limon, Pyrus anatolica, Persea americana, Capsicum annuum var., Actinidia deliciosa, Beta vulgaris L. It was already known that fresh fruits, vegetables have potential microbicidal activities. But how the rottens would behave is unknown. Antimicrobial activities of fresh and rotten samples were examined on selected bacterial (Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal strains (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by diffusion test, which was confirmed by the inhibition zone and advanced numerical tools. While rotten and fresh pomegranate (24.25±0.09 and 12.87±0.11 mm) showed tremendous activity against S. aureus by standards (Ampicillin: 11.76±0.54 and Cephazolin: 6.00±0.00 mm); against C. albicans, rotten avocado (24.12±0.42 mm) showed satisfactory potency compared to Nystatin (17.89±0.54 mm). Antioxidant activity was screened by DPPH free radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelation, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content determination methods. While rotten beetroot has the richest total phenolic content with 316.21 ± 9.89 mg GAE/g extract; rotten grapefruit showed the highest total flavonoid content with 118.57±2.58 mg QE/g extract. Research on vegetables and fruits; reveals that not only as food but also as decay forms can be recommended for future therapeutic purposes as pharmacologically active antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
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Ulutas, Aycan, and Jale Qorun. "Detection of Antibacterial Effects of Various Fruit Species on Motile Aeromonas species." Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal 8, no. 1 (2021): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/aa.v8i1.3820.
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The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial effects of extracts prepared from orange (Citrus sinensis L.), lemon (C. limon L.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels on motile Aeromonas species including Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae and A. allosaccharophila using disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. In addition, the antibacterial effects of edible films and coatings prepared from orange, lemon and pomegranate peels on these bacteria were also investigated with the well agar diffusion technique in the current study. The essential oils (EOs) used in the study were obtained from the fruit peels by the distillation method. To test the antibacterial susceptibilities of essential oils, sterile discs were placed on the surface of the Petri dishes which were inoculated by bacteria. The dishes were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. At the end of the incubation period, the zone diameters observed around the discs were measured. Florfenicol, flumequine and oxytetracycline were used as control antibiotics in the study. Antibacterial susceptibilities of fruit peels were also determined by broth dilution technique. The Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values of the fruit peels were found and the lowest concentration where turbidity which was not observed was accepted as MIC for that bacterial species. Carragenean, xanthan, starch and carop were used as matrix in the preparation of edible films and coatings. According to the results of the study, it was found that EO extract prepared from lemon peels was more effective on A. hydrophila, A. caviae and A. allosaccharophila than EO extracts prepared from pomegranate and orange peels in disc diffusion test. Also, it was found that edible films prepared from pomegranate peels had the most antibacterial effect on the three bacterial species.
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Figueira, José A., Priscilla Porto-Figueira, Cristina Berenguer, Jorge A. M. Pereira, and José S. Câmara. "Evaluation of the Health-Promoting Properties of Selected Fruits." Molecules 26, no. 14 (2021): 4202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144202.
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In this study, the health-promoting benefits of different fruits grown in Madeira Island, namely lemon (Citrus limon var. eureka), tangerine (Citrus reticulata var. setubalense), pitanga (Eugenia uniflora var. red), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. gordal) and uva-da-serra, an endemic blueberry (Vaccinium padifolium Sm.), were investigated. The phenolic composition (total phenolics and total flavonoids content) and antioxidant capacity (assessed through ABTS and DPPH assays) were measured revealing a high phenolic potential for all fruits, except tomato, while uva-da-serra is particularly rich in flavonoids. In relation to the antioxidant capacity, the highest values were obtained for pitanga and uva-da-serra extracts. The bioactive potential was also assessed through the ability of the extracts to inhibit digestive enzymes linked to diabetes (α-amylase, α- and β-glucosidases) and hypertension (angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE). The results obtained point to a very high bioactive potential with the selected samples exhibiting very important ACE anti-enzymatic capacities. A statistical analysis of the obtained data reveals a very strong correlation between ABTS and TPC, and a strong contribution of the fruit polyphenols for enzyme inhibition, and thus, presenting high antihypertensive and antidiabetic capacities. Overall, the results obtained clearly show a high bioactive potential of the selected fruits that should be further studied, in terms of specific phenolic composition. Moreover, these results strongly support the valorisation of pitanga seeds usually discarded as a waste, and uva-da-serra, an endemic and wild bush, as potential bioresources of bioactive compounds with impact in human diet.
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Patimah, Kusnul, Evi Nurul Hidayati, and Joko Santoso. "FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS SEDIAAN CLAY MASK DARI EKSTRAK KULIT PEPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA LINN.) DENGAN KOMBINASI EKSTRAK KULIT LEMON (CITRUS LIMON BURM F.) SEBAGAI ANTI AGING." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 7, no. 1 (2025): 95–115. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v7i1.588.
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Aging is a change in humans caused by age, psychological and social factors. based on a patient survey at rsud dr. soetomo surabaya in 2017, the group diagnosed with photoaging caused by sun exposure had a prevalence rate of 50.27%. papaya peel and lemon peel contain vitamin c and flavonoids that have properties as natural antioxidants. clay mask preparations are able to remove dirt on the face so that the skin becomes brighter and cleaner. the purpose of this research is to determine the activity and physical quality of the clay mask preparation formulation of papaya fruit peel extract (carica papaya linn.) and lemon peel extract (citrus limon burm f.) as anti-aging. the method in this study is an experimental method with a design in the form of a true experimental post test only control group design. the results of this study obtained the ic50 value of papaya peel extract with a dose of 2 grams of 51.88 ppm and lemon peel extract with a dose of 5 grams of 39.87 ppm, evaluation of clay mask preparations fi obtained brown preparations, homogeneous preparations, ph 5.44, drying time 15.25 minutes; fii obtained brown preparations, homogeneous preparations, ph 5.66, drying time 5.44 minutes; fiii obtained brown preparations, homogeneous preparations, ph 5.50, drying time 20.26 minutes. the conclusion of this study is that papaya peel extract and lemon peel extract have antioxidant activity as anti-aging, the physical quality of clay mask preparations of all formulations has met the standards and the most stable formula is fii. the most preferred formula by volunteers is fii and all formulations do not cause irritation.
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Dubey, Anil Kumar, Ankit Gupta, Radha Mohan Sharma, and Nimisha Sharma. "Maximizing Hybrid Seedlings Recovery and Early Identification of Highly Polyembryonic Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swing.) × Lemon (Citrus limon Burm.) Hybrids using SSR Markers." Journal of Horticultural Research 28, no. 2 (2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2020-0024.
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AbstractNucellar embryony is the major obstacle in getting hybrid seedlings in interspecific crosses in citrus. Hence, the present study was conducted to standardize embryo age, culture media for maximizing germination, and subsequent identification of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to differentiate the hybrids. A factorial experiment was conducted with three embryo ages – 80–90, 110–120, and 130–140 days after pollination (DAP). The germination of the rescued immature embryos of acid lime × lemon crosses was initiated on three different growing media. The fruits harvested at 130–140 and 80–90 DAP had a higher number of functional seeds (90%). Older embryos (130–140 DAP) and middle-aged embryos (110–120 DAP) germinated in 100% on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 500 mg·l−1 malt extract, 1.5 mg·l−1 gibberellic acid (GA3), and 0.02 mg·l−1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). MS medium supplemented with 500 mg·l−1 malt extract proved better for the germination of embryos taken at 80–90 DAP. Plantlet survival was the highest in younger embryos (80–90 DAP) cultured on MS basal medium (84.21%) and the lowest in older embryos cultured on MS medium supplemented with 500 mg·l−1 malt extract plus 1.5 mg·l−1 GA3 and 0.02 mg·l−1 NAA. The seedlings obtained from the culture 80–90 DAP had the highest root length (4.9 mm) and shoot length (5.3 mm) at 60 days after inoculation (DAI) on the above medium. SSR marker analysis revealed that CCSM-4 and CAC-33 markers expressed polymorphism between female and male parents, proving their ability to identify the hybrids of ‘Kagzi’ acid lime × ‘Konkan Seedless’ lemon.
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Harahap, Irwan Saputra, Halimatussakdiah Halimatussakdiah, and Ulil Amna. "Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Daun Jeruk Lemon (Citrus limon L.) dari Kota Langsa, Aceh." QUIMICA: Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Terapan 3, no. 1 (2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jq.v3i1.3492.
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Telah dilakukan skrining fitokimia pada daun jeruk lemon. Jeruk lemon (Citrus limon L.) merupakan suatu tumbuhan yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat terutama bagian buahnya. Untuk mengetahui kandungan kimianya, maka dilakukanlah uji keberadaan senyawa metabolit sekunder di dalam ekstrak daun jeruk lemon (Citrus limon L.). Daun jeruk lemon memiliki kandungan limonen yang dapat digunakan dalam terapi anti kanker. Ekstrak daun jeruk lemon diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode maserasi. Setelah ekstrak kasar daun jeruk lemon diperoleh, maka diuji kandungan senyawa fitokimianya secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan uji fitokimia yang dilakukan maka diketahui bahwa ekstrak daun jeruk lemon positif mengandung golongan senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, fenol, dan tanin.
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Athanasiadis, Vassilis, Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Martha Mantiniotou, Eleni Bozinou, and Stavros I. Lalas. "Exploring the Antioxidant Properties of Citrus limon (Lemon) Peel Ultrasound Extract after the Cloud Point Extraction Method." Biomass 4, no. 1 (2024): 202–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomass4010010.
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Each year, a substantial amount of food is discarded around the globe. A significant portion of this waste consists of by-products derived from Citrus fruits such as lemons. The purpose of this research is to examine the polyphenol extraction and the antioxidant ability of lemon peel using cloud point extraction (CPE), a sustainable approach. CPE was conducted using three steps with a 20% w/v concentration of Span 20 as the surfactant, which has a critical micellar concentration of 6.13 × 10−5 mol/L. The pH was set at 7 and a salt concentration of 20% was maintained at 45 °C for 20 min. The subsequent outcomes of the analysis were obtained: total polyphenol content (TPC): 526.32 mg gallic acid equivalents per liter; total flavonoid content (TFC): 90.22 mg rutin equivalents per liter; FRAP, DPPH, and hydrogen peroxide assays: 2.40, 2.68 and 1.03 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents per liter, respectively, and 168.63 mg/L ascorbic acid content. The quantification of the polyphenolic compounds through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography showed that the most abundant compounds in the lemon peels are eriocitrin (159.43 mg/L) and hesperidin (135.21 mg/L). The results indicate that the proposed CPE technique is successful in extracting antioxidant compounds from lemon peels. The generated extracts have the potential to be exploited as dietary additives to enhance human health and can also be utilized for nutraceuticals or pharmaceutical purposes.
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Mehmood, Tahir, Anum Afzal, Farooq Anwar, Najma Memon, Ayaz A. Memon, and Rahman Qadir. "Variation in phenolic acids and antibacterial attributes of peel extracts from ripe and unripe [Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck] fruit." Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 14, no. 3 (2020): 1325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00380-w.
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Badiche-El Hilali, Fátima, Beatriz Medeiros-Fonseca, Jéssica Silva, et al. "The Effect of Lemon Juice (Citrus limon L.) Treated with Melatonin on the Health Status and Treatment of K14HPV16 Mice." Antioxidants 13, no. 5 (2024): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050588.
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Lemon is a fruit rich in antioxidant properties and has several health benefits, namely the reduction of skin edema and anticarcinogenic properties, which are due to its high content of bioactive compounds. Melatonin can improve and preserve the properties of lemon for longer and also has health benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of lemon juice after melatonin treatment on murinometric parameters of wild-type (WT) mice and transgenic mice carrying human papillomavirus (HPV). Two trials were performed for oral administration of the lemon extract compound: in drinking water and in diet. First of all, lemons were treated by immersion with melatonin at 10 mM. Then, lemons were squeezed, and the juice obtained was freeze-dried and stored to be subsequently added to drinking water or diet, according to the assay. Thus, mice were divided into eight groups in the drink assay (each with n = 5): group 1 (G1, WT, control), group 2 (G2, WT, 1 mL lemon), group 3 (G3, WT, 1.5 mL lemon), group 4 (G4, WT, 2 mL lemon), group 5 (G5, HPV16, control), group 6 (G6, HPV16, 1 mL lemon) group 7 (G6, HPV16, 1.5 mL lemon) and group 8 (G6, HPV16, 2 mL lemon). The diet assay was divided into four groups: group 1 (G1, WT, control), group 2 (G2, WT, 4 mL lemon), group 3 (G3, HPV16, control) and group 4 (G4, HPV16, 4 mL lemon). In the drink assay, the highest concentration of melatonin (308 ng/100 mL) was for groups 4 and 8, while in the food assay, there was only one concentration of melatonin (9.96 ng/g) for groups 2 and 4. Both trials lasted 30 days. During this time, body weight, food and water were recorded. Afterward, they were sacrificed, and samples were collected for different analyses. At the concentrations used, the lemon juice with melatonin had no adverse effects on the animals’ health and showed a positive outcome in modifying weight gain and enhancing antioxidant activity in mice. Moreover, a reduction in the incidence of histological lesions was observed in treated animals. Further research is needed to better understand the effects of lemon extract on health and treatment outcomes in this animal model.
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Hikmaya, Hikmaya, Nining Triani Thamrin, and Fenny Hasanuddin. "Potensi Tepung Biji Pinang Terhadap Pengendalian Hama Kutu Putih (Phenacoccus manihoti) pada Tanaman Jeruk Lemon." Perbal: Jurnal Pertanian Berkelanjutan 12, no. 2 (2024): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30605/perbal.v12i2.3856.
Full textAbstract:
Tanaman jeruk lemon (Citrus limon L.) termasuk ke dalam famili Rutaceae, banyak dibudidayakan di Negara-negara Asia Selatan karena memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi. Kutu putih (Phenacoccus manihoti) merupakan serangga asli Meksiko/Amerika Tengah. Gejala yang ditimbulkan dari hama ini menyebabkan kerusakan secara langsung dengan mengisap cairan tanaman; kerusakan yang parah dapat menyebabkan pertumbuhan tanaman terhambat dan kerontokan buah muda. Embun madu adalah tempat cendawan jelaga tinggal di kotoran yang dikeluarkan kutu. Serangan kutu putih mengganggu pertumbuhan tanaman, menyebabkan bunga dan buah rontok, sesuai fakta di lapangan menunjukkan kerontokan pada buah yang cukup besar dapat berpengaruh terhadap nilai ekonomis. Biji pinang dapat dijadikan bahan baku penggunaan pestisida nabati untuk mengendalikan kutu putih pada tanaman yang diproses menjadi tepung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi tepung biji pinang terhadap kutu putih pada tanaman jeruk lemon dan konsentrasi tepung biji pinang yang tepat digunakan untuk mengendalikan populasi hama kutu putih pada tanaman jeruk lemon. Penelitian ini akan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Dasar Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang pada bulan November-Januari 2024. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan 3 ulangan sehingga terdapat 15 unit pengamatan setiap pengamatan terdiri atas 3 sampel, sehingga terdapat 45 unit pengamatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak tepung biji pinang memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata dalam mengendalikan hama kutu putih. Konsentrasi terbaik ekstrak tepung biji pinang adalah 60 g/l air dengan mortalitas 98.83%, 60 g/l air dan 50 g/l air dengan uji repelensi rata-rata hinggap 3-5 ekor kutu putih dan LT50% pada 39.74 jam. The lemon plant (Citrus limon L.) belongs to the Rutaceae family, is widely cultivated in South Asian countries because it has high economic value. Mealybugs (Phenacoccus manihoti) are insects native to Mexico/Central America. Symptoms caused by this pest cause direct damage by sucking plant fluids; Severe damage can cause stunted plant growth and loss of young fruit. Honeydew is where the sooty fungus lives in the excrement excreted by fleas. Mealybug attacks disrupt plant growth, causing flowers and fruit to fall off, according to facts in the field showing that fruit loss is quite large and can affect economic value. Areca nut seeds can be used as raw material for using botanical pesticides to control mealybugs on plants that are processed into flour. The aim of this research is to determine the potential of areca nut flour against mealybugs on lemon plants and the appropriate concentration of areca seed flour to use to control the population of mealybug pests on lemon plants. This research will be carried out at the Basic Laboratory of the Faculty of Science and Technology, Muhammadiyah University, Sidenreng Rappang in November-January 2024. This research uses a Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with 5 treatments and 3 replications so that there are 15 observation units, each observation consisting of 3 samples, so there are 45 observation units. The results of the research show that areca nut flour extract has a very real effect in controlling mealybug pests. The best concentration of areca seed flour extract is 60 g/l water with a mortality of 98.83%, 60 g/l water and 50 g/l water with an average repellency test perched on 3-5 mealybugs and LT50% at 39.74 hours.
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Ezzat, Rania S. "Anti-carcinogenic effects and mechanisms of actions of Citrus limon fruit peel hydroethanolic extract and limonene in diethylnitrosmine/2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats." American Journal of Cancer Research 14, no. 11 (2024): 5193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.62347/foyi6658.
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