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Journal articles on the topic 'City charity'
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1
Peiss, K. "Charity Girls and City Pleasures." OAH Magazine of History 18, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/18.4.14.
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Bakaeva, N. V., and L. V. Chaykovskaya. "THE FUNCTION OF "CHARITY" CITY AS THE CITY-FORMING FACTOR." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-4-50-56.
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One of the fundamental principle of the biosphere compatibility conception of cities and settlements is the principle of inhabitants' satisfaction of rational needs. The most vulnerable group of the city population is invalids, people with carriages, children, who are refered to the disabled population, so these are people, who move and get services and information with difficulties. It is important, that the number of the disabled population grows stably in the recent period. That is why the creation of the comfortable conditions for the disabled population is the main aim of the contemporaneity. During the last 15-20 years the attempts of drawing the disabled population in all the living sphere were undertaken more than once. But nowadays the problem of restriction possibility of disabled oopulation is relevant. "Charity" is the function of the city which reflects the disabled population's extent of satisfactions needs. "Charity" , which takes the main place among all the functions of the settlements , is not fulfilled practically on the territory of the modern cities and settlements. There is an evatuation of the function realization of "Charity" city in the aticle. The function were taken up the territory of the dwelling microdistrict of Kursk city. Also the results of the analysis have been made, the proposals have been shown and directed to solve the problem of the providing the disabled population with the convenience of the city life. The results can be served as the base for the realization of the proposals and recommendations.
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Salzman, Michele Renee. "From a Classical to a Christian City." Studies in Late Antiquity 1, no. 1 (2017): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2017.1.1.65.
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This paper focuses on the justifications for feeding Rome as a case study for evaluating the transition from a classical model of civic euergetism to one of Christian charity. Civic euergetism, which customarily entails public philanthropy publicly directed toward one's city or fellow citizens, was a social transaction intended to gain personal glory. In Christian charity, the poor were now supposed to be the objects of acts of public giving. Based on my analysis, I propose that scholars who view this transition as either continuity or novel change are adopting flawed models. I offer an alternative model for this transition that stresses the dynamic, on-going interaction of civic euergetism and Christian charity. These two sets of ideas influenced one another even as they remained distinct components of justifications for the feeding of Rome well into the late sixth century.
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Blum, Ann S. "Conspicuous Benevolence: Liberalism, Public Welfare, and Private Charity in Porfirian Mexico City, 1877-1910." Americas 58, no. 1 (July 2001): 7–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2001.0067.
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“If the charity that one practices for adults honors and gratifies, that which one engages in for children redeems and glorifies,” wrote Juan de Dios Peza, poet and playwright, in his journalistic chronicle of public welfare under the government of Porfirio Díaz. Peza elaborated: “If charity is beautiful when exercised in favor of adults, it is a divine reflection, a smile of God, when given to children.” Peza's imagery evoked religious charity of the colonial era, when giving alms and pious bequests earned the salvation of the donor. But Peza wrote in 1881 to celebrate the achievements of General Porfirio Díaz's first presidential term in the realm of public welfare, principally bringing welfare administration under federal jurisdiction.
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Kochin, Michael S. "Resistance, Charity, and Rebirth in Roberto Rossellini'sRome, Open City." Perspectives on Political Science 42, no. 2 (April 2013): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10457097.2012.713252.
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Fokina, Olga, Inga Millere, Liāna Deklava, and Kristaps Circenis. "BEGINNING OF DAUGAVPILS CHARITY SISTERS’ SCHOOL FOUNDATION (1939−1943)." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 26, 2016): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol4.1575.
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The Latvian Red Cross organization was founded in 1918 and one of its activities was foundation and maintenance of hospitals in various towns and cities of Latvia. The need for well-prepared charity sisters emerged due to expanding range of medical activities. Consequently, this caused the need to establish sisters’ schools in Latvia. In 1921 charity sisters’ schools were established in Riga and Liepaja, in 1932 the school was established in Jelgava. Later on, in 1939 two more charity sisters’ schools in Riga started their work. However, the demand for charity sisters was growing. The lack of charity sisters was obvious in Daugavpils medical institutions, too. In 1939 the only Latgalian charity sisters’ school was opened in the city to solve that vital problem. That school in Daugavpils worked from 1939 to 1943. During that particular period of time two graduations of educated charity sisters took place. In 1943 the school stopped functioning because of the war situation. This article aims at performing analytical overview of foundation activities of Daugavpils Charity Sisters’ School.
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Omrani, Meisam, Zahra Naji-Azimi, Alireza Pooya, and Majid Salari. "Optimal location of electronic charity boxes in charity NGOs by proposing a combined mathematical model." RAIRO - Operations Research 55, no. 3 (May 2021): 1523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021071.
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The topic of collecting public donations has always attracted the attention of charity Non-Governmental Organizations as their basic policy; nevertheless, despite its importance, not much scientific research has been conducted on the issue. The optimal location of electronic charity boxes is effective in optimizing the obtained benefits. In this paper, for the first time in the literature, a location problem is defined with the aim of maximizing people’s motivation for money donation. We propose a new model to find the optimal location of e-charity boxes across the city with an aim to maximize the total amount of received benefits, as well as the total amount of donation motivation. To reach this aim, the effective criteria on the amount of gathered donation in each district and in each location type are investigated separately. Then, considering some constraints of the problem, a new mathematical model is proposed in order to determine the optimal location of e-charity boxes. We solve the model using LP-Metric, SAW, and TOPSIS methods, as a combination of Multi-Objective and Multi-Attributes Decision Making methods. Besides, we run the model in a real case study and 80 final locations are specified as the optimal locations in the studied city.
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MacLennan, Anne. "Charity and Change: Montreal English Protestant Charity Faces the Crisis of Depression." Articles 16, no. 1 (August 19, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017942ar.
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The depression of the 1930s forced private and public charities across Canada to adapt to new circumstances. The crisis was particularly acute for the Montreal Council of Social Agencies, a minority English Protestant organization in a city reluctant to accept any responsibility for public services. The Council was forced to assume the burden of relief services for its community. The abrupt and long term disruptions in the operations of the Council caused by the Depression forced it to reevaluate and reassess its role in social services. Consequently, the Montreal Council of Social Agencies tried to compel municipal, provincial and federal governments to play larger roles in welfare work to relieve immediate and future problems. Most importantly, the Montreal Council of Social Agencies was guided through the 1930s by the principles of the Charity Organization Society, which were retained and reinforced rather than weakened by this crisis.
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van Asperen, Hanneke. "The Gates of Charity: Images of City and Community in the Early Modern Dutch Orphanage." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 6 (November 30, 2015): 1000–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215617184.
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In the seventeenth century, Dutch charitable institutions were the subject of international praise and the object of civic pride, and their public façades communicated a message of central importance to its citizens. In this essay, I examine the iconography of seventeenth-century “gates of charity,” focusing on the almoner’s orphanage in Gouda and the Holy Ghost orphanage in Leiden. I relate them to other orphanages in the Dutch Republic to show developments in their iconography. The façade decorations demonstrate the responsibilities of the city as benefactor, the expectations of its citizens and the supposed effects of charity upon the community. At the gates, the worlds of the rich and the poor collided. Here, charity could flourish making the community a mirror image of the heavenly realm. The gate portrays the perfect society as one that assists its poor and strengthens its communal ties.
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Agostino, Deborah, and Irvine Lapsley. "City–Charity Partnerships and the Financial Crisis: Case study evidence." Public Management Review 15, no. 5 (June 2013): 633–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2012.707678.
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Topalov, Christian. "Power and Charity in New York City during the Progressive Era: A Network Analysis." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 50, no. 3 (November 2019): 383–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01447.
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The New York Charities Directory compiled by the Charity Organization Society enumerates 1,000 charities and the 2,500 persons who ran them. Examination of this vast and complex network, using a combination of macro- and micro-sociological methods, enables the drawing of a global map of the charitable world and its various interconnected regions. Multiple-component analysis helps to correlate the positions of individuals in that world with their social and economic characteristics. Focusing on 200 charity leaders who interlocked several charities and controlled or connected various portions of the network, these procedures bring to the foreground famous philanthropists and activists, as well as people not so well known.
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Salonen, Anna Sofia. "Lining up for charity." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, no. 3/4 (April 11, 2017): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-10-2015-0110.
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Purpose Recent decades have witnessed a rise in food charity provided by faith-based and other charitable agencies. Previous research has noted that besides material assistance, these occasions provide a social and communal event for many participants. The purpose of this paper is to examine this notion by exploring how the social organization of breadlines contributes to the social relationships between the food recipients and their experiences of these places as communities, and what qualities these communities eventually develop. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on ethnographic data from four breadlines in one Finnish city. The study approaches the breadlines as queues, that is, social systems that govern waiting, mutual order and access. Findings The social organization of queue practices mirrors the users’ experiences of the breadlines as communities with many concurrent faces: as communities of mutual surveillance and as demanding communities that call for skills and resources from the participants, as well as socially significant communities. The findings show how the practices of organizing charitable assistance influence the complex social relationships between charitable giver and recipient, and how the food recipients accommodate themselves to the situations and social roles available on a given occasion. Originality/value Analysing breadlines as queues and using qualitative data from the everyday assistance events gives voice to the experiences of food charity recipients and allows a more nuanced picture to be painted of the breadline communities than studies based merely on surveys or interviews.
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Li, Tao, and Jin-chuang Li. "Chu Hsi’s Thought of Charity and Practice of She-cang." China Nonprofit Review 8, no. 2 (November 22, 2016): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341315.
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Charity activities have a long history in China. As an epitome of Neo-Confucianism, Chu Hsi thought charity is an explosion of benevolence, and a process from loving their relatives to expanding their own love to others, and emphasized that it is the most important national affair to be concerned about the people’s suffering. For the shortcomings of establishing She-cang in city, Chu Hsi first established She-cang in the rural area, which used food allotted by the government as funds, was self-managed by rural officer and gentry, under the proper supervision of government. It mainly used a reasonable way of interest-bearing to ensure mobile appreciation of funds, effectively made up for the lack of government charity, and demonstrated the function of rural non-government charity organization. The successful practice of Chu Hsi was popularized by the emperor throughout the country and became the Chu His She-cang method, which was followed by later generations, was the good example of non-government charity organization in Chinese ancient time. But later, it showed some shortcomings. These have the important historical enlightenment and reference significance for development of today’s non-government charity organization.
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Kamrizal, Kamrizal, and Nenengsih Nenengsih. "Strategy of Zakat Collection during the Covid-19 Pandemic at Padang City (Case Study at LAZ Charity Risalah)." International Journal on Advanced Science, Education, and Religion 4, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33648/ijoaser.v4i1.101.
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Currently, zakat management was also affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The reason was that the muzaki have decreased their income, thus affecting Zakat collection they do. This study aims to determine Strategy of Zakat collection during the Covid-19 pandemic at LAZ Risalah Charity. The researcher used qualitative, while the type of research was descriptive. The results showed that there were six strategies carried out by LAZ Risalah Charity in Padang City in order to increase the zakat collection target during the pandemic period, namely the socialization of the zakat collection program, the socialization of the zakat distribution program, cooperation with zakat management units (UPZ), zakat pick-up services, online, zakat services via transfer and increasing the capacity of Human Resources (HR). Apart from this program, LAZ Risalah Charity also plans to provide digital financial service facilities for muzaki who will pay zakat.
Keywords: Zakat in Covid-19 Time, Strategy of Zakat, Zakat Collection
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Kashif, Muhammad, Syamsulang Sarifuddin, and Azizah Hassan. "Charity donation: intentions and behaviour." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 33, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-07-2013-0110.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model to investigate money donation intentions and behaviour. Furthermore, the applicability of an extended TPB model is tested for the first time in a collectivist culture. Design/methodology/approach – The data have been collected from 221 people living in the city of Kuala Lampur through a questionnaire based on extended TPB model. The data have been analysed through employing structural equation modelling (SEM) procedures to extract meaningful conclusions. Findings – The results depict an excellent fit to the extended TPB model. The past behaviour, injunctive norms, and intentions to donate positively contribute towards actual behaviour to donate money. Attitude, self-reported behaviour, descriptive norms, and moral norms do not significantly contribute to intentions to donate money. Practical implications – Managers of charitable organisations are struggling to attract customers who can actively donate money in response to various fundraising campaigns. This study will provide some useful strategies to help managers in attracting and retaining customers for life. Originality/value – Research studies performed to investigate money donation intentions and behaviour are scarce where current research fills this knowledge gap by presenting a developing country perspective. In addition to that, extended TPB model to investigate money donation intentions and behaviour has never been refuted through SEM procedures.
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Pollard, Booth, Jancey, Mackintosh, Pulker, Wright, Begley, et al. "Long-Term Food Insecurity, Hunger and Risky Food Acquisition Practices: A Cross-Sectional Study of Food Charity Recipients in an Australian Capital City." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152749.
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Inadequate social protection, stagnant wages, unemployment, and homelessness are associated with Australian household food insecurity. Little is known about the recipients of food charity and whether their needs are being met. This cross-sectional study of 101 food charity recipients in Perth, Western Australia, measured food security, weight status, sociodemographic characteristics and food acquisition practices. Seventy-nine percent were male, aged 21–79 years, 90% were unemployed, 87% received social assistance payments, and 38% were homeless. Ninety-one percent were food insecure, 80% with hunger, and 56% had gone a day or more without eating in the previous week. Fifty-seven percent had used food charity for ≥1 year, and, of those, 7.5 years was the mode. Charitable services were the main food source in the previous week, however 76% used multiple sources. Begging for money for food (36%), begging for food (32%), stealing food or beverages (34%), and taking food from bins (28%) was commonplace. The omnipresence and chronicity of food insecurity, reliance on social security payments, and risky food acquisition suggest that both the social protection and charitable food systems are failing. Urgent reforms are needed to address the determinants of food insecurity (e.g., increased social assistance payments, employment and housing support) and the adequacy, appropriateness and effectiveness of food charity.
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Dimitricheva, Olga Ivanovna, Irina Aleksandrovna Savchenko, and Oleg Igorevich Pikunov. "City, Media and Pandemic Stress." Теория и практика общественного развития, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2020.11.1.
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The paper deals with the modern metropolis, which, with all the advantages of living in a big city, is a source and catalyst of stress. The authors empha-size that in times of crisis, including epidemics, stress is on the rise. Currently, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the urban population is under pressure from mass media, which, instead of giving an ade-quate assessment of what is happening, in pursuit of ratings, often inflame the situation. However, not all people react equally to “frightening” media con-tent. Building on the ideas of J. Rotter and R. Laza-rus, the authors show how different personality types respond to pandemic-related threats and how these types are susceptible to information shock. It is concluded that optimistic worldview, intelligence, altruism, volunteering, charity are becoming particu-larly relevant at present.
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Andrew, Donna T. "On Reading Charity Sermons: Eighteenth-Century Anglican Solicitation and Exhortation." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 43, no. 4 (October 1992): 581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900001974.
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Neither charity nor charity sermons were new to the eighteenth century. Giving to the needy was a long–established feature of Christianity. In his ‘Rule and Exercise of Holy Living’ (1650), an extreme expression of such Christianity, Jeremy Taylor urged good Christians to ‘Give, looking for nothing again, that is, without consideration of future advantages: give to children, to old men, to the unthankful, and the dying, and to those you shall never see again; for else your Alms or courtesie is not charity, but traffick and merchandise.’ By the eighteenth century the City of London already had a tradition of sponsored annual sermons, called ‘spital’ sermons, for its own hospitals, i.e. St Thomas's, Barts, Bethlem, etc. However, as associated charities, charities conceived by, supported and directed by contributors, grew increasingly numerous in the course of that century, charity sermons also increased in number and importance. Associated or joint–stock voluntary charity welcomed its need for ongoing financial support; this, its supporters claimed, would ensure efficiency and accountability. The problem with such support, however, was not only that the charity needed to attract, and continue to attract, large numbers of donors, but also that it needed to convince those donors to repeat their contributions annually. The charity sermon became a central instrument in this process. Thus, usually on the anniversary of the establishment of the charity, the society would invite a prominent or popular clergyman to address present and potential donors, and a collection would be taken afterwards. After one such sermon on 9 July 1762, the governing committee of the Asylum for Orphaned Girls congratulated itself, well pleased with a collection of over £226 ‘and many new subscribers added’.1
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Firmansyah, Irman, and Wawan Sukmana. "ANALISIS PROBLEMATIKA ZAKAT PADA BAZNAS KOTA TASIKMALAYA:PENDEKATAN METODE ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (ANP)." Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Keuangan 2, no. 2 (April 27, 2014): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jrak.v2i2.6593.
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Zakat is an obligation that must be carried out by muzakki that not only aims to carry out obligations to Almighty but sharp-edged nature of social justice among mankind. Therefore charity must be managed properly by the board amilin especially by channeling zakat use specifically targeted at Tasikmalaya City Baznas charity board.The study was to examine the affairs of Baznas perzakatan at Tasikmalaya City. Analysis tool used namely Analysis Network Process (ANP) is a qualitative-quantitative method using super decision software . The analysis showed that there is an internal problem which consists of lacking leadership and lacking performance OPZ performance. The problems consist of the absence of external PERDA about channeling zakat institutions and communities less know Baznas. As for an internal solution consisting of leadership and performance maximization of transparency and distribution, while the external solution consisted of socialization and support Baznas scholars. Kendall coefficient ( W ) ranged from 0.970 to 0.9975 means that all respondents have the same relative answer.
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Ghani, Agi M. Abdul. "Manajemen Komunikasi Marketing LAZISNU Kota Bandung." Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu komunikasi 1, no. 1 (February 25, 2017): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/cjik.v1i1.1211.
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This study aims to analyze communication management of LAZISNU Bandung to encourage people in handing over charity, management activities undertaken by LAZISNU city, and management LAZISNU in distributing money to the charity (mustahiq). The method used in this study is a phenomenological method, using a qualitative approach. In collecting data techniques this study uses interview, observation, literature review and assessment documentation. The results of this study indicate that the use of communications LAZISNU Bandung to attract people's trust, using two models of communication and marketing, which is the above line and the below line. Event management is performed by lazisnu Bandung already run well, including planning, organizing, monitoring, and NU Skill, NU Preneur, NU Smart, dan NU Care.
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Sosnowska, Joanna. "Geneza Łódzkiego Chrześcijańskiego Towarzystwa Dobroczynności." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 24 (March 18, 2019): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2008.24.5.
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The Łódź Christian Charity Association operated in Łódź in the years 1885-1940. Its origins go back to the year 1877 and are connected with the foundation of the first charity organization in Łódź called “Support Committee for the Poor” (Pol. abbr. KWB). The aim of the Committee, whose initiators recruited mainly from the circles of affluent bourgeoisie, was broadly understood care and social assistance addressed to the impoverished city residents. Membership fees and voluntary donations constituted a primary income source of the organization, although the funds were also raised through theatrical performances, concerts, balls and funds collections. At the onset of its activity, KWB disposed of the amount of almost 15 thousand ruble, collected among the citizens o f the city, whereas the list of the poor compiled in Łódź for the first time comprised 323 persons in need of immediate help. In 1880, the members of the Committee made a decision about the construction of a shelter for the poor, the old and the invalided persons, but the absence of an appropriate legislative act regulating the activity of the organization, prevented the realization of the project. The Statute of the organization was approved of in 1884 by tsar Alexander III. This event completes an eight-year period of operation of the Support Committee for the Poor. The main directions of social, fostering and educational activity laid out by KWB, were embraced by the Łódź Christian Charity Association, whose name was agreed upon in January 1885. A principal aim and task of the organization became eradication of street beggarhood in the city and granting financial support and aid in kind to the poor residents of Christian denomination. The realization of the laid-out aims was supposed to be achieved by opening institutions with expert knowledge in which the needy might find shelter, care, medical assistance and worthy occupation.
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Gaiduk, M. "Architectural heritage of Tyumen merchants." Heritage and Modern Times 4, no. 2 (July 12, 2021): 216–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52883/2619-0214-2021-4-2-216-232.
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The article is devoted to the architectural heritage of Tyumen city of the late XIX — early XX centuries, which was created at the expense of local merchants. The work is based on historical, archival and bibliographic studies, as well as on the results of a full-scale survey. Tyumen merchants' charity activities were examined, it was revealed, that they resulted in the construction of numerous objects, that form the city look. Typological groups of objects are displayed and bright representatives of each group are marked.
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Gagieva, Anna K. "Public charity as the activity of Ust-Sysolsk “local community” in the second half of XIX century." Finno-Ugric World 10, no. 3 (December 30, 2018): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.010.2018.03.070-077.
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The article discusses the social charity of “local community” in Ust -Sysolsk in the second half of the XIX century. We define “local community” as a voluntary, self-determining citizens association, designed or not properly executed legally for the solution of urgent problems of non-productive and non-commercial nature. The aim of the work is to study public charity as an activity of “local community” in Ust-Sysolsk in the second half of the XIX century. The provisions of the work can be used for educational and methodological materials on the subject “History of Finno-Ugric regions and countries”, “History of everyday life”, “History of the Komi Republic” and others. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach, which includes structural, legal, historical and other methods of research. The materials are based on published and unpublished historical sources, such as legislative materials, statistics, documentation, as well as archival materials. Central Russia and the Urals had already introduced charities in the mid of XX century, while in the research area public charity was just beginning and was manifested through the social work of the Russian Orthodox Church, amateur associations and companies. Forms of public charity varied: fundraising, purchase of tools, equipment and materials for events and others. Public charity, “local community”, in Ust-Sysolsk developed within the framework of modernization processes of the second half of the nineteenth century. It led to the evolution of «local community» into a civil society. The emergence of new public organizations and active public charity contributed to the development of new forms of self-organization. In the city of Ust-Sysolsk, there was an upsurge of public life and public performance. The appearance of self-governing organizations “local community” was facilitated by the loyal policies of the district and provincial government. As historical sources show that we can talk about mutual understanding and cooperation between the authorities and the “local community”. Carrying out public charity, it provided public functions of traditional culture maintenance, the organization of leisure, cultural and educational activities.
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Larkin, Brian R. "Liturgy, Devotion, and Religious Reform in Eighteenth-Century Mexico City." Americas 60, no. 04 (April 2004): 493–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500070590.
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On February 16, 1696, Doña Inés Velarde, the widow of Capitán Don Miguel de Vera, a former notary of the Mexico City Cabildo, redacted her will before Juan de Condarco y Caceres, a notary public in New Spain’s capital. Despite the typhus (matlazáhuatl) epidemic that ravaged the city in that year, Doña Inés was in good health. She had carefully prepared for the pious act of will writing, issuing over thirty meticulously designed religious directives in her last will and testament. Two directives in particular reveal much about colonial Mexican religious sensibilities. In the thirty-seventh clause of her twenty-page will, she founded a perpetual act of charity with the capital of 3,000 pesos.
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Larkin, Brian R. "Liturgy, Devotion, and Religious Reform in Eighteenth-Century Mexico City." Americas 60, no. 4 (April 2004): 493–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2004.0059.
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On February 16, 1696, Doña Inés Velarde, the widow of Capitán Don Miguel de Vera, a former notary of the Mexico City Cabildo, redacted her will before Juan de Condarco y Caceres, a notary public in New Spain’s capital. Despite the typhus (matlazáhuatl) epidemic that ravaged the city in that year, Doña Inés was in good health. She had carefully prepared for the pious act of will writing, issuing over thirty meticulously designed religious directives in her last will and testament. Two directives in particular reveal much about colonial Mexican religious sensibilities. In the thirty-seventh clause of her twenty-page will, she founded a perpetual act of charity with the capital of 3,000 pesos.
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Daniels, Roger B., Mike Braswell, and Jesse D. Beeler. "Accounting and Financial Reporting by a Late 18th Century American Charity." Accounting Historians Journal 37, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.37.2.39.
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Empirical research to date has neglected accounting and external financial reporting among 18th century American charitable institutions. Contemporary understanding of 18th century American practices is supported by evidence relating to commercial transactions primarily among colonial merchants. Our study examines the accounting and financial reporting of the Charleston Orphan House, the first municipal orphanage in America, from its inception in 1790 through its first five years of operations. The institution was established by city ordinance in 1790 which required the institution “to keep a book of fair and regular accounts of all receipts and expenditures which will be subject at all times to the inspection of the Commissioners.” The ordinance charged the orphanage's Committee on Accounts to “audit” its accounts. The City Council required the institution's board chairman to countersign the financial statements in 1792 before subjecting them to a second “audit.” The Orphan House employed a system of account books that recorded and facilitated the reporting of expenditures and sources of funds. Accounting and external reporting may have been legitimizing factors to overcome the “liability of newness” by promoting a sense of propriety and transparency among benefactors.“I visited the Orphan House at which there were one hundred and seven boys and girls. This appears to be a charitable organization and under good management.”[President George Washington, diary entry, Saturday, May 7, 1791]
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DYSON, RICHARD. "WELFARE PROVISION IN OXFORD DURING THE LATTER STAGES OF THE OLD POOR LAW, 1800–1834." Historical Journal 52, no. 4 (November 6, 2009): 943–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0999032x.
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ABSTRACTWhile recent research in the English context on the so-called ‘economy of makeshifts’ has demonstrated the importance of alternative welfare options outside of the poor law, less work has been conducted on the situation in larger towns and cities. This article seeks to remedy this imbalance by examining the different welfare systems available in one city, Oxford, during the early nineteenth century. Poor law provision in the city, while extensive, was significantly less per capita than in rural parts of Oxfordshire. There was a high degree of charitable provision, not only from the continued survival of endowed charity, but also from the creation of newer subscription charities. The contribution made by charity to medical provision for the poor was especially significant, as was the role of emergency subscriptions in alleviating short-term economic and other crises. With such a varied range of assistance, traditional assumptions concerning the importance of the poor law in urban areas may require revision, with implications not only for the scale and measurement of poverty, but also for the ways in which both poor and wealthy alike managed and negotiated the supply of welfare.
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Butoescu, Elena. "Charitable London: F(o)unding the First Philanthropic Societies in the Metropolis." American, British and Canadian Studies 36, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2021-0007.
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Abstract As this article is less about charity per se than it is about the relationships between place and institutional policies of benevolence, my intention is to look at how practices and laws of public charity operated in a city whose economic and social geography was changing after 1700, when the streets were populated with vulnerable people driven into poverty and when the subjects of pauperism and poor laws “engaged the attention of the legislature with increasing frequency” (Purdy 287). This article looks at the modus operandi of private and public philanthropic societies in eighteenth-century London in order to observe how both religious- and secular-driven charitable societies were motivated by the same goal of social reform, whether prompted by the Enlightenment or religious values. While the notion of Pietas Londinensis indicated the existence of various operating charities and casual philanthropic acts in the London area, charitable institutions had not been set up until the eighteenth century. In late Stuart and Georgian Britain charitable, London was shaped both by economic forces and by the various cultural meanings people attached to its space, and this new paradigm transferred all matters concerning the poor from parochial obligation to civic responsibility. The article will focus on the mechanisms which made this transfer possible while considering acts of public charity and philanthropic societies that emerged in the long eighteenth century, from hospitals and infirmaries to almshouses and charity schools, with a view to observing the changes in English mentality as a result of charitable activity.
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Van Engen, Abram C. "Origins and Last Farewells: Bible Wars, Textual Form, and the Making of American History." New England Quarterly 86, no. 4 (December 2013): 543–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00320.
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The Puritans never published John Winthrop's “city on a hill” sermon, A Model of Christian Charity, which vanished in the seventeenth century. When it reappeared 200 years later, scholars relied on a dubious cover-note to proclaim its foundational significance. Demonstrating how the Geneva Bible gave shape to Winthrop's sermon–and how the manuscript's whims helped make sense of its meaning–this essay reveals the role of textual form in the construction of American history.
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Thelkar, Vishal. "A STUDY ON SUSTAINABLE CLOTHING MARKET WITH REFERENCE TO PUNE CITY." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 6 (February 27, 2020): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i6.2018.246.
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The purpose of this study is to understand the buying behavior towards sustainable and ecoclothing. This paper presents the facts, figures and general awareness about eco fashion and eco clothing. It also elaborates the environmental impacts about the raw material and manufacturing process used for clothing and suggests Sustainable Raw Material be preferred for sustainable clothing’s in India, The purpose of this paper is also to examine the relationship between eco fashion and their willingness to pay a premium for eco-clothing’s with the focus on gender and age group. This paper classifies the consumer into 7 types with respect to specific attitude to sustainable and eco-clothing within the sample of 119 in Pune region. The findings will help fast fashion retailers, marketers, environmental activists, ecological researchers, charity institutions and public policy makers.
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Sundari Tanjung, Dewi. "PENGARUH ZAKAT PRODUKTIF BAZNAS KOTA MEDAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN USAHA DAN KESEJAHTERAAN MUSTAHIK DI KECAMATAN MEDAN TIMUR." AT-TAWASSUTH: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 4, no. 2 (August 9, 2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/ajei.v4i2.5555.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Zakat, Infaq and Productive Sadaqah on the growth of micro enterprises and mustahiq welfare in Medan City, and also to determine the effect of the growth of micro mustahiq businesses on mustahiq welfare in Medan City. This study belongs to the explanatory or confirmatory research category, which is to get an explanation of the relationships between variables. The object to be investigated / analyzed is the variable productive Islamic charity (ZIS) with micro-business variables and welfare variables mustahik on the Medan BAZDA. This research is a quantitative research that uses an analysis of the SPSS approach. The results showed that Zakat, Infaq and Productive Sadaqah had an effect on the growth of mustahiq micro enterprises in Medan City, whereas Zakat, Infaq and Productive Sadaqah did not affect the welfare of mustahiq in Medan City. The potential of ZIS in Medan City is actually quite large, if they distribute their zakat through the BAZNAS in Medan City, a larger fund will be collected for the benefit of the ummah.
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Mohr, John W. "Soldiers, mothers, tramps and others: Discourse roles in the 1907 New York City charity directory." Poetics 22, no. 4 (June 1994): 327–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-422x(94)90013-2.
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Lui, Adonica Y. "Political and Institutional Constraints of Reform: The Charity Reformers' Failed Campaigns Against Public Outdoor Relief, New York City, 1874–1898." Journal of Policy History 7, no. 3 (July 1995): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003833.
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One of the United States' most enduring social policy conflicts in the nineteenth century concerned the controversy over the provision of municipal outdoor relief. J In the last third of the century, New York City, Brooklyn, and Philadelphia abolished the program. The actual political struggles over outdoor relief, however, have not been closely studied. Most accounts assume that the fierce opposition of the charity reformers to outdoor relief caused this long-standing social provision to be abolished. Instead of a story of “reform success,” this study of the outdoor relief conflicts in New York City between 1874 and 1898 documents the reformers' long years of frustration and ineffectiveness in the city's relief politics.
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Baranova, Irina V. "Charity within Professional Environment of Saint Petersburg Germans in the Late 18th - Early 20th Century." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 4 (208) (December 23, 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-4-48-53.
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The article studies the system of German professional charitable organizations that existed in the late 18th - early 20th century. Charitable associations related to professional activities are conditionally divided into three categories: 1) shelters for representatives of various professions; 2) societies and mutual aid funds; 3) associations providing various assistance to the poor segments of the city population. We analyse the underlying mechanisms and functions of philanthropic institutions created either by German charitable organizations or private individuals for representatives of certain professions; in some cases we overview their financing as well. The article provides brief look at German immigrant mutual aid funds and principles of their operations. Charitable support was especially necessary for the Germans who had recently arrived in the city and had not yet found and employment, as well to the layers of German population unable to work. By analyzing the means of inter-societal support and external charity efforts it is possible to identify and suggest possible ways to provide social assistance to foreigners who come to St. Petersburg for the purpose of professional employment.
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Sevostyanova, Elena. "Charity and donations in the cities of Zabaykalsky Krai during the World War I: interaction between society and the government." Политика и Общество, no. 3 (March 2020): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0684.2020.3.33992.
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During the World War I, due to the grand scale of mobilization, it would have not been possible to provide assistance to families of the soldiers without help received from charitable organizations, local authorities and individuals. Public and private charity became a part of supporting those in need. The object of this research is charity and donations during organized during the World War I. The subject of this research is the cooperation between the government and the public in the area of charity and donations. The forms, methods and specificity of such interactions are viewed based on the example of a remote administerial peripheral region – Zabaykalsky Krai, with consideration of the overall trends and regional peculiarities. The main forms and vectors of the work are described. Four key trends can be highlighted in interaction between the government and the city residents: 1) the organization of support for the families of mobilized soldiers (both, legal who received state rations, but also had the opportunity to use charitable support, and civil, who did not have the right to receive state rations); social assistance to children; aid to the refugees; collecting donations for the military needs (air fleet, Red Cross, mobile military infirmary, provision and shipment of things for the army). The author notes that due to a wide variety of charitable organizations (local and nationwide), secular and religious patronages, committees (established upon the local initiative and departments under the aegis of the Romanovs family), the composition of active participants often overlapped: same people were the members of several organizations. An important role in all organizations was played by the government officials; however, their motivation requires additional attention. Largest charity fundraisers were the events that received organizational and information support from the local authorities, or mass actions that became a part of public space of the cities.
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Braswell, Michael, and Roger B. Daniels. "Auditing, Attestation, and Financial Reporting for an Early American Charity." Accounting Historians Journal 44, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aahj-10536.
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ABSTRACT Our study examines assurance and attestation practices of the Charleston Orphan House from 1790 to 1825 and represents a response to Alchian and Demsetz's (1972) call for research into the nature of stewardship and agency costs among nonprofits by providing evidence of the largely unexplored early American practices (Moussalli 2008; Sargiacomo and Gomes 2011). We document the origins of the assurance and attestation techniques used to legitimize the Charleston Orphan House and to minimize the agency costs faced by its public and private funders. We find that assurance and attestation practices were reflected in the routine publication of the Committee on Accounts reports that served as vital elements of a governance structure that enabled the municipality and philanthropists to monitor the financial condition of the institution. These oversight efforts helped minimize agency costs that naturally arose between the Orphan House and resource providers, making it possible for the City of Charleston and private funders to efficiently allocate limited resources to mitigate social costs of managing the post-revolutionary orphan problem. Our findings provide new insights into early assurance and attestation practices and support Alchian and Demsetz's (1972) conjecture that nonprofits face similar economic motivations for utilizing financial reporting, auditing, and attestation as monitoring mechanisms as do their profit-seeking counterparts.
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Henthorn, Thomas C. "Building a Moral Metropolis: Philanthropy and City Building in Houston, Texas." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 3 (February 20, 2015): 402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144214566951.
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When Houston Texas grew from a sleepy, southern entrepot to sunbelt metropolis, the city’s commercial civic elite adopted a systematic approach of organized philanthropy as a way to rationalize giving and bring it in line with modern urban services. As a select set of city builders transformed local giving from random charitable impulses to increasingly complex philanthropic undertakings, their benevolent behavior took many forms, from scientific charity to regulatory action and, finally, to detached foundations. Over time, more rational giving also became more professional and wealthy donors sought a new status—that of philanthropist—and with it, the great cultural authority to address the city’s social problems. Philanthropists in Houston fashioned a number of mechanisms to realize their vision of what the modern metropolis should be. Understanding this vision adds to our knowledge of the multiple voices that derived power and status from their efforts to guide the construction of growing cities.
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Shaw, Ian J. "Thomas Chalmers, David Nasmith, and the Origins of the City Mission Movement." Evangelical Quarterly 76, no. 1 (April 21, 2004): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725472-07601002.
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The development of important models for urban mission took place in early nineteenth-century Glasgow. Thomas Chalmers’ work is widely known, but that of David Nasmith has been the subject of less study. This article explores the ideas shared by Chalmers and Nasmith, and their influence on the development of the city mission movement. Areas of common ground included the need for extensive domestic visitation, the mobilisation of the laity including a middle- class lay leadership, efficient organisation, emphasis on education, and discerning provision of charity. In the long term Chalmers struggled to recruit and retain sufficient volunteers to sustain his parochial urban mission scheme. However, Nasmith’s pan-evangelical scheme succeeded in attracting a steady stream of lay recruits to work as city missioners, as well as mission directors. Through their agency a significant attempt was made to reach those amongst the urban masses who had little or no church connection.
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Booth, Sue, Andrea Begley, Bruce Mackintosh, Deborah Anne Kerr, Jonine Jancey, Martin Caraher, Jill Whelan, and Christina Mary Pollard. "Gratitude, resignation and the desire for dignity: lived experience of food charity recipients and their recommendations for improvement, Perth, Western Australia." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 15 (June 27, 2018): 2831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001428.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study explored recipients’ perceptions of food charity and their suggested improvements in inner-city Perth, Western Australia.DesignIn-depth interviews were conducted with charitable food service (CFS) recipients. Transcripts were thematically analysed using a phenomenological approach.SettingInterviews were conducted at two CFS in inner-city Perth.SubjectsFourteen adults.ResultsThe recipients’ journeys to a reliance on CFS were varied and multifactorial, with poverty, medical issues and homelessness common. The length of time recipients had relied on food charity ranged from 8 months to over 40 years. Most were ‘grateful yet resigned’, appreciative of any food and resigned to the poor quality, monotony and their unmet individual preferences. They wanted healthier food, more variety and better quality. Accessing services was described as a ‘full-time job’ fraught with unreliable information and transport difficulties. They called for improved information and assistance with transport. ‘Eroded dignity’ resulted from being fed without any choice and queuing for food in public places, often in a volatile environment. ‘Food memories and inclusion’ reflected a desire for commensality. Recipients suggested services offer choice and promote independence, focusing on their needs both physical and social.ConclusionsAlthough grateful, long-term CFS recipients described what constitutes a voluntary failure. Their service improvement recommendations can help meet their nutritional and social needs. A successful CFS provides a food service that prioritises nutritious, good-quality food and individual need, while promoting dignity and social inclusion, challenging in the current Australian context.
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EROL, MERIH. "Surveillance, urban governance and legitimacy in late Ottoman Istanbul: spying on music and entertainment during the Hamidian regime (1876–1909)." Urban History 40, no. 4 (May 3, 2013): 706–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000187.
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ABSTRACT:The topic of this study is the control of urban space in late Ottoman Istanbul, particularly during the reign of Abdülhamid II (1876–1909). Issues of the control and surveillance of public gatherings and popular entertainment are investigated by focusing on the Greeks of Istanbul, the largest non-Muslim population in the city. The article is based on an investigation of petitions, the Ottoman Police Ministry records and spy reports on various planned and spontaneous, private and public activities, such as charity concerts, theatrical performances, and collective singing in private and public meetings.
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Yenigün, Kasım, A. Cihat Kürkçüoğlu, Mustafa S. Yazgan, Reşit Gerger, and Uğur Ülgen. "From ancient times to the present: development of the drinking water supply system of Şanliurfa in south-eastern Turkey." Water Supply 13, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.043.
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In this paper, water supply, distribution and storage structures in Şanlıurfa city that were built since the ancient times are investigated and technological details of some water supply structures are given. The city is one of the oldest cities and has hosted many civilizations throughout the centuries, beginning from 11500 BC. The acquired archaeological heritage shows that the city had important water supply practices. Many water structures, which can be categorized as the structures of the pre-Islamic Period (Roman Period) and post-Islamic Period (Ottoman Period), were constructed in the city. Charity structures and cisterns, Turkish baths, aqueducts and dams, water balance facilities, maksems, bridges, wells, fountains and karliks are among these structures. Roman influence is observed in the water architecture of the Ottoman Empire. The influence is best observed in the hayrats of the city, built in the pre-Islamic and post-Islamic Period. During the history of the city, the settled communities have destroyed many of the cultural structures of previous civilizations; however they have protected and developed water structure systems. This situation has meant that water structures have lasted to the present and it is interesting to note that most of these systems are still in use.
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Oleynikova, Elena. "State Concept of Social Management and Its Implementation in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century (On the Materials of Saratov Province)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2020): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.1.17.
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Introduction. The paper deals with the conception of state social management in Russia after the reform of the system of local self-government in the second half of the 19th century and the practical activities of charitable organizations at the provincial and district levels. Methods. The research is based on the social legislation of the period under study, the works of Russian social policy researchers of the 19th – early 20th centuries, materials of statistical collections, periodicals. Analysis. The concept of charity and philanthropy, being developed during the period under study, involved the transformation of public-private philanthropy into public charity. Its main actors are the provincial and city authorities, which solve social problems in conjunction with private charitable institutions and are responsible for the state of social problems. The state reserved coordination and control functions. Within the framework of this concept, specific guidelines for charitable work were developed, including: its distribution to all demographic and social groups in need, a wide range of types of social assistance, and even distribution of charitable institutions throughout the country. However, in practice, innovation touched mainly metropolitan and provincial cities. Territorial and city medical, educational, social and rehabilitation institutions that had emerged in provinces, expanded the possibilities of providing assistance to the most vulnerable segments of the population. However, their distribution was still not even, rural settlements lost significantly. In uyezds, charities were few and could not help all socially disadvantaged groups of society. Results. The article shows that in the period under study, the concept of public philanthropy was not fully implemented.
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Lui, Adonica Y. "The Machine and Social Policies: Tammany Hall and the Politics of Public Outdoor Relief, New York City, 1874–1898." Studies in American Political Development 9, no. 2 (1995): 386–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x0000136x.
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In the late nineteenth century, public outdoor relief came under severe and sustained attack from reformers. Municipal reformers attacked it as a source of machine patronage and corruption, and charity reformers saw it as the cause of pauperism and moral turpitude among the poor. But in New York City, the critical decision to cut the municipal program came not from the reformers, but from the city's Democratic machine, Tammany Hall itself. In December 1876, the machine administration of Tammany Mayor William Wickham and Boss John Kelly terminated municipal outdoor relief funding for 1877, except for the distribution of coal. The previous “reform” administration had, by contrast, kept the program intact.
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Kolavalli, Chhaya. "Whiteness and Food Charity: Experiences of Food Insecure African-American Kansas City Residents Navigating Nutrition Education Programs." Human Organization 78, no. 2 (June 2019): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0018-7259.78.2.99.
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Sutra, Meri, Damsar Damsar, and Azwar Azwar. "Praktik Sosial dalam Arena Derma (Charity) Model Kopi Dindiang di Kota Padang." Jurnal Sosiologi Andalas 7, no. 1 (April 24, 2021): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jsa.7.1.24-40.2021.
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Charity activities are usually implemented in the form of giving and sharing to others for help reduce social problems. In Padang, West Sumatra there is a sharing movement known as Kopi Dindiang (KD). The purpose of this study was to describe social practices in the arena of sharing (charity) type Kopi Dindiang in the Padang city. This Study uses a qualitative approach to the type of descriptive and informants using purposive sampling techniques. In analysing this research the writer uses social practice theory from Pierre Felix Bourdieu which discuss several concepts namely habit, field and capital with the formula (habit x capital) + Field = social practice, and data collection techniques through interviews and observations. The results of this study indicate that the habit and capital owned by agents do not always determine the success of a field. The proof is that social practices in the field of type Kopi Dindiang have decreased in existence due to several constraints from donors and outlet owners. such as causes of inactivity of Kopi Dindiang outlets which also relates to the structure that has been determined, as 3 less active and 5 the causes of inactivity of Kopi Dindiang donors. While the authors found 7 of habit from donors and owners of Kopi Dindiang outlets.
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Prayitno, Budi, Arif Kusumawanto,, and Didik Kristiadi,. "SKEMA INOVATIF PEMENUHAN KESEJAHTERAAN ATAS PAPAN." Jurnal Kawistara 6, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.15487.
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This study uses cross-case analysis, this study aims to provide an innovation on housing policy which is frequently fail. Housing becomes a part of the basic needs for all citizen, especialy for those who have low incomes and poor citizens as mandated on the State constitution. The decentralization era is threathenedby a massive intervention of the Central Government which only creates the Local Government to be a charity chain and burden its potential innovation of both institutions and partnerships. Besides that, housing is a part of city. Therefore, it is necessary to build a strong relationship between fulfilling theneed of housing and the concept of urban planning
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May, Dean L. "Body and Soul: The Record of Mormon Religious Philanthropy." Church History 57, no. 3 (September 1988): 322–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3166576.
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Some years ago, as part of his Rotary International commitments, Mormon General Authority Marion D. Hanks spent several holiday afternoons ringing the bell over a Salvation Army charity kettle on Main Street in Salt Lake City. Though he never was approached directly on the matter, rumors spread that other high church officials were not happy with his participating so publicly in the activities of another religious organization. The incident suggests that there are ambiguities in the principles and practice of philanthropy by the Latter-day Saint church which may not be fully understood. It is the purpose of this paper in an exploratory and suggestive way to unravel these ambiguities.
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Briggs, Lynne, and Molly Heisenfelt Roark. "Personal reflections: What happens when disaster hits?" Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 25, no. 2 (May 15, 2016): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol25iss2id85.
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This article is a reflection by two social workers who were involved both personally and professionally in a community in stress in the aftermath of the Christchurch earthquakes. As such we worked as volunteers offering counselling to people in need through the Canterbury Charity Hospital. While one of us lived through the earthquakes and the other was only a part of the quake-stricken community for a short period of time, both were witness to the appreciation, resilience, and courage paramount in clients; the emotional accounts of survival and loss; and Cantabrians going through the ongoing aftershocks that have relentlessly pounded our city over the past two and half years.
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Fokina, Olga, Inga Millere, Kristaps Circenis, and Liāna Deklava. "Sisters of Charity Training on the Latvian Territory in the 19th Century." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (May 17, 2015): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2015vol3.387.
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<p><em>In 1772 Daugavpils(Dyneburg) was incorporated into the Russian Empire and remained the main city of the province of Daugavpils. In 1796 it was incorporated into Belarus province and later in 1802 into Vitebsk province. In 1864 16 countries joined officially the First Geneva Convention,,For the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field”. In 1867 Russia including Latvia also joined the Geneva Convention. That yearthe Russian association for wounded and sick soldiers care wasestablished. Over timethe Russian association for wounded and sick soldiers carechanged its original name. In 1879 it was given the new official name, the Russian Red Cross Society”.The Committeesof the Russian Red Cross were established in all the provincesof Russiangubernias, so in Vidzeme and Kurzeme they were in Riga and Jelgava, but Latgale was under the control of the Committee of Vitebskgubernia. The communities of the Red Cross charity of Mercywerefounded to prepare the female sanitary staff for the medical care of the sick and the wounded during the war and to provide nursing care in hospitals, military hospitals and private homes during peacetime. The Vitebsk local committee of the Russian Red Cross supported the activities of Charity Nurses Community in Vitebsk.</em></p><p> </p>
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Starostin, Aleksey N. "From the History of the Yekaterinburg Merchant Family of the Agafurovs: New Discoveries." Minbar. Islamic Studies 11, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2018-11-2-245-260.
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The Agafurovs were the well established Russian Tatar merchants. Before 1917 the Agafurov family had significantly contributed to the cultural development of the city of Yekaterinburg and its Muslim community. The family was actively involved in charity work, financially supported the city «House of worship», the Russian-Tatar public library as well as several schools. The biographies of the some Agafurov family members are rather well researched on the basis of the sources preserved in the Ural libraries. However, researchers still lack a knowledge about what did happen to them since they have left Russia after the 1917 Russian revolution. The article is an attempt to fill in this gap. It deals with what happened to the Agafurov family members during their emigration to China (Harbin) in 1920 – 1940es. The present research is based on the hitherto unknown documents from the former Russian Emigrants in the Manchurian Empire Bureau, which are currently preserved in the State Archive of Khabarovsk Region (Khabarovskii Krai).