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Journal articles on the topic 'City ditches'
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1
Ali, M. D. M., M. Husseini, and N. A. Khudhair. "Impact of Wastewater on Ditches of Rainwater Drain in Al-Hilla City." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 877, no. 1 (2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012007.
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Abstract In this research, the environmental reality of the ditches to rainwater drain located in the residential neighborhoods of Al-Hilla city in Iraq was studied. The study was conducted on three ditches near schools and health center within three residential neighborhoods. Chemical laboratory tests (BOD, COD, TSS, TN, TP, NO2-, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, CN-, pH, T, DO) were proceeded on this water and it was found that the water is high polluted in sewage water compared to the sewage entering the treatment plant in the city and comparing with samples of water taken from ditches outside the city (as a standard sample). The pollution of this ditches with sewage water is considerable hazard on people health in this urban area, especially on children, students and the people come in to the health center in this areas.
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Koval, Vladimir Yu, and Denis Yu Badeev. "Fortification of the Bolgar Citadel." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, no. 38 (2021): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2021.4.38.8.21.
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The article deals with the problematic issues of tracing and dating the fortifications of the city of Bolgar in pre-Mongol times (from the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 13th centuries). On the basis of topographic referencing of the excavations, in which the filled ditches were discovered, all the data available on the placement of the defense lines of the early Bolgar are systematized. There is not enough data to exactly date them, therefore, the sequence of appearance of these lines is not obvious. The ditches indicate that there were ramparts next to them, the earth of which was used for the subsequent filling of ditches. Interesting tracks, on which, immediately after filling the earlier ditch, a new one was pulled out, with an indent to the outside. The task of new studies of the early fortifications of Bolgar will be to clarify the dates of their creation and spatial distribution.
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Rennie, Christine, Susan Ramsey, Torben Bjarke Ballin, and Beverley Ballin Smith. "A room with a view." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 143 (November 30, 2014): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.143.137.156.
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Excavations at Ravelrig Quarry, City of Edinburgh revealed activity from the Late Neolithic, and late Bronze Age, although the main phase of activity was the construction of a palisaded homestead during the early Iron Age. Inside an oval shaped palisade was a circular ring-groove roundhouse and a possible second circular structure comprising ditches and post-holes. The roundhouse contained a central hearth with associated post-holes, two large pits and features that appear to represent the early formation of a ring-ditch. This phase has been radiocarbon dated to 600–400 cal BC
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Chen, Yu-Xuan, Chao-Ying Pan, Bo-Yu Chen, et al. "Use of unmanned ground vehicle systems in urbanized zones: A study of vector Mosquito surveillance in Kaohsiung." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 6 (2023): e0011346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011346.
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Dengue fever is a vector-borne disease that has become a serious global public health problem over the past decade. An essential aspect of controlling and preventing mosquito-borne diseases is reduction of mosquito density. Through the process of urbanization, sewers (ditches) have become easy breeding sources of vector mosquitoes. In this study, we, for the first time, used unmanned ground vehicle systems (UGVs) to enter ditches in urban areas to observe vector mosquito ecology. We found traces of vector mosquitoes in ~20.7% of inspected ditches, suggesting that these constitute viable breeding sources of vector mosquitoes in urban areas. We also analyzed the average gravitrap catch of five administrative districts in Kaohsiung city from May to August 2018. The gravitrap indices of Nanzi and Fengshan districts were above the expected average (3.26), indicating that the vector mosquitoes density in these areas is high. Using the UGVs to detect positive ditches within the five districts followed by insecticide application generally yielded good control results. Further improving the high-resolution digital camera and spraying system of the UGVs may be able to effectively and instantly monitor vector mosquitoes and implement spraying controls. This approach may be suitable to solve the complex and difficult task of detecting mosquito breeding sources in urban ditches.
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Núñez, Juan Manuel, Helena Cotler, José Alberto Lara Pulido, et al. "Assessment of unintended effects of ditches on ecosystem services provided by Iztaccihuatl-Popocatépetl National Park, Mexico." Acta Universitaria 32 (December 14, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2022.3647.
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The Iztaccíhuatl-Popocatépetl National Park is a remnant of high-mountain conifer forests and grasslands that provides ecosystem services to Mexico City. This research assesses the impact of constructing ditches, through modeling infiltration, soil erosion, and carbon sequestration with the hydrological model SWAT, based on soil information (bulk density, soil organic carbon, and soil depth) obtained from the ditches. The resulting estimates revealed that the construction of ditches negatively impacted the provision of the following ecosystem services: (i) alterations of natural conditions that allow water infiltration in more than 25% of 1 ha in grasslands, and up to 20% of 1 ha in forests; (ii) increase in potential soil erosion by 60%; and (iii) up to 30 217 t and 4522 t of soil organic carbon becoming exposed and prone to mineralization in grasslands and forests, respectively.
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Gunawan, I., B. Soemardiono, and D. Septanti. "Typology of Development at Spatial Patterns of Water Edge Area in Malay Ethnic Community in Pontianak." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1218, no. 1 (2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012012.
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Abstract City development is a concrete picture between human activities and the progress of process experienced by humans. City development can be shown by changes in regional styling planning patterns. Understanding the changes that have occurred is an important step in finding patterns of development as a basis for knowledge and preparation for future developments so that the city does not lose its identity. The Pontianak city is known as the city of a thousand rivers which started the formation of the city from the water’s edge. The Pontianak city is a city with various ethnicities, one of the largest being ethnic Malays. This condition is the reason the research focuses on the development of spatial planning in Pontianak City with the waterfront area and the Malay ethnicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the typology of the development of the Malay ethnic spatial pattern on the waterfront of Pontianak City and its causes. The object of this research is every river lanes and ditches in the Pontianak City area that mapped through satellite mapping. The method used in this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative. This research was started using a qualitative approach in the form of secondary data collection (historical records of the distribution of spatial patterns) which was then followed by a quantitative approach in the form of analysis of water transportation routes (rivers and ditches) with space syntax. The results showed that there was a development of typology of waterfront spatial patterns in the Malay ethnic group in Pontianak City, which was originally a linear pattern that followed the shape of the main route (Kapuas and Landak River ) to become a cluster pattern (more random in shape and protrudes into). This is due to the development of transportation routes so that the integration value becomes even. An even integration value makes it easier to reach between regions and does not only focus on the main water transportation routes (Kapuas and Landak River)
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Petehyrych, Volodymyr. "Horodnytsia nad Dnistrom – unknown medieval city in Halych land." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 23 (November 26, 2019): 126–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2019-23-126-153.
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Early Medieval materials from the complex of sites near the village Horodnytsia, Horodenka district, Ivano-Frankivsk region are analyzed. These sites are represented by hill-fort, cemeteries and numerous finds that are kept in museum collections of Lviv, Krakow, Warsaw, Vienna and in private collections. The hill-fort in Horodnytsia was discovered in 1876 by W. Przybysławski and described in detail by I. Kopernicki. The site is classified as a complex one – it occupies four localities and has a well-preserved system of fortification ramparts and ditches. It is supposed that original settlement was built during Hallstatt period and during Early Middle Ages its ramparts and ditches were additionally strengthened and the largest locality of the hill-fort was divided by a large rampart and ditch into two parts. I. Kopernicki and W. Przybysławski studied the territory of the hill-fort by excavation pits of 5×1 m and found only separate finds. In the late 30th of XX century the hill-fort was studied by Lviv archaeologist M. Smishko. He made a section of the rampart and found two burned buildings of ХІІ–ХІІІ centuries with the skeletons of killed adults and children. Traces of several settlements were recorded around the hill-fort, also barrows and under-plate cemeteries were investigated there. The barrow cemetery, which includes 16 mounds, can be dated to XI–XII centuries. It is related not to the hill-fort, but to earlier settlement in Horodnytsia. Instead, the under-plate cemetery (26 burials), located between the foot of the hill-fort and the right bank of Dnister River, was synchronous with the hill-fort. In addition to ordinary burials, rich female ones, typical for urban centre were found. It is possible that another under-plate cemetery, situated on the left bank of Dnister River in Zhezhava (now Zelenyi Hai, Ternopil region), is related to the hill-fort. All artifacts found in Horodnytsia belong to different categories of archeological sources, most of them are typical for urban settlements. According to its external features, the settlement fully corresponds to cities. Its area of 6,12 hectares, presence of cemeteries and traces of settlements witnessed about existence of the largest and most strategically important point in this part of Upper Dnister region between annalistic Halych and Vasyliv. The name of the modern village also carried urban tradition. Burning of the hill-fort and extermination of its inhabitants probably occurred during the Mongol invasion to Halych land in the end of 1240 – beginning of 1241. Analysis of the results of excavations and finds from Horodnytsia demonstrates that in Halych land, in addition to the cities known from chronicles, there were urban settlements that are not mentioned by written sources. Key words: Horodnytsia, hill-fort, cemeteries, archaeological finds, Mongolian invasion, written sources.
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Einfeldt, J. "The Implementation of Biological Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal with the Bio-Denipho Process on a 265,000 PE Treatment Plant." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 4-5 (1992): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0491.
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A process, called Bio-Denipho, for combined biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal in a combination of an anaerobic tank and two oxidation ditches is described. In this process the anaerobic tank consisting of three sections working in series is followed by two oxidation ditches. These too are working in series, but with both inlet to and outlet from the tanks changing in a cycle. The Bio-Denipho process is described specifically for the process itself and as a case study for the implementation of the process on a 265,000 pe wastewater treatment plant for the city of Aalborg in Denmark. The plant was designed and erected in two stages and the last stage was inaugurated October 31,1989. Lay-out and functions for the plant is described and design loads, plan lay-out and tank volumes are given in this paper together with performance data for the first year in operation.
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Kurniawati, Ratna Dian, and Sri Nuryati. "The Correlation between Physical Environmental Factors and the Occurrence of Leptospirosis." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 14, no. 2 (2018): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v14i2.13527.
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Leptospirosis is a disease caused by a bacteria called Leptospira. Environmental risk factors for leptospirosis include biological, social, and physical (river or bodies of water, ditches, puddles, and the distance between the settlement area with garbage disposal area).This research aimed to determine the correlation between the physical environmental factors with the evidence of leptospirosis in Sukahaji Village, Babakan Ciparay District of Bandung City in 2017. The design of this research is a survey with cross-sectional approach. We used 100 population samples in this research. The Technique of obtaining data with observation sheet is using sheet checklist. We did univariate and multivariate data analysis using Chi square.The results showed that most of the population experienced leptrospirosis, and most of the physical environment such as rivers or bodies of water, ditches, puddles, and the distance between settlement area with the garbage disposal area are the risk factors of leptospirosis.
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Leucci, Giovanni, Giacomo Di Giacomo, Lara De Giorgi, Immacolata Ditaranto, Ilaria Miccoli, and Giuseppe Scardozzi. "Integrated geophysical surveys for the knowledge of a monument of Lecce: the sixteenth-century fortifications." ACTA IMEKO 7, no. 3 (2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v7i3.595.
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Within<strong> </strong>the project for the<strong> </strong>restoration of the<strong> </strong>northern section of the sixteenth-century city wall of Lecce, CNR-IBAM carried out geophysical surveys aimed at the study and the reconstruction of the fortifications system. In particular, the investigations focused on a wide band of land outside the two bastions at the northern far end of the fortifications. The integrated use of GPR and ERT systems has allowed to detect anomalies related to the main ditch outside the city wall and to characterize the rocky bench in which it was excavated; at the time of the surveys, this ditch was still buried and the results of the measurements have guided its excavations. Moreover, the investigations have allowed to identify also other possible ditches or quarries and more ancient structures, which subsequent archaeological excavations have dated at the Roman period. Moreover, geophysical surveys highlighted the presence of modern walls, corresponding with the foundations of the stadium constructed in the first half of the 1900s close to the fortifications. So, geophysical investigations were very important since they allowed not only to direct the archaeological excavations, but also because they allowed to formulate some hypotheses on the ancient topography of the not excavated area.
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Iskandar, Iwan, and Hevi Horiza. "Bacterial Isolation Which is Potential as Cellulosa Pedegradation in Coastal Performance In Tanjungpinang City." Eksakta : Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA 20, no. 2 (2019): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol20-iss2/206.
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Many black water or feces and urine field observations in Tanjung Pinang City were dumped directly into the ditches, rivers, and sea. This proves that the management of domestic liquid waste in the City of Tanjungpinang, especially black water, has not yet received serious attention, resulting in a decline in environmental quality. One of the stages in processing black water is decomposition. The decomposition process can be assisted by bacteria, one of which is cellulose-degrading bacteria. This study aims to find bacterial isolates that have the potential to degrade cellulose in feces from coastal soils in Tanjung Pinang City. This research is a laboratory experimental research. The results of this study were obtained 16 bacterial isolates that can degrade cellulose. From these 16 isolates, 3 genera of bacteria were obtained, namely Pseudomonas, Acetobacter and Acinetobacter. Keywords: Cellulose Degradation Bacteria, Coastal Soil
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Qarani, Aziz, Kurdistan Adnan, Amin Mojiri, and Mohammed Bashir. "Design steps and performance of aerated lagoon, oxidation ditch and wetland methods for Erbil municipal wastewater treatment and reusing." Reciklaza i odrzivi razvoj 16, no. 1 (2023): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ror2301067a.
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The objectives of the current study were to investigate the characterization, treatment techniques and reuse of fresh municipal wastewater (MWW) from the east-south area of Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The collected wastewater samples were analyzed for 21 quality parameters. Some of the quality parameters such as color (146 Pt. Co and 337 Pt. Co), total solids (800 mg/L), suspended solids (400 mg/L and 1100 mg/L), nitrate (17.7 mg/L), nitrite (11 mg/L and 29 mg/L), and ammonia (2.09 mg/L and 2.64 mg/L) exceeded the standards for wastewater disposal. Accordingly, treatment was required before the wastewater could be discharged to the natural environment. Treatment techniques such as aerated lagoons, oxidation ditches, and wetlands were designed and investigated. Design procedures, calculations, and performance for each treatment method were explained. The total area designed for aerated lagoons, oxidation ditches, and wetlands was 72000 m2, 17180 m2, and 25200 m2, respectively. In general, the wetland method was the most effective method with efficiencies of 91.6 % for biochemical oxygen demand, 90.4 % for chemical oxygen demand, 85.7 % for ammonia, and 91.8 % for suspended solids. Treated wastewater can be reused for irrigation purposes and is completely safe for irrigation. The use of treated wastewater from the east-south part of the city of Erbil for irrigation instead of drinking water is economical and leads to the conservation of drinking water sources.
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Mu, Cao. "A FLOW OF WEALTH: WASTEWATER DISPOSAL IN REPUBLICAN TIANJIN." Journal of Chinese History 2, no. 2 (2018): 393–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2018.12.
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ABSTRACTTianjin is the largest port city in Northern China and a major hub for water and land transportation. For geological reasons, the city has long been troubled by water drainage problems. To remove wastewater from within its walls, the city developed a drain system which relies on human labor and a series of variously sized ditches. Unlike the modern sewage system, which simply discharges wastewater into surrounding rivers and the sea, Tianjin's traditional wastewater disposal system worked in concert with an urban manure collection system. Urban wastewater was recycled as fertilizer, a valuable resource for the surrounding rural area. In tracing the origin, evolution, and influence of urban wastewater disposal in Tianjin, this article aims to reveal the potential value in Chinese traditional waste management practices. Contemporary urban waste disposal systems might benefit from a better understanding of the relationship between urban and rural areas that characterized these traditional practices.
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Sutikno, Agus, Aslim Rasyad, Bintal Amin, and Radith Mahatma. "Faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi keberadaan hama yang mengganggu penghuni rumah di Kota Pekanbaru." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 8, no. 1 (2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.8.1.p.65-72.
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Pests that are often a household problem in several cities in Indonesia are mosquitoes, rats, cockroaches, flies. Causes of settlement pests are dirty environments, food scraps, rubbish, and waterlogged gutters / ditches. The presence of pests in the house causes occupants to control pesticides. Pesticides are used primarily to control mosquitoes, ants, flies, cockroaches, mice and termites. This research is a descriptive research that aims to explain, detail and make a description of a phenomenon or object under study. The target population in this study is households residing in Pekanbaru City, namely in the Districts of Tenayan Raya, Sail and Pekanbaru City with three clean, medium and dirty categories. Determination of the sample is done purposively with multistage sampling technique. The sample was determined purposively with multistage sampling technique and the total sample was 101 households. The data obtained were nominal, ordinal and ratio, analyzed the relationship between these data using chi-square. The results showed that the physical environmental factors of housing settlements that affect the presence of residential pests are dirty environments caused by garbage and dirty drainage / ditches. Meanwhile, biotic environmental factors in residential housing that affect the presence of pests are plants grown in residential areas in the form of ornamental plants and unkempt shade plants. The dirty condition of the residential environment is due to the lack of environmental cleaning activities and the not yet routine transportation of waste from residential homes to landfills. In addition, there is less care for ornamental plants and shade in the yard, such as pruning.
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Koval, Vladimir Yu, and Denis Yu Badeev. "External Lines of the Early Bolgar Fortification." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 2, no. 40 (2022): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.2.40.124.134.
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The second part of the article deals with the issues of tracing and dating the external line of the fortifications of the city of Bolgar, which existed in pre-Mongol times. The task of this line was to defend the territory adjacent to the citadel and inhabited by craftsmen and tradesmen. Until now, it was assumed that there was only one such line. However, excavation materials indicate several lines (at least two). The problem is aggravated by very approximate dating of the ditches discovered during excavations and the absence (or extremely low degree of preservation) of embankments, which are no longer visible in the relief. Lack of reliable information about the fortification of the Bolgar at the beginning of the 13thcentury casts doubt on the catastrophic destruction of the city by the Mongols in 1236.
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Pau, Claudia, Juan Antonio Cámara Serrano, Carlos Rodriguez Rellan, and Antonio Ruiz Parrondo. "New data on Ditch 5 from the site of Marroquíes (Jaén, Spain)." Documenta Praehistorica 52 (June 2, 2025): 2–25. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.52.11.
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This study presents the results of an archaeological intervention (area RU-1 (1-2-3)/SUNP-1) in the city of Jaén (Andalusia, Spain) on a sector of the vast prehistoric site of Marroquíes. The excavation specifically explored a segment of Ditch 5, one of several concentric ditches forming part of the vast enclosure. As elsewhere at the site, this ditch is characterized by a trough-shaped section and, although there is no evidence of a flanking wall, one of its backfills (Stratigraphic Unit 11) could stem from the dismantlement or erosion of an adjacent earthwork or adobe wall. The presence of secondary depositions of specific human remains atop the layer of backfill (Stratigraphic Unit 11) of the ditch appears to correspond to the final phase of a funerary practice. As radiocarbon dates and stratigraphic analysis suggest, these secondary human depositions were deliberately placed here (in a partly filled and abandoned ditch along the boundaries of the settlement), probably long after their deaths. Radiocarbon dating places the deaths of these individuals in the second half of the 3rd millennium cal BC, but they ended up in the ditch at a later date. They appear not to have served as references to specific ancestors or families, but to the community as a whole, which would have been bonded by acknowledging these anonymous ancestors. In any case, the space between Ditch 5 and Ditch 4 was not intended for households but for funerary activities and possibly for farmlands and areas for livestock.
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Fedunkiv, Zenoviy. "STRATIN CITY FORTIFICATIONS: CONSTRUCTION DATE, EFFICIENCY, PLANNING AND VOLUME-SPACE CHARACTERISTICS." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 18, no. 2023 (2023): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.108.
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Based on the results of scientific expeditions and field surveys, the article examines the problems of construction dating, functioning efficiency, localization and identification of structures and fortifications, the planning and spatial structure of the Stratyn city fortifications. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that, apart from the reports of four scientific expeditions, no full-fledged scientific article was devoted to Stratyn's city fortifications. The study, based on the analysis of historical sources and the military-political situation, puts forward an assumption about the period of construction of city fortifications and their role in the Polish-Turkish wars of the 1670s. Based on the analysis of cartographic sources and field surveys, an analysis of the planning structure was carried out, the location was determined and fortification structures and fortifications were identified. On the basis of the analysis of the fortification and technological features of the preserved fragments of ramparts, ditches and sites of buildings, it was concluded that the Stratyn city fortifications belong to the bastion defense system common in the western Ukrainian lands.
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Ciocanu, Sergius. "The city of Chisinau in historical plans until World War II.Preliminary considerations." Arta 32, no. 1 (2023): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/arta.2023.32-1.05.
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Since the founding of the city in the middle of the 17th century to the middle of the 20th century, Chisinau benefited from several cartographic representations, important for understanding the formation and development of its urban structure. Among the particularly valuable city plans drawn up in the 19th century, we mention those from 1817 and 1834, which on the one hand document the pre-imperial part of the town, and on the other hand present the plan for its territorial expansion. The city plan developed in 1942 by the Aero-Photogrammetric Institute from Bucharest occupies an important place in the cartography of Chisinau. The scale of the plan is 1:2000. It is a particularly valuable graphic document for understanding the urban development of the city of Chisinau from the middle of the 20th century. The plan proposes a careful documentation of the features of the relief, of anthropic interventions in the landscape – ponds/lakes, ditches, paths, roads, railways, bridges, streets, fences, constructions, also containing the first known representation of the historical urban plots.
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Pranata, Sungguh Ponten. "Examining the Profits and Losses of Medan City Roadside Ditch Scraping by the Medan City Government on MSMEs." Journal of Business Management and Economic Development 2, no. 02 (2024): 919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.59653/jbmed.v2i02.814.
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The practice of digging roadside ditches by the Medan City Government is an important part of the flood mitigation strategy and improvement of the urban drainage system. However, this practice not only provides benefits for reducing flood risk, but also has a significant impact on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) around the area. This research aims to investigate the dynamics of profit and loss from the practice of trenching for MSMEs in Medan, focusing on identifying the challenges they face and opportunities to improve the sustainability of their businesses. Through a triangulation approach, including direct surveys, interviews with stakeholders, and secondary data analysis, this study reveals the complexity of the impact of trenching practices on MSMEs and the adaptation strategies adopted. The results show that MSMEs experience accessibility problems, material losses, and damage to business infrastructure due to this practice. However, MSMEs have also taken adaptation steps such as product diversification and increased connectivity. Support from sustainability-oriented public policies has also helped MSMEs increase their competitiveness and resilience. Despite this, challenges in implementing sustainable policies remain the main focus, with limited resources and lack of coordination between government agencies as the main obstacles. In conclusion, this research highlights the need for a holistic approach and close collaboration between stakeholders to create an environment that supports the growth and sustainability of MSMEs amidst changes in urban infrastructure.
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Van Leeuwen, C. J., and R. M. A. Sjerps. "The City Blueprint of Amsterdam: an assessment of integrated water resources management in the capital of the Netherlands." Water Supply 15, no. 2 (2014): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.127.
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In this study the sustainability of integrated water resources management in Amsterdam has been reviewed using the City Blueprint approach. The City Blueprint® is a set of 24 dedicated indicators divided over eight categories, i.e., water security, water quality, drinking water, sanitation, infrastructure, climate robustness, biodiversity and attractiveness, and governance including public participation. In 2006 the various urban water-related services in Amsterdam were brought under one roof, culminating in the country's first water cycle company called Waternet. Waternet is responsible for surface water (rivers, canals, ditches and lakes), groundwater, stormwater, drinking water supply and waste water treatment. The city's unique water cycle approach has proved highly beneficial. Currently Amsterdam is the best performing city of the 30 cities assessed so far. This can be explained by: (1) a long-term vision and a multi-level water governance approach, (2) integration of water, energy and material flows (e.g., struvite production), (3) the entanglement between urban quality and water management, and (4) the transparent communication to and feed-back from customers, i.e., farmers and citizens. Surface water quality and biodiversity remain future challenges.
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Supraptono. "Peran dan Strategi serta Kendala BPBD dalam Menanggulangi Banjir Rob di Kota Tembilahan." AL-DALIL: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik, dan Hukum 1, no. 3 (2023): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.58707/aldalil.v1i3.622.
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In writing this article the author used library research methods and also collected data using qualitative methods by interviewing or interviewing several sources where Tembilahan is an area in Riau province which has many ditches and types of peat soil and every year Tembilahan is always prone to flooding. tidal floods and on January 25 2023 Tembilahan was hit by the worst tidal floods in recent years. The tidal flood itself is a tidal flood caused by sea water that overflows and inundates the land. Based on this, the formulation of the problem in this paper includes (1) What is the role of the BPBD of Tembilahan city in overcoming tidal floods that continuously occur in Tembilahan (2) What are the strategies of the BPBD of Tembilahan city in overcoming tidal floods and (3) What are the obstacles? faced by BPBD Tembilahan in dealing with the tidal flood disaster. So the conclusions of this research are (1) the role of regional disaster management agencies in the disaster management process is very important where in the stages of the disaster management implementation process it can start with disaster prevention itself, emergency response and rehabilitation and reconstruction, another role of BPBD is to carry out several planning in an effort to reduce the risk of tidal floods, apart from carrying out emergency response and playing an active role in providing education to the community, (2) the strategy carried out by BPBD Tembilahan to overcome tidal floods is to make efforts to revitalize the ditches in Tembilahan, carry out mitigation and planting mangroves on seashores and coastlines, (3) however, in the process of implementing disaster management, there are certainly several obstacles, including cost constraints, insufficient human resources, inadequate infrastructure and lack of public awareness about disasters, resulting in The process of implementing flood disaster management is difficult to implement.
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Aini, Isma Nurul, and Meita Annisa Nurhutami. "Design of Garbage Disposal Flow on Jalan Petir Tasikmalaya." Journal of Industrial Product Design Research and Studies 1, no. 1 (2022): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jipdrs.v1i1.47472.
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The problem of waste in Indonesia is an endless topic to talk about. Various methods have been carried out as an effort to overcome the overflowing pile of garbage, especially the garbage that is scattered everywhere, including in the ditches. This problem can spread to all aspects of life such as health, social, environmental, economic, even political and cultural. The lack of public understanding of environmental conservation and the poor quality of waste management are the main factors in the accumulation of waste that occurs in Indonesia, especially in densely populated areas. This study aims to find an approach related to waste reduction and management solutions on Jalan Petir, Tawang District, Tasikmalaya City so that it does not scatter and clog the surrounding waters, especially the ditches that stretch along densely populated roads. This research using survey methods and qualitative analysis has resulted in the design of a coordinated waste disposal flow from households, the process of sorting waste to temporary shelters and ending in final disposal sites that cannot be separated from cooperation between the community, the government, and surrounding businesses. It is very important to do this so that the process and goal of reducing waste accumulation runs well and reduces the risk of other adverse impacts such as floods, virus outbreaks, and other disasters that can occur if this waste problem is not handled properly as it should be.
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Liu, Bin, Ningyuan Wang, Minghui Chen, et al. "Earliest hydraulic enterprise in China, 5,100 years ago." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 52 (2017): 13637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710516114.
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Here we present one of the world’s oldest examples of large-scale and formalized water management, in the case of the Liangzhu culture of the Yangtze Delta, dated at 5,300–4,300 years cal B.P. The Liangzhu culture represented a peak of early cultural and social development predating the historically recorded Chinese dynasties; hence, this study reveals more about the ancient origins of hydraulic engineering as a core element of social, political, and economic developments. Archaeological surveys and excavations can now portray the impressive extent and structure of dams, levees, ditches, and other landscape-transforming features, supporting the ancient city of Liangzhu, with an estimated size of about 300 ha. The results indicate an enormous collective undertaking, with unprecedented evidence for understanding how the city, economy, and society of Liangzhu functioned and developed at such a large scale. Concurrent with the evidence of technological achievements and economic success, a unique relationship between ritual order and social power is seen in the renowned jade objects in Liangzhu elite burials, thus expanding our view beyond the practicalities of water management and rice farming.
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Murakami, Ken. "Research Applications in the Field of Wastewater Treatment Technology in Japan." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 6-7 (1989): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0270.
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Three case studies of research applications in the field of wastewater treatment technology in Japan are presented. The technologies being dealt with in the case studies are the two-stage dewatering of sewage sludge, the use of prefabricated panels for the construction of oxidation ditches and the multi-stage reversing-flow bioreactor (MRB) process. The main organizations in charge of development of these technologies are a city, a public corporation and a national research institute, respectively. The processes of research application as well as the associated problems are described and discussed through the case studies. The technology evaluation system that started in 1986 is also described here. This system was established in order to promote the actual use of new technologies, particularly those developed by the private sector.
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Bolshanik, Petr V., Svetlana B. Kusnezova, and Boris V. Usovich. "Development of a water-vegetable frame of an urban area (Isilkul city, Omsk region)." Environmental Dynamics and Global Climate Change 14, no. 1 (2023): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18822/edgcc110762.
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The formation of a comfortable urban environment is inextricably linked with the planning of an anthropogenic landscape that performs environmental, reclamation and recreational functions. "Ecological frame of the city", "landscape-ecological frame", "water-green city frame", "landscape-recreational frame of the city" - these are essentially synonymous phrases that are used in scientific and special literature depending on the scale and detail of the study. and urban landscape planning [Targaeva, 2022]. The term "ecological frame" was introduced into the everyday life of researchers by V.V. Vladimirov (1980, 1986). Later, the terminology of urban landscape ecology was developed in [Runova, 1993; Kuleshova, 1999; Georgita, 2011; Tukmanov, 2012]. Among the scientific works of contemporaries devoted to the history and development of the theory of urban landscape planning, the works of E.Yu. Kolbovsky et al. [2008, 2018]. In foreign literature, the ecological structure of cities has been defined as ecological network (ecological network) or green infrastructure (green infrastructure) [Green infrastructure..., 2013; Podoinitsyna, 2016; Klimanov, 2018]. According to its functional purpose, green infrastructure corresponds to the domestic green frame of the city [Baro et all., 2014]. This paper discusses the issues of landscape planning of the city of Isilkul, the center of the district of the same name in the Omsk region. Given the size and specialization, the current geo-ecological problems of the settlement and the natural and climatic conditions of the forest-steppe, the term water-plant urban frame is used. The water-vegetation urban frame is a structured set of adjacent territories with vegetation cover and water bodies within the city limits and its immediate environs, which performs environment-forming, reclamation and recreational functions. Currently, the western regions of the Omsk region are characterized by the processes of rising groundwater levels, which caused flooding in 24 zones, with a total area of about 60 thousand hectares. Within one of these zones is the city of Isilkul. An unfavorable geo-ecological situation has developed in the city and in the adjacent territories, associated with swamping, and in some cases, salinization of soils. The purpose of this article is to substantiate measures for the creation of a water-vegetation frame of Isilkul, located on the southern outskirts of Western Siberia within the Ishim Plain. Among the objectives of the research: the study of the infrastructure of the city; reconstruction of natural landscapes; determining the causes of flooding of the territory, designing the water-vegetation frame of the urban area. Objects and methods of investigation The territory of the study object is located in the central part of the eastern half of the Ishim Plain and forms an ellipse in plan, elongated from north to south (Fig. 1). Within the boundaries of the object of study are located Isilkul with its suburbs, partly the land of rural settlements of the Isilkul administrative district - Solntsevo, Boevoye, Lesnoye. In the north, the study area includes a fragment of the territory of the Kamyshlov log tract, in the south - the basin of the lake. Settlement. The choice of research methods was determined by the specifics of the tasks being solved and the landscape features of the study area. First of all, this concerns a significant transformation of natural landscapes in the vicinity of the city and the need to reconstruct ecosystems in the built-up area. Another important methodological task was the development of recommendations for the localization of processes that cause flooding of the urban landscape. The use of traditional landscape methods and techniques for solving the set tasks turned out to be ineffective. This required a combination of field and office methods of landscape ecology and environmental protection, which included. In total, 30 observation points were described during the research. Two landscape profiles of 12 km (along the line Kamyshlov Log - Lake Gorodishche) and 2 km (from west to east through Isilkul) were broken up and examined. Natural, introduced and ruderal vegetation has been studied. Surveyed urban engineering networks, ways of surface water runoff. As part of office work, reports and cartographic materials of the State Historical Archive of the Omsk Region were analyzed; landscape map of the Omsk region. Results of research Prior to the start of construction, the territory of Isilkul was a flattened isometric upland typical of the Ishim steppe with a relative excess of height above the surrounding area of 1-5 m. The gentle slopes of the upland were occupied by grass-forb steppe meadows on carbonate chernozems and solods. Locally, in the hollows of the flat top and in moist relief depressions along its periphery, spiked aspen-birch forests grew in a mosaic pattern, which alternated with small lakes. The shores of reservoirs were occupied by reed and reed-sedge bogs. Increased mineralization was characteristic of the waters of endorheic lakes and soils along their banks. There is no centralized rain sewerage system in the city. Rain, melt, groundwater is collected in ditches and flows down them into natural and artificial reservoirs (pits), as well as into natural relief depressions in the city. In the off-season, excess surface water is partially transferred using mobile pumps from the center of the northern part of the city to the southern part, and then, through a dug channel, is diverted to Lake Gorodishche. Partially, surface runoff is discharged naturally and by force through ditches outside the central part and accumulates in depressions and ditches of the city's bypass roads. The total length of ditches in Isilkul is about 300 km, however, about 90 km require repair and deep cleaning, and about 24 km need to be re-laid. Also, in many places there are no roads or bypass pipes in a non-working condition. The reason for the periodic flooding of the city, along with the increased amount of precipitation, is the deterioration of the filtration properties of soils and soils, insufficient capacity and violation of the operating conditions of the drainage system. The predisposition of forest-steppe landscapes to secondary salinization, together with increased fluctuations in the level of groundwater, and their pollution with unorganized runoff, have caused excessive mineralization of urban soils. The discussion of the results Reconstruction of sewerage networks should become the top-priority measure to create a water-vegetable frame of the city. Expected result of the reconstruction of the drainage system: lowering the level of groundwater and reducing the risk of flooding of the territory; increased soil drainage and reduced concentration of soluble salts; improvement of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the city. The reconstruction of the landscapes of the territory, the analysis of the transport infrastructure made it possible to propose a sectoral structure of forest plantations for Isilkul, in which the inner boundaries of the sections are forest protection belts of roads and railways. Forest parks in the form of strips and semicircles 300-600 m wide are planned to be laid in relief depressions at a distance of 1-2 km from the boundaries of the existing development (Fig. 4). A latitudinal strip of green zone will pass through the territory of the city. It will connect the existing squares and green sports grounds with the green recreational areas of the city center. Thus, a latitudinal vegetation corridor is formed, connecting the water-vegetation frame through the central territory of the city. Favorable places for planting in the modern landscape are marked by residual birch-aspen forests, lakes or swamps. Most often, these are waste lands that do not belong to agricultural land. In essence, it is proposed to carry out reforestation and form insular small-leaved forests of a given configuration, typical for the natural zone. At the same time, road belts, in addition to protecting soils from wind erosion, should strengthen the ecological unity of island forest ecosystems. The surveyed large forest areas in the west and north-west of the region are distinguished by the preservation of the indigenous flora and can be used to collect seeds of wild plants and select seedlings. The results of the study of natural and introduced flora made it possible to differentiate the species composition of future plantings according to optimal growing conditions and expand the list of species proposed for landscaping (Table 1-3). The water-vegetation urban framework will include lakes, natural and artificial runoff troughs, drainage ditches, suffusion depressions, as well as all areas occupied by vegetation (Fig. 3-4). The implementation of the program to create a water-green frame of the city will have a positive impact on the environment and comfort: - will lower the level of groundwater; - dry the territory of the city of Isilkul and the surrounding environs; - eliminates the flow of sewage into the lakes Gryaznovskoye, Gorodishche; - will significantly increase the comfort of living for city residents, which will contribute to the influx of people into the city of Isilkul and the Isilkul region as a whole. The supply of purified water to the lakes Kamyshlovo, Salt, Krivoe will increase the area of the water surface of these reservoirs, which will increase the production of fish products. Lowering the groundwater level, as well as abandoning the cesspool sewerage system, will make it possible to save money allocated for the removal of sewage by sewage trucks, annual flood control, and annual repair of flooded buildings and structures.
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De Meulder, Bruno, Kelly Shannon, and Vu Thi Phuong Linh. "HCMC: mirroring the city center, inversing contemporary logics." ZARCH, no. 15 (January 27, 2021): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.2020154856.
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Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), the largest agglomeration in Vietnam, is a multitude of cities and where spatial development is inherently intertwined with a continuously transforming water structure. HCMC is a relatively young city—the foundational citadel dates from the end 18th century—that nevertheless was always complex. Its original dichotomic nature, with Chinese Chợ Lớn and Vietnamese Sài Gòn, forcefully colonized and domesticated a quagmire. It eventually became colonized itself by France (formalized by the Indochina federation 1887-1954). The agglomeration subsequently underwent strong growth and transformation during the American War (1955-75), to explode even more after the (re)opening up to the market in 1986 (Đổi Mới: the change to the new). Shock and wave development (and significant disruption), hand-in-hand with forceful public intervention and laissez-faire dynamics, led to odd bedfellows—a partially planned and spontaneous urban environment, iterating between conscious design decisions anchored on territorial characteristics (predominantly defined by water structures) and generic additions regardless of the terrain, between structuring and undirected fabrics. Amidst another wave of rampant growth and expansion, the city plans to double its center eastwards across the Sài Gòn River in the water-sick districts 2, 9 and Thu Duc. This offers the occasion to boldly rethink the formation of the contemporary tropical deltaic metropolis. The article will plead for an alternative for the future development of HCMC through the elaboration of a project for the twin center of Sài Gòn, foreseen in an interfluvial land that is systematically permeated by canals, river branches, ditches, etc. The plan recognizes that the water system defines the base spatial register of the territory and intelligently anchors urban development on this register.
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Alegría, Leyla Zelaya. "Nature based solutions: an example from San Salvador city." Revista LABVERDE 11, no. 1 (2021): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-2275.labverde.2021.190553.
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San Salvador, capital of El Salvador, is an intermediate city located in a mountain area. It has a limited drainage system in unplanned settlements on slopes and streams, which results in floods and landslides, due to intense rains in short periods, which are increasingly frequent. One of the areas with the highest incidence of urban floods in this city is the Arenal Monserrat micro-watershed; For this reason, it was selected for the implementation of pilot interventions of Nature-based Solutions (NbS), under the City Adapt project, executed by the United Nations Environment Program. The implementation began with the elaboration of a mapping of actors, the development of a vulnerability assessment of the micro-watershed, consultations with focus groups to know the perception of risk, valuation of the ecosystems present and their link with the livelihoods used by the population, the selection of the NbS measures to be implemented at the basin, landscape and local community levels and the identification with the ecosystem services that it enhances; until its start-up and monitoring and follow-up. The main results presented are: i) an intervened surface of 451 hectares, between different ecosystems such as coffee plantations, riparian forest and urban area used for planting fruit trees; b) an infiltrated volume of surface water of 284,984 m3 in one year, coming from the water collected in the infiltration ditches and in the absorption wells, built in the upper part of the micro-watershed; iii) a total number of trees planted of 54,529, among coffee, fruit trees and native species. With these results, the next step is the incorporation of NbS measures in urban planning processes in the medium and long term.
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Yimer, Seid Ejigu, Bing Wu, and Abiel Kiflay Fessahaye. "Transforming Waste into Opportunity: Tackling Municipal Solid Waste Challenges in Buanbuawuha Sub-City, Dessie, Ethiopia." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 3, no. 2 (2025): 9–27. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2025.3(2).02.
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Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is a global problem, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia, where inadequate infrastructure and poor practices exacerbate environmental and public health challenges. In Dessie, Buanbuawuha sub-city, rapid urbanization has strained MSWM systems, causing environmental hazards. A mixed-methods approach gathered data, capturing insights on current MSWM system. Geographic Information System (GIS) mapped the spatial distribution of illegal municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal practices across sub-city areas. Key findings indicate that average MSW generation rate is approximately 0.53 kg/person/day, which would result in 22,470 tons MSW per year in Buanbuawha sub-city. Organic waste constitutes over 40% of the total waste generated, highlighting its significant share in the MSW stream. Notably, more than 80% of the MSW produced in the area has the potential for reuse, either as recyclable material or as a source of energy. Open dumping remains a prevalent issue, with over 78% of households disposing of MSW in ditches and along roadsides. Only about 21% of households have access to formal communal collection services, and even then, 63.2% of them reported irregular collection schedules, just once a week. The lack of adequate MSWM caused the proliferation of 18 illegal and permanent dumping sites throughout the sub-city. This study highlights the urgent need for strategic investments in MSWM. By integrating sustainable practices and promoting resource recovery, Buanbuawuha can transform waste from an environmental threat into an asset, fostering resilience and enhancing public well-being.
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Seid, Ejigu Yimer, Wu Bing, and Kiflay Fessahaye Abiel. "Transforming Waste into Opportunity: Tackling Municipal Solid Waste Challenges in Buanbuawuha Sub-City, Dessie, Ethiopia." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 3, no. 2 (2025): 9–27. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2025.3(2).02.
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Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is a global problem, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia, where inadequate infrastructure and poor practices exacerbate environmental and public health challenges. In Dessie, Buanbuawuha sub-city, rapid urbanization has strained MSWM systems, causing environmental hazards. A mixed-methods approach gathered data, capturing insights on current MSWM system. Geographic Information System (GIS) mapped the spatial distribution of illegal municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal practices across sub-city areas. Key findings indicate that average MSW generation rate is approximately 0.53 kg/person/day, which would result in 22,470 tons MSW per year in Buanbuawha sub-city. Organic waste constitutes over 40% of the total waste generated, highlighting its significant share in the MSW stream. Notably, more than 80% of the MSW produced in the area has the potential for reuse, either as recyclable material or as a source of energy. Open dumping remains a prevalent issue, with over 78% of households disposing of MSW in ditches and along roadsides. Only about 21% of households have access to formal communal collection services, and even then, 63.2% of them reported irregular collection schedules, just once a week. The lack of adequate MSWM caused the proliferation of 18 illegal and permanent dumping sites throughout the sub-city. This study highlights the urgent need for strategic investments in MSWM. By integrating sustainable practices and promoting resource recovery, Buanbuawuha can transform waste from an environmental threat into an asset, fostering resilience and enhancing public well-being.
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Esti Sulistiowati, Yudhanto Satyagraha Adiputra, and Ardi Putra. "Peran Pemerintah Daerah dalam Penanggulangan Banjir di Kota Tanjungpinang." Politika Progresif : Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Humaniora 2, no. 1 (2025): 145–67. https://doi.org/10.62383/progres.v2i1.1331.
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Implementing disaster management is a series of efforts that include establishing development policies that are at risk of disasters, disaster prevention activities, emergency response and rehabilitation. Currently several areas in Tanjungpinang City have the potential for flooding, only the Tanjungpinang City District and Bukit Cermin sub-district are free from flooding. According to him, there are many causes of waterlogging, such as inadequate drainage, rubbish blocking ditches, and housing that does not have drainage channels, the water drainage system needs to be repaired. The flow of water in the drainage must be clear so that it does not overflow onto the roads and into residential areas. The aim of the research is to determine the efforts made by the local government in dealing with floods in Tanjungpinang City. Then in this research the researcher refers to Ndraha (Labolo, 2010:36). The method in this research is that the author uses a qualitative descriptive research type using interview and observation data collection techniques. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the Regional Government in Flood Management in Tanjungpinang City has played a role. The following research results show that the government's role as a regulator is by making rules or regulations in disaster management, which are stated in the Tanjungpinang City Regional Regulation (PERDA) Number 03 2016 concerning the Implementation of Disaster Management. The role of the dynamist is to provide intensive and effective guidance and direction to agencies and communities related to disaster management. The government's role is as a facilitator by carrying out prevention efforts and providing facilities due to the impact of flooding.
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Martha, Luluk, Abdul Hakim, and Rr Diah Nugraheni Setyowati. "KAJIAN AIR HUJAN MELALUI LUBANG RESAPAN BIOPORI (LRB) DI UIN SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA." Al-Ard: Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan 4, no. 1 (2018): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/alard.v4i1.408.
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Lack of green open space (RTH) can lead to flooding and even catastrophic flooding in the event of high rainfall intensity that falls in urban areas. Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya (UINSA) is one of the educational facilities in Surabaya City which is located in the flood prone area of Jemur Wonosari, Wonocolo. One of the technologies used to overcome inundation and flooding and to increase groundwater reserves is the Biopori Infiltration Hole (LRB). UINSA as one of the education facilities in Surabaya City can apply LRB technology to absorb rainwater so that it can reduce runoff of wasted rainwater into ditches to drainage systems. This study aims to determine the amount of LRB that can be applied in UINSA and the percentage of LRB in reducing drainage load. The method used is quantitative descriptive by conducting field survey of open land area, ground infiltration field test, soil type laboratory test and using secondary data daily rainfall. The results of the study showed that the number of LRB that can be applied at UINSA is 741 pieces in open spaces covering an area of 1481.84 m2 with a reduction in drainage load of 42.83%. Keywords: rainwater, biopori infiltration hole, infiltration, drainage load reduction.
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Muttuvelu, Dansani Vasanthan, Simon Wyke, and Jes Vollertsen. "Are Permeable Pavements a Sustainable Solution? A Qualitative Study of the Usage of Permeable Pavements." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (2022): 12432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912432.
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This paper contains an interview-based study focusing on permeable pavements as part of sustainable drainage systems. Climate change is causing pluvial flooding, according to the newest IPCC report. This mostly affects urban areas in cities due to: (1) limited capacity of existing drainage systems during heavy-intensity rainfall over a short period of time and (2) limited space for ditches in city areas. Permeable pavements are, therefore, sustainable drainage solutions which combine road infrastructure with water infrastructure. Are permeable pavements a preferable sustainable solution? To answer that question, 24 respondents were interviewed. The interview study was based on a semi-structured interview methodology. A lessons-learned experience was gathered, and the following conclusions were contrived: Firstly, official guidelines on how to construct, consult, and maintain permeable pavements are required. Secondly, more contractors should be able to offer the same product. Finally, official guidelines on the relationship between the contractors are required. These three indicators were extracted from the study.
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Ngo, Le-Minh, Le Thi Kieu, Hai-Yen Hoang, and Hai-Binh Nguyen. "Experiences of Housing Adapted to Sea Level Rise and Applicability for Houses in the Can Gio District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (2020): 3743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093743.
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As a coastal district located in the Southeast of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, Can Gio is characterized by low average terrains ranging up to only 1.5m above the sea level. Impacted by climate change and sea level rise in recent years, certain neighborhoods in the Can Gio District have been facing the loss of their residential and arable lands, as well as undesired relocations. Together with riverbank and coastal erosion, this phenomenon has several negative impacts on the lives of people in residential areas and on their economic activities. This research uses a literature review and observation as the main methods to explore the experiences of sea level rise adaptive housing and thereby suggests certain solutions for the Can Gio District. The solutions include saving space for water, elevating floors, constructing with floating floors, and creating biological ditches and osmotic lines to help quickly drain flooded water. These solutions aim to protect people’s lives and houses against the rising sea level and ensure the sustainable development of the neighborhoods.
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Jinhuai, An. "2. The Shang City at Zhengzhou and Related Problems." Early China 9, S1 (1986): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800002893.
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ABSTRACTThe Zhengzhou Shang dynasty site is the location of an early Shang city, vast in area and abundant in archaeological remains, which was discovered by Chinese archaeologists in the middle and lower Yellow River basin during the early fifties. Within the site there is a Shang dynasty rammed-earth wall extending north-south in a rectangular shape and having a circumference of 6960 meters. These are the earliest Shang wall remains discovered to date.Based on the stratigraphy and vessel types discovered in the course of excavating the four sides of the wall, it is certain that this wall is slightly later than the late Erlitou period, and that construction on it began before the lower strata of the Shang Erligang period, the “Yin Ruins” at Anyang. The discovery of the Zhengzhou Shang site was definitely not accidental. It represents an important stage in the development of ancient Chinese rammed-earth wall architecture. The method of construction places it in a continuous line of development from the rammed-earth wall of the Henan area middle and late Longshan culture and the late Erlitou rammed-earth platform foundation to the rammed-earth foundations of the palaces of the Yin Ruins at Anyang.The grand scale of the Zhengzhou Shang wall, and the fact that inside and outside the wall were found palace foundations and workshops for the production of bronze, bone, and ceramic articles as well as numerous widespread storage pits, wells, ditches, house foundations, and tombs, and that many bronze, jade, primitive porcelain, pottery, stone, bone, and clamshell artifacts have been excavated here, including also some carved ivory pieces, pottery sculpture, and inscribed bones and pottery, lead us to conclude that the Zhengzhou Shang site was one of the early Shang capitals. Whether it is to be identified as Ao or Bo we cannot now say. In any case, the discovery and excavation of this site has supplied direct evidence of the greatest importance for the history of early Shang politics, economics, cultural, and military affairs.
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Murgabayev, Sagynbay S., Lazzat D. Maldybekova, Mels M. Bakhtybaev, Kopzhasar M. Zhetybaev, M. Gursoy, and Bagdaulet S. Sizdikov. "History of the Syganak Irrigation." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 2, no. 40 (2022): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.2.40.206.214.
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When studying medieval cities, along with the complex issues, including the structure, defense system, localization of cities according to written sources, identifying economic districts, is the study of the ancient irrigation system. Although the city of Syganak is mentioned in Arabic and Persian sources of the 10th century, we can find data on the irrigation system of the city in the work of the 16th century “Mikhman-name-iy” by Bukhara Fazlallah ibn Ruzbikhan. The waqf letters discovered by V.V. Bartold mention rivers near the city of Syganak and canals drawn from the Syrdarya. Data on the irrigation of Syganak are contained in the “Book of the Big Drawing”, “Drawing Book of Siberia” by S. Remezov. In Soviet times, E.I. Ageeva and G.I. Patsevich, V.N. Groshev drew attention to the issues of the irrigation system of Syganak. S. Zholdasbaev, who studied the city of Syganak for many years, paid special attention to the origin of the name of the canal Tuman aryk, derived from the Syr Darya. In this article, the authors drew attention to a controversial issue related to the location of the medieval city of Syganak. In some sources, the city is located on the right bank, in others – on the left bank of the Syrdarya River. Some researchers, relying on these sources, suggest that another city, Syganak, is mentioned in written sources. Our field studies have shown that the Syr Darya had several old channels in the vicinity of the city of Syganak. The discovery of these channels confirms that at one time the city was located on the left bank of the Syr Darya. The Sarysu and Shu rivers from Central Kazakhstan and Semirechye at the northwestern end of Karatau flowed into these old channels. Also, in the course of research along the ancient canals, several medieval cities and settlements of the cities of the Syr Darya were identified. The article provides information about ditches, derived from the Syr Darya, also provides data on the rivers originating in the southern part of Karatau, about their ancient names. The authors reveal that the toponymic names of Kyrash, Toktamys, Kelte-Shalkiya, Arystandy, Mynbulak found in vakuf charters have retained their names to this day.
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Коваль, В. Ю. "О фортификации Суздальского детинца в X–XII вв." Archaeology of Vladimir-Suzdal land, № 13 (14 квітня 2025): 49–64. https://doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2023.978-5-94375-412-8.49-64.
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Укрепления Суздаля, одного из древнейших городов Северо-Восточной Руси, археологически изучались лишь несколько раз – в 1939, 1958, 1970, 1981–1986 гг. Самые древние укрепления мерянского поселения Х в. (площадью около 1 га), предшествовавшего древнерусскому городу, были открыты в северо-западной части Суздальского кремля. Здесь были найдены 4 засыпанных рва, сменявших друг друга. После засыпки предыдущего рва новый вырывался со сдвигом в напольную сторону. Последний ров был засыпан не позднее начала XI в. Детинец древнерусского Суздаля площадью 14 га сегодня окружен валом высотой до 8,5 м. В основании этого вала в 1970 г. найдены остатки древо-земляной стены, предположительно датируемые XI в. Многочисленные перестройки этой стены на протяжении последующих 500 лет и привели к формированию современного «вала». Ров перед этим валом также практически не исследован. Грандиозные размеры сооружения затрудняют возможность его полной прорезки и исчерпывающего изучения. The fortifications of Suzdal, one of the most ancient cities of North-Eastern Rus’, were studied archeologically only a few times – in 1939, 1958, 1970, 1981–1986. The most ancient fortifications of the Merya settlement of the 10th century (with an area of about 1 ha), which preceded the ancient Russian city, were discovered in the northwestern part of the Suzdal Kremlin. Four filledin ditches replacing each other were found. After backfilling the previous ditch, a new one was pulled out with a shift to the field side. The last ditch was filled up in no later than the beginning of the 11th century. Today, detinets of ancient Russian Suzdal with an area of 14 ha is surrounded by a rampart up to 8.5 m high. In 1970, the remains of a wood-and-earth wall were found at the base of this rampart, presumably dating back to the 11th century. Numerous reconstructions of this wall over the next 500 years led to the formation of the modern “rampart”. The ditch in front of this rampart was also barely explored. The grandiose dimensions of the structure make it difficult to completely cut through and exhaustively study it.
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Pamungkas, Pradico Dwi. "Hygiene and Sanitation Condition in the Karangayu Market Regional Technical Implementation Unit." Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region 6, no. 2 (2023): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jphtcr.v6i2.19593.
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Background: Lack of access to sanitation and hygiene in the traditional market can increase infectious disease transmission. Based on a preliminary study in the Karangayu Market, it was found that the hygiene and sanitation condition did not meet the requirements of Minister of Health regulation No. 17 of 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of market hygiene and sanitation in the working area of Karangayu Market Regional Technical Implementation Unit, Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. Methods: This observational study was conducted in all of the eight markets located in the working area of Karangayu Market Regional Technical Implementation Unit. A score of ≥ 70% of the total score of each variable was determined as met the requirement and the score of ≤ 70% was defined as did not meet the requirements. The determination of the scores was done through the observation using sanitary assessment, based on the Ministry of Health Regulation No. 17 of 2020. Results: The condition of market hygiene and sanitation in the working area of Karangayu Market, Semarang City had not met the requirements. The used indicators were traders/employees, visitors, market buildings, garbage disposal sites, drainage ditches, toilets, places to sell food and groceries, control of disease-carrying animals, parking lots. However, the level of density of flies was still met the requirements. Conclusion: Poor hygiene and sanitation in the working area of Karangayu Market Regional Technical Implementation Unit, Semarang City, can increase the risk for disease transmission if it is not resolved.
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Imam, Mr Abshar. "PLC Based Automated Irrigation System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (2021): 1519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37553.
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Abstract: In a developing country like India, automation plays an important role in the development and advancement of the country. In the field of irrigation, proper method of irrigation is important . At the present era, the gardeners have been using irrigation technique in India through the manual control in which the gardeners irrigate at the regular intervals. This process sometimes consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to which the grass and plants get dried. Over-irrigation can increase energy consumption and water cost as well as leaching of fertilizers below the root zone, erosion, and transport of soil and chemical particles to the drainage ditches. Irrigators who monitor soil moisture levels in the field greatly increase their ability to conserve water and energy and avoid soil erosion and water pollution. The objective of this paper is to develop sensor based automated gardening system to reduce water requirement and balanced gardening in smart city projects in India. Manpower isn`t required in this system and moisture content of soil will be balanced all the time.
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Temirgazina, Zifa K. "“Almaty” text in the works of Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filologiya, no. 90 (2024): 268–85. https://doi.org/10.17223/19986645/90/13.
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Urban studies in literary criticism have been developing since the end of the twentieth century in the direction developed in the works of Yuri Lotman, Vladimir Toporov, and others. The city is considered as a super-textual semiotic phenomenon, consisting of several subsystems: the city as a name, the city as space and the city as time. The city has its own “language” and has the ability to generate certain meanings and images. In the works of individual writers, a certain image of the city is modeled, which becomes part of the idea of a particular city existing in culture and literature. Researchers studied the “Almaty” text in the works of Dina Rubina, Yuriy Dombrovsky. In this work, I discuss the “Almaty” text created in works by the Kazakh Russianspeaking poet Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov; this text implicitly includes transcultural meanings. The toponym Almaty has great cultural significance and generates a mythopoetic halo around the name of the city. Based on the semantics of the word alma (literally ‘apple’), historical facts, and with the help of allusions, the poet creates a mythopoetics of the city. It includes myths and legends about the apple of knowledge, about halves of an apple as people, about Newton’s apple, about Almaty as the ancestral home of apples and the birthplace of the Aport apple. The author complements the mythopoetic aura of the “Almaty” text with the idea of the apple as the ancestor of humanity. The urban space of Almaty is formed by several semiotically significant loci of the eastern city from Kanapyanov’s point of view: ditches, Green Bazaar, blue spruces, Medeo. In the poet’s depiction, Almaty is a multi-confessional, multicultural city, so sacred Muslim and Christian symbols (crosses and mazars) coexist here. Since Almaty is surrounded by mountains, the city and the mountains form a single topos. The mountains are the outer boundary of the city. Despite the city’s inclusion in the mountainous landscape, the mountains pose a constant threat to its existence – avalanches can destroy it. The poet talks about the eternal struggle between the natural elements and man. Kanapyanov’s “Almaty” text is realized in the oppositions “city – steppe”, “city – village”, “closed topos – open space”, “natural – artificial”, conveying the transcultural specificity of his artistic worldview. The rhythm of the city as time is determined by the time of day and the seasons. The poet’s favorite time of day is night; for him Almaty is “the city of green nights”. Thus, in his presentation of the city as a semiotic cultural and natural phenomenon, Kanapyanov conveys certain ideas and meanings to the reader, and the urban text in his poetic works acquires a special aesthetic function.
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Kobojek, Elżbieta. "Anthropogenic Transformation and the Possibility of Renaturalising Small Rivers and Their Valleys in Cities – Łódź and Lviv Examples." European Spatial Research and Policy 22, no. 1 (2015): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2015-0016.
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Rivers used to serve important functions in the development of cities, and river valleys are a part of the urban space. Regardless of several centuries of anthropogenic influences large rivers and their valleys have remained the dominant elements of the cityscape. In the case of small rivers and valleys the situation has been different. The expansion of urban infrastructure often led to an elimination of rivers and their valleys from the developed area. In many cases rivers were directed down straightened concrete ditches and sometimes the locations of their channels were changed altogether. In the city centre, rivers were locked in underground channels, i.e. they vanished from the cityscape. Urban floods, so annoying for the inhabitants, usually occur within river sections which have been utilized intensively and covered with impermeable surface. Even though a river was hidden in underground interceptor pipes, a valley dip remains still accumulating rainfall. The aim of this article is to present the extent of transformation of small rivers and valleys within two large cities located on watersheds: Łódź and Lviv, and the contemporary utilization and the possibility of renaturalising them.
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Insani, Aldina Ayunda, Rafika Oktova, Erda Mutiara Halida, et al. "Pendidikan Kesehatan Menuju Kelurahan Sehat di Kelurahan Lambung Bukit, Pauh, Kota Padang." Warta Pengabdian Andalas 30, no. 3 (2023): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jwa.30.3.534-539.2023.
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Community service activities related to community midwifery care aim to explore existing health and midwifery problems, find solutions with the community, and make promotive and preventive efforts for the problems found. The method started with interviews using questionnaire instruments with the people in Kampung Pinang, Lambung Bukit Village, Pauh District, Padang City. The next step was holding a Village Community Consultation (MMD) and intervene based on the results of the MMD decision. The activity resulted in 70% of people having the habit of disposing of waste by burning it, 40% disposing of wastewater into ditches/rivers, and 74% of couples of childbearing age not using family planning (KB) contraception. Health education about personal hygiene, environmental cleanliness, waste processing methods, and family planning contraceptives were provided. The method used was counselling and using leaflet media for further education. There needs to be cooperation in all sectors, assistance from the environmental cleanliness, health and midwifery sectors, and direct involvement from community leaders. The existence of a cooperation schedule and evaluation of activities will enable the continued application of the education provided in a better direction to improve the level of health and an optimal environment.
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Dwi, Haryanta, Thohiron Moch., and Gunawan Bambang. "KAJIAN TANAH ENDAPAN PERAIRAN SEBAGAI MEDIA TANAM PERTANIAN KOTA." Journal of Research and Technology 3, no. 2 (2017): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2581752.
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Siltation of the river, ditches, reservoirs in urban areas is a problem because it causes flooding. The government annually undertakes dredging of the precipitate for the flow of water to flow smoothly. Soil sedimentary water potential to be utilized as a medium of planting in the development of urban agriculture. The research was conducted by survey method in Surabaya city waters. The sample was taken using random method of choosing, that is choosing condition of place environment and soil condition which is possible for planting medium. Soil sediment samples were observed for pH, color, structure, texture, organic matter content, Nitrogen (N-total), K2O and P2O5. The result of this research shows that all of the textured sedimentary soil content of clay is 89,87- 92,14%, organic material content is about 5,96-7,60%, total N-content is 0,09-0,13%, K2O content between 0,88-1,12%, and P2O5 content between 2,08-2,44%. The color of soil was grayish-black-black. The mud deposits of the housing sewer are the most crumbling and the most consumptive reservoir are sludge. Sewage soil sludge is potentially used as a planting medium in the development of urban agriculture.
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Gong, Yongwei, Ye Chen, Lei Yu, et al. "Effectiveness Analysis of Systematic Combined Sewer Overflow Control Schemes in the Sponge City Pilot Area of Beijing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (2019): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091503.
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Combined sewer overflow (CSO) pollution poses a serious threat to the urban water environment and is more severe in old urban areas. This research uses the old urban area in the sponge city pilot area in Tongzhou District, Beijing, as the study area. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) storm water management model (SWMM) was used to establish the hydrologic and hydraulic model of this area. The model parameters were calibrated and validated based on the measured rainfall and runoff data. The results show that the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient for calibration and validation is more than 0.74. Thirty-two sets of systematic CSO control schemes are formulated, which include the "gray (includes the pipes, pumps, ditches, and detention ponds engineered by people to manage stormwater) strategy" and "gray-green strategies", and the regularity of CSO control for "low impact development (LID) facilities at the source", "intercepting sewer pipes at the midway", and "storage tank at the end", are quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the LID facility has an average annual reduction rate of 22% for the CSO frequency and 35% to 49% for the CSO volume. The retrofitting of intercepting sewer pipes has an average annual reduction rate of 11% for the CSO frequency and 4% to 15% for the CSO volume, and the storage tank has an average annual reduction rate from 3% to 36% for the CSO volume; furthermore, the reduction rate decreases with the increase in the CSO volume reduction rate by LID facilities. When the CSO control target is stricter, the control effect of the "end" segment is more obvious, but the control efficiency is lower. By studying the variability of the storage tank volume under different control targets, it can be concluded that it is reasonable to set the CSO control target because the number of overflow events does not exceed four times per year for the study area.
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Abdoulaye, Mahamat Seid*1 Raouf Echarri2 &. Mostafa Stitou3. "PRODUCTION AND TESTING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE CHARACTERIZATION IN N'DJAMENA, CHAD." GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES 6, no. 8 (2019): 29–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3365692.
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In Chad, the current solid waste management mechanism faces multiple socio-economic, technical, institutional, legislative and operational constraints. The lack of a reliable municipal solid waste collection service and the inadequacy of collection vehicles adapted to local conditions, have favored the anarchic creation of dumps at the feet of houses, on the edges of certain stagnations of water in the city, along the roads and in the drainage ditches. For effective waste management, precise data on their generation and composition is required, which is important for making decisions about the appropriate waste management mode. Currently, there is no available data on the production and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) collected in N'Djamena (Chad). This article expresses an attempt to characterize municipal solid waste produced in the city of N'Djamena, the capital of Chad. An investigation into the conduct of housework was carried out. The determination of the characteristics of the municipal solid waste was made, based on the samples that were collected at the level of the "improvised dumping" of Lamadji (N'Djaména), during the two main seasons, dry and wet. After sorting into various components of the collected sample, the weight and volume of each component were measured and recorded. The average production of DSM is 0.48 kg / day / person by weight, of 1.536x10<sup>-3</sup> m<sup>3</sup> / day / person by volume with a density of 312.5 kg / m<sup>3</sup>. The results show that the largest proportion of urban solid waste is composed of biodegradable and recyclable waste. For efficient management of waste streams, value-added processes such as composting, energy recovery and recycling must be practiced in the future. They could probably contribute to the considerable reduction of waste streams going to landfill.
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Jahangir Alam, Md, and Reaz Akter Mullick. "Climate change effects upon massive land and housing development." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6, no. 3 (2014): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-11-2011-0039.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects on urban flood from rapidly growing land and housing development projects in flood zones and water bodies in and around Dhaka. The paper further extends the analysis to generate an insight into Dhaka’s urban flood due to possible climate change effects on top of land and housing development projects effects. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed method was applied for this research comprising qualitative techniques for analyzing the date gathered from reviewing the policies including the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan reports, interviews, discussions and maps, whereas quantitative analysis was used to interpret the data gathered from the global positioning system (GPS) survey and questionnaire survey among the resident of the selected housing projects. Findings – Findings show that a large number of the projects have encroached flood-flow zones and ditches and drainage channels through massive land filling, which resulted in quick changes of land use with wide range of impacts on environment and habitat quality. This study highlighted that the potential climate change impact involves increasing rainfall and subsequent increase flooding. Besides, vast area will be submerged under water and increased warming in the city from high speed built-up area by unauthorized land development. Originality/value – The results of the research can be taken into consideration when making political decisions concerning adaptation to climate change.
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Nurhafifah, Nurhafifah, Ferdy Patriardian, Alfy Hidayati, Ratu Rahil Alzahira, Deva Jhuandra Tasyant, and Samsul Anwar. "Peramalan curah hujan di Provinsi Aceh menggunakan metode Box-Jenkins." Majalah Ilmiah Matematika dan Statistika 23, no. 1 (2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/mims.v23i1.34702.
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Floods are one of the natural disasters that frequently occur in Indonesia, including in Aceh Province. Floods primarily occur when rainfall is intense, mainly in the rainy season. Flood disaster management in Aceh Province is still not optimal, so efforts are required to minimize the negative effects of the flood disaster. One of the efforts that can be done is to predict the rainfall that may occur in the future. This study aims to predict rainfall in Aceh Province in 2022 and 2023. The data employed are monthly rainfall data in Aceh Province from 2014 to 2021. The forecasting method employed to predict rainfall is the Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) model. Forecasting results using the ARMA (8,6) model show that rainfall in Aceh Province in 2022 and 2023 are predicted to tend to be intense in March, April, May, September, October and November. The Aceh government together with the district/city governments need to prepare anticipatory steps, for example by cleaning water flows like ditches and rivers and socializing about the dangers of flooding and its causes, especially for people living in watersheds. These actions are expected to minimize the potential for flooding in Aceh Province in the future, especially when rainfall is predicted to be intense.
 Keywords:Aceh Province, box-jenkins, flood, forecasting, rainfallMSC2020:62M10
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Anoshko, O. M. "The influence of natural forces and the ways of adaptation to them by Tobolsk residents in the 17th–19th cc. (by the archaeological and historical evidence)." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4(63) (December 15, 2023): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2023-63-4-20.
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The architectural appearance of Tobolsk was developing and changing throughout the period of the 17th–19th cc. In the history of the city, there were impeding factors of this process associated with the activity of natural forces. Its lower quarter, located on the alluvial plane, was regularly subjected to the floods of the Irtysh River. They caused substantial physical damage to the city, eroded the loamy riverbank, and damaged roads, structures of the bridges, shops, churches, and residential houses. The upper quarter, on the contrary, suffered from the lack of water, which had to be delivered from the piedmont part. This situa-tion was exasperated by the high overcrowding of the population and timber-housing density. Therefore, fire accidents were a real scourge of Tobolsk. The paper concerns the causes of the regular occurrence of natural disasters in Tobolsk, their influ-ence on the development of its urban-planning structure and formation of adaptation processes with respect to them in the sub-sistence culture of Tobolsk residents. The novelty of the research is due to the fact that the historical and archaeological materi-als are considered in the synthesis. The historical sources contain information on the construction and renovation of the main city buildings, their destruction in the result of fires and floods, and refer to the measures taken by the authorities to counter these events. The archaeological data shows how the residents of Tobolsk were coping with the destructive power of natural elements. The research revealed the measures undertaken by the Tobolsk residents towards the reduction of the fire hazard: police surveillance, street planning, stone building, change of the structural features of ovens, house thermal insulation, building of Nikolsky Vzvoz and a water tower. Protection from snowmelt floods, highwaters and the high level of the ground waters centred around the bank strengthening of the Irtysh and its tributaries by ramming in poles and timber logs with tamping the free space with stone, digging ditches for water diversion, backfilling certain platforms with subsoil, and by building timber houses on subcletions, houses with stone foundation on stilts or ground sills. In general, using the archaeological and histrorical materials, the mechanisms of the adaptation of the Tobolsk population to the natural-climatic environmental conditions have been identified.
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Свиридов, А. Н., and Д. Т. Тлеугабулов. "THE UNIQUENESS THAT IS THE CITY SITE OF BOZOK IN THE STEPPES OF SARYARKA: A HISTORY OF ITS RESEARCH AND INTERPRETATION." Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, no. 15 (October 31, 2023): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/2198.2023.26.16.017.
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Статья излагает историю открытия и исследований уникального археологического памятника степного Казахстана. Городище Бозок расположено на западной окраине г. Астаны, в болотистой пойме левого берега р. Ишим, на высоком восточном берегу оз. Бузукты, и датируется VII (VIII) — XVI вв. Открытие и первые годы исследования памятника связаны с именем известного казахстанского археолога К.А. Акишева. Последующие работы велись под руководством М.К. Хабдулиной. В пространственной организации и составе объектов памятника выделяются четыре части. Древнейшая часть — три квадратные площадки, обнесённые валами и окопанные рвами. Севернее площадок находится комплекс жилищ-землянок, южнее — некрополь с развалинами мавзолея и мусульманскими погребениями XIII—XVI вв. С востока и севера к руинам городища примыкает агроирригационная система. На протяжении длительного периода функционирования городище использовалось не столько как жилое пространство, сколько как особый сакральный центр степной части Евразии. The article provides an overview of research history of the unique archaeological site, which is the fortified settlement of Bozok in the steppe part of Kazakhstan. The city site is located at the western outskirts of Astana, in a swampy floodplain of the Ishim River’s left bank, on the high eastern shore of the lake Buzukty. It dates back to the 7th (8th) — 16th century. Its discovery and the early years of research are associated with the name of the famous Kazakh archaeologist Kemal A. Akishev. Later, research works at the settlement were carried out by Maral K. Khabdulina as a supervisor. There are four parts in the spatial arrangement of objects of the site. The oldest part is three square-shaped platforms surrounded by ditches and ramparts. To the north of these, there is a complex of dugout dwellings. To the south of the central platforms, there is a necropolis consisting of the ruins of a mausoleum and a series of Muslim burials of the 13th — 16th century. An agro-irrigation system adjoins the ruins of the settlement from the east and north. For a long period of its functioning, the settlement was used not so much as a space for living, but as a special sacred center of the steppe part of Eurasia.
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Tanaka, Yuko. "Waterside Culture in Edo." STORIA URBANA, no. 169 (March 2022): 27–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/su2021-169002.
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The sea, natural rivers, minor rivulets, canals, ditches, moats, ponds and waterside were the very important places for Edo culture. Edo and Tokyo, by dint of these waters, had become an extremely protean city. The Yoshiwara pleasure district served as a kind of cultural salon. It was frequented by the literati and painters of ukiyoe, who featured the district and its prostitutes in their works, which were printed and sold in large quantities by the printing houses, so that the pleasure districts prospered in a kind of interdependency with the publishing world. Yoshiwara had been built at the edge of the sea and even after moving inland it was a place many people would access by riverboats. Journeying along the river was to pass from the real world and enter into another. This different world that one access by a river journey from the real world also holds true for the theater districts. On the other hand, Asakusa was a location often used for important scenes. With its long history, this area is deeply connected with the formation of Edo on the banks of the Sumida River. The Sumida River has been used with particular variety in the culture and stories of Edo. The Ryogoku Bridge, especially, featured in many texts written in the Edo period. In this paper, I want readers to see the variety of images of Edo with water.
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Zhang, Chang Rui, Chun Mei Zhao, Yong Tian, and Long He. "Ecological Effect of Water Cyclic Utilization in Green Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 689 (May 2013): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.689.198.
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Green architecture, a termed entitled to the architectures which dedicate great importance to the environment, is one of the characteristics of the sustainable design in which environmental sustainability is more important [1]. In the modern notion of architecture and programming, rain water is usually treated as “castoff”, or as eternal energy splurged by us. Some irrational design produces a lot of unsinkable ditches and culverts crossed underground, which leads to drainage and wastage of the water in the earth. Extensive artificial lawn accelerates the water evaporation of the earth. Large amount of unsinkable reinforced tough paving layer in cities disturbs the ecological balance of the earth, etc.. All these above give more grave non-ecological factors to the concrete jungle. When talking about the recycle and reuse of water in city, we should thinking about promoting the life system balance in ecosphere, which is the theme of this thesis. This thesis tries to give a systematic and in-depth discussion on architectural water recycle design by collecting materials, to give an ecological recycle design of preserving, saving and purifying water on the aspect of architecture and environment. Through the analysis on infiltration, storage and reuse of rain water in cities of different countries and regions, this thesis tries to expatiate the contribution of rain water collection and evaporation to the urban ecology, and proposes ecological way of water use considering regional climate to achieve the aim of eternal water use in urban ecological system.