Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'City planning Sweden Stockholm'

Urbanization is increasing around the world and causes distress on the urban green areas as more and more people moves into cities. This leads to expansion and densification of the city and green areas within and around the cities run the risk of being exploited and fragmented. Thus, the rapid urbanisation process negatively affects biodiversity, as fragmentation of green areas occurs due to development of housing and roads. This results in habitat loss, causing decreasing species populations, and loss of connectivity for species dispersal. Urban green areas are important for maintenance of ecosystem services provided by nature. One ecosystem service which is considered a supportive ecosystem service is biodiversity. Biodiversity is therefore vital to preserve not only for the survival of nature, but for the survival of mankind. There are several, both international and national, objectives concerning the preservation of biodiversity. One of the Swedish Environmental Objectives is called “A Rich Diversity of Plant and Animal Life” and is directly targeting the conservation of biodiversity and had its due time in 2020. The objective was deemed not fulfilled this year, and one of the reasons mentioned was the expansion of cities, as green areas risked being exploited and fragmented. The shrinkage and isolation of natural habitats increase the risk for degradation of urban biodiversity so therefore the conclusion was to consider green areas at an early stage of the physical planning process. In this context, Green Infrastructure (GI) is the coherent network of structures, nature areas and habitats that are important for the provision of ecosystem services. GI is used when working with climate adaptation, social values, and biodiversity in urban areas. The Green Area Factor (Grönytefaktor, GYF, Swedish abbreviation) used in Sweden has been adapted to fit the current values and goals of the city of Malmö in Sweden, and later on applied in three of the biggest cities of Sweden: Malmö, Gothenburg, and Stockholm. GYF used in the City of Stockholm is a planning tool adopted for development districts and is applied during land allocation within the municipality (abbreviated GYF KVM). GYF KVM is calculated by dividing the sum of the green areas with the total area of the property. This result in a factor which should be achieved when the development on the property is completed. This thesis investigates how GYF KVM is treated by developers and the city of Stockholm during development and whether GYF KVM is a good tool for preserving the biological diversity in cities. The report also investigates whether GYF KVM is a long-term solution for strengthening the GI, especially regarding biodiversity. Methods used for answering the objectives were in the form of literature research of both scientific and grey literature, and interviews with stakeholders. The stakeholders identified were the City of Stockholm, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA), consultants, C/O City and developers operating within the city of Stockholm. The thesis concluded that GYF KVM is a tool that is primarily intended to implement ecosystem services and is not only intended to strengthen biodiversity. However, GYF KVM lacks strong links to GI as the area of application is limited to the district. One solution could be for the city to implement a complementary tool for the design of green areas on public land. In this way, the planning area is expanded. Another proposal that was raised was to implement a binding national GYF model that ensures that more municipalities use GYF when planning urban environments. A national GYF model would also ensure that the additional green values are followed up and maintained.
En alltmer ökande urbanisering sker runt om i världen och i Stockholms stad växer antalet invånare för varje dag. Urbanisering innebär oftast en påfrestning på de urbana grönytorna då alltfler människor centreras kring stadskärnan vilket resulterar i expandering och förtätning av staden. Den biologiska mångfalden i den urbana miljön riskerar därmed att påverkas negativt. Grönytorna i städer är viktiga att bibehålla för att upprätthålla ekosystemtjänster som naturen ger oss. En ekosystemtjänst som klassas som en stödjande tjänst är den biologiska mångfalden. Biologisk mångfald är därför viktig att säkra inte enbart för naturens skull utan också för människans överlevnad. Det finns många mål, både internationella och nationella, kopplade till bevarande av den biologiska mångfalden. Ett av Sveriges miljökvalitetsmål berör den biologiska mångfalden och heter Ett rikt växt- och djurliv. Naturvårdsverket bedömde att målet inte skulle uppnås år 2020 och ett av hoten mot biologisk mångfald var stadsutbredning. Skälet till detta ansågs vara att grönytor riskerar att exploateras och fragmenteras, vilket ökar risken för degradering av den biologiska mångfalden i staden. Grönytor bör därför beaktas av kommunerna i ett tidigt skede i den fysiska planeringen. Grön infrastruktur (GI) är det sammanhängande nätverk av strukturer, naturområden och livsmiljöer som är viktiga för tillhandahållande av ekosystemtjänster. GI används vid arbete med klimatanpassning, sociala värden och biologisk mångfald i urbana och andra miljöer. Grönytefaktor (GYF) för allmän platsmark är ett planeringsverktyg som används vid planering av gröna ytor inom en tomt eller en fastighet som ska exploateras. För att särskilja GYF för kvartersmark från andra GYF modeller kommer GYF som används i Stockholms stad hädanefter att förkortas till GYF KVM. GYF KVM räknas ut genom att man dividerar de gröna ytorna inom en fastighet med den totala ytan. På så sätt får man en kvot, eller en faktor, som ska uppnås när fastigheten är bebyggd och färdigställd. GYF modeller används och appliceras i Sveriges tre största städer; Malmö, Göteborg och Stockholm. I dessa städer har GYF modellerats efter den specifika stadens behov och mål. I Stockholms stad ställs GYF som ett krav vid försäljning av kommunal mark till en byggherre för exploatering och är tänkt att stärka den gröna infrastrukturen i staden. Den här rapporten utreder hur byggherrar och Stockholms stad behandlar GYF KVM vid exploatering samt om GYF KVM är ett bra verktyg för att bevara den biologiska mångfalden i städer. Rapporten utreder också om GYF KVM är en långsiktig lösning för stärkande av den gröna infrastrukturen, speciellt gällande den biologiska mångfalden. Metoder som appliceras för att svara på frågorna var en litteraturstudie av vetenskapliga rapporter samt rapporter från statliga myndigheter och Stockholm stad. En intervjustudie utfördes också med berörda parter; Stockholm stad, Naturvårdsverket, konsulter, C/O City och byggherrar verksamma inom kommunen. Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstateras att GYF KVM är ett verktyg som främst är till för att implementera ekosystemtjänster, och är inte enbart till för att stärka den biologiska mångfalden. Dock saknar GYF KVM starka kopplingar till GI då planområdet för GYF KVM är begränsat. En lösning kan vara att staden implementerar ett kompletterande verktyg för utformning av grönytor på den allmänna platsmarken, så kallad GYF AP. På så sätt utökas planområdet. Ett annat förslag som togs upp var att implementera en bindande nationell GYF-modell som säkerställer att fler kommuner använder sig av GYF vid planering av urbana miljöer. En nationell GYF-modell skulle också säkerställa att de tillkommande gröna värdena följs upp och kvarstår.

With rapid urbanization, climate change and population growth in the 21st century, the development of eco-cities, especially in those fast-growing populated countries such as China and India, is important to minimize human impact on the planet. Nevertheless,  despite that there is a very well-designed eco-city, if residents living in an eco-city are not environmentally conscious, the eco-city is sustainable only in its tangible part – technologies and infrastructure, but not in its intangible part – environmental attitudes and behavioral patterns of residents. The intangible part is important since HUMANS are the root cause of current climate change (IPCC, 2014). When the policy makers decide to build an eco-city, this thesis thus argues that they should consider not only the tangible part of the city, but also consider the intangible part of eco-city – environmental attitudes and behavioral patterns of residents. This thesis provides a survey of environmental attitudes of 150 Stockholm residents living in three districts: Hammarby Sjöstad, Östermalm and Bromma. It also reports on a well-developed environmental project which is led by residents living in the Stockholm eco-district of Hammarby Sjöstad. The scope of this research is the City of Stockholm (Swedish: Stockholms kommun / Stockholms stad). The objectives of this research are: (1) to find out the environmental attitudes of residents living in three selected districts of Stockholm; (2) to understand the development of Hammarby Sjöstad and find out if residents living in Hammarby Sjöstad are particularly environmentally conscious; (3) to provide suggestions for the policy makers (e.g. Chinese and Indian) of how to take environmental attitudes of residents into consideration when planning and developing projects such as eco-cities. Among the findings of the research are: (1) in the high income, educated, and political conservative Stockholm districts where I conducted my surveys, respondents in general report high levels of environmental concerns and environmentally friendly behavior; (2) however, concerns questions relating to cars (parking restrictions, limiting or banning cars from their districts or Stockholm as a whole), opinions were very divided. There seemed to be much reluctance among many to put severe restrictions on the use of cars; (3) in the eco-district Hammarby Sjöstad, the expression of environmental consciousness did not appear particularly different from the other districts. Many respondents in the district moved into the area for diverse reasons other than environmental ones; (4) however, a well-developed environmental project which is led by residents living in Hammarby Sjöstad has emerged in the eco-district, where comparable projects were not found in the other districts in Stockholm.
I och med den snabba urbaniseringen, klimatförändringen och befolkningstillväxten under 2000-talet, är utvecklingen av eko-städer i de snabbväxande befolkade områdena som Kina och Indien viktig för att minska den mänskliga påverkan på planeten. Emellertid, om en eko-stads invånare inte är miljömedvetna så kommer en väldesignad eko-stad endast vara hållbar på sin materiella del (teknik och infrastruktur) men inte på sin immateriella del (miljöattityder och beteendemönster hos invånare). Den immateriella delen är viktig eftersom MÄNNISKOR är grundorsaken till den nuvarande klimatförändringen (IPCC, 2014). När beslutsfattarna bestämmer sig för att bygga en eko-stad, hävdar den här uppsatsen att de inte bara bör överväga den materiella delen av staden, utan också överväga den immateriella delen av staden - miljöattityder och beteendemönster hos invånare. Den här uppsatsen bygger på en undersökning om miljöattityder hos 150 boende som bor i tre olika områden i Stockholm: Hammarby Sjöstad, Östermalm och Bromma, samt beskriver ett välutvecklat miljöprojekt som leds av invånare i eko-distriktet - Hammarby Sjöstad. Målen för denna forskning är: (1) att ta reda på miljöattityder hos invånare i tre utvalda områden i Stockholm; (2) att förstå utvecklingen av Hammarby Sjöstad samt ta reda på om invånare i Hammarby Sjöstad är särskilt miljömedvetna; (3) att ge förslag till beslutsfattare (t.ex. kinesiska och indiska) om hur man tar hänsyn till miljöattityder hos invånare när de planerar och utvecklar projekt som eko-städer. Bland forskningsresultaten finns följande: (1) i de politiskt konservativa Stockholmsdistrikten med många välutbildade invånare med hög inkomst där jag utförde mina undersökningar rapporterar respondenterna generellt en hög nivå av miljöhänsyn och miljövänligt beteende; (2) när det gäller frågor som rör bilar (parkeringsrestriktioner, begränsning eller förbud mot bilar i deras distrikt eller Stockholm som helhet), var åsikterna emellertid mycket uppdelade. Det föreföll att många svarande inte är villiga att sätta stränga restriktioner på användningen av bilar; (3) invånare i eko-distrikt, Hammarby Sjöstad, verkade inte som om de var särskilt miljömedvetna. Många svarande flyttade in i distriktet på grund av olika orsaker än miljö; (4) ett välutvecklat miljöprojekt som leds av invånare i Hammarby Sjöstad har emellertid uppstått i eko-distriktet. Jämförbara projekt hittades inte i övriga distrikt i Stockholm.
随着21世纪迅速的城市化，气候变化和人口增长，尤其在中国和印度等拥有庞大人口及急速发展的国家，生态城的建设对于减低人类对地球的影响至为重要。然而，即使生态城的设计完善，如果生态城的居民不具环保意识，生态城的可持续性只能在其有形的部分（技术和基础设施），而不在其无形的部分（居民的环保态度和行为模式）。生态城的无形部份是重要的因为人类是当前气候变化的根本原因（IPCC，2014）。当决策者建设生态城时，本文认为决策者不仅要考虑生态城的有形部分，还要考虑生态城的无形部分 - 居民的环保态度和行为模式。 本文提供了一个瑞典斯德哥尔摩三个地区150位居民的环保态度调查：哈马比生态城（Hammarby Sjöstad），Östermalm和Bromma。本文还探讨了一个具规模并由哈马比生态城居民领导的环保项目。 本研究的目的： （1）了解斯德哥尔摩三个地区居民的环保态度; （2）了解哈马比生态城的发展情况和探讨哈马比生态城的居民是否特别具有环保意识; （3）为决策者（如中国和印度）在规划和开发生态城等项目时如何考虑生态城居民的环保态度提供建议。 研究结果包括： （1）在斯德哥尔摩高收入，高教育和政治保守的地区，受访者总体上显示高水平的环保意识和环保行为; （2）然而，受访者在涉及汽车的问题上（如泊车限制，限制或禁止在区内或斯德哥尔摩内使用汽车）意见是非常分歧的。许多人似乎抗拒限制使用汽车; （3）在哈马比生态城，居民的环保意识显现与其他地区没有什么特别的区别。除了环保因素外，受访者迁入该地区有多种原因; （4）然而，哈马比生态城有一个具规模并由当区居民领导的环保项目。在斯德哥尔摩其他地区并没有发现类似的项目。

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture; and, (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-161).
Inside its cocoon, a caterpillar changes slowly, transforming from one state of being to another over time, but always maintaining its fundamental essence and its origins. Similarly, a move from one place to another- whether by force or by choice, whether between nation-states or between cities-is a process of metamorphosis that happens individually for people with distinct and continuous identities. When they migrate, newcomers must learn the rules, both spoken and unspoken, that define and delineate the unfamiliar society; for refugees, any period of assimilation is also likely to include the need for recovery from involuntary losses and psychological traumas that may have been both the motivation for leaving and part of the journey. This is a process that takes emotion, energy, and, of course, time. This thesis understands this moment in the life of a migrant as one of extreme tension, and the cocoon's analogue- the physical space in which the transformation takes place- as the vessel in which it occurs. Through an examination of the government-distributed, transitional housing (genomgångsbostäder) for refugees living in Stockholm, Sweden, the thesis will clarify the psychological and social roles of this housing in the process of integration and illustrate the importance of its physical form to its successes and failures. The proposed strategy engages these questions and offers an alternative approach to their solution. The centerpoint of the proposal is the kitchen, where food, a vehicle for reproducing cultural memories, is prepared and initial social contacts are made. The project also seeks to activate its users- from the initial moment of moving in to the memories left behind when moving out-empowering them instead of creating dependencies. Finally, it attempts to establish ties between residents and outsiders by creating points of both concentrated and random interaction in semi-public and public spaces. As a transitional space, a rite of passage, and a place where regrounding can occur, the housing provides a temporary shelter and point of recovery from the vertigo of forced migration.
Jennifer Shannon Mack.
M.C.P.
M.Arch.

The Swedish capital Stockholm is at the forefront of biogas gas use, especially when it comesto biogas used for vehicle gas. This technology has the potential of being a fuel with veryhigh environmental performance, but in order to realize the full potential publicenvironmental management must be optimized. Environmental objectives are anenvironmental management is one tool that is used to strive for the desired development. Theaim of this study is to explain the dynamics within the biogas system in Stockholm, with aparticular emphasis on which factors that affects the amount of biogas available for vehiclegas upgrading on the market in Stockholm. The study has been conducted using modelingsessions with key stakeholders involved in the biogas system. The study concludes that theformulation of environmental objectives has a profound impact on how the variousstakeholders act, and thus how the system behaves. The trade off of how much fossil naturalgas that can be mixed into the renewable biogas based vehicle gas is at the very pinnacle ofcomplex matter. A conclusion that is of vital importance for the local planning process andwhen the experiences of Stockholm’s environmental planning are communicated out to therest of the world.

Urban riots have increased in the global-north in recent years. Previous research on riots identify causes and triggers, but also where they are more likely to happen. Rioters, residents and the police are commonly studied. Housing companies and related stakeholders with a long-term interest in the local environment are under-studied in relation to riots, but also the long-term effects. This thesis aims to contribute to an increased understanding of the long-term effects of riots. In doing so, literature on riots, neoliberalisation and Jacques Rancière’s understanding of politics synthesise the theoretical framework. The thesis is based on a case-study of the Stockholm 2013 riots including participatory observations and interviews of housing companies and other ‘long-term’ actors. Some established practices on ‘safety measures’ in public spaces have intensified, and to some degree extended, since the Stockholm riots. Simultaneously, safety as an overall objective frames most practices by the participants, and tend to be viewed as consensus. The participants, however, rarely recognise their own role in relation to the riots, in which it is concluded that urban riots are to be expected in the future unless they start recognising their own role in shaping the environment that they are trying to overcome.

Förslag till nytt operahus som en del av den planerade staden på Årstafältet, Stockholm. Projektet rymmer tre scener för opera, musik och teater och omfattande publika ytor. Operahuset är en del i det publika stråk som förbinder stadens kommunikationer med Årstafältets grönområden och blir en knutpunkt som också informerar och attraherar till kulturen. Projektets viktigaste utgångspunkt är att berätta både de operaanställdas och publikens berättelse. Detta görs i projektets två huvudsakliga sektioner.

ABSTRACT In 2014, Sweden became the world's first self-defined feminist nation and a place where gender equality has a strong ideal within the country's national identity. However, the issue of gender equity remains unaddressed in some area across Sweden. Sätra district in Stockholm located between Bredäng and Skärholmen is one of those examples that women usually suffer from inequality. By considering social equality as a fundamental principle of good urbanism, the need for feminist urbanism feels necessary in this context today. Through the lens of feminist urban planning, mainly focused on women in Sätra and tried to reflect women's voices in every urbanization policies. The study is going to examine the role of gender in public space, its socio-spatial implications and create feminist participatory strategies to empower women. In this research, Mothers considered the effective groups of women as their educational role in their family and their central role in the community awareness raising is undeniable. In this way, strengthening mothers role in urban settings can have a powerful multiplier effect on urban development. So that's what has been considered in the whole process of decision-making. This would make an inclusive and women-friendly public space for girls and women where is safe and secure and responsive to the needs of all kinds of people. So that's what has been considered in the whole process of decision-making. This would make an inclusive and women-friendly public space for girls and women where is safe and secure and responsive to the needs of all kinds of people. So that's what has been considered in the whole process of decision-making. This would make an inclusive and women-friendly public space for girls and women where is safe and secure and responsive to the needs of all kinds of people.

This study investigates maps and town-views of two port towns, Stockholm and Ottoman Thessaloniki, in the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These four centuries of early modern era are very important for the history of these ports and the historical changes made in this period affected the cartographic image of both cities.   The first major aim of this thesis is to examine the maps and town-views as sources for how these two cities were viewed spatially and schematically in the past. The second aim of the thesis is to explore the evolution of these two cities, using the comparative dimension to highlight both similarities and unique features, and again relying on maps and town-views as the major source. The fact that both cities were ports with important roles in early modern empires (the Swedish Empire and the Ottoman Empire respectively), means they offer much scope for comparison.   Defense, religious and financial use of places and buildings and the presence of minorities in streets and neighborhoods will get special attention at several points in this thesis.

The trend of urbanization has been going on for more than a century and city planning has always been a big part of planning theory. In the debate of how urban planning should be conducted there is a long history of what makes up a sustainable city, which started as early as in the end of the nineteenth century. There are many theories and debates about what is the most sustainable urban form and there are also diverse opinions about the different conflicts surrounding sustainability and how to deal with these conflicts. The purpose of this thesis is to research what urban form is promoted in Örebro municipality and what sustainability conflicts are connected to the municipality’s urban form. The purpose is also to research how these conflicts are dealt with. The research questions for this thesis are 1) What urban form is primarily promoted in Örebro municipality? 2) What sustainability conflicts are connected to this urban form in Örebro municipality? and 3) How are these sustainability conflicts dealt with? The research design in this thesis is a case study and there are two methods used in this thesis. First, a qualitative text analysis to answer the first and second question. The text analysis is complemented by interviews on the first and the second question, and on the third question the method used was only interviews. The material consisted of policy documents in Örebro municipality and of interviews with politicians and planners with different functions. The conclusions of the thesis are that the most promoted urban form in Örebro municipality is the compact city, through densification. Within this urban form there are many sustainability conflicts, in different areas of sustainable urban planning.  The conflicts of sustainability are dealt with mainly through incremental planning, but with a cooperation of rational planning. This can also be connected to a larger discourse about freedom of choice and the limits to growth.

This project investigates the possibilities of building on water as a way to add valuable land to dense cities. By utilizing floating structures, I have made a proposal for a new city district on the water outside of Fisksätra, a suburb located 30 minutes east of Stockholm. My ambition was to create a diverse and lively area with business and dwellings that cater to people in all stages of life. The proposal stretches along the western coast of Fisksätra creating a connection between the center of the suburb and a neighboring town as well as making that stretch of the coast accessible for the public. Increasing the access to the water and the coastline has been one of the main goals of the project and the proposal has been made with the ambition to open up the water for both the inhabitants of the new district and the rest of Fisksätra.

Barnkonventionen reglerar barns rättigheter och ansvaret för att den tillämpas i fysiskplanering faller på kommunerna. Rätten till lek kan planeras resurseffektivt genom rationellplanering men för att barns rätt att uttrycka sig i frågor som rör dem krävs kommunikativplanering. Det ställer krav på att kommuner själva aktivt samlar in åsikter genom oprövademetoder och icke traditionella sätt att arbeta. Synen på konst inom stadsplanering harbreddats och offentlig konst har en självklar plats i våra städer idag. Det finns en traditionellroll av en konstnär där denne bidrar med ett verk i slutet av en planprocess men allt oftarebidrar konstnärer utifrån en roll som konsult eller inspiratör i planprocessen, både vidmedborgardialog och gestaltning. Syftet med studien är att se över hur konstnärlig kompetens kan verka för barn deltagande iplaneringen av våra städer. Metoden utgörs av en fallstudie över Kristinebergs Slottspark därbarn varit närvarande genom historien och även planerades fortsatt verka för barn i framtiden.Studien tar hänsyn till hur planeringsprocessen, planeringsdiskurs och fysisk utformningutförts med barns deltagande i åtanke. Intervjuer med projektets konstnärlig ledare PäviErnkvist samt konstnär Elisabeth Westerlund har utförts för att se över konstnärens roll.Slutsatsen är att konstnärlig inblandning och kompetens kan verka bidragande för barnsdeltagande men det ställer krav på kommunikativ planering, medborgardialog och tydligmålsättning från planerarnas håll samt en kunskap och bredare syn på konstnärens roll. Allt fler barn växer upp inne i storstäder och synen på vad de kan bidra med har till viss delförändrats. Idag anses barn vid tillfällen vara experter på sin egen miljö och bidragande tillnya sätt att se på planeringen av våra offentliga miljöer. Deltagande är viktigt ur ettdemokratiskt perspektiv och värdefullt för människors livskvalitet. Synen på konstens värdeför stadsplanering har emellertid vunnit större acceptans genom ett mätbart ekonomiskt värdevilket omvandlar en del av varje byggbudget till konst. Konst främjar dialog och resulterardessutom ofta i fysiska verk i vår stad. Kan barn då vara med och skapa staden genom konst?
Communicative planning is considered to create participation for many social groups andcontribute to new perspectives on urban planning of public spaces as more levels ofknowledge are added. Through communicative planning, children's right to be consulted onmatters concerning them as stated in the Convention of Childrens Rights, can be taken in toaccount. But in order for children to be heard municipalities are required to actively collectchildren's views, and that in itself demands unproven methods and non-traditional ways ofworking. The view of art in urban planning has broadened. The traditional role of an artist iscontribution with a piece at the end of the planning process, but an artist's work can alsocontribute artistic competence or act as an inspiration. These roles, compared to thetraditional role, have not been fully accepted by officials and planners. The purpose of this study was to examine how artistic work can promote greater participationof children. An extensive literature study has been conducted based on scientific papers,legislation, reports from concerned authorities, reports, statistics, interviews and facts to get abroad understanding of children's participation and the role of art in the planning discourse,the planning process and the design of our public spaces. To interviews were held withartistic leader Pävi Ernkvist and artist Elisabeth Westerlund. The conclusions drawn were thatartistic involvement and expertise can enhance the communication with children, whichcreates a higher level of participation. Art can serve as a prototype for possible changes andwithin it the reflections may eventually create spaces based on the children's terms, whichcan give them a higher level of participation, primarily in smaller projects.

This dissertation deals with the period bridging the era of extreme housing shortages in Stockholm on the eve of industrialisation and the much admired programmes of housing provision that followed after the second world war, when Stockholm district Vällingby became an example for underground railway-serviced ”new towns”. It is argued that important changes were made in the housing and town planning policy in Stockholm in this period that paved the way for the successful ensuing period. Foremost among these changes was the uniquely developed practice of municipal leaseholding with the help of site leasehold rights (Erbbaurecht).

The study is informed by recent developments in Foucauldian social research, which go under the heading ’governmentality’. Developments within urban planning are understood as different solutions to the problem of urban order. To a large extent, urban and housing policies changed during the period from direct interventions into the lives of inhabitants connected to a liberal understanding of housing provision, to the building of a disciplinary city, and the conduct of ’governmental’ power, building on increased activity on behalf of the local state to provide housing and the integration and co-operation of large collectives. Municipal leaseholding was a fundamental means for the implementation of this policy.

When the new policies were introduced, they were limited to the outer parts of the city and administered by special administrative bodies. This administrative and spatial separation was largely upheld throughout the period, and represented as the parallel building of a ’social’ outer city, while things in the inner ’mercantile’ city proceeded more or less as before. This separation was founded in a radical difference in land holding policy: while sites in the inner city were privatised and sold at market values, land in the outer city was mostly leasehold land, distributed according to administrative – and thus politically decided – priorities.

These differences were also understood and acknowledged by the inhabitants. Thorough studies of the local press and the organisational life of the southern parts of the outer city reveals that the local identity was tightly connected with the representations connected to the different land holding systems. Inhabitants in the south-western parts of the city, which in this period was still largely built on private sites, displayed a spatial understanding built on the contradictions between centre and periphery. The inhabitants living on leaseholding sites, however, showed a clear understanding of their position as members of model communities, tightly connected to the policy of the municipal administration. The organisations on leaseholding sites also displayed a deep co-operation with the administration. As the analyses of election results show, the inhabitants also seemed to have felt a greater degree of integration with the society at large, than people living in other parts of the city. The leaseholding system in Stockholm has persisted until today and has been one of the strongest in the world, although the local neo-liberal politicians are currently disposing it off.

The exclusion of marginalized individuals or groups from public space through interventions as part of processes of urban transformation, and the disparity between these processes and the stated motivations behind them have been widely researched (Berney, 2013; Low, 2020; Madanipour, 2020; Mitchell, 2017). The aim of the thesis is to critically examine the disconnect between motivations and outcomes in public space planning through the theoretical perspective of a right to the city (Lefebvre, 1996), applying the idea of circulating spatial rationalities (Huxley, 2006). The thesis takes a qualitative approach, and is designed as a case study, focused on the urban park Rålambshovsparken. The chosen methods were semi-structured interviews with four participants involved in the planning of the park, and a document analysis of three planning documents. The findings show that the interventions in the park could be said to affect inclusiveness in a few different ways, for example through overly protective measures, to ensure a perceived required quality level. Also that the motivations belong to larger spatial rationalities, the participants adhere to different spheres of rationality, though interlinking with each other.

The purpose of the research study was to find about who the National Museum visitors are and what is their five reasons and motives to visit the National Museum. To get a better understanding about finding out who are the National Museum visitors a qualitative method was used in the form of a questionnaire that dealt with questions about the respondent’s demographic background and open questions related to finding out more details about the respondents’ reasons to visit the National Museum that is an art and design museum. The data that was gathered from the questionnaire was analysed through the use of a thematic analysis to find specific themes based on the female and male respondent’s answers. The results indicate that most of the respondents who took part in the questionnaire on the 5th of April 2019 at the National Museum are a mix of female and male between the age 20-72 years from Sweden and other countries, all of them have a higher education (High School, Bachelor and Master Degree) and have studied art, history of art or design. The reason that many of the respondents choose to visit the museum and what attracted them to the National Museum was foremost for they all share an interest in art and design. The National Museum itself is an interesting place to be at because many of the female and male respondents have an appreciation in the art and design collections and exhibitions that is displayed at the museum. The National Museum offers a free admission and entry so many of them could visit the museum either by themselves or with a companion, and many of the respondents like how the National Museum teaches history about the art and design.

Lövholmen är ett stadsutvecklingsprojekt där Stockholms sista centrala industriområde omvandlas till en ny, tät stadsdel. Detta examensprojekt redogör (i) en kritisk analys av den aktuella strukturplanen, (ii) och min alternativa illustrationsplan för Lövholmen; “Färgholmen – Ny Stadsform”. Med arkitektonisk nyfikenhet och ett kritiskt perspektiv undersöker jag hur en tät stadsdel kan tillgodose essentiella värden såsom, grönytor,dagsljusförhållanden, publika och offentliga rum. Jag invänder mig mot stadens tillvägagångssätt att maximera lönsamhet med hög exploatering. Genom att frigöra mig från de låsningar och positioner som uppstår med nuvarande fastighetsgränser, kan jag gestalta Ny Stadsform som ger utrymme för essentiella värden och en genhet i staden. Projektets målsättning är att skapa en levande stadsdel i symbios med sig själv och Stockholm; en destination för konst och kultur, ett avtryck i historien som speglar vår samtid. Mitt förslag uppnår 90% byggnadsyta jämfört med stadens förslag, men ger mer utrymme för publika och offentliga rum samt grönområden, i.e. en centraliserad grön park och generösa bostadsgårdar. Låg bebyggelse som gradvis ökar i höjd utifrån kajstråket, skapar varierad skala och typologi vilket även förbättrar mikroklimat och dagsljusförhållanden längs med vattnet. Detta examensprojekt visar en ny stadsform som lyfter de essentiella värdena och samtidigt uppnår en tät, levande stad.
Lövholmen, Stockolm´s last central industrial area, is to be transformed into a high-density residential area. This thesis presents (i) a critical analysis of the proposal from the City of Stockholm, (ii) and my alternative proposal for Lövholmen; “Färgholmen - New Urban Form”. I have approached this thesis project through an architect’s curiosity and a questioning perspective, aiming to understand how to promote essential values such as green areas, daylight conditions, civic space, and varied typologies that include mixed housing and achieve high exploitation. I challenge the City´s profit driven developments that lack the aforementioned essential values. I challenge the boundaries between different property owners. I aim to holistically create a neighbourhood that is connected within itself and with Stockholm City; a destination for art, culture and community, an imprint in history that reflects our contemporary time. My proposal achieves 90% of the developed built space, compared to Stockholm’s proposal, whilst increasing green area and shared space, i.e. in form of a centralised green park. Low rise buildings along the coastline gradually increase in height, creating diverse typology and scale whilst reducing wind tunnels and shadows. This thesis shows a new urban form, promoting essential values whilst achieving a dense living city.

The continuously rising attention to and practice of eco-city development in Sweden and China, as well as the countries’ active cooperation has motivated this study and the exploration of eco-city development in these two countries. In eco-city development, diverse environmental issues may well be beyond the planning sector’s capacity and need to be resolved elsewhere by other authorities and agencies in such areas as energy, water and traffic. This may in practice require the reframing of certain institutions to ensure that relevant sector authorities, scientific institutions and actors have responsibilities for integrative tasks and can cooperate effectively. The study aims to investigate how institutional conditions affect environmental integration in urban planning. The approach used is the exploration of how different institutional conditions promote and/or hinder environmental integration by the examination of four examples of eco-city development in Sweden and China. Based on theories of institutions, Environmental Policy Integration (EPI) and sustainable urban planning, an analytical framework is used to describe institutional conditions related to formal rulemaking, informal rules and administrative management and organizations. Formal rules provide framework and legitimacy for guiding and enforcing actors in the practice of realizing environmental integration in urban planning. Meanwhile, informal rules; i.e. wills, interests, understanding and knowledge, could considerably affect the design of formal rules and how they are to be implemented. Administrative management and organization serve to realize environmental integration following the formal rules, but the informal institutional conditions of e.g. officials’ interests, understanding, knowledge and experience, as well as political support, affect the organizations’ performance and abilities for implementation, which in turn also largely depends on the specific organizational settings. All three need to be combined to achieve environmental integration in sustainable urban planning, since each one has its own strengths and weaknesses and they gradually affect each other in practices.

QC 20140908

In my thesis I look into the case of modernist mass housing estates. They appear as a typological, functional and visual anomaly relative to the traditional urban fabric of European urban centers, as a world of its own or a city inside of a city. How to cope with their current state of decay and social issues associated with often low-income populations is an issue on the rise, thus I examine the current prevailing approaches to interventions, as well as their causes and consequences. I apply the outcomes of my research through design for the case of Norsborg in Botkyrka, a modernist housing estate on the outskirts of Stockholm built during the Milljonprogrammet era. Through my design, I seek to find the underestimated values of the place that enable us to build on them, to raise the bar of quality of the environment from minimal to optimal.

Initially, this thesis arose from an interest in technology and smart city as a concept and how this concept is used practically in urban planning. This thesis focuses on urban planning in four municipalities. Värmdö, Täby, Danderyd and Vallentuna municipality. This thesis analyses the concept of smart cities and praxis in relation to urban planning. Concepts and theories central to the study are processed and explored. In-depth interviews are conducted with planners to then analyse source material using grounded theory analysis with themes. This is done in detail to analyse what impact smart city as a concept has on practices and values regarding urbanplanning in municipalities. Different theoretical perspectives are also considered regarding the concept itself. The analysis demonstrates that implementing smart city as a concept has an impact on municipality organisation through smart governance, creates new urban planning goals as well, such as digitalizing the planning process, focusing on digital solutions and expanding fiber-networks. The results show that there are several driving factors behind the emergence of both smart governance and smart city initiatives, the most prevalent driving factor is the need to streamline communication and planning in a more competitive contemporary world where efficiency and pragmatism is premiered.

Ever since the introduction of the railway through Stockholm there have been issues regardingcapacity. Citybanan is a recently built railway tunnel for commuter trains that takes somepressure off the heavily frequented stretch of tracks in the center of Stockholm. The projecttook almost 30 years to complete and led to time delays as well as large cost increases. Usinga theoretic background of path dependence and megaproject theories the planning is beingexamined. The conclusions of this study are that the investigations are influenced by pathdependence, mainly because the Swedish government early on decided upon reserving moneyto a specific project which did not turn out to be the technically best project. This pathdependence is related to the megaproject theory that projects that lock onto a specific idea oftenget delayed. The overrun might have been prevented by comparing Citybanan to other finishedrailway projects during early stages of the investigation.

In this thesis, I analys suburb- and housing planning and interior decoration carried out primarily in Stockholm between the 1930s and the 1950s. Functionalism, the overall concept of the period, has perhaps been interpreted in terms of ideological concepts, interpreted as "democratic" and as a progressive dividing line between the past and the future. I examine how housing and suburban planning in Sweden in the mid-20th century was affected by how housing and town planning related to that period's clear class boundaries and well-defined gender roles. I analyse both rhetoric and physical planning. Whether the architect had explicit ambitions to achieve spatial differentiation of socio-economic categories, how suburban planners dealt with their historical inheritance and the principles about categorisation and spatial separation. I also analyse how ideas of class, gender and spatial differentiation of family members affected the organisation and design of rooms in the housing planning of the mid-20th century. The general conclusion of the thesis as a whole is that ideas about class, sex and familial hierarchy were reflected in functionalist housing and interior decoration. The planned suburbs in Stockholm involved explicit strategies for differentiating population categories in different suburbs. The planned suburbs, which were regarded as paradigmatic cases for the suburban planning of the period, involved explicit strategies for differentiating population categories in different suburbs, a strategy that was concretised in physical suburban planning. Terraced housing in one area, småstugor in another, blocks of flats in a third, detached houses in a fourth. Sociological arguments justified this type of suburban planning. The emotional affinity between neighbours was considered to be better if the neighbours belong to the same socio economic category. Planned homes, which were regarded as paradigmatic cases for the housing planning of this period, involved explicit strategies for differentiating family members into different rooms, distinguishing between private and public rooms within the sphere of the home, a strategy that was concretised in physical housing planning. I analyse how the magazine's editorial content contributed to producing a middle-class housing ideal. A central aspect of modern housing planning and the debate in around 1930 was the launch of the home as an essentially private sphere. The editorial team behind the magazine Hem i Sverige launched the home as a reaction against the idea of the home as essentially a private sphere, with a clear spatial hierarchy and division between different family members, between private and public spheres. I examined the participation of the Nordiska Kompaniet department store in the 1930 Stockholm exhibition. As an influential commercial actor, the store's management had a strategy of combining consumption with both benefit and enjoyment, dreams, pastimes and goal-oriented purchases. The starting point for Nordiska Kompaniet's interior decoration approach was the organisation and content of the upper middle-class home. The drawing rooms, the dining room, the serving area, the homes with clear dividing lines between private and public sphere. Family structures and familial hierarchy were emphasised on the basis of the upper middle-class family's tradition.
Forskarskolan för estetiska vetenskaper

Utifrån det svårdefinierade begreppet smart stad syftar studien till att förstå vilken riktning, inom begreppet, Stockholm tar i jakten på att bli världens smartaste stad. På så sätt besvaras i studien frågan hur Stockholm blir smart istället för att besvara hur smart Stockholm blir. Med inriktning på implementeringen av nya digitala verktyg inom stadsplanering intervjuas tre aktörer med olika ingångsvinkel till ämnet. Genom denna kartläggning förväntas centrala faktorer och ytterligare viktiga aktörer framträda. Analysen av dessa ämnar leda fram till huruvida riktningen för Stockholm kan anses centreras kring stadens inånare eller kring tekniken, två tydliga läger i debatten kring den smarta staden. Resultatet pekar mot att Stockholm tar en invånarcentrerad riktning i kommunens strävan efter att uppå sitt mål att bli världens smartaste stad. Detta resultat behöver dock nyanseras där argument som stödjer den andra riktningen också är närvarande i studien. I vidare studier bör samtliga identifierade aktörer intervjuas, i ett försök att nyansera bilden av det splittrade begreppet smart stad.
Using the ambiguous definition of the concept smart city, this thesis aims to synthesize the direction Stockholm follows in Stockholm Municipality’s goal of becoming the smartest city in the world. Three actors with different backgrounds within the digitalization of urban planning are interviewed in the search of understanding how a city becomes smart rather than considering how smart a city is. This is achieved by finding material factors as well as key actors in the development of the smart city. Based on an analysis of the identified factors and actors, together with differentiating views of the concept smart city, the thesis proposes insight of whether Stockholm is considered as either citizen or technologically oriented. Understanding the local and social context of the smart city, we find that Stockholm displays a citizen-oriented perspective. However, arguments supporting the contrary view of the smart city concept are also present in the study, thus showcasing the complexity of the question in mind. Further studies should consider interviewing every identified actor in an attempt to piece out and elaborate the image of the ambiguously defined smart city.

Uppsatsens titel: Stockholm – the fashion capital of Scandinavia? En studie i strategiskplanering utifrån detaljhandelns företagsperspektiv, i samverkan med turismsektorn. Kurs: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi, inriktning marknadsföring, 15 hp, StockholmsUniversitet Författare: Linda Holdo, Hanna Jäderholm och Mariah Lindborg Handledare: Doktorand Andrea Lucarelli Nyckelord: Detaljhandeln, turismsektorn, strategisk planering, varumärkesbyggande,destination, detaljhandelsmarknadsföring, Stockholms stad Problemformulering: Handeln vill nyttja den växande turismsektorn för att vinnamarknadsandelar. Problematiken för detaljhandeln är avsaknad av strategisk planering, isamverkan med turismsektorn, som bottnar i bristande kunskap och erfarenhet. Syfte: Syftet är att skapa ett förslag på strategisk planering som detaljhandelsföretagen, i samverkan med turismsektorn, kan använda för att fylla det praktiska gap som i dagsläget existerar. Metod: Studien har genomförts med 12 stycken kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med relevanta personer inom respektive bransch. Deltagande i två seminarier samt granskning av fyra rapporter utgör primärdata. Sekundärdata är baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar samt litteratur. Tolkning av insamlad data har gjorts utefter en hermeneutisk ansats. Teori: Teoridelen utgörs av litteraturgenomgång följt av teoretisk referensram. Litteraturgenomgången presenterar citymarknadsföring utifrån ett destinationsperspektiv. Teoretiska referensramen behandlar huvudämnet strategisk planering med anledning att skapa en tillförlitlig strategisk modell ur ett företagsperspektiv. Därefter redogörs faktorer som ligger till grund för strategisk planering. Därefter redovisas varumärkesbyggande med fokus på image och- identitetsskapande samt skapande av kundvärde ur ett företagsperspektiv. Ämnet fördjupas sedan i detaljhandelns värdekedja, kunddrivet värdesystem, kundlojalitet ochrelationsmarknadsföring samt upplevelser som en betydande faktor för detaljhandeln. Slutsats: Slutsatsen består av en modell för detaljhandelns strategiska planering. Modellen inleds med definiering av målgruppen. Därefter kartläggs turistgruppens behov samt lösning inom respektive kärnaktivitet i företaget. Nyttjande av strategin resulterar i en tillfredsställd kund, vilket kan generera ekonomiska fördelar, public relations samt marknadsandelar. Det krävs att en aktör tar övergripande ansvar för att verkställa den strategiska planeringen och skapa tydlig kommunikation mellan detaljhandelsbranschen och turismsektorn.
Thesis titled: Stockholm – the fashion capital of Scandinavia? A study in strategic planningbased on retail company perspective, in collaboration with the tourism sector. Course: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, focus on marketing, 15 credits, Stockholm University School of Business Author: Linda Holdo, Hanna Jäderholm and Mariah Lindborg Supervisor: PhD Andrea Lucarelli Keywords: Retail, tourism sector, strategic planning, brand building, destination, retail marketing, Stockholm city. Problem: The trade want to utilize the growing tourism sector in order to gain market share. The problem for retailers is the lack of strategic planning. Purpose: The aim is to create a proposal on strategic planning that retail companies, in collaboration with the tourism sector, can use to fill a practical gap that currently exists. Method: The study was conducted with 12 pieces of qualitative semi-structured interviews. Participation in two seminars and examining four reports provides the primary data. Secondary data are based on scientific papers and literature. Interpretation of the collected data has been made along a hermeneutical approach. Theory: The theory part consists of a literature review followed by a theoretical framework.The literature review presents city marketing from a destination perspective. Theoretical framework addresses head of strategic planning with the need to create a reliable strategic model from a business perspective. Then outlines factors that form the basis for strategic planning. Brand building is recognized as a factor with focus on image and identity. It then looks at the creation of customer value from a business perspective. The subject deepened with the retail value chain, customer grated value systems, customer loyalty and relationship marketing and experiences as a significant factor for retailers. Conclusion: The conclusion consists of a formed strategic model containing factors that are considered important for retailers future strategic planning. The model starts by mapping the definition of the target audience. Then the tourist group demand is mapped in a needs assessment in each core activity of the company. Along the client's needs a solution. Use of the strategy result in customer satisfaction, which can generate economic benefits, public relations and market share. It requires that an operator takes an overall responsibility for the execution of the strategic planning and creating clear communication between the retail and tourism sectors.

The 34 silos at Jarlaberg today contain crude oil but after the lease of land expires at 2036 are refurbished and remade to hold 2 500 000 m3 of water from Stockholm archipelago. Sharing the industrial plot of the reworked silos are 13 buildings with 2000 households between them. At the shores of the rocky hills is a new landmark with two swirling metal structures reflecting daylight and the shining light from the structure bellow. The building contains two hydro turbines, with the glass roofs and metal vortexes above, a landmark to be seen from both the built plateaus above and the opposite side shores as a celebration of the renewable energy progress of 2030-2050.  The project started as a look at industrial architecture and its relation to city spaces. Specifically the implementation of a stored capacity hydropower solution if placed close to major city centers which demanding more, renewable energy. At first the ambition was to integrate a series of turbines to the new Slussen water outlet from Mälaren to Saltsjön but after further readings the theme of letting the industries society’s development  is dependent upon be a part in planning the cities expansion. To join a industrial function to a housing plan would make a large impact on the urban space in-between the two. To both make a bond but also show the story of the production of energy the project provides. The sides of the silos have been fitted with a series of stepped gradients for seating and to access the top of the water reservoirs. The bottom of the gradients connect to the urban spaces such as parks and squares. Providing both a sun step for seating and meeting spaces close to areas of activity.

In this dissertation constructions of contemporary urban ideals are in focus, starting from the understanding that they are constructed in relation to both an idea of an urban renaissance and one ofa dissolving, or sprawling, city. The aim of the dissertation is to investigate and analyse how the city and the urban are discursively constructed in contemporary Swedish urban planning discussion. This is done by analysing articles from the Swedish Journal of Planning (Plan) and publications from the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket) and the Urban Environment Council (Stadsmiljörådet). The main research topics are: How is the city and its history constructed? What norms are constructed about the city and the urban? How is planning and the role of the planner constructed, and what kind of knowledge and practices are emphasised? Methodologically, the dissertation is inspired by social constructivist methods, and mainly discourse theory. Applying this to the urban context means understanding urbanity and cities as constantly constructed and reconstructed discursively, even if both appear to be defined, absolute and recognisable. The analysis investigates these appearances and the meanings they are given – in this case in an urban planning context.  The analysis shows that history plays an important part in both the construction of ideals and problems. Both contemporary planning and the urban ideals are conceptualised in the light of a modernist planning era, which is emphasised as the period when the “real” city was dissolved or even destroyed. An “original”, pre-modern city is constructed and guarded as the norm, and the categorisation of places appear as important. Concepts both open and defined appear as central, such as diversity, variation, identity and urbanity. The planning practice that supposedly creates the good city is ideally a sensitive and emotional practice and practitioner, in line with communicative planning theory. Binary conceptual couples structure the discourse to a high degree, resulting in polarisations such as compact/sparse, city/countryside or inner city/suburb. The problematic or contradictory, such as the suburb, is marked off from the “real” city, and an inside and outside of the good city is created. The importance of a holistic and comprehensive planning perspective is emphasized, but at the same time the urban ideal that comes out appear as a strongly normative outlook from the traditional inner city. An inner city “we” is constructed, and the suburb, the suburban and its inhabitants are seen as an Other.  The dissertation also discusses some openings and contrary voices in the discourse and in other urban research indicative of an attempt to move beyond the polarisations. By questioning hierarchies and polarisations, and opening up for influence from outside of the discourse, concepts such as diversity and urbanity could be given alternative meanings instead of being used to mourn the loss of a “real”, original city or urban public space.

QC 20130204

The city is characterised by unequal living conditions and inequities. Residential segregation – in the sense that people with different socio-economic resources and of various ethnicities live separately from one another – is a major cause of urban inequities. Urban planning has contributed to segregation but also provides the potential for change by facilitating a more just and non-segregated city. Social sustainability and social justice objectives, however, usually conflict with a neoliberal planning mindset, one that shapes both the planning conditions and approach and benefits economic growth. The aim of this thesis is to examine how and for whom Stockholm is being planned in order to thus clarify whether the planning reduces segregation and contributes to creating a more just city. This is done by looking at Stockholm’s overall planning approach, based on the ambitious objective of ‘a world-class Stockholm’, and the present planning of two areas – Järva and Stockholm Royal Seaport. Vision Järva 2030 is a strategy to develop segregated neighbourhoods, while Stockholm Royal Seaport is a new urban development project. The analysis highlights that Stockholm’s planning is in a dialectical state between a socially sustainable approach – with the goal of reducing inequities and segregation – and a neoliberal development logic focusing on competing with other cities to attract investment. The latter, however, predominates, for instance resulting in social strategies taking place on neoliberal terms and so losing their true meaning. The planning focuses primarily on developing the city for a neoliberal subject associated with economic growth. In accordance with this, a lifestyle philosophy based on the city centre’s urban city ideals and middle-class consumption and activity patterns is in evidence in the planning. The overall conclusion is that the planning cannot be deemed to reduce segregation or contribute to the creation of a just city as a result of how and for whom the city is being planned.

Reardon, Mitchell. (2010) An Opportunity for Renewal: The Participatory Process and Social and Income Diversity in Brownfield Developments

Urban and Regional Planning, advanced level, master thesis for master exam in Urban and Regional Planning, 30 ECTS credits.

Supervisor: Dr. Thomas Borén

Language: English

 

Participatory planning and the redevelopment of brownfield locations have both figured prominently in urban and regional planning strategies in recent decades. Despite their growing importance, these trends have rarely been analysed in concert however. Further, the issues of social and income diversity within this context have received less attention. In recognizing this void, this paper explores the use of participatory planning in brownfield developments, with an emphasis on social and income diversity. Through a review of the participatory planning theories of communicative action and the just city, strategies for promoting participatory planning and social and income diversity, are identified. A case study of Norra Djurgårdsstaden, a brownfield development in Stockholm, Sweden is employed to analyse these strategies. In undertaking the case study, data was collected through interviews and planning documents. This study found that the inherently high cost of redeveloping brownfield locations inhibits social and income diversity and requires an overt response to mitigate it. Participatory planning offers the possibility of engaging stakeholders who may otherwise be ignored, providing the opportunity to create a more inclusive development. It is also clear that an inclusionary goal must be part of a wider strategy, or is otherwise likely to be ignored.

This study examines two urban renewal projects in Saskatoon (Canada) and Uppsala (Sweden). The central subject of inquiry is urban planning process and complex dilemmas of sustainable development. What is seen as “a sustainable city”? What are the concerns and conflicts, which planners have to face with? Which arguments are used to justify the planning decisions and how are these arguments constructed? The study proposes a three-step framework to compare sustainability interpretation processes in urban planning of the two cities: through identification of the ideas, which are associated with the concept of sustainability; through analysis of local objectives of sustainable development;  and, finally, through examination of actions, which are perceived as appropriate to achieve stated goals. Furthermore, the research examines conflicts of interests, values and scale occurring throughout planning process; and analyses arguments, which are used to justify need “to be sustainable” and choices of solutions for urban renewal projects. The arguments are categorised as rational or normative depending on the type of reference planners use to construct them. The study reveals obvious differences in the interpretation of the sustainability concept in Uppsala and Saskatoon: with reliance on normative considerations in one case and rational ones in another. It also shows, that arguments working well for one type of conflict, do not help in resolving conflict of another type; and that Swedish and Canadian planners, facing pretty close challenges, choose different strategies to respond to them.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate how the politicians in five local building committees view their ability to influence their cities’ aesthetics. A secondary purpose is to document the politicians’ thoughts during a building boom. This case study is based on surveys and phone-interviews with current committee members in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmo, Orebro and Vasteras. The results show that most of the politicians think they can affect their cities’ aesthetics and examples on when they have affected the aesthetic is provided, mainly when it comes to building colour schemes, examples are provided in the study.

This thesis examines perceptions of sustainability and sustainable urban development among actors involved in the project of rebuilding Slussen in central Stockholm. Views on the suggested new traffic solution and what would make a sustainable solution, the concepts of sustainability and sustainable urban development and how these concepts are interpreted and applied as policy, are especially investigated. A semi-structured qualitative interview study has been carried out and the respondents include city officials, politicians, representatives of interest groups, consultants and researchers. Stockholm, European Green Capital in 2010, sets high goals for sustainability. As concept, sustainability is also frequently used in much of the city´s planning material such as the budget, environmental programme and urban development documents. However, it has not been included in the goals of the Slussen project. Even though, interviewees representing the city view the project as a sustainability project whereas other respondents clearly question this view. The study suggests that a determining factor for this division is how the sustainability concept is defined (or not), also how car traffic is viewed in urban sustainable development. The thesis shows that instead of planning for sustainable transportation, traditional business-as-usual traffic planning has dominated the Slussen project. The main reasons are that the new traffic solution, although including new walking and cycling bridges as well as a new bus terminal, includes planning for increased car traffic, an eight lane bridge to provide for it and a high degree of separation instead of integration of transport modes. Many of the interviewees also perceive of the suggested new main bridge as a motorway and the walking bridge as being both socially and culturally unsustainable in its long and narrow design. The new traffic solution in itself is viewed as unsustainable since it would bring about the abandonment of a more than 300 year old tradition of double and equal bridges at Slussen. Finally, the study suggests that the planned new traffic solution would have both looked different and been perceived of as more sustainable if sustainability had been included in the project goals. However, this would only have been the case if the concept was properly defined and implemented.