Academic literature on the topic 'City Year (Service corps)'

Abstract Introduction Significant advances in medical and surgical care have often originated from our experience caring for those wounded on the battlefield. The year of the ABA’s 52nd annual meeting marks the 30th anniversary of the selection of Joseph E. Murray MD FACS as recipient of the 1990 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Methods In his autobiography Surgery of the Soul: Reflections on a Curious Career, Dr. Murray credits a 22 year old US Army aviator named Charles Woods with guiding him into an emerging field of transplantation surgery. On December 23, 1944, Woods sustained burns over 70% of his body in an accident during takeoff while teaching another pilot at his Army Air Corps base in India. Woods survived and eventually was transferred back to the US where came under of the care of a young 25 year old surgeon named Joseph Murray. Results Like many young surgeons of his era, Dr. Murray joined the military service during WWII. Dr. Murray had just completed his internship at Peter Bent Brigham in Boston in September 1944 when he was assigned to Valley Forge General Hospital in Phoenixville, PA. Valley Forge was one of eight regional US Army hospitals created during WWII dedicated to plastic surgery and burn care. It was during his care for soldiers wounded in battle at this time in his early formative years that Dr. Murray developed his curiosity regarding tissue transplantation. Following military service, he completed his surgical training in Boston and New York City, and returned to the Brigham in July 1951. His military service caring for burn victims instilled a passion and curiosity regarding transplantation of human tissue. This culminated in his leading a team to perform the first human kidney transplantation on December 23, 1954...exactly 10 years to the day after the airplane crash that injured Charlie Woods. Conclusions Recognizing his dedication and accomplishments in the field of transplantation surgery, the Nobel selection committee awarded Dr. Murray thirty-six years later it’s Prize in Medicine. Applicability of Research to Practice Dr. Murray’s legacy which began during his care of soldiers during WWII offers an inspiration to all those caring for patients who have sustained burn injuries.

Background and Objectives: Specialized medical school educational tracks aim to increase the primary care workforce. The International/Inner-City/Rural Preceptorship (I2CRP) Program is unique in addressing multiple communities, a large cohort and applying the Self Determination Theory framework. This study examined program impact by analyzing the numbers of graduates matched into primary care and practicing in medically underserved communities. Methods: We compared the match list of I2CRP graduates between 2000 and 2017 (n=204) to non-I2CRP Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (VCU SOM) graduates (n=3,037). We analyzed the matches into primary care, National Health Service Corps (NHSC) priority specialties, and NHSC priority plus general surgery. We searched a federal database to determine which graduates are practicing in workforce shortage areas. Results: Many more I2CRP graduates matched to primary care (71.1%), compared to non-I2CRP graduates (38.2%; P<.001). Within primary care, I2CRP graduates matched to family medicine more frequently than non-I2CRP graduates (36.3% vs 8.4%). Eighteen percent of posttraining I2CRP graduates work in rural areas and 41% work in medically underserved areas. Conclusions: I2CRP graduates are more likely to match to family medicine and primary care. I2CRP curriculum nurtures new medical students’ interest in primary care, and self-determination theory provides a framework to organize the program curriculum. The program’s impact endures as evidenced by participants’ continued work in underserved areas after residency. Increasing support for such programs may help address the primary care physician shortage in medically underserved areas.

Aim. Our purpose was to write a biography of Stanisław Ostrowski that would address in the first place the medical aspect of his professional life, with a comprehensive approach of others fields of his activity.Methods. We essentially grounded the paper on primary resources that were papers authored by Ostrowski including his scientific publications, memories, speeches as well as contemporaneous official documents that referred to Ostrowski. Second resources were also used to double check some data from primary resources and to place the biography of Stanisław Ostrowski in a proper background with special care to social, professional and political context. In this study, second resources comprised papers, that were prepared after the death of Stanisław Ostrowski.Results. Stanisław Ostrowski, MD was a meticulous military medical doctor with an academic engagement at the King John Casimir University of Lvov. In addition, he was an excellent organizer, who soon got involved in politics to serve the local community with essential projects in public health particularly anti-tuberculosis campaigns in Lvov district. His quiet and proficient nature made him an ideal statesman with incredible skills to reconcile social, national and political enemies. Ostrowski was elected a member of parliament three times. He also held the position of President of the city of Lvov until World War Two. During the war, he was imprisoned and deported to Siberia, Soviet Union, in years 1939-1941. Subsequently he fought against Nazi Germans in the Polish II Corps. Ostrowski survived the war providing medical service in the various military units. Afterwards, he ran his medical practice in the UK. Stanisław Ostrowski was the only dermatologist who became a state president. He held an office of state president of the Polish Republic on exile in London.Discussion and conclusion. His life is not a simple story, but a great lesson that provides clear guidelines how to find a stable ground for lifetime being a medical doctor in the turbulent times of the 20th century even during wartime.

Growing numbers of young people in diverse nations are participating in cross-cultural year of service programs. This paper provides an overview of global trends in the cross-cultural year of service, and a more detailed literature review of two such programs: AmeriCorps*NCCC and the Peace Corps. Drawing upon the ecological model of human development, the theory of emerging adulthood, and the lens model of service-learning, this paper proposes a cross-cultural year of service theoretical model to inform the work of researchers, policymakers, and community development practitioners concerned with year of service programs.

This Proceedings is dedicated to Dr. Robert George Dean. For more than 12 years (1992-2004), Dr. Dean served as Chairman of the Coastal Engineering Research Council, the organization that is responsible for providing the coastal engineering profession with its most important conference, the ICCE. His motto was “the Coastal Engineering Research Council does one thing and we do it well”—ensuring that a high-quality conference is held every two years and that a proceedings is created as a record of the state of the art. We all can agree with that. 
 
 Dr. Dean was one of the most influential coastal engineers of this era. On the academic side, he educated a large number of masters and PhD students, many who have carried on his teachings in the field. He wrote or co-wrote several hundred articles and three books—Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists, Beach Nourishment: Theory and Practice, and Coastal Processes with Engineering Implications. The first book, in print since 1984, provided to generations of coastal engineers the derivation of water wave mechanics from fluid mechanics and reflected some of his contributions to the field: such as wavemaker theory and the Stream Function wave theory. The second book (2003) provided a new rational basis for the design of beach nourishments from sand selection and beach profile to planform layout, while the third book (2004) provided a scientific bases for coastal engineering, including some of his novel work on sediment transport and tidal inlet hydraulics and stability. 
 
 He was born in Wyoming, USA, on November 1, 1930. His education included Long Beach City College and then UC Berkeley for the BS in Civil Engineering (1954), an MS in Physical Oceanography at Texas A&M (1956), and then the Doctor of Science (Civil Engineering) from MIT (1959). His professional career started in industry with five years at Chevron Research Corporation, when he developed the Stream Function theory for use in wave force calculations on offshore structures. He then became the chair of the Department of Coastal and Oceanographical Engineering at the University of Florida in 1966. For seven years (1975-1982) he served as Unidel Professor at the University of Delaware, where, among other things, he worked on equilibrium beach profiles, providing several scientific explanations and field verification of the Bruun beach profile. Then he returned to the University of Florida as a Graduate Research Professor until his retirement in 2003 as an Emeritus Graduate Research Professor (2003). Even in retirement he continued working in the field, often producing more than eight publications a year!
 
 He was very active in consulting and service to the profession. He served on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Coastal Engineering Research Board, which provides advice to the Corps on coastal topics (1968-1980; 1993-1998). He served on six National Research Council (of the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine) committees on such topics as sea level rise, coastal erosion, coastal nourishment, and Louisiana, and the Marine Board (beginning in 1981). As a Floridian, he worked as the Director of the Division of Beach and Shores of the State of Florida, working on such topics as the basis of implementing the State’s coastal setback line for development. He also was Chair of the Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association and a director of the American Shore and Beach Preservation Association. 
 
 Bob possessed a tremendous skill for examine a problem and recognizing the appropriate physics to apply to it. With this skill, he was able to bring new insights into beach profiles, alongshore sediment transport rates, beach nourishment guidelines, tidal inlet stability, wave theory, and a host of other topics. For this, he was recognized by the ASCE’s John G. Moffatt-Frank E. Nichol Harbor and Coastal Engineering Award (1987), the Gold Medal of the Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association (1987), the ASCE International Coastal Engineer Award (1983) and the Outstanding Civilian Service Medal by the Department of the Army (1981 and 2008) among others. In 1980, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. 
 
 For a man of his professional stature and accomplishment, Bob was just as happy talking with the top people in the field as newcomers. He treated them all with the same graciousness. Even when someone he was listening to was saying something scientifically wrong, Bob would ask polite questions, such as “would your solution satisfy conservation of energy?” or “I don’t understand where this term came from?” I know, because it happened to me on occasions. 
 
 Bob is survived by his wife Phyllis, his daughter Julie Dean Rosati (another contribution to coastal engineering), his son Tim, and five grandchildren.

In recent years, Teach for America (TFA) has invested in developing corps members as leaders. Although TFA asks corps members for a two-year commitment, TFA celebrates the achievements of alumni who have gone on to careers in politics, public policy, and advocacy. Thus, many community leaders see the arrival of TFA corps members as having a greater impact than just inside the classroom. While expectations for corps members are often high both from TFA and from the communities they serve, we seek to understand whether and how corps members become actively engaged in the broader political life of their placement city. Do corps members find the city fertile with opportunities to solve problems and engage in civic and political life? Or will these corps members leave their placements, viewing the political and educational challenges as intractable due to larger city politics? Using data from a panel study of 2012 corps members in four mid-sized city TFA placement sites, this study examines how attitudes towards and engagement with local politics shift as a result corps members’ experiences. Our research indicates that commitments to local politics shift significantly. While some corps members report an increased commitment to local politics, a sizable group actually becomes less enthusiastic and involved. These shifts appear to be related to the perceived openness of the local political arena to newcomers, one’s teaching placement and the local actions of TFA spin-off organization Leadership for Educational Equity (LEE).

Each year the U.S. government invests more than $86 billion on IT products and services, yet the majority of these projects fail--they are delivered late, go over budget, are canceled, are outdated when finally delivered, or do not fit the user. Due to barriers in hiring and training, the government has tended to outsource IT talent at a premium price through contractors, but the results have not changed. The small amount of technology talent that exists in government tends to be senior, and there currently are very few, viable options for high-quality, junior and mid-level technologists to find a job in government and develop into senior roles. Agile Corps is a program designed to identify, recruit, train, and retain junior and mid-level technology talent in the government. This paper presents the design research and initial prototypes of the program and service called Agile Corps and introduces and prototypes the concept of public service-learning.

Twelve years have passed since my first editorial for the Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, on the occasion of the silver anniversary of our journal and the golden anniversary of the Philippine Society of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery (PSO-HNS).1 Special editorials have similarly marked our thirtieth (pearl)2 and thirty-fifth (coral or jade)3 journal anniversaries, punctuating editorials on a variety of themes in between. Whether they were a commentary on issues and events in the PSO-HNS or Philippine Society, or on matters pertaining to medical research and writing, publication and peer review, I have often wondered whether my words fell on deaf ears. But write, must I-- despite my writer’s doubt.
 
 What then, do a dozen years symbolize? As a baby boomer, I am all too familiar with what “cheaper by the dozen” meant in daily life, outwardly displayed in the matching attire my siblings and I wore on special occasions -- such as Yuletide when we would sing the carol “twelve days of Christmas.”4 We read the comedy “Twelfth Night”5 in school, although I admittedly enjoyed “The Dirty Dozen”6 more than Shakespeare. College ROTC introduced me to the “Daily Dozen” and the grueling Navy count- 1,2,3, ONE! One, two, three, TWO! (One, two, three, four! I love the Marine Corps!) And that is as far as my list of memorable dozens goes, covering five dozen years of life.
 
 Of these, one fifth or 20% of my life has been devoted to our journal. From that perspective, I cannot help but wonder whether, or how it mattered. After 12 years, the day-to-day routine has hardly changed; neither have the periodic problems that precede the birth of each issue. I still find it difficult to solicit and follow-up reviews, and I still burn the midnight oil on weekends and holidays, patiently guiding authors in revising their manuscripts. Nevertheless, our journal has come a long way from where it was when we started (although it has not reached as far and as quickly as I would have wanted it to). Much depends on our authors and the caliber of their contributions, and our reviewers and the quality and timeliness of their reviews. However, despite our efforts to conduct education and training sessions on Medical Writing and Peer Review, the new batch of submissions and reviews each year evinces the need to repeat these regularly. In this regard, the increasing response-ability of our associate editors and continuing support of our society are needed to ensure our progress.
 
 This year, we welcome Dr. Eris Llanes as our new Managing Editor as we thank and congratulate Dr. Tony Chua (who retains his position as Associate Editor) for serving in that role for the past 12 years. We have finally migrated from our previous platform to the Public Knowledge Platform - Open Journal Systems (PKP-OJS) available from https://pjohns.pso-hns.org/index.php/pjohns/index. The PSO-HNS has become a member of the Publishers International Linking Association (PILA), which manages and maintains, deposits and retrieves, Metadata and Digital Identifiers inclusive of associated software and know-how. This will enable us to register Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for all our content using the Crossref® system (https://www.crossref.org/about/), making our “research outputs easy to find, cite, link, and assess.”7 We are also subscribing to the Crossref® Similarity Check plagiarism detection software service powered by iThenticate® (https://www.crossref.org/services/similarity-check/)7 and are exploring ways and means of converting all our articles to eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format. These steps reflect our continuing efforts to comply with the requirements for indexing in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)8 and our re-application for indexing in Scopus®.9 These steps would not have been possible without the full support of the PSO-HNS Board of Trustees under the leadership of our President, Dr. Aggie Remulla, for which we are truly grateful.
 
 Indeed, the past 12 years may represent a complete cycle (such as 12 hours on a clock, or months in a year, or 12 signs of the zodiac), the first steps in the rebirth of our journal. Although they may not count among the “memorable dozens” of my life, each of these years may be likened to a rose (with its attendant thorns) – a bouquet of a dozen roses that I offer to all of you.
 “for there’s no rose without a thorn,
 no night without the morn,
 no gain without some meaningful loss …”10

Backgrounds and Aim. Taiwan’s population is gradually aging; however, there are no comparative data on emergency medical services (EMS) use between the elderly and nonelderly. Methods. We analyzed the emergency calls dealt with between January 1 and April 4, 2014, by EMS in one city in Taiwan. All calls were divided into two groups: elderly (≥65 years) and nonelderly (<65 years). Nontransport and transport calls were compared between the groups for demographic characteristics, transport time, reasons for calling EMS, vital signs, and emergency management. Results. There were 1,001 EMS calls: 226 nontransport and 775 transport calls. The elderly accounted for significantly (P<0.05) fewer (28 (9.2%)) nontransport calls than did the nonelderly (136 (21.4%)). In the transport calls, 276 (35.6%) were the elderly. The elderly had a higher proportion of histories for cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, the elderly had significantly longer total transport time, more nontrauma reasons, and poorer consciousness levels and lower oxygen saturation and needed more respiratory management and more frequent resuscitation during transport than did the nonelderly. Conclusion. The elderly have more specific needs than do the nonelderly. Adapting EMS training, operations, and government policies to aging societies is mandatory and should begin now.

Youth unemployment is a global problem, but more-so in Southern globally positioned countries such as South Africa. The government of South Africa has implemented different interventions that attempt to alleviate national youth unemployment. Some of these programmes, such as the National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC), specifically target youth in rural and peri-urban areas. NARYSEC aims to develop skills of the youth in rural and peri-urban areas as well as assist in rural development. Despite the introduction of NARYSEC, unemployment among the youth continues to be a problem. Against this background, this study sought to examine rural youth and development interventions implemented by NARYSEC in peri-urban Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. Furthermore, the study assessed the extent to which NARYSEC interventions are contributing to rural youth and development in peri-urban Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. Lastly, the study examined the limitations of NARYSEC interventions in peri-urban youth development. To achieve the above objectives, the study used a qualitative research approach. The sampling procedure was purposive as the research required specific participants who have gone through NARYSEC training. A total of 24 respondents were eventually selected. In-depth, semi-structured interviews and key informant interviews were the primary data collection tools. Some of the main findings are that NARYSEC provides various skills training programmes which prepare young people for the labour market. NARYSEC interventions are also helping communities to reduce crime through providing youth employment opportunities. Furthermore, some youth actively participate in rural development projects such as rehabilitation of local clinics and construction projects. However, the study also found that there are a number of limitations and challenges that are experienced in the implementation of the NARYSEC programme. These challenges include lack of strategic planning in the programme, irregular stipend payments, strained professional relationships between NARYSEC programme facilitators and youth participants, limited passion and commitment to the programme by both youth participants and facilitators.

碩士<br>正修科技大學<br>經營管理研究所<br>107<br>We are located in the Baodao area and are located in the mountainous environment plus the junction of many plates. Therefore, the prevention of earthquakes and natural disasters needs to be taken seriously. Yixiao (Yiyong Firefighters) is a non-professional firefighter with the purpose of service and honor. Public service agencies and fire policing units are based on serving the people and taking the fire and personal safety of the people as their own responsibility. However, as long as the scope of services is involved, the service providers will be satisfied with the service. There are many factors that affect the service satisfaction recognized by the service providers. This study explores the service providers (the Kaohsiung City Government Fire Department's fourth brigade) and the service providers (the people in the jurisdiction) during the period of the duty-stricken personnel. Or the level of service superiority and inferiority generated by the interaction between the two parties, and the perception of the degree of service quality of the sense of the consumer in the jurisdiction is affected by service satisfaction. Among the 256 valid questionnaires, the quality of service has a positive relationship with tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, certainty, and empathy. The results show that each variable has a positive relationship in satisfaction. Although this research is a quantitative study to make the authenticity of the research truly present, the researchers have found 2 true people and 2 former A simple interview was conducted by the general public who had been served by the volunteers. I have received some suggestions on the service quality and satisfaction of the Yishang staff. 1. Enhance the personal equipment of the Yishang staff 2. Improve the professional skills of the rescuers, improve the disaster relief capability of the Yishui personnel and ensure the personal safety of the disaster relief process. Make sure that the fire-fighting authorities do not have any police officers who are injured or have lost their jobs due to disaster relief. Keywords: Yishang personnel, service quality, satisfaction

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>土木工程學系碩士在職專班<br>99<br>The chronic event of carbon monoxide poisoning in times of seasonal cold fronts or drops in temperature have had inflicted serious injuries and lost of lives to citizen. Main reasons include cold temperature, windiness and raininess that led to tightly enclosed spatial environment. In addition, the social norm of having illegal residential balcony protrusion and building alterations often led to air-tight space deprived of ventilations which caused casualties. Particularly unauthorized fixture of water heater often causes incomplete gas combustion resulted an over-fusing of carbon monoxide within room setting. This study utilises Hsinchu regional geographic area and employ past annual poisoning cases to discuss causes and relational characteristics of the disaster, so that prevention measures are proposed. Sampling cases of carbon monoxide poisoning is used and residency interview and inspection is conducted for site danger magnitude classification. In conjunction, GIS is applied to analyse spatial distribution characteristic of carbon monoxide poisoning. The study is approached in-view of urban disaster prevention and establishing a local based regulation in effective measures. By mandatory regulating autonomous governing policy and compliance incentives, it is hoped to eliminate carbon monoxide poisoning.

碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>生物資訊與醫學工程學系碩士在職專班<br>106<br>The Out-of-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) in Taiwan has been improving on every level. Faster, friendlier, more professional, and most of all, free. It has been well received by the public, but is also leading to the problems of wasting and abusing the resource. It is evident from the stats given by the fire bureau. The total number of EMS cases each year keeps rising, and in 2016, the number surpassed 1.1 million. Given limited resource, the massive numbers of non-urgent cases can easily overwhelm the ones who are truly in need of EMS, which is against the original purpose of placing ambulances in fire departments. It is an urgent matter that we find a way to reduce the abuse of EMS resource. Abuse of EMS resource is a problem in every branch of fire department, but due to the different characteristics of each area, the type of abuse also differs. This research paper focuses on the drunken/homeless persons, who abuse the EMS resource in the jurisdiction of Zhongqu Branch. Trying to find a reason for the high ratio of drunken/homeless cases comparing to other nearby jurisdictions through geological and area analysis. And found out the geological condition and facility component and certain dates have an effect on the number of drunk/homeless cases. To solve this problem, we have to fill the personnel shortage soon, and come up with a standard with ambulance usage. We can also promote the use of Rehabus and private ambulance. And last we should work with social services and the police to track down the people abusing the EMS resource and try to educate them to prevent the abuse from happening again. With these actions, we hope to truly reduce the numbers of EMS cases.

碩士<br>元智大學<br>社會暨政策科學學系<br>105<br>This study aimed at investigating the current status for service-learning included in comparing the ranking while over quotas in the 12-year basic education program, realizing the differences among background variables, and the relevance between service-learning situations and the effectiveness. Questionnaire survey was used as a tool to study the third grade of junior high school students in Taiyuan City, conducted a sample survey to 11 schools of a total of 532 questionnaires, and gathered 532 valid questionnaires, the retrieval rate was 89.85%. The methodologies we used in data collection are descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, χ2 test, Pearson product moment correlation, and other methods for statistical analysis. The main results and conclusions were summarized as follows: First, the students in Taoyuan City participate in service-learning due to the ranking while over quotas; they like to participate in service during winter and summer vacation or weekends; they discuss the process and outcomes of service with their parents and classmates. Second, the better motivation and effectiveness of service-learning attended by the female students than that by the male students in Taoyuan City. Third, different family social economical status and peer support have significant difference on the service-hour for the students in Taoyuan City. Fourth, different parents’ support, school support, and peer support have significant difference on participative motivation for the students in Taoyuan City. Fifth, different family economic status, parents’ support, school support, and peer support have significant difference on service-learning effectiveness for the students in Taoyuan City. Sixth, participative motivation in service-learning is high correlated with service-learning effectiveness for the students in Taoyuan City. Based on the results, they would give the recommendations to education authorities, schools, students, and for the references to the future studies.

This chapter discusses the experience of the first scholars of Corpus Christi College beyond Corpus. As Bishop Richard Fox had hoped, Corpus Christi College in its first years became a place not only of learning but of sociability and hospitality, where lasting friendships were made. Leaving the cloisters of the College for the City and the court, the young scholars found households where humanist learning was already valued as well as networks of the like-minded who shared books and conversation. Beyond the College, the scholars often retained connections with each other and the College. As chaplains, secretaries, physicians, and tutors, they served the commonwealth. However, in the fractured world which Henry VIII’s ‘Great Matter‘ and Break with Rome had made, living in service of both God and the commonwealth became more difficult; their choices became harder and consciences were tested.

This foundational chapter presents Mitchell’s writing as a barometer of the times that he inhabited. It sets out the book’s biographical and critical aims to examine the precise nature of the author’s literary achievement against the dramatic geopolitical background of the early decades of the twentieth century. Drawing authoritatively upon original sources, Mitchell’s short life is summarised as a triumph of innate talent over the social hardship and cultural poverty of his upbringing, from his origins in peasant society to service in the army and the airforce, thereafter moving to city life in Scotland and London, before finally settling in Welwyn Garden City. Mitchell’s personal experience of many of the key developments of the modern world, in country and city, at home and abroad, in wartime and peacetime, is shown to have shaped his personal ideology – particularly his left-wing radicalisation. The two central planks of his greatest writing, his love of nature and his fierce social commitment, are traced to his peasant upbringing as son to a poor Aberdeenshire crofter. His literary corpus is presented as a knowing response to the zeitgeist of the inter-war years, as a renunciation of outmoded Victorian modes and an embracing of the new.

The service quality measurement of healthcare services is always a big concern for the hospitals, patient rights activists, regulators, and general patients. This study deals with quality assessment of healthcare facilities concerning the private and public health facilities of Dhaka, Bangladesh. This study follows the survey research approach. Using the purposive sampling method, the individuals have been selected from households who have received healthcare services from public or private hospitals of Dhaka city in last year. The study collected data among 410 respondents. Standard statistical software (i.e., SPSS and STATA) have been used to analyze the data. This study confirms existing evidence that Bangladeshi patients have a growing concern with lower level of satisfaction in public healthcare services. The respondents faced multi-dimensional problems, characterized by a low level of overall service quality, interpersonal service quality, and technical or treatment-related quality at public hospitals. Further research is recommended to analyze the issues further.

Almond began his transition to the Army’s senior leadership with attendance at the US Army War College, where his classmates included future five-star flag officers Omar Bradley and William Halsey. Moving directly to the War Department General Staff (WDGS) after graduation, Almond reported to Military Intelligence Division’s Latin America desk where monitored the activities of the military Attachés assigned to Central and South America. He sought more educational opportunities by attending the Air Corps Tactical School (ACTS) a precursor to the present-day Air War College, and the Naval War College, where his performance earned him a teaching spot. Few other future general officers attended two senior service colleges, and none attended all three. He turned down that job and went to VI Corps where he spent the last year before the next war conducting the large scale maneuver exercises that would prepare him for his next assignment.

In bringing the College of New Jersey to the brink of university status, McCosh stood on the verge of the promised land. As the nineteenth century was coming to a close, alumni, professors, and trustees in Princeton, like those at many other American colleges and universities, were eager to see the institution position itself so that it would be better able to meet society’s need for moral and thoughtful leaders, practical knowledge, and scientific expertise once the nation entered the twentieth century. With the future direction of the institution hanging in the balance, the choice of who should succeed McCosh divided the college community along the same lines as had emerged earlier over both the alumni’s attempt to secure direct representation on the Board of Trustees and McCosh’s failed attempt to make the college a university. Whereas McCosh harmoniously upheld the college’s dual mission through the breadth of his scholarly interests, the warmth of his evangelical piety, and the force of his personality, the two candidates who vied for the presidency after his resignation possessed only a portion of McCosh’s qualities and appealed to only one part of the Princeton community. Francis L. Patton appealed to those primarily, though not exclusively, interested in preserving Princeton’s heritage as an evangelical college. According to McCosh, the “older men” among the trustees, faculty, and alumni “want a minister,” and on these grounds, the forty-five-year-old Patton seemed like a natural successor to McCosh. A native of Bermuda, Patton had graduated from University College of the University of Toronto; had attended Knox College, also of the University of Toronto; and had graduated from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1865. Ordained that same year in the Old School Presbyterian church, he served as pastor of a church in New York City. Cyrus H. McCormick (1809-1884), the farming machine magnate and patron of conservative Presbyterian causes, persuaded Patton to accept a position as the Professor of Didactic and Polemical Theology at the Presbyterian Seminary of the Northwest (later McCormick Theological Seminary) in Chicago in 1873.

The main types of operational actions of fire and rescue units during firefighting and emergency response are presented. An analysis of fires that have occurred during the last five years, which have been extinguished by units of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine with the participation of units of the gas and smoke protection service. After analyzing the statistics of the number of fires and emergencies in the city (district) over the years, a mathematical model of the dynamics of the number of fires and other emergencies. The forecast of the expected number of their occurrence is determined and the volume of work of the gas and smoke protection service for the next year is estimated, as well as the sufficiency of forces and means is determined. The most effective way to identify the main trend in the number of emergencies is analytical alignment using a mathematical expression that most accurately describes the nature of the empirical distribution of their number over the analyzed period and with which you can make predictions. To do this, the necessary mathematical distribution law is selected in the scientific search. To determine the speed and intensity of the number of fires and other emergencies over time, the following indicators were used: absolute growth, growth rate. The calculation of these indicators is based on comparing the levels of a number of dynamics. Under the level of a series of dynamics is taken each individual numerical value of the indicator, which characterizes the magnitude of the phenomenon, its size and location in chronological order. Based on the described indicators, a method of calculating the probable number of fires in the current year, which will be eliminated by the gas and smoke protection service, is proposed. An example of calculation is given: its main components are described, which should be taken into account during the calculation. The process of change and development of the occurrence and spread of fires by constructing time or time series is studied. Recommendations for building a mathematical model of the dynamics of the number of fires and other emergencies are given, the forecast of the expected number of their occurrence is determined, the volume of work of fire and rescue units for the next year is estimated.

Reviving the memory of Lattimer continues to be a local endeavor. In 2011, an archaeological survey at the massacre site found evidence related to the conflict. The following year brought the first of an annual ecumenical service at the site. Hazleton is now portrayed in the media as an economic success story, with recently arrived Latinos opening businesses in the city and contributing to the city’s tax base. NGOs, like Hazleton One, have developed to serve the new immigrant community, because the city of Hazleton is unable to provide for all of its citizens’ needs. In general, the memory of Lattimer and its association with the new immigrants is now being portrayed in a positive light, recognizing the hard-working immigrant of the past and the present.

In 1774, Bernardo de Gálvez was briefly assigned as captain in the Seville Regiment garrisoned in Cadiz and later was selected to study at the Royal Military Academy of Avila were promising young officers were prepared to become not only future generals but also high ranking officials in the Spanish civil service. The following year, Bernardo de Gálvez volunteered for the Spanish attack against the city of Algiers. Although it was a complete failure, it allowed him to distinguish himself. During the retreat he refused to withdraw until the last of his men was evacuated, even though he was seriously injured. At his return to Spain he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed as colonel of the Louisiana Fixed Infantry Regiment and acting governor of Spanish Louisiana.

This chapter explores the National Council of Negro Women's (NCNW) international work, focusing especially on NCNW's postwar work for human rights and its later formation of an international division in the 1970s. In 1973 Congress passed the Percy Amendment to the U.S. Foreign Service Act that pushed the U.S. government to ensure that women were beneficiaries of international development projects. In this climate, NCNW won $1.7 million dollars in funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) between 1975 and 1985. The U.S. government saw the women of the NCNW, as a black American women-led nonprofit organization, as the "natural allies" of women of African descent worldwide. With this money, the NCNW first hosted a concurrent conference for women of African descent at the International Women's Year conference in Mexico City, established an international division, and tried to create international poverty programming like it had in Mississippi.

This concluding chapter presents three vignettes following the events of the previous chapter. It first places three “gentlemen of color” at a party at the Munro Hotel on Fourteenth Street in Manhattan in 1902. They were gathered by President Elect Tomás Estrada Palma. Given their long relationship with Estrada Palma, these men returning from New York were comparatively well positioned in Cuba's political competition, but even this advantage required further negotiation. The chapter also recalls another instance, in summer 1905. This was when Rafael Serra, a 47-year-old employee of the Cuban Postal Service, editor, and member of the Cuban House of Representatives, walked down the gangplank of the SS Vigilancia in New York City. Finally, the chapter offers yet another alternate ending, this time set at the elegant Maceo Hotel, where in fall 1905, shortly after Serra departed from New York. This episode involved the young Puerto Rican intellectual Arturo Schomburg, who organized a birthday party for an aging African American journalist named John Edward Bruce.

As market forces drive up the gross weight on rail, railroads continue moving toward increased usage of heavy axle load (HAL) equipment, namely 286,000 lb and 315,000 lb GWR vehicles that provide more competitive and efficient transportation. According to the AAR's Universal Machine Language Equipment Register (UMLER) database, since 1995, at least 70% of vehicles built each year were HAL vehicles. 2005 had 49,923 more HAL vehicles running on the North America railroad system than the previous year. This practice can result in significant overall savings in operating costs. However, HAL equipment can also accelerate wear and damage to the railroad infrastructure and have a greater potential for truck warping and vehicle dynamics problems. Thus, keeping rolling stock and track safe while ramping up the usage of HAL equipment presents a significant challenge. Wheel Impact Load Detector (WILD) SuperSites, developed by Salient Systems Inc. (SSI), provide real time monitoring and alarming on excessive axle loads and vehicle dynamics. SuperSites are important tools in the scientific study of HAL vehicles and the monitoring of heavy haul operations. This paper provides a snapshot of results of studies conducted on Union Pacific (UP) HAL routes and demonstrates how HAL loads affect the rolling stock, the track, and the wheel/rail interaction. The heavier the load, the higher the impact of the defective wheels to the track; therefore, heavily loaded vehicle routes (such as the coal route from the Powder River Basin to Kansas City and the primary intermodal route from Los Angeles to El Paso) need to be monitored more proactively to avoid track structural damage.

December 27, 2008 marked the grand opening of METRO Light Rail transit service linking the cities of Phoenix, Tempe and Mesa, Arizona. In Phoenix, this event harkened back to an era with similar streetcar service that ceased operations in 1948. After a 55 year absence, final design of the modern system commenced in 2003, and the acute need to address safety concerns with a new generation of valley residents began. This 20.4 mile (32.6 km) system contains 28 stations, runs on reserved rights of way, &gt;95% in city streets, and contains over 149 street traffic intersections, highway ramps and slip-ramps. In an effort to lessen injuries and damage to the public, train crew and light rail equipment, the Agency’s consultant recommended several key changes to the typical North American light rail system design. Included was an unprecedented change to the front end of the light rail vehicles with an industry first, crash energy management (CEM) bumper. This report discusses the design and functionality of the Phoenix LRV front end and bumper from concept through revenue service.

The mission of the United States Military Academy (USMA) is “To educate, train, and inspire the Corps of Cadets so that each graduate is a commissioned leader of character committed to the values of Duty, Honor, Country; professional growth throughout a career as an officer in the United States Army; and a lifetime of selfless service to the nation.” [1] In order to accomplish this mission, USMA puts their cadets through a 47-month program that includes a variety of military training, and college courses totaling about 150 credit-hours. Upon completion of the program, cadets receive a Bachelor of Science degree and become Second Lieutenants in the United States Army. A very unique aspect of the academic program at USMA is that each cadet is required to take a minimum of five engineering classes regardless of their major or field of study. This means that about 500 cadets will have taken the one-semester course in thermodynamics. The thermodynamics course taught at USMA is different from others throughout the country because within every class there is a mixture of cadets majoring in engineering and those that are in other majors, i.e. languages, history [2]. Topics on gas turbine machinery have been integrated into this unique thermodynamics course. Because the cadets will encounter gas turbines throughout their service in the Army, we feel that it is important for all of the students, not just engineering majors, to learn about gas turbines, their operation, and their applications. This is accomplished by four methods. The first is in a classroom environment. Cadets learn how actual gas turbines work, how to model them, and learn how to solve problems. Thermodynamics instructors have access to several actual gas turbines used in military applications to aid in cadet learning. The second method occurs in the laboratory where cadets take measurements and analyze an operational auxiliary power unit (APU) from an Army helicopter. The third method occurs in the form of a design project. The engineering majors redesign the cogeneration plant that exists here at West Point. Many of them use a topping cycle in this design. The final method is a capstone design project. During the 2001–02 academic year, three cadets are improving the thermodynamic laboratories. Among their tasks are designing a new test stand for the APU, increasing the benefit of the gas turbine laboratory through more student interaction, and designing a web-based gas turbine pre-laboratory instruction to compliment the actual laboratory exercise.

Union Pacific Railroad’s Moffat Tunnel Subdivision, west of Denver, Colorado, was significantly impacted by an approximately 500 to 1,000 year storm event that occurred between September 9, 2013 and September 13, 2013. As a result of this historic event, washouts, earth slides, and debris flows severely impacted track infrastructure by eroding track embankments, destabilizing surrounding native slopes, and overwhelming stormwater infrastructure. Emergency response activities performed to restore track operations at Milepost (MP) 25.65 and MP 22.86 required the integration of civil, hydraulic, environmental and geotechnical engineering disciplines into emergency response and construction management efforts. Additionally, support from UPRR’s Real Estate Division was required when addressing private ownership and site access issues. The following text summarizes how coordinated efforts between various groups worked together in a pressure setting to restore rail service. The most significant damage occurred at MP 25.65 in a mountainous slot canyon between two tunnels accessible only by rail and consisted of a washout, approximately 200 feet (61 m) in length with a depth of 100 feet (30 m). MP 22.86 experienced slides on both sides of the track resulting in an unstable and near vertical track embankment which required significant fill and rock armoring. In addition to the embankment failures at MP 22.86, flood flows scoured around the underlying creek culvert, further threatening the geotechnical stability of the track embankment. The storm event highlighted the vulnerability of fill sections, where original construction used trestles. The repair plan engineered for MP 25.65 was developed to restore the lost embankment fill to near pre-flood conditions while limiting environmental impacts in order to minimize regulatory permitting requirements. Fill replacement performed during the initial emergency response was completed within 22 days, notwithstanding site remoteness and difficult access. Repair of the embankment required the placement of approximately 90,000 cubic yards (68,800 cubic meters) of fill and installation of four 48-inch (122-cm) culverts. Repair of embankment sloughing and scour damage at MP 22.86 was accomplished without the need for environmental permits by working from above the ordinary high water mark, using a “one track in – one track out” approach while restoring infrastructure to pre-flood conditions. A new headwall to address flow around the culvert inlet received expedited permit authorization from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers by limiting the construction footprint through implementation of best management practices and minimizing placement of fill below the ordinary high water mark. Service interruptions, such as those at MP 22.86 and MP 25.65, require sound engineering practices that can be quickly and efficiently implemented during emergency response situations that often occur in less than ideal working environments. Track outages not only impact the efficiency of a railroad’s operating network, but also impact interstate and global commerce as transportation of goods are hindered. The need to have a team of experienced engineering and construction professionals responding to natural disasters was demonstrated by this storm event.

Aim/Purpose: This paper provides the results of the preliminary analysis of the findings of an ongoing study that seeks to examine the social media use, cultural and political awareness, civic engagement, issue prioritization, and social activism of Gen Z students enrolled at four different institutional types located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The aim of this study is to look at the group as a whole as well as compare findings across populations. The institutional types under consideration include a mid-sized majority serving or otherwise referred to as a traditionally white institution (TWI) located in a small coastal city on the Atlantic Ocean, a small Historically Black University (HBCU) located in a rural area, a large community college located in a county that is a mixture of rural and suburban and which sits on the border of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and graduating high school students enrolled in career and technical education (CTE) programs in a large urban area. This exploration is purposed to examine the behaviors and expectations of Gen Z students within a representative American region during a time of tremendous turmoil and civil unrest in the United States. Background: Over 74 million strong, Gen Z makes up almost one-quarter of the U.S. population. They already outnumber any current living generation and are the first true digital natives. Born after 1996 and through 2012, they are known for their short attention spans and heightened ability to multi-task. Raised in the age of the smart phone, they have been tethered to digital devices from a young age with most having the preponderance of their childhood milestones commemorated online. Often called Zoomers, they are more racially and ethnically diverse than any previous generation and are on track to be the most well-educated generation in history. Gen Zers in the United States have been found in the research to be progressive and pro-government and viewing increasing racial and ethnic diversity as positive change. Finally, they are less likely to hold xenophobic beliefs such as the notion of American exceptionalism and superiority that have been popular with by prior generations. The United States has been in a period of social and civil unrest in recent years with concerns over systematic racism, rampant inequalities, political polarization, xenophobia, police violence, sexual assault and harassment, and the growing epidemic of gun violence. Anxieties stirred by the COVID-19 pandemic further compounded these issues resulting in a powder keg explosion occurring throughout the summer of 2020 and leading well into 2021. As a result, the United States has deteriorated significantly in the Civil Unrest Index falling from 91st to 34th. The vitriol, polarization, protests, murders, and shootings have all occurred during Gen Z’s formative years, and the limited research available indicates that it has shaped their values and political views. Methodology: The Mid-Atlantic region is a portion of the United States that exists as the overlap between the northeastern and southeastern portions of the country. It includes the nation’s capital, as well as large urban centers, small cities, suburbs, and rural enclaves. It is one of the most socially, economically, racially, and culturally diverse parts of the United States and is often referred to as the “typically American region.” An electronic survey was administered to students from 2019 through 2021 attending a high school dual enrollment program, a minority serving institution, a majority serving institution, and a community college all located within the larger mid-Atlantic region. The survey included a combination of multiple response, Likert scaled, dichotomous, open ended, and ordinal questions. It was developed in the Survey Monkey system and reviewed by several content and methodological experts in order to examine bias, vagueness, or potential semantic problems. Finally, the survey was pilot tested prior to implementation in order to explore the efficacy of the research methodology. It was then modified accordingly prior to widespread distribution to potential participants. The surveys were administered to students enrolled in classes taught by the authors all of whom are educators. Participation was voluntary, optional, and anonymous. Over 800 individuals completed the survey with just over 700 usable results, after partial completes and the responses of individuals outside of the 18-24 age range were removed. Findings: Participants in this study overwhelmingly were users of social media. In descending order, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, WhatsApp, LinkedIn and Tik Tok were the most popular social media services reported as being used. When volume of use was considered, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube and Twitter were the most cited with most participants reporting using Instagram and Snapchat multiple times a day. When asked to select which social media service they would use if forced to choose just one, the number one choice was YouTube followed by Instagram and Snapchat. Additionally, more than half of participants responded that they have uploaded a video to a video sharing site such as YouTube or Tik Tok. When asked about their familiarity with different technologies, participants overwhelmingly responded that they are “very familiar” with smart phones, searching the Web, social media, and email. About half the respondents said that they were “very familiar” with common computer applications such as the Microsoft Office Suite or Google Suite with another third saying that they were “somewhat familiar.” When asked about Learning Management Systems (LMS) like Blackboard, Course Compass, Canvas, Edmodo, Moodle, Course Sites, Google Classroom, Mindtap, Schoology, Absorb, D2L, itslearning, Otus, PowerSchool, or WizIQ, only 43% said they were “very familiar” with 31% responding that they were “somewhat familiar.” Finally, about half the students were either “very” or “somewhat” familiar with operating systems such as Windows. A few preferences with respect to technology in the teaching and learning process were explored in the survey. Most students (85%) responded that they want course announcements and reminders sent to their phones, 76% expect their courses to incorporate the use of technology, 71% want their courses to have course websites, and 71% said that they would rather watch a video than read a book chapter. When asked to consider the future, over 81% or respondents reported that technology will play a major role in their future career. Most participants considered themselves “informed” or “well informed” about current events although few considered themselves “very informed” or “well informed” about politics. When asked how they get their news, the most common forum reported for getting news and information about current events and politics was social media with 81% of respondents reporting. Gen Z is known to be an engaged generation and the participants in this study were not an exception. As such, it came as no surprise to discover that, in the past year more than 78% of respondents had educated friends or family about an important social or political issue, about half (48%) had donated to a cause of importance to them, more than a quarter (26%) had participated in a march or rally, and a quarter (26%) had actively boycotted a product or company. Further, about 37% consider themselves to be a social activist with another 41% responding that aren’t sure if they would consider themselves an activist and only 22% saying that they would not consider themselves an activist. When asked what issues were important to them, the most frequently cited were Black Lives Matter (75%), human trafficking (68%), sexual assault/harassment/Me Too (66.49%), gun violence (65.82%), women’s rights (65.15%), climate change (55.4%), immigration reform/deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA) (48.8%), and LGBTQ+ rights (47.39%). When the schools were compared, there were only minor differences in social media use with the high school students indicating slightly more use of Tik Tok than the other participants. All groups were virtually equal when it came to how informed they perceived themselves about current events and politics. Consensus among groups existed with respect to how they get their news, and the community college and high school students were slightly more likely to have participated in a march, protest, or rally in the last 12 months than the university students. The community college and high school students were also slightly more likely to consider themselves social activists than the participants from either of the universities. When the importance of the issues was considered, significant differences based on institutional type were noted. Black Lives Matter (BLM) was identified as important by the largest portion of students attending the HBCU followed by the community college students and high school students. Less than half of the students attending the TWI considered BLM an important issue. Human trafficking was cited as important by a higher percentage of students attending the HBCU and urban high school than at the suburban and rural community college or the TWI. Sexual assault was considered important by the majority of students at all the schools with the percentage a bit smaller from the majority serving institution. About two thirds of the students at the high school, community college, and HBCU considered gun violence important versus about half the students at the majority serving institution. Women’s rights were reported as being important by more of the high school and HBCU participants than the community college or TWI. Climate change was considered important by about half the students at all schools with a slightly smaller portion reporting out the HBCU. Immigration reform/DACA was reported as important by half the high school, community college, and HBCU participants with only a third of the students from the majority serving institution citing it as an important issue. With respect to LGBTQ rights approximately half of the high school and community college participants cited it as important, 44.53% of the HBCU students, and only about a quarter of the students attending the majority serving institution. Contribution and Conclusion: This paper provides a timely investigation into the mindset of generation Z students living in the United States during a period of heightened civic unrest. This insight is useful to educators who should be informed about the generation of students that is currently populating higher education. The findings of this study are consistent with public opinion polls by Pew Research Center. According to the findings, the Gen Z students participating in this study are heavy users of multiple social media, expect technology to be integrated into teaching and learning, anticipate a future career where technology will play an important role, informed about current and political events, use social media as their main source for getting news and information, and fairly engaged in social activism. When institutional type was compared the students from the university with the more affluent and less diverse population were less likely to find social justice issues important than the other groups. Recommendations for Practitioners: During disruptive and contentious times, it is negligent to think that the abounding issues plaguing society are not important to our students. Gauging the issues of importance and levels of civic engagement provides us crucial information towards understanding the attitudes of students. Further, knowing how our students gain information, their social media usage, as well as how informed they are about current events and political issues can be used to more effectively communicate and educate. Recommendations for Researchers: As social media continues to proliferate daily life and become a vital means of news and information gathering, additional studies such as the one presented here are needed. Additionally, in other countries facing similarly turbulent times, measuring student interest, awareness, and engagement is highly informative. Impact on Society: During a highly contentious period replete with a large volume of civil unrest and compounded by a global pandemic, understanding the behaviors and attitudes of students can help us as higher education faculty be more attuned when it comes to the design and delivery of curriculum. Future Research This presentation presents preliminary findings. Data is still being collected and much more extensive statistical analyses will be performed.

This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) documents the development through verification and validation of three instability-suppressing mechanisms in FUNWAVE-TVD, a Boussinesq-type numerical wave model, when modeling deep-draft vessels with a low under-keel clearance (UKC). Many large commercial ports and channels (e.g., Houston Ship Channel, Galveston, US Army Corps of Engineers [USACE]) are traveled and affected by tens of thousands of commercial vessel passages per year. In a series of recent projects undertaken for the Galveston District (USACE), it was discovered that when deep-draft vessels are modeled using pressure-source mechanisms, they can suffer from model instabilities when low UKC is employed (e.g., vessel draft of 12 m¹ in a channel of 15 m or less of depth), rendering a simulation unstable and obsolete. As an increasingly large number of deep-draft vessels are put into service, this problem is becoming more severe. This presents an operational challenge when modeling large container-type vessels in busy shipping channels, as these often will come as close as 1 m to the bottom of the channel, or even touch the bottom. This behavior would subsequently exhibit a numerical discontinuity in a given model and could severely limit the sample size of modeled vessels. This CHETN outlines a robust approach to suppressing such instability without compromising the integrity of the far-field vessel wave/wake solution. The three methods developed in this study aim to suppress high-frequency spikes generated nearfield of a vessel. They are a shock-capturing method, a friction method, and a viscosity method, respectively. The tests show that the combined shock-capturing and friction method is the most effective method to suppress the local high-frequency noises, while not affecting the far-field solution. A strong test, in which the target draft is larger than the channel depth, shows that there are no high-frequency noises generated in the case of ship squat as long as the shock-capturing method is used.