Journal articles: 'Civil engineering material testing'

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Maas, Hans-Gerd, and Uwe Hampel. "Photogrammetric Techniques in Civil Engineering Material Testing and Structure Monitoring." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.72.1.39.

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Schabowicz, Krzysztof. "Testing of Materials and Elements in Civil Engineering." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 3412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123412.

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This issue is proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of testing of materials in civil engineering. For this reason, the articles highlighted in this issue should relate to different aspects of testing of different materials in civil engineering, from building materials and elements to building structures. The current trend in the development of materials testing in civil engineering is mainly concerned with the detection of flaws and defects in elements and structures using destructive, semi-destructive, and nondestructive testing. The trend, as in medicine, is toward designing test equipment that allows one to obtain a picture of the inside of the tested element and materials. Very interesting results with significance for building practices of testing of materials and elements in civil engineering were obtained.

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Schabowicz, Krzysztof. "Non-Destructive Testing of Materials in Civil Engineering." Materials 12, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 3237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193237.

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This issue was proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of non-destructive testing of materials in civil engineering. For this reason, the articles highlighted in this editorial relate to different aspects of non-destructive testing of different materials in civil engineering, from building materials to building structures. The current trend in the development of non-destructive testing of materials in civil engineering is mainly concerned with the detection of flaws and defects in concrete elements and structures, and acoustic methods predominate in this field. As in medicine, the trend is towards designing test equipment that allows one to obtain a picture of the inside of the tested element and materials. Interesting results with significance for building practices were obtained.

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van de Ven, Martin, André de Fortier Smit, and Kim Jenkins. "Triaxial Testing of Elastoplastic Materials Toward Scaled-Down Accelerated Pavement Testing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1619, no. 1 (January 1998): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1619-02.

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Small-scale testing of pavement materials provides an alternative means for preliminary indicator or ranking tests before, or in place of, expensive full-scale Accelerated Pavement Testing. To carry out scaled tests effectively, dimensional analysis considerations must be met. This implies that the laws of similitude require observation. In particular, scaled-down pavement layers must be subjected to the same stresses and strains as the full-scale pavement under equivalent loading. In addition, the material properties of the scaled-down layer must be equivalent to the full-scale materials. Research was carried out into the scaling down of different materials, including untreated and emulsion-modified granular materials. Various tests, including static and dynamic triaxial tests, were performed on the materials at full scale and at small scale (1: 10). The test results are discussed with a comparison between the full-scale and scaled-down material properties. Conclusions were drawn concerning the appropriateness of scaling down elastoplastic materials, the requirements of the laws of similitude, the main factors that require consideration for scaling, the need for additional research, and the direction that this research should pursue.

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Karmazínová, Marcela, and Jindrich Melcher. "Material Testing and Evaluation of Steel Mechanical Properties for Classification of Steel Grade of Existing Civil Engineering Structure." Advanced Materials Research 651 (January 2013): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.274.

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The paper is generally focused on the determination and evaluation of yield and ultimate strengths of structural steels, not only current materials but also materials of existing steel structures when the properties are unknown and no material certificates exist. The attention is paid i.a. to the testing and evaluation of steel strengths, especially from the viewpoint of the statistical elaboration of material test results aimed to obtain strength values leading to the reliable structural design [3], in the meaning of general rules according to the European Standards for structural design of civil engineering constructions. The paper deals with actual yield and ultimate strengths obtained using material tests and with characteristic and design strengths based on the test results evaluation versus nominal and design strengths given by European Standards which are used for the structural design in the usual cases when steel grade is known. But in the case of existing structures, very often no information about the material exist that actual values of steel properties shall be determined using material tests and their statistical elaboration to obtain such values of steel properties which lead to the reliable structural design [3], [6], [7]. However, approaches of the derivation of characteristic and design steel strengths using actual test results are principally different from the consideration of nominal and design steel strengths covered by the rules of the European Standards. This paper illustrates the evaluation of the results of material tests performed on the test specimens taken from the steel roof structure of the sport stadium almost 50 years aged, within the diagnostics of load-carrying steel structures of this building [1] aimed to the evaluation of the existing construction [2].

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Reynolds, P. "DYNAMIC TESTING AND MONITORING OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES." Experimental Techniques 32, no. 6 (November 2008): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2008.00422.x.

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Popovics, J. S. "Special issue on Nondestructive Testing in Civil Engineering." Materials and Structures 38, no. 283 (June 23, 2005): 793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/14403.

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Popovics, John S. "Special issue on nondestructive testing in civil engineering." Materials and Structures 38, no. 9 (November 2005): 793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02481650.

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De, Anirban, and Thomas F. Zimmie. "Application of Geotechnical Centrifuge Testing To Evaluate Unconventional Highway Materials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1577, no. 1 (January 1997): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1577-12.

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The principles involved in using a geotechnical centrifuge to study long-term consolidation and seepage characteristics of an unconventional geotechnical material are described. Results are presented from long-term leaching tests that were performed in a 100 g-ton centrifuge to simulate 30 years of water flow through sludge material from a paper mill. The consolidation and permeability characteristics of these samples were tested, and the leachate flowing through the materials was collected and tested for chemical composition. Two sludges were tested and their behaviors were compared with those of a conventional clay material, also tested in a similar manner. The sludge material was found to be highly compressible and showed large reductions in permeability with time. Chemical analyses performed on the leachate collected after seepage through the sludge material indicated that the sludge material was suitable for the intended use. This same method of testing can also be used in testing new highway materials. The approach can provide information about the geotechnical and hydrological properties of the material and help identify the environmental characteristics by providing leachate for chemical analyses.

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Liebold, F., and H. G. Maas. "Advanced spatio-temporal filtering techniques for photogrammetric image sequence analysis in civil engineering material testing." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 111 (January 2016): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.013.

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Wu, Zheng, Yang Lee, and Chong Lee. "Introduction of Computer Aided Test Analysis Program for Civil Engineering." Journal of Building Technology 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jbt.v2i1.106.

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The Computer Aided Test Analysis for Civil Engineering (CATACE) is made based on International standards, regulations and specifications. It includes test analysis for aggregates, bitumen, soil, asphalt concrete and its mixtures. It includes the technical requirements for nuclear gauge, selection parameter for surface dressing, blending for prime coat and tack coat. It provides the unit conversion between American to international system. It provided over 40 kinds of test analysis, and it will be increase working efficiency for the Material Testing Engineer who is working oversea project and follows International Standards. The paper introduces the functions and application of the program.

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Liebold, F., H. G. Maas, and A. A. Heravi. "CRACK WIDTH MEASUREMENT FOR NON-PLANAR SURFACES BY TRIANGLE MESH ANALYSIS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIAL TESTING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W18 (November 29, 2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w18-107-2019.

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Abstract. This publication concentrates on the photogrammetric crack width measurement of crack patterns of concrete probes under impact loading in high-speed stereo image sequences. The presented algorithm works for non-planar specimens with deformations that only appear tangential to the surface and the method is based on triangle mesh analysis. Experiments were conducted with cylindrical specimens with an impact load affecting parallel to the main axis of the cylinder.

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Hassan, Azmi Mohammad, Raizal Saifulnaz Muhammad Rashid, Nazirah Ahmad, Shahria Alam, Farzad Hejazi, and Nor Azizi Safiee. "Behaviour of Superelastic Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloy Material under Uniaxial Testing and its Potential in Civil Engineering." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820306005.

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Smart structures are defined as structures that able to adapt and maintain structural characteristics in dealing with changes of external disturbance, environment and unexpected severe loadings. This ability will lead to improve structural safety, serviceability and structural life extension. Shape memory alloys is one of the smart materials which has potential to be integrated in structural system to provide functions such as sensing, actuation, self-adapting and healing of the structures. The unique characteristic of shape memory alloys material is the ability to ‘remember’ its original shape after deformation. Nickel Titanium superelastic shape memory alloy wire is popular and widely used in many engineering fields and owned fully recovery of maximum strain of 6%-13.5% which is among the best shape recovery limit in alloy materials. The austenite finish temperature plays important role in stress-strain behaviour of superelastic shape memory alloys where higher stress required to complete martensite transformation with the increase of austenite finish temperature. The similar behaviour also is observed in the case of higher strain rate. The behaviour of superelastic shape memory alloys need to be studied before implementing in the structural system, so the targeted improvement for the structural system can be achieved.

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Lakusic, Stjepan. "Testing noncohesive geogrid-reinforced soil in triaxial shear apparatus under cyclic loading." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 73, no. 01 (February 10, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3039.2020.

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In road base layers, geogrids assume the reinforcement or stabilization function where good interaction between geogrid and unbound base material is important. The cyclic triaxial test can be used for analysing interaction between geogrid and unbound base material. The paper includes an overview of research where cyclic triaxial test is primarily used for assessing the influence of parameters such as geogrid stiffness, geometry and aperture size, position and number of geogrid layers, on the interaction with the base layer material. The cyclic triaxial test can be used to determine contribution the geogrid application in non-cohesive materials has on the reduction of permanent deformations.

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Tesárek, Pavel, Lukáš Novák, Jaroslav Topič, Zdeněk Prošek, Václav Nežerka, and Martin Lidmila. "Compression Testing of Gypsum-Based Composite Reinforced by Recycled Wires from Automobile Tires." Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (February 2015): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.393.

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The use of recycled materials is nowadays greatly promoted and these are exploited in many industries, including construction and civil engineering. It is advantageous and efficient to exploit mainly those materials that cannot find their use in any other application. The steel wires from old automobile tires are a perfect example – they can be used as a dispersed reinforcement to stabilize subsoil in railway construction. In order to test the structural performance of the recycled wires as well as the composite behavior, gypsum was chosen a model matrix material. Such approach resulted in a relatively cheap gypsum-based composite material effectively combining gypsum as the material able to resist relatively high levels of compression and recycled wire reinforcement from old automobile tires, which is able to transfer tensile stress. The material can be removed from a formwork after less than 20 minutes of curing and immediately loaded. The study presents the results of a compression test carried out on three different materials – the reference sample was composed of a pure gypsum matrix, while the other two were reinforced by the dispersed wire reinforcement, which has been poorly and perfectly compacted. The results indicate the huge potential of the recycled material for the improvement of soils and brittle materials.

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Andjelkovic, Vladimir, Zarko Lazarevic, and Velimir Nedovic. "Application of analogous models in civil engineering." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 9, no. 3 (2011): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1103395a.

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The paper describes the results of making the mathematical and physical models of the authors, by using analogous methods and materials. There is the mathematical rock mass deformability model as a base for foundation engineering a concrete arch dam and the physical rock slope model which was tested by loading until failure and the results were compared with the calculation procedure. In the first example the correlation is established between the static and the analogous dynamic in situ investigations for creating the mathematical rock mass deformability model. In the second example there is application of the analogous materials for the discontinuity shearing simulation on the physical slope model. The results of the geotechnical in situ investigations and laboratory testing carried out in the Institute for Development of Water Resources "Jaroslav Cerni" in Belgrade were used for making the models.

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Topolář, Libor, Peter Rypák, Kristýna Šamárková, and Pavel Rovnaník. "Non-Destructive Testing during the Hardening of Alkali-Activated Slag." Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (February 2015): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.329.

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Non-destructive acoustic analysis methods, Impact-echo method as a traditional and the Acoustic Emission method as nontraditional method for civil engineering, were used for experiment. This paper reports the experiment during hardening and drying of specimens of alkali activated slag mortars. Alkali activated slag is a material having a great potential to be used in practice. The main drawback of this material is a high level of autogenous and especially drying shrinkage, which causes a deterioration of the mechanical properties. The aim of this paper is introduce the effect of method used and time curing on the microstructure of alkali activated slag mortars. An understanding of microstructure–performance relationships is the key to true understanding of material behaviours.

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Priddy, Lucy P., and Timothy W. Rushing. "Development of Laboratory Testing Protocol for Rapid-Setting Cementitious Material for Airfield Pavement Repairs." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2290, no. 1 (January 2012): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2290-12.

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Many commercial off-the-shelf products for repairing portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements provide short set times, high early strengths, and the durability to withstand aircraft traffic. Twenty-five rapid-setting cementitious materials were investigated through laboratory and field evaluations to determine their suitability for repairing critical PCC airfield pavements. Standard laboratory tests were performed to characterize the properties of the materials and provide a protocol for assessing their suitability for field repairs. Criteria for using rapid-setting cementitious materials for repairing airfield pavements were published in 2008 by the U.S. Air Force. The criteria, based on laboratory and full-scale testing, allowed users to reduce the risk of premature failure of repairs by omitting unacceptable materials from their list of potential repair materials. The American Society of Testing and Materials published a similar test protocol in 2009. On the basis of a comparison of these two certification procedures and knowledge gained through field experience, the Air Force selection protocol was further updated in 2010 to improve the material selection process. The laboratory test methods used to develop the selection protocol along with the results from the material investigations are discussed in this paper.

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Ruth, Byron E., and Mang Tia. "Aggregate Degradation Testing by Gyratory Testing Machine." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1619, no. 1 (January 1998): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1619-01.

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The Gyratory Testing Machine (GTM) equipped with an air roller was used to investigate the dry and wet degradation of six aggregates. Three gradings similar to those for the Los Angeles (LA) abrasion test were evaluated in the GTM by using 25, 50, 100, and 200 revolutions. The test data indicated substantial differences in gradation of the aggregates after testing. Type and initial size of the aggregate influenced the amount and characteristics of degradation. Regression analyses of the data resulted in the development of GTM degradation prediction equations using the LA abrasion loss. The most important goal for the GTM test results was to define gradation and the effect of moisture, instead of using only a relative indicator such as LA abrasion loss. Four aggregate blends were tested in the GTM to simulate degradation produced in handling and processing of aggregate through a drum mixer and drum dryer. These test results duplicated some of the gradations obtained after the material had passed through the drum.

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Rinehart, Eric J., and Charles R. Welch. "Material properties testing using high explosives." International Journal of Impact Engineering 17, no. 4-6 (January 1995): 673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-743x(95)99890-4.

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Lytton, Robert L. "Characterizing Asphalt Pavements for Performance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1723, no. 1 (January 2000): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1723-02.

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Having fast computers with lots of memory makes it possible to make performance predictions using mechanics, which simply could not have been done even as recently as 3 or 4 years ago. This trend can be expected to continue. Pavement materials, whether asphalt concrete, base course, or subgrade, can now be characterized in realistic ways that were simply unavailable to pavement engineers. The dependence of these materials on stress state, moisture, temperature, strain rate, and damage is what has made their characterization difficult, if not impossible. This complexity has posed an almost insuperable problem for computational mechanics and for the linkage of these properties to construction specifications on the one hand and performance of in-service pavements on the other. Although these tasks will never be simple, the tools to work on them are becoming more adequate. Some examples are given of how one can proceed to simplicity through complexity in several areas that are important to pavement performance. In every case, one must be able to measure a property of the material that can be used as input to a computer program, principally a finite element program, that allows material properties to change from point to point. Several examples are given in the categories of material properties, material behavior, materials testing in the laboratory, nondestructive testing in the field, and performance prediction models. Laboratory testing, materials characterization and properties, nondestructive testing of pavements in service, construction specifications, pavement variability and reliability, field data collection, performance prediction modeling, and prediction of pavement response and distress with modern computer methods—taken individually, these subjects look complex. Combined with the glue of mechanics, they are simplicity itself. And they confirm Alfred North Whitehead’s principle, “The only simplicity that can be trusted is that which lies beyond complexity.”

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Liebenberg, J. J. E., and A. T. Visser. "Stabilization and Structural Design of Marginal Materials for Use in Low-Volume Roads." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-21.

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The present structural design method available for bitumen emulsion-treated materials is mostly based on the experience of road engineers and does not provide the necessary guidelines for mechanistic analysis and design. Emulsion treatment is being used more frequently to improve marginal materials and rehabilitate existing badly deteriorated road. Research was conducted on the structural performance of emulsiontreated materials under heavy-vehicle simulator (HVS) and laboratory testing. The issues considered included strength, fatigue, and permanent deformation. The results showed that the emulsion-treated material has a two-phase behavior, namely, a precracked phase and a postcracked phase. The tests also showed that the material has a high degree of resistance to permanent deformation. The laboratory tests showed that cement contributes to the strength of the material, whereas the addition of enough emulsion improves the flexibility. The HVS testing data were used to develop preliminary structural design models for fatigue and permanent deformation.

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Lambert, J. P., P. R. Fleming, and M. W. Frost. "Material testing for sustainable pavement foundation design." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 159, no. 4 (November 2006): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.2006.159.4.139.

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Raab, Christiane, A. O. Abd El Halim, and Manfred N. Partl. "Interlayer bond testing using a model material." Construction and Building Materials 26, no. 1 (January 2012): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.009.

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Pěnčík, Jan, and Libor Matějka. "FEA Analysis and Monitoring of Long-Term Behavior of an Insulation Block from Recycled Polymer HDPE." Advanced Materials Research 320 (August 2011): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.320.363.

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Use of waste materials is an actual topic that corresponds to current trends associated with the decreasing of power exigency and sustainable development. The possibility to reduce depletion of natural resources and decrease the produced waste lies in an efficient and possibly repeated use of resources. An important subgroup of waste is formed by materials from petroleum derivatives - polymers (PP, PE, HDPE etc.). Polymers and their composite materials can be used as a base material for most products including products used in civil engineering. One of these products is an insulation block for elimination of thermal bridges in wall footing. During design of this product the MAP method (modelling-analysis-prediction) has been used together with experimental testing. This paper deals with the description of long term behaviour of an insulation block made of recycled polymers using full scale testing. Experimental data is compared to different rheological models.

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Francken, L., and M. Partl. "Complex Modulus Testing of Asphaltic Concrete: RILEM Interlaboratory Test Program." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1545, no. 1 (January 1996): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154500118.

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An interlaboratory test on bituminous materials was initiated in 1990 to promote and develop mix design methodologies and associated significant measuring methods. The exercise was carried out on materials obtained from a full-scale test site. Repeated loading tests were performed in this program by 15 participating laboratories to determine two basic material properties: the complex modulus and the fatigue law. The main conclusions derived from the analysis of complex modulus measurements and further discussions of the summary report with the participants are summarized. This intensive common effort has allowed several participants to make substantial improvements in their procedures and equipment. Recommendations are expected to induce further progress in the harmonization of different test methods.

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Rucka, Magdalena. "Special Issue: “Non-Destructive Testing of Structures”." Materials 13, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 4996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214996.

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The Special Issue “Non-Destructive Testing of Structures” has been proposed to present recent developments in the field of diagnostics of structural materials and components in civil and mechanical engineering. The papers highlighted in this editorial concern various aspects of non-invasive diagnostics, including such topics as condition assessments of civil and mechanical structures and connections of structural elements, the inspection of cultural heritage monuments, the testing of structural materials, structural health monitoring systems, the integration of non-destructive testing methods, advanced signal processing for the non-destructive testing of structures (NDT), damage detection and damage imaging, as well as modeling and numerical analyses for supporting structural health monitoring (SHM) systems.

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Vacenovska, Bozena, and Rostislav Drochytka. "Development of a New Reclamation Material by Hazardous Waste Solidification/Stabilization." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2793.

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This paper deals with the possibility of hazardous waste solidification/stabilization (S/S) using a secondary raw material – fly ash from fluidized bed combustion – in order to find and verify a suitable S/S formula and an appropriate way to ensure that the properties of the S/S product will allow its further use in civil engineering as a reclamation material. The aim of this paper is to examine the properties of the S/S product and to assess its impact on the environment. Laboratory testing was focused on screening those properties that may adversely affect the environment during the use of the product on the ground surface. During laboratory testing the S/S product’s properties were verified using leaching tests, unconfined strength testing, ecotoxicological tests and the determination of pollutant content in dry matter. This paper also considers the two-year durability of the S/S product’s properties in order to verify the short-term durability of the S/S matrix.

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Wang, W. T., and T. Y. Kam. "Material characterization of laminated composite plates via static testing." Composite Structures 50, no. 4 (December 2000): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8223(00)00112-4.

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Trakakis, G., and C. Galiotis. "Development and testing of a self-deformed composite material." Composite Structures 92, no. 2 (January 2010): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.08.001.

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Pologruto, Michael. "Study of In Situ Pavement Material Properties Determined from FWD Testing." Journal of Transportation Engineering 132, no. 9 (September 2006): 742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2006)132:9(742).

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Nicolai, D., P. Chaumet, O. Neubauer, and R. Uhlemann. "New options for material testing at the material ion beam test facility MARION." Fusion Engineering and Design 88, no. 9-10 (October 2013): 2506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.02.132.

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Zezulová, Eva, and Tereza Komárková. "Techniques of Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 755 (September 2017): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.755.153.

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Non-destructive testing (NDT) is seeing increasingly frequent use in civil engineering thanks to the fact that the tests are repeatable and do not cause serious damage to the material. The requirements for the development and modernization of available testing devices and methodologies are ever increasing and the testing of existing structures often requires the use of NDT. Unfortunately, every measurement and methodology has its limits and the measurement devices for the evaluation of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) are no exception. In recent decades there has been an effort to modernize and develop existing measurement devices for SFRC testing. This building material is commonly used especially in large-scale structures. Nevertheless, the technology of SFRC could seem complicated when compared with ordinary concrete and the very nature of this composite material could lead to SFRC inhomogeneity during construction. This paper describes the assessment of SFRC by more or less available methodologies and measurements utilizing non-destructive principles.

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Kozub, Thomas, Stephan Jurczynski, and James Chrzanowski. "Testing of NCSX Composite Coil Material Properties." Fusion Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (May 1, 2005): 921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst05-a806.

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Zhong, Yanhui, Yanlong Gao, Bei Zhang, Songtao Li, Hongchuan Cui, Xiaolong Li, and Han Zhao. "Experimental Study on the Dielectric Model of Common Asphalt Pavement Surface Materials Based on the L-R Model." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (May 26, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6667101.

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The establishment of a dielectric model of the asphalt pavement surface material is the premise and key to applying the electromagnetic wave technology to asphalt pavement nondestructive testing. Asphalt pavement can be made of different materials, including various types of asphalt mixtures. Therefore, in order to study and analyze the dielectric properties of different types of asphalt mixtures and establish a dielectric model of the asphalt pavement surface material, this paper studies four types of asphalt mixtures commonly used in the asphalt pavement surface course. Based on the comparative analysis of three classical models, the complex refractive index method (CRIM), Brown, and Looyenga; based on the L-R model, the linear regression analysis was conducted on the test data. The dielectric models which are suitable for the interpretation of four types of asphalt mixtures were established, and the dielectric model database of asphalt pavement surface materials was extended, which provides theoretical and technical support for nondestructive testing of the asphalt pavement.

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Sounthararajan, V. M., and A. Sivakumar. "Pulse Velocity Measurements in Fly Ash Blended Cementitious Systems Containing 43 Grade Cement." ISRN Civil Engineering 2013 (May 27, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/369387.

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Investigations on the different supplementary cementitious materials based on the hardening properties and the optimized dosage in cementitious systems find the right choice of pozzolanic material. It is essential to combine various additive/admixtures in concrete in proper proportions to maximize the benefits resulting in cost savings in construction. In the recent years, production technology and composition of hydraulic cements affect the setting and early age behavior of cementitious material. The addition of fly ash in cement is one viable technology to derive maximum benefits in terms of the economy and improved pozzolanic reaction. Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing is a feasible method for evaluating the hardening properties of cementitious materials. In this study, an attempt was made to derive the engineering basis for understanding the development of hardness during hydration of fly ash (FA) based cementitious systems. The tests conducted using pulse velocity technique proved to be an effective method for characterizing the early strength gain properties of different cementitious systems.

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Karmazínová, Marcela, and Jindrich Melcher. "Classification of Structural Steel of Existing Civil Engineering Structure Based on Testing and Evaluation of Yield and Ultimate Strengths." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.585.

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The paper is generally focused on yield and ultimate strengths of structural steels. The attention is mainly paid to the testing and subsequent determination of steel strengths, especially from the viewpoint of the statistical evaluation aimed to obtain the strength values leading to the reliable structural design, in the meaning of general rules given by the European Standard for the structural design of civil engineering constructions. The presented paper deals with the actual yield and ultimate strengths obtained from material tests and their characteristic and design values based on the test results evaluation, versus nominal and design values considered according to European Standard rules and used for the structural design in the usual cases if the steel grade is known. But in the case of existing constructions, sometimes there are no information about the material that the actual steel properties shall be determined using the material tests and their statistical evaluation to obtain such steel properties values which can lead to the reliable structural design. However, approaches of the determination of characteristic and design steel strengths using actual test results are different from the determination of the nominal and design steel strengths given by standard rules. As an illustration the paper summaries the results and evaluations of tests of structural steel performed on the specimens taken from the load-carrying roof structure of the sport stadium aged about 40 years, within the steel construction diagnostics.

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Hessling, J. P. "Dynamic calibration of uni-axial material testing machines." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 22, no. 2 (February 2008): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2007.07.010.

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Ngo, Loan T. Q., Yu-Ren Wang, and Yi-Ming Chen. "Applying Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System to Improve Concrete Strength Estimation in Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Tests." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (September 20, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2451915.

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When inspecting the property of material, nondestructive testing methods are more preferable than destructive testing since they do not damage the test sample. Nondestructive testing methods, however, might not yield the same accurate results in examining the property of material when compared with destructive testing. To improve the result of nondestructive testing methods, this research applies artificial neural networks and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system in predicting the concrete strength estimation using nondestructive testing method, the ultrasonic pulse velocity test. In this research, data from a total of 312 cylinder concrete samples were collected. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test was applied to those 312 samples in the lab, following the ASTM procedure. Then, the testing results of 312 samples were used to develop and validate two artificial intelligence prediction models. The research results show that artificial intelligence prediction models are more accurate than statistical regression models in terms of the mean absolute percentage error.

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Almesfer, Nasser, Dmytro Y. Dizhur, Ronald Lumantarna, and Jason M. Ingham. "Material properties of existing unreinforced clay brick masonry buildings in New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 47, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.47.2.75-96.

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The material properties of New Zealand’s heritage clay brick unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings were investigated and are reported herein. Material data was collected from a total of 98 New Zealand clay brick URM buildings and a database was compiled that was comprised of various masonry material properties. The intention behind the reporting of information and data presented herein was to provide indicative values to the professional engineering community to aid as preliminary input when undertaking detailed building assessments for cases where in-situ testing and brick and mortar sample extraction are not feasible. The data presented is also used to support the relationships for URM material properties that have been recommended by the authors for incorporation into the next version of the NZSEE seismic assessment guidelines for URM buildings. Although researchers from Europe, USA, India and Australia have previously studied the material properties of clay brick unreinforced masonry, knowledge on New Zealand URM material properties was poor at the time the study commenced. Therefore, a research programme was undertaken that was focused on both in-situ testing and laboratory testing of samples extracted from existing New Zealand clay brick URM buildings.

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Postek, Eligiusz, and Tomasz Sadowski. "Thermomechanical effects during impact testing of WC/Co composite material." Composite Structures 241 (June 2020): 112054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112054.

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Davis, Allen G. "Assessing Reliability of Drilled Shaft Integrity Testing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1633, no. 1 (January 1998): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1633-14.

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The reliability of an engineering system can be described as the degree of confidence in the system performing as it is designed or intended to do. This can be assessed by a purely subjective, “gut feeling” reaction from the engineer making judgments based on the test results, or it can be expressed mathematically by considering the reliability of individual system components, together with their relative effects on the performance of the total system. Nondestructive testing (NDT), when used in the quality control of drilled shafts, can be viewed from two extremes: either NDT helps engineers confirm that their design and intended performance criteria are being met, or NDT checks that the contractor has supplied the owner with the product for which the owner has paid (material quality, minimal geometric requirements, etc.). NDT methods currently available are more suited to the first scenario (performance specification). This is supported by analysis of the parameters controlling NDT results and by experience in the United States and in the rest of the world.

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Masterson, D. M. "Interpretation of in situ borehole ice strength measurement tests." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-017.

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A hydraulic borehole jack for the testing of ice confined compressive strength and elastic modulus through the depth of a 150 mm hole at regular intervals is described. Interpretation of the pressure and deformation information obtained is accomplished using standard equilibrium and compatibility equations for plate bearing tests applied to the expansion of a cavity of crushed material surrounded by an elastic medium. The jack tests yield confined compressive strength and elastic modulus. These are basic, universally understood, engineering properties of a material useful in practice. The jack has been used successfully to determine the in situ strength and stiffness at any combination of depths required in a wide variety of conglomerate freshwater and sea ice. The results have been used to verify the strength and bearing capacity of ice platforms and roads and to help quantify global ice loads and local ice pressures on offshore structures. Key words: ice, ice testing, borehole testing, ice strength, ice roads, ice structures, field testing, field strength testing, in situ strength, in situ testing, ice in situ testing, ice platforms.

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Pérez-Jiménez, Félix, Ramon Botella, and Rodrigo Miró. "Damage and Thixotropy in Asphalt Mixture and Binder Fatigue Tests." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2293, no. 1 (January 2012): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2293-02.

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Fatigue cracking is considered one of the main damage mechanisms in asphalt pavement design. Design methods use fatigue laws obtained by laboratory testing of the materials involved. Typically, these tests consist of subjecting the asphalt mixture to cyclic loading until failure occurs. However, failure is associated not with specimen fracture (which is unusual), but with a slight decrease in the mechanical properties of the material, usually in the complex modulus. As a consequence, it is important to differentiate between real damage to the material and changes in its viscoelastic behavior and thixotropy. It is also crucial to account for the healing that occurs in asphalt material after rest periods. The above considerations are important in the fatigue testing of asphalt binders because these materials show pronounced viscoelastic behavior and thixotropy, especially when subjected to cyclic loading. This paper demonstrates that in many cases what is taken for fatigue failure during testing (i.e., a decrease in the complex modulus below half of its initial value) is actually thixotropy. Thus, the complex modulus can be recovered by reducing the loading or, as in this study, the strain applied. In contrast, asphalt mixtures experience irreversible damage, and depending on the asphalt binder, the thixotropic effects are more or less pronounced. This paper analyzes the failure criteria currently used in the fatigue testing of asphalt mixtures and binders and evaluates the parameters chosen, namely, complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) to characterize asphalt binders (G*sin δ). A cyclic uniaxial tension–compression test under strain-controlled conditions was performed. Three test modalities were used: time sweeps (constant strain amplitude until total failure), increasing strain sweeps (increase in strain amplitude every 5,000 cycles), and up-and-down strain sweeps (alternating increases and decreases in strain amplitude).

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Concu, Giovanna, Barbara de Nicolo, Luisa Pani, Nicoletta Trulli, and Monica Valdés. "Prediction of Concrete Compressive Strength by Means of Combined Non-Destructive Testing." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.77.

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The problem of estimating mechanical properties of buildings materials is a major issue in civil engineering, especially when dealing with existing structures. In such occasion a valuable help is given by Non Destructive Testings, which allow materials characteristics to be evaluated in a non-invasive way. This paper analyses the efficacy of the SonReb method - a non destructive technique which statistically combines the results of Ultrasonic and Rebound Hammer Testing in predicting concrete compressive strength. The SonReb method has been applied on concrete specimens later on exposed to compressive strength test. The effectiveness of several empirical formulas expressing SonReb results is illustrated and discussed.

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Villegas-Villegas, Rafael E., Alejandra Baldi-Sevilla, José Pablo Aguiar-Moya, and Luis Loria-Salazar. "Analysis of Asphalt Oxidation by Means of Accelerated Testing and Environmental Conditions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28 (June 8, 2018): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118777630.

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The chemical changes that occur to asphalt with oxidation include an increase in oxygen content, as well as the unsaturation of the molecules. This change raises the polarity and stiffness of the material. As a consequence, the elastic response increases, altering its rheology. These transformations are essential to determine pavement performance during its service life. However, the characterization of these chemical and rheological processes cannot be completed because of the inefficiency of current procedures that simulate asphalt oxidation. For this reason, the objective of this study is to characterize asphalt oxidation fundamentally and to relate the observed changes in the materials’ mechanical response. To achieve this goal, a representative group of asphalt samples has been exposed to environmental oxidation, and alternatively to thermal and ultraviolet aging in the laboratory. The samples were characterized chemically and rheologically before the start of the experiment. It was possible to find a correlation between the content of specific chemical species in the material and their mechanical behavior at low and intermediate temperatures. In addition, the present study helps to understand the oxidation phenomena, and helps verify the ineffectiveness of traditional aging techniques, so that they can be modified to simulate the environmental process better.

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Noori Hoshyar, Azadeh, Maria Rashidi, Ranjith Liyanapathirana, and Bijan Samali. "Algorithm Development for the Non-Destructive Testing of Structural Damage." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 13, 2019): 2810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142810.

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Monitoring of structures to identify types of damages that occur under loading is essential in practical applications of civil infrastructure. In this paper, we detect and visualize damage based on several non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. A machine learning (ML) approach based on the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method is developed to prevent misdirection of the event interpretation of what is happening in the material. The objective is to identify cracks in the early stages, to reduce the risk of failure in structures. Theoretical and experimental analyses are derived by computing the performance indicators on the smart aggregate (SA)-based sensor data for concrete and reinforced-concrete (RC) beams. Validity assessment of the proposed indices was addressed through a comparative analysis with traditional SVM. The developed ML algorithms are shown to recognize cracks with a higher accuracy than the traditional SVM. Additionally, we propose different algorithms for microwave- or millimeter-wave imaging of steel plates, composite materials, and metal plates, to identify and visualize cracks. The proposed algorithm for steel plates is based on the gradient magnitude in four directions of an image, and is followed by the edge detection technique. Three algorithms were proposed for each of composite materials and metal plates, and are based on 2D fast Fourier transform (FFT) and hybrid fuzzy c-mean techniques, respectively. The proposed algorithms were able to recognize and visualize the cracking incurred in the structure more efficiently than the traditional techniques. The reported results are expected to be beneficial for NDT-based applications, particularly in civil engineering.

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Jeon, Eung-Jin, Bruce Steven, and John T. Harvey. "Comprehensive Laboratory Testing and Performance Evaluation of Recycled Pulverized Hot-Mix Asphalt Material." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2104, no. 1 (January 2009): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2104-05.

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Liebold, F., and H. G. Maas. "Strategy for Crack Width Measurement of Multiple Crack Patterns in Civil Engineering Material Testing Using a Monocular Image Sequence Analysis." PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science 88, no. 3-4 (February 26, 2020): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41064-020-00103-2.

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Abstract An image sequence analysis procedure is developed to quantitatively analyze complex multiple crack patterns in tension tests of fiber-reinforced composite specimens. Planar textured surfaces of such specimens can be observed with a monocular image sequence using a camera of suitable spatial and temporal resolution. Due to the narrow crack paths, a dense high-precision displacement vector field is computed applying least-squares image matching techniques. Some uniformly distributed matching points are triangulated into a mesh. To measure deformations, principal strains and crack widths are computed for each face. Stretched triangles presumably containing one or multiple cracks are subdivided into three new triangles to densify the mesh in critical regions. The subdivision is repeated for some iterations. The crack width computation of the triangles requires at least three vertices and its displacements. Due to the dense displacement vector field, there are more points available. In this paper, an algorithm for the crack width computation in a least-squares fit is presented.

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Wayne, Mark H., David J. White, Jayhyun Kwon, and Jacek Kawalec. "Evaluation of Reclaimed Hydrated Fly Ash as an Aggregate for Sustainable Roadway Base Material." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 5, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8756569.

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This paper summarizes the findings from laboratory and field performance testing of reclaimed hydrated class C fly ash (HFA) stabilized with a triangular aperture geogrid. This phase of testing was performed on HFA laboratory specimens and field test sections. The laboratory test results provided estimates for design input values, while the field testing assessed performance characteristics including the as-constructed modulus of the subgrade reaction, the in situ resilient modulus, and permanent deformation. For the laboratory portion, all results were derived from tests conducted on specimens immediately after sample preparation and after a 7-day cure. The compressive strength of reclaimed hydrated class C fly ash increases with curing. The strength of the HFA material can be further increased when mixed with a chemical stabilizer. For this project, chemical stabilization with lime was not viable because the lime supplier was too far from both HFA source and project site. Based on cyclic plate load tests, the in situ resilient modulus of the HFA and geogrid-stabilized HFA layers were determined on site. This paper reports the findings from the laboratory and field plate load test and highlights the potential use of geogrids in the stabilization of HFA.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Civil engineering material testing'

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