Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Civil law, Obligation, Creditor'

It’s impossible to conceive the human being without the Law of Obligations. This branch ofCivil Law allows persons to satisfy their needs,reason why it’s important to study it carefully.In this article, the author presents us an introductory study of what obligations are, as well as their diverse classification. Without a doubt, this is a mandatory reading for all lawyers and Law students.<br>Es imposible concebir al ser humano sin el Derecho de las Obligaciones. Esta rama del Derecho Civil permite que las personas puedanver satisfechas sus necesidades, por lo que es importante estudiarla con cuidado.En el presente artículo, el autor nos presenta un estudio introductorio sobre qué son las obligaciones, así como su variada clasificación. Sin duda un material de lectura obligatoria paratodos los abogados y estudiantes de Derecho.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Asbahr Miglioli.pdf: 499058 bytes, checksum: d53242a7145fcd5c5fd05b14ff90b3a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-10<br>The present work aims to study the institute of the assignment of the contract from the conceptualizing and analyzing their effects in relation to the parties to it. To the reader has a better understanding of the topic, a brief approach to contractual principles will be taken. Several theories on the subject were found and will be analyzed and differentiated as well as will be made clear which one is currently the most accepted by the executors of law. The requirements of the assignment of contractual position will be addressed and analyzed the legal nature of the institute so we can differentiate it from the other institutes that are close to it. Will address the three figures involved in the assignment of contractual position as well as the effects of the transfer on the legal relations between them. As there is discussion regarding the nomenclature of the subject studied herein, will be discussed on the two most common, assignment of contractual position and assignment of contract, analyzing what would be the technically correct. The conclusions on the subject, as any subject in law, are relative and have only the pretense of showing the line taken in this work, without which disregard the importance of the arguments adopted by the contrary, fundamental positions for critical elaboration of this monograph<br>O presente trabalho visa o estudo do instituto da cessão da posição contratual conceituando-o e analisando seus efeitos em relação às partes nele envolvidas. Para que o leitor tenha uma melhor compreensão do tema, será feita uma breve abordagem sobre princípios contratuais. Diversas teorias a respeito do tema foram encontradas e serão analisadas e diferenciadas, bem como será esclarecido qual delas é hoje a mais aceita pelos aplicadores do direito. Serão abordados os requisitos da cessão da posição contratual e analisada a natureza jurídica do instituto para que possamos diferenciá-lo dos demais institutos que a ele se aproximam. Serão abordadas as três figuras envolvidas na cessão da posição contratual, bem como os efeitos da cessão nas relações jurídicas entre elas. Como há discussão quanto a nomenclatura do tema ora estudado, será discutido sobre os dois mais usuais, cessão de posição contratual e cessão de contrato, analisando qual seria o mais tecnicamente correto. As conclusões a respeito do tema, como qualquer assunto em Direito, são relativas e têm apenas a pretensão de demonstrar a linha adotada nesse trabalho, sem que se desconsidere a importância dos argumentos adotados pelas posições contrárias, fundamentais para a elaboração crítica desta monografia

Where individuals standing outside of the corporation have been harmed by the acts of one of its directors or officers, the question becomes whether they have only a claim against the corporation or whether they may have also a personal claim against the executive inflicting the harm on them.<br>The issue of how far it should be possible to hold directors and officers personally liable for tort has been a contested one and even courts within one and the same jurisdiction provide different solutions. On the one hand, there is the general basic principle that individuals causing harm to others should be held responsible. On the other hand, the fact that directors and officers act as agents on behalf of the corporation might call for an exception to this basic tort law principle.<br>This thesis will compare the solutions proposed by Common law (with focus on the law of Ontario) and German law as an example of a Civil law jurisdiction. An attempt will be made to see in how far the proposed solutions are consistent with legal principles like the separate legal entity of the corporation and the concept of limited liability as well as with arguments related to economic efficiency.

In this article, the author explains the forms, consequences, and exceptions of breach of a contract from the perspective of comparative law. Thus, he aims to understand legal situations, which seek to protect the right of credit, such as the repair of the damages. The author makes distinctions when defining whether the security obligation is part of the contract or not, which allows to distinguish the nature of objectivity or subjective contractual liability.<br>En el presente artículo, el autor explica las formas, consecuencias y excepciones del incumplimiento de un contrato desde el derecho comparado. Así, pretende comprender las situaciones jurídicas, las cuales buscan tutelar el derecho de crédito, como el hecho de reparar el daño.El autor hace distinciones al momento de definir si la obligación de seguridad forma parte o no del contrato, permitiendo distinguir la naturaleza objetiva o subjetiva de la responsabilidad contractual.

Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjami žalos, padarytos pacientams, atlyginimo teisinio reguliavimo ypatumai, įvertinant Lietuvos valstybės pasirinktą žalos atlyginimo modelį, procedūrinius žalos atlyginimo klausimus, apžvelgiama pacientams padarytos žalos atlyginimo teisinio reguliavimo raida. Taip pat analizuojami mažai nagrinėti pacientams padarytos žalos atlyginimą reglamentuojančių teisės normų konkurencijos bei dualizmo klausimai bei šių normų taikymo skirtumai teismų praktikoje. Darbe analizuojamas pacientams padarytos žalos atlyginimo teisės normų taikymas teismų praktikoje, aprašomi probleminiai aspektai, susiję su šių normų praktikoje taikymu. Šio darbo tikslas yra nustatyti ar Lietuvos Respublikoje galiojantis pacientams padarytos žalos atlyginimo teisinis reglamentavimas yra tinkamas, efektyvus ir ar jis užtikrina sklandų paciento teisės į žalos atlyginimą įgyvendinimą praktikoje. Darbe nustatomi žalos pacientui atlyginimo teisiniai pagrindai, sąlygos, šalys, žalos atlyginimo būdai, taikomos atsakomybės rūšys ir ribos, nagrinėjami procedūriniai klausimai bei atliekamas šių teisės normų ir praktikos palyginimas. Pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos galimam situacijos pagerinimui.<br>In this master thesis pecularities in legal regulation of damage remuneration caused to patients are analised, assessing the Lithuanian state selected damage compensation model, procedural damage compensation issues and an overview of evolution in legal regulation for remuneration of damages to patients is provided. The issues of competition and dualism in legal acts regulating remuneration of damage to patients and the differences in application of these legal acts in the cases of courts of law are analised, which were examined very little. In this thesis the application of legal acts regulating remuneration of damage to patients in judicial practice are analised, describing problematic aspects related to such application of these legal norms. The aim of this master thesis is to determine wheather the legal regulation for remneration of damages to patients in Lithuanian Republic is relevant, effective and whether it ensures a smooth patient's right to remuneration of damages in practice. In this work legal grounds, conditions, parties, means of compensation of damages, types of liability applied and its‘ limits are identified and procedural issues of compensation of damages to patients are analised, also the comparison of legal norms and judicial practice is carried out. Conclusions and recommendations for possible improvement are as well introduced.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Bichir Cassis.pdf: 958622 bytes, checksum: f00aef8645313285c7590b554a09fe28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-05<br>Generally speaking, the study is outlined in two phases, with the first plan to delimit the object from the overview of Civil law until the central object of the dissertation: the credit transaction contract comes due; in turn, the second stage justifies the importance of judicial review of such contracts by breaking the base of legal business, surpassing the requirements for the application of the theory of oversights. The research supports the right of social relations, resulting in the parameter effectivity of private law and the protection of civil liberties, addressing the private legal relationships and the dignity of the human person. Deals with the transformation in paradigm of Civil law, i.e. the despatrimonialização resulting from the making of intersubjective relations. A result of this new vision in Hatcher, touches of Oversights, in conclusion, further, that in the present day, for the judicial review of contracts, their requirements have already been overcome. The new civil Constitution order allows to interpret the direct application of the provisions of the Federal Constitution in exceptional character, provided that there are shortcomings in the standards that make up the open system of Civil law. This is because the principles and general clauses allow the interpretation of the system and enable contours and limits established by the system itself. Civil contracts negotiating relations are mandatory and sustain the economic system. Is that solidarity and the normative dirigisme have joined economic relations and, therefore, the parties no longer have antagonistic interests and the need to work cooperatively. With this vision, the analysis becomes a credit transfer agreements, which influence the movement of wealth, possessing umbilical relationship with the guarantee of a decent life. More precisely, this study tackles the credit assignment due for payment and the systematic recently amended by constitutional c. Supreme Court. The second phase of the work part of the contract of assignment of credit for payment of bringing arguments for their judicial review, preserving the balance between the parties, for the use of general clauses and principles of constitutional civil (private autonomy, consensus, relativity of contracts, mandatory conservation covenants, strength, solidarity, equality, good faith and social function). Indeed, deviates from the application of the theory of oversights in the present day, since the revision of the contract is justified by changing the base of legal business, being that the main ground of review must be based on the social function of the contract. With these aspects, the dissertation justifies his academic significance and invites the reader to rethink old ways through a new look, oxygenated by critical constructivism and ruled by a line of social function of contracts, all to keep in mind the balance between the Contracting Parties<br>Em linhas gerais, o estudo é traçado em duas fases, sendo que a primeira pretende delimitar o objeto partindo da visão geral do Direito Civil até chegar ao objeto central da dissertação: o contrato de cessão de crédito oriundo de precatório; por sua vez, a segunda fase justifica a importância da revisão judicial de tais contratos pela quebra da base do negócio jurídico, superando os requisitos para a aplicação da teoria da imprevisão. A linha de pesquisa respalda-se no Direito das relações sociais, tendo por parâmetro a efetividade do Direito privado e a tutela das liberdades civis, abordando as relações jurídicas privadas e a dignidade da pessoa humana. Aborda-se a transformação no paradigma do Direito Civil, isto é, a despatrimonialização decorrente da funcionalização das relações intersubjetivas. Fruto dessa nova visão toca-se no nascedouro da Teoria da Imprevisão, concluindo-se, mais adiante, que nos dias atuais, para a revisão judicial de contratos, seus requisitos já foram superados. A nova ordem civil constitucional possibilita ao interprete a aplicação direta dos preceitos da Constituição Federal em caráter excepcional, desde que haja lacuna nas normas que compõem o sistema aberto do Direito Civil. Isso porque os princípios e as cláusulas gerais permitem a interpretação do sistema e possibilitam contornos e limites estabelecidos pelo próprio sistema. Os contratos civis decorrem de relações negociais obrigacionais e sustentam o sistema econômico. É que a solidariedade e o dirigismo normativo passaram a integrar as relações econômicas e, por isso, as partes deixaram de possuir interesses antagônicos e passaram a ter necessidade de atuação cooperativa. Com essa visão, a análise se converte aos contratos de cessão de crédito, os quais influenciam na circulação de riquezas, possuindo umbilical relação com a garantia de uma vida digna. Mais precisamente, o estudo aborda a cessão de crédito decorrente de precatório e a sistemática constitucional, recentemente alterada pelo C. Supremo Tribunal Federal. A segunda fase do trabalho parte do contrato de cessão de crédito decorrente de precatório trazendo argumentos que justificam a sua a revisão judicial, preservando o equilíbrio entre as partes, pela utilização das cláusulas gerais e alguns princípios de civil constitucional (autonomia privada, consensualismo, relatividade dos contratos, força obrigatória dos pactos, conservação, solidariedade, igualdade, boa-fé e função social). Com efeito, afasta-se a aplicação da teoria da imprevisão nos dias atuais, pois a revisão do contrato é justificada pela alteração da base do negócio jurídico, sendo que o principal fundamento da revisão deverá estar pautado na função social do contrato. Com essas vertentes, a dissertação justifica seu significado acadêmico e convida o leitor a repensar as velhas formas através de um novo olhar, oxigenado pelo construtivismo crítico e pautado pela linha-mestra da função social dos contratos, tudo no sentido de manter presente o equilíbrio entre as partes contratantes

Le XXe siècle aura été celui de l’essor de la bonne foi objective en droit des contrats, et plus largement, de la prise en compte du comportement du contractant. La consécration des concepts de devoir et d’incombance contractuels permet d’appréhender techniquement cette donnée juridique sans altérer la catégorie des obligations civiles. Le devoir contractuel est une règle de comportement que le contractant doit observer tout au long de l’exécution du contrat, sous peine de commettre une faute contractuelle. Ainsi, par exemple, les exigences de bonne foi et de sécurité sont des devoirs en ce qu’ils imposent une certaine attitude au contractant, de manière continue, au-delà des obligations qu’il doit exécuter. L’incombance contractuelle est également une contrainte purement comportementale, mais sa particularité est qu’elle ne pèse sur le contractant que s’il désire obtenir l’avantage qu’elle conditionne. Il s’agit d’une exigence préalable et adventice à l’exercice d’un droit. Par exemple, l’acheteur qui désire obtenir la garantie du vice caché doit en dénoncer l’apparition au vendeur ; l’assuré qui veut bénéficier de la garantie du sinistre doit informer l’assureur de sa survenance. À ces notions correspondent des sanctions distinctes : si le manquement au devoir contractuel peut entraîner l’application des remèdes liés à l’inexécution de l’engagement, l’inobservation d’une incombance est, en revanche, spécialement sanctionnée par la déchéance du droit conditionné<br>The XXthe century has given rise to the notion of objective good faith in contract law, and more generally, to a standard by which the behaviour of parties to an obligation is judged. The adoption of the concepts of contractual duty and incombance allows a technical approach without affecting the category of civil obligations.Contractual duty is a code of conduct that the contracting party has to observe throughout the performance of the contract ; otherwise it might be viewed as being in a breach of contract. For example, the requirements of good faith and security are duties in that they require the contracting party to adopt a certain conduct on an ongoing basis, in addition to the obligations the contracting party has to carry out under the terms of the contract.Contractual incombance is also a merely behavioural constraint, however it differs in that it weighs on the contracting party only if they wish to benefit from the advantages it determines. It is a prerequisite for the exercise of a right. A buyer who wishes to avail himself of a legal warranty against latent defects, for example, must point out any defect to the vendor, just as the insured who wishes to make a claim must report the covered incident to his insurance company.Distinct sanctions apply to these notions : in case of a breach of contractual duty, penalties can be awarded as a result of the party’s failure to perform its contractual obligations ; on the other hand, non-compliance with and incombance will entail the loss of the determined right

In view of the fact that the obligational relationship can no longer be perceived as a static legal category and yet, due to the fact that the obligation no longer shows a mere interaction between opposing parties whose willful imperative overrode the righteousness of the negotiation based on general duties of demeanor, there arises the need to assess the Substantial Performance Doctrine in light of an open legal system that is aimed at turning the dictates of the 1988 Constitution into reality when it comes to private dealings, thus resulting in what is commonly referred to as Civil-Constitutional Law. Therefore, one chooses to look into the said doctrine by taking obligation as a proceeding focused on disrupting obligational relationships. Furthermore, an assessment is needed of how the Substantial Performance Doctrine works when it comes to external procedures, how it becomes known, and what its impact on procedural rules that deal with Substantive Law exceptions is. In conclusion, boundaries are drawn that home in on the Theory, allow its historical development in the Superior Court of Justice to be assessed, and work as a foundation for the entire Brazilian legal system.<br>Tendo em vista que a relação obrigacional já não pode mais ser percebida como uma categoria jurídica estanque e, ainda, devido ao fato da obrigação já não representar uma mera interação entre sujeitos opositores cujo imperativo volitivo subjugava a retidão negocial amparada em deveres gerais de conduta, desperta-se a necessidade de avaliar a Teoria do adimplemento substancial à luz de um sistema jurídico aberto e imbuído do propósito de concretizar os ditames da Constituição de 1988, nas relações entre particulares, resultando no que se convencionou chamar de Direito Civil-constitucional. Para tanto, opta-se por iniciar a investigação da referida Teoria pela obrigação vista como processo com foco na perturbação das relações obrigacionais. Ademais, busca-se a verificação do comportamento da Teoria do adimplemento substancial em caráter processual externo, sua veiculação e impacto nas regras processuais na linha das exceções de direito material. Por fim, propõe-se organizar balizas de reconhecimento da Teoria para analisar seu desenvolvimento histórico no Superior Tribunal de Justiça e que sirvam como base para todo o sistema jurídico brasileiro.

Une plus grande circulation de l'information géographique numérique sur le marché ainsi que la difficulté pour les usagers non experts d'en apprécier la qualité risquent de résulter en de mauvaises utilisations ou interprétations et de provoquer une hausse du contentieux entre les parties impliquées. Compte tenu de la complexité de l'information géographique et des multiples incertitudes juridiques reliées au droit des nouvelles technologies de l'information, la transmission d'un manuel d'instructions devient un moyen privilégié de prévention au sein d'une stratégie prudente de gestion du risque juridique. En fait, de la transmission d'informations relatives à la qualité interne de l'information dans un contexte d'usages non contrôlés, l'analyse démontre la pertinence de glisser vers la transmission d'informations relatives à la qualité externe de l'information dans un contexte d'usages contrôlés.

À l’heure actuelle, le droit du cautionnement est une matière totalement désagrégée. Cet éclatement du droit du cautionnement provient essentiellement de l’abondance et de la superposition des textes : on ne compte plus les multiples interventions du législateur, ni les rebondissements jurisprudentiels. La matière aurait pu être simplifiée si elle avait bénéficié de la réforme du droit des sûretés avec l’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006. Mais il n’en est rien.Associée au droit des sociétés, cette matière en devient d’autant plus complexe. En droit des sociétés, le cautionnement est une garantie des plus répandues. Il constitue la plupart du temps, pour la société, un acte dangereux car il peut avoir des conséquences préjudiciables pour celle-Ci. En même temps, la réglementation doit garder une certaine souplesse afin de respecter les exigences de rapidité de la vie des affaires. Cette conciliation est délicate à réaliser.Cette étude se propose d’appréhender le lien existant entre le cautionnement et les règles du droit des sociétés. Pour mener à bien cette entreprise, il convenait d’envisager le sujet sous deux angles, à savoir d’une part le cautionnement donné par une société, et d’autre part, celui consenti au profit d’une personne morale.Un tel cautionnement qu’il soit donné par une société, ou en sa faveur, est de nature à soulever des difficultés au regard des principes gouvernant le droit des sociétés. C’est pourquoi, certaines règles ont été fixées. Le cautionnement se trouve ainsi gouverné par des règles de droit des sociétés spécifiques, au-Delà des règles de droit commun qui le régissent. Mais cela passe également par l’exploitation du formalisme supposé protéger la caution personne physique, les obligations du créancier telles que l’obligation d’information, de mise en garde, le principe de proportionnalité…Si la loi Dutreil a échoué dans son impératif de cohésion et de simplification du droit du cautionnement, peut-On dire que l’avenir est à une unification des différentes législations relatives au cautionnement ?<br>At present, surety law is a matter that has totally been breaking apart. This fragmentation of surety law is mainly due to the abundance and overlapping of legislative acts: there are more interventions on the part of the legislator, more jurisprudential developments than we can count. The matter could have be simplified, had it benefited from the reform of security law in accordance with the order of 23 March 2006. But that was not the case.In relation to corporate law, the subject is becoming even more complex. In corporate law, surety is the most widespread guarantee. To a company it represents, most of the time, an unsafe act because it may suffer adverse consequences from it. At the same time, regulation should retain some flexibility to meet the speed requirements of the business world. This is a delicate balance to achieve.This study aims at grasping the relationship between surety and the rules of corporate law. To carry out this undertaking, it was appropriate to consider the subject from two different angles, namely the surety bond as it is issued by a company, and that as granted for the benefit of a legal person.Such guarantee whether it is granted by a company or to it, is liable to give rise to difficulties with regard to the principles governing corporate law. Which explains why certain rules have been set. The guarantee is therefore governed by specific corporate rules that transcend the common law rules made to that effect. But it also involves meeting the formal requirements designed to protect the individual guarantor, and binding the creditor to obligations such as the duty of disclosure, duty of warning, the principle of proportionality ...If the Dutreil law has failed to observe the requirements of cohesion and simplification of surety law, can we therefore say that the future is dependent on a unification of the various laws pertaining to surety?

Orientador: Élcio Trujillo<br>Banca: Euclides Celso Berardo<br>Banca: Luiz Antonio Soares Hentz<br>Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called "free but justified persuasion" is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties - the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit - otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal.<br>Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_alj_me_fran.pdf: 1094004 bytes, checksum: 08acc7fd3aafae589a4d2b3bcd6f16e4 (MD5)<br>O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o...<br>This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called “free but justified persuasion” is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties – the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit – otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Jadon.pdf: 747394 bytes, checksum: fbb1b06e29ac9d003c16f14f3d861f17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-08<br>The current essay addresses the important institute of the law of obligations, novation, with the unpublished covering that grant it the new values that rule Private Law in the constitutional and infraconstitutional scope. By means of a descriptive analysis of the events that modified Law, we verify the evolution of Liberalism to the Welfare State, whose basic principles consist of the preservation of human dignity and the solidarity in the law relations. The appearance of the Post Modern State as a result of the growing power of the big corporations and the longing for the maximization of profits that challenges the values that shape the Social State is also addressed. The analysis of the institute of novation is carried out under these new paradigms, under the support of the new private Law, from its conceptualization to its requirements, types and effects. Bearing in mind that novation is not a contract, but one of its effects, we verify that the values of the Welfare State cannot decline the mere economic, selfish and individual interests of the creditor in the obligational relation nor can the debtor prevail over the acts that result from bad faith. One of the objectives of the new Private Law and Public Law is also ethics in the Law relations. This value becomes clear in the law of obligations when we verify that the parties in the obligational relation have the legal duty to act in good faith. Therefore, this is the interpretation that will prevail in the analysis of the provisions of law that deal with novation and also in any other contract that produces novative effect<br>O presente trabalho aborda o importante instituto de direito das obrigações, novação, com a inédita roupagem que lhe confere os novos valores que regem o Direito Privado, no âmbito constitucional e infraconstitucional. Para isso, através de uma análise descritiva dos acontecimentos que modificaram o Direito, verificamos a evolução do Estado Liberal para o Estado Social, que traz como princípios basilares a preservação da dignidade humana e a solidariedade nas relações jurídicas. Também é abordado o surgimento do Estado Pós-Moderno resultante do poder crescente das grandes corporações e pelo anseio da maximização dos lucros que coloca em xeque os valores fundantes do Estado Social. Sob esses novos paradigmas, sob a égide do novo direito privado, a analise do instituto da novação é realizada, desde a sua conceituação, até os seus requisitos, tipos e efeitos. Partindo da premissa de que a novação não é um contrato, mas um de seus efeitos, verifica-se que os valores do Estado Social não podem declinar aos interesses meramente econômicos, egoísticos e individuais do credor na relação obrigacional, assim como não se pode prevalecer o devedor dos atos que resultem de má-fé. Um dos objetivos do novo Direito Privado e do Direito Público também, é a ética nas relações jurídicas, e no direito das obrigações esse valor se torna nítido quando se verifica que as partes na relação obrigacional têm o dever legal de agir com boa-fé, portanto essa é a interpretação que deverá prevalecer na análise dos dispositivos que tratam da novação e, ainda, em qualquer contrato que produza efeito novativo

En tant que « pilier de l’ordre juridique », le contrat n’est pas ignoré du droit pénal. Incontestablement présent dans d’innombrables incriminations, le contrat fait toutefois l’objet de conceptions particulières que la doctrine relève ponctuellement comme autant de marques d’autonomie de la matière. Mais la présentation du contrat en droit pénal par le simple constat de solutions autonomes ne peut suffire, qui ne permet pas de déterminer, de manière positive et rationnelle, ce en quoi le contrat consiste en droit pénal.En refusant de lui transposer l’ensemble du régime contractuel, le droit positif semble pourtant formuler le principe d’une sélection que la finalité du droit pénal peut éclairer de manière décisive. Le contrat en droit pénal apparaît alors, qui résulte ainsi d’une sélection fonctionnelle des dispositions du régime contractuel : seules celles assurant la finalité du droit pénal doivent être caractérisées<br>As a « bedrock of the legal order », the contract is not ignored by criminal law. Unquestionably present in many offences, the contract is the object of specific conceptions that the doctrine find here and there as signs of the autonomy of criminal law.However, the presentation of the contract in criminal law through the statement of fact that autonomous solutions exist, is not sufficient. It doesn’t allow establishment in a positive and rational way, the real definition of the contract in criminal law.By refusing transposition of the entire contractual settlement, current law expresses the principle of a selection and that the purpose of criminal law may clarify it in a decisive way.Then, the contract in criminal law appears, resulting of a functional selection from the dispositions of contractual settlement: only the ones which maintain the aim of criminal law must be distinguished

Par les représentations qu’elle véhicule et les solutions qu’elle encourage, l’édificationd’une théorie générale n’est jamais neutre au plan axiologique. Sa construction repose certes sur laconnaissance du droit positif de lege lata, mais la mise en ordre qui en résulte demeure quant à elleintimement liée aux perceptions et aux convictions de l’interprète. C’est en ce sens que doit êtreabordée la question de l’apport du droit du travail à la théorie générale de l’acte juridique. La présenteétude met en évidence le caractère protéiforme du phénomène envisagé, sans occulter les situations oùla discipline fait davantage figure de contre modèle que de véritable source d’inspiration. Adoptant unpoint de vue prospectif, cette recherche met en évidence les aspects de droit du travail susceptiblesd’encourager la promotion d’une théorie de l’acte juridique marquée par le pluralisme. La matièrecontribue ainsi à souligner la variété des conditions dans lesquelles se forme la volonté de s’engager,tout comme la diversité de ses modes d’expression. Elle témoigne également d’une capacité certaine àtraduire sur le terrain du Droit, afin de mieux les appréhender, l’altérité des rapports de force et lamutabilité des données factuelles qui accompagnent l’exécution des actes juridiques<br>By the representations it conveys and the solutions it encourages, the building of ageneral theory is never neutral in an axiological plan. Although its construction is based on knowledgeof Positive Law de lege lata, the resulting order meanwhile remains closely linked to the perceptionsand beliefs of the interpreter. It is in this sense that must be addressed the question of the contributionof labor law to the general theory of the legal act. This study highlights the protean nature of theconsidered phenomenon, without concealing the situations where the discipline resembles more acounter productive model than a true source of inspiration. Adopting a prospective point of view, thisresearch highlights aspects of the labour law likely to encourage the promotion of a theory of the legalact marked by pluralism. The material thus contributes to underline the variety of conditions in whichforms the willingness to engage oneself, just like the diversity of its modes of expression. It alsoshows a certain capacity to translate in the field of law, in order to understand them better, theotherness of the balances of power and the mutability of the factual data accompanying the executionof legal acts

La révolution industrielle du XIXème siècle, marquée par la création des grandes usines, a entraîné une mutation de la classe laborieuse constituée d’ouvriers dont les conditions de travail étaient d’une dureté que l’on peine à imaginer aujourd’hui. L’état de santé des ouvriers représentait pourtant un enjeu économique et politique d’une grande importance. L’Etat a, en conséquence, produit une législation tutélaire visant à protéger les corps des travailleurs : une législation industrielle devenue droit du travail, dans le cadre de ce plus vaste ensemble que l’on dénomme le droit social. Le droit du travail assure un équilibre entre les acteurs des relations du travail. Il est, essentiellement, un droit de compromis à des fins de pacification des relations sociales, un compromis social entre les intérêts des entreprises et ceux des travailleurs salariés. Le « droit social », qui recouvre, au moins, le droit du travail et le droit de la sécurité sociale, est à la fois un droit de protection et un droit de réparation des atteintes portées aux corps des salariés par le travail. L’homme au travail a longtemps été considéré comme une machine de production et le corps perçu uniquement du point de vue mécanique. Mais le corps est le substratum de la personne ; il n’est pas une chose : il est la personne protégée par des règles pénales, les règles composant le droit civil des personnes – au lieu de relever du droit des biens – et celles qui consacrent et garantissent ce que l’on appelle volontiers, aujourd’hui, les droits et libertés fondamentaux. Aujourd’hui, le travail, activité productive, est beaucoup plus diversifié que celui du XIXème siècle. Les conditions sociales et du travail ont évolué avec le droit du travail qui est bien différent d’alors. Les risques professionnels sont différents et l’homme au travail, considéré comme une personne à part entière, peut subir des atteintes à sa santé physique et mentale. Si le droit du travail poursuit les buts partiellement antagonistes de préserver, à la fois, le capital et le travail, la question est de savoir quels instruments juridiques visent à prémunir les salariés des atteintes à leur intégrité physique et mentale que pourrait provoquer le travail. Celui-ci étant, cependant, source d’accidents et de maladies, il s’agit de connaître les outils utilisés par le droit positif afin de permettre la réparation de ces atteintes<br>The industrial revolution of the nineteenth century saw the creation of large factories, leading to a change in the living and working conditions for the proletariat, whose working conditions were more difficult than we could imagine today. Worker's health became an economic and political issue of great importance. The State, therefore, passed guardianship legislation to protect workers' health: the industrial legislation become labor law, a subset of broader social laws. The labor law provided a balance between the actors of labor relations. It was essentially a law compromise for the purpose of pacification of social relations, a social compromise between the interests of business and those of employees. "Social law", which incorporates both the labor law and the social welfare law, is composed of laws to protect and rules to govern awards for damages for injuries incurred in the workplace. The working man has long been considered a production machine viewed only from a mechanical point of view, but the body is the substratum of the person; it is not a thing. A person is protected under criminal law and civil law, not property law; what we now call fundamental rights and freedoms. In today's workforce, productive activity is much more diverse than in the Nineteenth Century. Social and labor conditions have evolved, as has labor law. Occupational hazards are different and the working man, considered as a whole person, may suffer damage to his physical and mental health. If labor law continues tries to encourage capital gain and workforce safety at the same time, how effective are the regulations that are in place to protect workers from physical harm. Workplace injuries and illnesses will occur, so it becomes important to know the tools of french positive law created to insure reparations in the instances

L’exécution forcée est une pierre essentielle à l’effectivité d’un système juridique. Ce constat, conjugué à l’omniprésence du compte bancaire dans les différents patrimoines a motivé cette étude sur l’état de la saisie en compte bancaire dans trois principaux modèles juridiques européens : la France, l’Allemagne et l’Angleterre. Un amalgame de convergences et de spécificités nationales en est ressorti, articulé autour d’une balance abstraite pesant les intérêts respectifs du créancier et du débiteur. A la confrontation entre droit à l’exécution du créancier et droit de l’exécution, qui garantit le respect des droits fondamentaux du débiteur, s’est ajoutée la prise en compte de différents intérêts susceptible d’être également présents : intérêt général, créanciers saisissants concurrents, collectivité de créanciers lors d’une procédure collective, etc. De plus, la protection spécifique de l’intérêt du débiteur-personne physique démontre la recherche des droits nationaux à protéger l’individu et sa dignité. Ce partage d’une philosophie de l’exécution interroge avec le phénomène d’européanisation des relations entre créancier et débiteur du au marché intérieur de l’Union européenne. Face au maintien de la fragmentation d’un espace juridique, coordonné par la politique de l’espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice, l’Union a déjà posé la première pierre grâce à la procédure d’ordonnance européenne de saisie conservatoire. Grâce aux analyses des droits nationaux étudiés et à celle du droit européen, l’élaboration en deux temps d’une saisie d’exécution européenne en compte bancaire fut permise afin de bâtir une procédure européenne d’exécution forcée<br>Enforcement is essential for the effectiveness of a legal system. This observation, combined with the omnipresence of the bank account in the different patrimonies, motivated this study on the bank account attachment in three main European legal models: France, Germany and England. An amalgam of convergences and national specificities emerged, based on an abstract balance weighing the respective interests of the creditor and the debtor. In addition to the conflict between the creditor's right to performance and the civil enforcement proceedings, which guarantees respect for the debtor's fundamental rights, various interests that may also be present were also taken into account : public interest, competing between creditors, collective creditors in collective proceedings, etc. The balance between the creditor's right to performance and the right to enforcement was also taken into account. Moreover, the specific protection of the debtor's interest as a natural person demonstrates the search for national rights to protect the individual and his dignity. This sharing of a philosophy of enforcement raises questions with the phenomenon of the europeanisation of relations between creditor and debtor due to the internal market of the European Union. Faced with the continuing fragmentation of a legal area coordinated by the area of freedom, security and justice, the Union has already laid the first stone with the European attachment order procedure. Thanks to the analysis of the national laws studied and the analysis of European law, the development in two stages of a European attachment order for bank accounts was made possible in order to build a European enforcement procedure

Au cours d'une transaction portant sur une acceptation bancaire (ci-après «BA» tel que dénommée dans le jargon juridique) différents types de relations peuvent s'établir entre les parties impliquées, certaines plus directes que d'autres. Dans une transaction donnée, à part le client et la banque, on peut trouver une ou plusieurs banques participantes et un ou plusieurs investisseurs, qui deviennent détenteurs de BA. La situation peut devenir complexe et les relations légales risquent de devenir assez compliquées. Cependant, il est important d'identifier si la relation s'est établie à travers l'instrument de BA, si elle existe par le biais d'une relation contractuelle ordinaire ou encore, si elle existe par le fait de la loi. Une bonne analyse des circonstances entourant la transaction, des facteurs connexes à la transaction et des droits et obligations qui existent entre les parties, sera nécessaire pour déterminer laquelle de la loi provinciale ou fédérale s'appliquera, et dans quelle mesure. Une fois accordée, la BA est gouvernée par la Loi sur les lettres de change. Toutes solutions apportées à un problème qui implique des BA, doivent, en principe, respecter la nature inhérente de la BA en tant qu'effet de commerce, gouverné par la loi fédérale. En matière de BA, c'est, soit la Loi sur les lettres de change soit la Loi sur les lettres et billets de dépôt (Depository Bills and Note Act) qui s'appliqueront à l'acte. Comme il existe des lois fédérales applicables à la BA, l'objet de notre étude est de déterminer si, et dans quelle circonstance la loi de la province, tel que le Code civil du Québec, trouvera application et éclaircira dans certains cas la disposition contenue dans la Loi sur les lettres de change, notamment lorsque les dispositions de ladite loi sont silencieuses ou ambigües. La solution la plus simple serait d'appliquer la loi provinciale aux matières qui ne sont pas traitées dans la loi, étant donné que les lois provinciales apportent souvent un complément à la législation fédérale. Cependant, la Loi sur les lettres de change contient des dispositions spéciales, tel que l'article 9 qui stipule : « 9. Les règles de la common law d'Angleterre, y compris en droit commercial, s'appliquent aux lettres, billets et chèques dans la mesure de leur compatibilité avec les dispositions expresses de la présente loi. » Cette disposition a crée une certaine confusion relativement à l'application du droit civil du Québec en matière de Lettres de change. En effet, il existe un doute quant à savoir si l'application de l'article 9 est une incorporation par référence qui exclue totalement l'application du droit civil. Cette question continue de se poser inexorablement dans la doctrine et la jurisprudence. Elle a en effet donné lieu à une série de théories quand au degré d'application de la common law en matière de lettres de change. Une revue de la jurisprudence dominante nous permet de conclure que les tribunaux ont accepté l'application du droit provinciale dans certaines questions impliquant les lettres de change. La question essentielle traitée lors de notre analyse est la suivante: lorsqu'un litige prend naissance dans une transaction de BA, quelle est la règle qui devra s'appliquer? Quel sera le droit qui gouvernera les problèmes émergeant dans une BA, celui du Code Civil du Québec ou celui de la common law d'Angleterre? Étant donne le nombre de cas qui sont portés devant les cours de justice en rapport avec des transactions de BA, comprendre quelle sera la loi applicable est d'une importance fondamentale. Pour répondre à cette question, nous commencerons par un examen de l'historique, du développement et de l'évolution de la BA. Afin de mieux comprendre la BA, nous débuterons par un bref survol des origines de cet instrument juridique. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analyserons la nature et le caractère légal de la BA. Cela constituera le cadre aux travers duquel nous pourrons identifier les règles et les principes qui s'appliquent aux différents aspects de la transaction de BA. Le chapitre trois fera l'objet d'un examen détaillé des mécanismes de l'opération de BA tout en étudiant de près les exigences imposées par la législation applicable. Après avoir examine l'aspect légal de la BA, nous procéderons au chapitre quatre, à l'étude de l'applicabilité de la loi provinciale relativement à certains aspects de la transaction de BA. A cet effet, nous examinerons les différentes approches de compréhension de la Loi sur les lettres de change et plus particulièrement la problématique rencontrée à l'article 9. Nous étudierons aussi l'application et l'interprétation de cette loi par les tribunaux du Québec au cours du siècle dernier. Les juges et les juristes se sont penchés sur les sens qu'a voulu donner le législateur lorsqu'il a stipulé dans l'article 9 «Le règles de la common law d'Angleterre, y compris en droit commercial, s appliquent aux lettres, billets et chèques dans la mesure de leur compatibilité avec les dispositions expresses de la présente loi ». Cette section doit-elle être appliquée à la lettre, nous obligeant à appliquer la common law d'Angleterre a chaque problème qui peut se poser en relation avec les lettres et les billets? Le Parlement a-t-il l'intention que cette disposition s'applique également au Québec, dont le droit privé est basé sur le système du Code Civil? Notre étude portera sur les différentes approches d'interprétation qui offrent une diversité de solutions au problème posé par l'article 9. Finalement, compte tenu des nouveaux développements législatifs, au chapitre cinq, nous proposons une méthode en vue de déterminer la loi applicable aux différents aspects de la transaction de BA. Notre analyse nous a conduit à adopter la solution proposée par la majorité des juristes, à la différence que notre approche de l'article 9 est basée sur des raisons de politique. Nous avons donc adopté la stricte dichotomie (en tant qu'effet négociable d'une part, et d'une sorte de contrat et de propriété de l'autre) en prenant en compte les difficultés inhérentes à déterminer quand l'un finit et l'autre commence. En conclusion, selon notre opinion, il existe deux solutions. Premièrement, il y a la possibilité que l'article 9 puisse être écarté. Dans ce cas, toutes les matières qui ne sont pas expressément évoquées dans la loi tomberont dans la compétence de la loi provinciale, comme c'est le cas dans d'autres types de législations fédérales. Dans ces situations, le droit civil du Québec joue un rôle supplétif dans les applications d'une loi fédérale au Québec. Deuxièmement, modifier l'article 9 plutôt que d'en écarter son application offre une autre possibilité. Incorporer la large stricte dichotomie dans l'article 9 nous semble être une solution préférable. La disposition pourrait se lire comme suit: « Les règles de la common law d'Angleterre incluant le droit commercial dans la mesure ou elles ne sont pas incompatibles avec les dispositions expresses de la Loi, s’appliquent aux lettres, billets, et chèques au sens stricte. Pour plus de certitude, les lettres et les billets au sens strict, incluent la forme, la délivrance et I’émission des lettres, billets, et chèques.» Ce type de changement se révélera être un pas important dans le but de clarifier la loi et déterminer l'équilibre à trouver entre l'application des lois fédérales et provinciales en matière de BA.<br>When dealing with a BA transaction several types of relationships may develop, some more direct than others. In any given transaction, aside from the customer and bank, there may be one or more participating banks, investment dealers, or multiple investors, who become holders of the BA. The situation may be complex and the legal relationships may become quite intricate. However, it is important to identify whether the relationship is established through the BA instrument, or whether it exists by ordinary contractual relationship or by operation of law. Proper analysis of the surrounding circumstances, the connecting factors, and the obligations and the rights which exist between the parties, will be necessary in determining whether or not the contractual rules of the provinces, or federal law rules apply, and to what extent. Granted, the BA instrument is clearly governed by the Bills of Exchange Act. Any solution introduced to a problem involving a BA must, in principle, respect the inherent nature of the BA as a negotiable instrument, governed by federal law. In the case of BAs, either the Bills of Exchange Act or the Depository Bills and Notes Act will apply to the instrument. Since there are applicable federal rules to BAs, the purpose of our study is to determine if, and under what circumstances, provincial law, such as the Civil Code of Quebec, would find application with respect to BAs and complement the provisions of the Bills of Exchange Act where the statute is silent or ambiguous. The simple solution would be to apply provincial law to those matters not addressed in the Act, as provincial law typically compliments federal legislation. However, the Bills of Exchange Act contains a peculiar provision, namely section 9, which provides: “9. The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques.” This provision has created confusion as to the appropriate application of Quebec civil law to matters of bills of exchange. Indeed, there is doubt as to whether section 9 is in fact an incorporation by reference that effectively precludes the application of civil law. The problem continues to be a contentious issue in the doctrine and jurisprudence. The "inexorable character" of the problem created by the interpretation of this provision has given rise to a number of diverse theories regarding the extent of the applicability of common law to matters of bills of exchange. As we can clearly conclude from a review of the jurisprudence, the courts, for the most part, have been conciliatory to the application of provincial law in issues involving bills of exchange. The majority of judges express a hesitance to jeopardize the integrity of the provincial law as complimentary law in order to accommodate the idea that Parliament's desire was to enact an extensive and far-reaching law of bills and notes. The position of most doctrinal writers is very much the same. The essential question of our analysis is which rules will govern the issues, which emerge within BAs - the Civil Code of Quebec or the common law of England? From a Canadian perspective, understanding which law is applicable to BAs is of paramount importance, since courts are dealing with an increasing amount of banker's acceptance transactions. To answer this question, we will begin with an examination of the origin and evolution of the banker's acceptance. In Chapter Two, we will also analyze the nature and legal character of the BA. This will establish the framework through which we can identify the rules and principles that apply to the various aspects of the BA transaction. In Chapter Three, we examine the mechanics of the BA operation step-by-step, paying close attention to the requirements imposed by legislation. We look at the laws applicable to the BA and describe the various agreements pertaining to the BA. Having examined the legal nature of the BA as being a negotiable instrument governed by federal law and a contract and moveable pursuant to the Civil Code of Quebec, we will proceed in Chapter Four to consider the applicability of provincial law to aspects of the BA transaction. To this end, we examine different approaches to understanding the Bills of Exchange Act, particularly the problematic section 9, as well as the applicable law as understood in Quebec jurisprudence during the past century. Judges and jurists alike have attempted to understand what was meant when the legislator stated in section 9, "[t]he rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques." Is this section to be interpreted literally, requiring us to apply English common law to every issue that might arise in connection with bills and notes? Does Parliament intend this provision to apply equally to Quebec, whose private law is based on the civil law system? Our study will look to interpretive approaches offering a variety of different solutions to the problem of section 9. Finally, given new legislative developments, in Chapter Five, we offer a proposed method to determine the law applicable to various aspects of the BA transaction. Our analysis has lead us to adopt the result advocated by the majority of jurists, but with the recognition that our approach to section 9 is based on reasons of policy. We have adopted the strict/wide dichotomy, (as a negotiable instrument on the one hand, and as a specie of contract and property on the other hand) realizing the difficulties inherent in determining where one ends and the other begins. Therefore, in our opinion there exist two solutions. Firstly, there is the possibility that section 9 could be repealed. In this case, all matters not expressly dealt with in the Act would fall to be governed by provincial law, as is the case with other federal legislation. In these situations, Quebec civil law takes on a suppletive role in applying a federal law in Quebec. Secondly, there is the possibility of modifying rather than repealing section 9. Incorporating the strict/wide dichotomy into section 9 itself seems to us to be a more preferable solution. The provision could read, "The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques in a strict sense. For greater certainty, bills and notes in a strict sense include the form, issue, negotiation and discharge of bills, notes and cheques." Alternatively, a Law Reform Commission could draft an Act that defines section 9 according to the strict /wide dichotomy. These types of changes would prove to be an important step to clarifying the law, and strike the appropriate balance between the application of federal and provincial law to bankers' acceptances.

碩士<br>東吳大學<br>法律學系<br>103<br>Civil disputes mushroomed between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits since the normalization of economic and trade transactions between the two. Yet, the applicability of the civil laws to civil disputes is still in disarray, to the extent that the legal expectation in handling civil disputes becomes low. In studying the stable sources of the applicability of law, this paper attempts to explore the issue from the legislation of the applicability of international law in relation to civil law for the settlement of disputes so as to probe the autonomy of the desirability of the parties concerned for regulation, the theories of most significant relationship of the USA, the reclassification of cause of action in agreement and the materialization of substantive justice in legislation and the deduction of the common principles of the latest international private laws. Further, the applicability of the laws related to Chapter IV of the newly amended Act Governing the Choice of Law in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements of Taiwan on “Obligation”, and to Chapter VI of the Act Governing the Applicability of Law in Civil Matters Involving External Elements in China on “Obligation and Right”. With these as the foundation, the applicability of civil laws in the civil litigations between the people on the two sides of the straits will be evaluated with reference to the Law for the Protection of Investment from Taiwan, and the mechanism for the settlement of disputes deriving from the signing of the ECFA between Taiwan and Mainland China. In addition, the interpretation of law by the People’s Supreme Court of China will be introduced to look into the legal foundation of choosing applicable law in the event of litigations in Mainland China due to the obligations of business from Taiwan. Finally, the requirement of the People’s Supreme Court in handling civil disputes involving foreign elements or disputes deriving from business contracts, and the special requirement of the legal proceeding of civil litigations involving foreign elements in China will be discussed. In the conclusion, the legal sources and the practice of applicable laws for civil litigations of Taiwan business in Mainland China and the possible direction for joint effort in the future will be presented. For Taiwan, the applicability of the statute governing the relations between the two sides of the straits will be introduced within the scope of the applicability of private laws in the region, and the applicability of the statute and the act involving civil disputes with foreign elements will be assessed. In Chapter III, Article 41-2 of the statute, which is currently in force, and the contradiction between the applicability of the statute and the Act Governing the Choice of Law in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements of Taiwan, will be used for assessing the relation of obligations as stated in the statute as reference for subsequent amendment of the statute. The old version of the cross-straits statute and the new version of the Act Governing the Choice of Law in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements of Taiwan will be compared and evaluated and the findings will be served as reference for governing the applicability of laws for the civil disputes between the two sides of the straits. Case study will be used to support the study and the result of the choice of law will be assessed for substantive justice so that the readers can understand the scope of law and the practice. In light of the increasing interactions and exchanges between Mainland China and Taiwan, cases involving Taiwan，Mainland China, and a third country or region will be on the rise. The laws chosen for handling disputes with litigation instituted in Mainland China or in Taiwan will be based on different standards, which will yield different results under different substantive laws. Since both sides of the straits expressed the intent of studying the parallel litigation consultation system to align with the mutual recognition of documents and the enforcement systems, it would be necessary for the people on both sides to be entitled to procedure justice and substantive justice in the event of litigation.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito<br>O estudo realizado no âmbito desta tese de mestrado centra-se na possibilidade de se poder afirmar que existe discriminação ilícita em sede de relações jurídico-privadas e as eventuais consequências de tal proibição. Para tal, primeiro define-se, em termos gerais, o que é discriminação e explica-se os conceitos utilizados pela doutrina nesta matéria. Depois, adentra-se no cerne do conflito que subsiste ao se afirmar a existência de discriminação ilícita em sede de relações privadas, nomeadamente, o facto da autonomia privada ser princípio estruturante do Direito Civil. Após uma análise crítica deste princípio, em que se afirma que este admite limites, confronta-se este com o princípio constitucional da igualdade, sempre tendo como foco a aplicação no Direito Civil.Após, concluir-se-á que o princípio constitucional da igualdade não pode ser simplesmente transposto para as relações entre privados, nos mesmos moldes da relação entre Estado e cidadãos, sendo necessário, portanto, se encontrar uma outra hipótese para se defender a ilicitude da discriminação em sede de Direito Civil.Assim, inicia-se uma análise dos direitos de personalidade, com a conclusão de que existe um verdadeiro direito a não ser discriminado, que tem por base o direito geral de personalidade. Admitido tanto, estabelece-se restrições à aplicação deste direito.Por fim, será realizado um estudo acerca das consequências jurídicas que existem com a constatação da ilicitude da discriminação, nomeadamente a possibilidade de existir responsabilidade civil, dividindo-se esta análise entra as duas modalidades, extracontratual e contratual e a possibilidade de existir um verdadeiro dever de contratar. Sobre o dever de contratar é feita uma análise crítica, sempre com um contraponto com o princípio da autonomia privada, que deve ser respeitado.Em sede de conclusão, afirmar-se-á que é possível a afirmação da discriminação em relações jurídico-privadas, caso estejam presentes certos requisitos, enunciados ao longo desta presente tese de mestrado e que a existência de consequências jurídicas, que de certo modo prejudicam aquele que discrimina, é um passo positivo na eliminação da discriminação.<br>The study conducted on this master thesis has its central point in the possibility of declaring that is illicit to conduct discrimination against people in private relationships and the possible juridical outcomes of this prohibition. For such ends, it is first defined, under general terms, what is discrimination and, under this chapter, the concepts used by the doctrine on this subject are explained. Afterwards, the focus is on the fundamental conflict that exists when one affirms that it is possible to exist discrimination in private relationships with the fundamental private law principle of the private autonomy. Once a critical analyses of such principle is made, in which it is stated that it can have limits, the private autonomy is confronted with the constitutional principle of equality, always bearing in mind that the focus of this study is the area of private law.Once it is concluded that the constitutional principal of equality cannot be simply transferred to the relations between individual, on the same grounds of the relation between the State and its citizens, we start analyzing another hypothesis to determine that to conduct discrimination against people in private relationships can be illicit.Therefore, we start an analyses of the personality rights, coming to the conclusion that there is a right to not be discriminated, based on the general personality right. Accepting that this exist, we establish restrictions to its application.Finally, we study the legal repercussions that exist because of the affirmation of the private illicit of discrimination; namely civil liability, and this analyses is divides between contractual and the non-contractual liability, and the possible obligation to initiate a contract. About this obligation, we make a critical analyses, always counterweighing the private autonomy that must be respected. In terms of conclusion, we understand that it is possible to affirm that there can be discrimination against people on the grounds of private relationships, if certain requirements exist in the concrete case and that are enunciated along this thesis and that the existence of legal consequences, that, in a way, harm the person who discriminates, is a positive step towards eradicating discrimination.

This thesis analyses the concept of unjust enrichment under the business law. First of all the thesis explains the term of business law. Business law is a complex of legal rules concerning the contractual relationships between entrepreneurs arising from their business activities. Business law is a comprehensive field of law which extends into many other fields of law, both private and public law. Equally the regulation of unjust enrichment within the business law expands into many other laws with particular specialization, but these laws are not subject of this thesis. For these laws the subsidiary legislation is included in the civil code., therefore this thesis focuses on the general regulation of unjust enrichment included in the civil code. Further the thesis continues with a historical development of both business law and unjust enrichment. The historical view begins with roman law, continues with the regulation of unjust enrichment under the ABGB and ends with regulation under the so. socialist law. Further in the text is referred to the historical chapter to facilitate understanding of a present regulation. Next chapter of the thesis describes the current regulation of unjust enrichment, mainly under the civil code, and from the reason mentioned above it is not going into the particular...

Przedmiotem pracy jest prawo odstąpienia od umowy przysługujące wierzycielowi w razie niewykonania lub nienależytego wykonania zobowiązania przez dłużnika.Zaprezentowane w pracy wyniki badań prowadzonych metodą formalno-dogmatyczną, prawnoporównawczą i historyczną potwierdzają tezę o celowości wyodrębniania sankcyjnego odstąpienia od umowy ponad charakterystycznym dla polskiej cywilistyki podziałem na umowne i ustawowe prawo odstąpienia opartym na kryterium źródła uprawnienia do odstąpienia.Przedstawiono argumenty na rzecz kwalifikowania odstąpienia od umowy z powodu naruszenia zobowiązania jako odrębnej instytucji prawa zobowiązań pełniącej w obowiązującym Kodeksie cywilnym rolę jednego z instrumentów odpowiedzialności kontraktowej. Zaprezentowano też analizę specyficznych zagadnień związanych z badaną instytucją.Zaaprobowano pogląd o rozróżnieniu prawa odstąpienia uregulowanego w art. 395 k.c. od prawa odstąpienia, o którym mowa w art. 491 i n. k.c., przy czym opowiedziano się przeciwko stosowaniu dychotomii odstąpienia od umowy nawiązującej terminologicznie do kryterium umownego lub ustawowego źródła uprawnienia. Wykazano, że dla instytucji uregulowanej w art. 491 i n. k.c. uzasadnione jest używanie pojęcia sankcyjnego odstąpienia od umowy lub równoważnego pojęcia odstąpienia od umowy z powodu naruszenia zobowiązania, ponieważ akcentują one cel i funkcje tej instytucji. To funkcja, a nie źródło powstania uprawnienia, powinna być kryterium rozgraniczania instytucji, o której mowa w art. 491 i n. k.c., od pokrewnych instytucji służących zakończeniu umowy niezwiązanych z reżimem naruszenia zobowiązania.Opowiedziano się za interpretacją umownych zastrzeżeń odstąpienia od umowy na wypadek określonego naruszenia zobowiązania jako umownej modyfikacji reżimu sankcyjnego odstąpienia od umowy, nie zaś jako ustanowienia prawa odstąpienia w rozumieniu art. 395 k.c. Konsekwencją przyjęcia tego poglądu jest postulat stosowania do tego rodzaju klauzul art. 491 i n. k.c., co ma istotne znaczenie z punktu widzenia ich ważności i skutków.Przyjęcie sankcyjnego charakteru odstąpienia od umowy pozwala na odrzucenie poglądu o skutkach wstecznych odstąpienia i opowiedzenie się za teorią przekształcenia. Wykonanie sankcyjnego odstąpienia od umowy nie powoduje upadku kauzy umowy ani nie prowadzi do wygaśnięcia zobowiązań, ale przekształca dotychczasowe zobowiązania stron we wzajemne zobowiązania do zwrotu otrzymanych świadczeń. Prawa i obowiązki stron poddane są w dalszym ciągu reżimowi kontraktowemu.Za dopuszczalne należy uznać dochodzenie przez wierzyciela roszczeń odszkodowawczych w reżimie ex contractu łącznie z możliwością dochodzenia zastrzeżonych kar umownych. Dochodzenie odszkodowania będzie uzależnione od spełnienia przesłanek odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej. Ustawodawca w niektórych wypadkach umożliwia wierzycielowi odstąpienie od umowy nawet, gdy naruszenie nie miało jeszcze miejsca lub niezależnie od tego, czy dłużnik ponosi odpowiedzialność odszkodowawczą – w razie takiego odstąpienia roszczenie odszkodowawcze wierzyciela nie jest wykluczone, ale poprzedzone być musi oceną spełnienia przesłanek odpowiedzialności dłużnika z art. 471 i n. k.c. Możliwy brak odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej dłużnika nie zmienia sankcyjno-ochronnego charakteru odstąpienia od umowy z powodu naruszenia zobowiązania, a jedynie świadczy o obiektywizacji tej sankcji naruszenia zobowiązania.Konsekwencją przyjętych poglądów na temat ogólnego reżimu sankcyjnego odstąpienia od umowy jest też teza o dopuszczalności stosowania tej regulacji do jednostronnego zakończenia umów o charakterze ciągłym.<br>This thesis investigates termination of contract as a remedy for a breach of contract and aims at conceptualizing it under Polish civil law.The research is based on an initial observation that most of dilemmas concerning termination of contract result from lack of modern analysis on the very nature of this right. The thesis claims that, for sake of clarity and legal certainty, termination for breach should be distinguished from withdrawal from a contract ad nutum (i.e. a right to unilaterally end a contract not conditioned by a breach of contract). Legal doctrine has not yet established a proper demarcation line between these institutions.The research conducted using a doctrinal legal method supported by a functional analysis and comparative studies proves that termination of contract for a breach of contract has its autonomous nature and that a unique regime should apply to it independently of a statutory or contractual basis of this remedy.After establishing this point of view, the author turns to analyzing termination for breach as one of the main remedies for a creditor in Polish civil law.The thesis argues that an express termination clause providing for termination in case of a specified breach of contract should be treated as a modification of the Polish Civil Code (the ‘PCC’) regime of a termination of contract as a remedy for breach, thus Article 491 of the PCC should apply to it instead of Article 395 of the PCC (concerning a right of withdrawal from a contract ad nutum). This has a significant impact on the validity and legal regime of express termination clauses.The thesis proves that the retroactivity concept of the effects of termination of contract should be replaced – in case of termination for breach – by a transformation theory. According to transformation theory termination of contract does not cancel the contractual bond (neither ex tunc nor pro futuro). Instead, it modifies the contractual bond into mutual obligations to return. The main obligations to perform change into obligations to return what has been received under the contract. The post-termination legal relationship may be regarded as a liquidating one but its source remains contractual. The legal fiction of a retroactive collapse of the contract (Article 395 of the PCC) should not apply.The thesis supports the view that the creditor’s right to claim damages (and liquidated damages) survives the termination of contract. Although Article 494 of the PCC explicitly gives to the creditor a right to claim damages, it remains controversial whether this claim is based on a contractual regime. If a contract was cancelled retroactively, the creditor would not be able to pursue its claim for damages ex contractu (because the contract would be treated as it was never concluded). Once a transformation theory applies, this should not be questioned. Moreover, if a contract provides for a sum of liquidated damages (in the meaning of Article 483 of the PCC) in case of a specified breach, the termination of contract shall not exclude the creditor’s right to claim the liquidated damages. The debtor’s responsibility should be assessed on the general grounds of claims for damages.Finally, its is proved that the legal regime of termination of contract for breach of contract (Article 491 et seq. of the PCC) should have a general application. This means applying it also to long-term and continuous contracts such as contracts for services, loan agreements or continuous mandate contracts. This view is sometimes rejected on grounds that the return of what was received (the effect of termination of contract) would be contrary to the specific nature of long-term contracts. The obligation to return in natura may easily transform into the obligation to return a monetary equivalent. But even this would not happen in most of the cases because usually the creditor would be entitled to terminate only in part. The part of contract executed properly would remain in force.

Depuis maintenant quelques décennies, les conseillers en génétique jouent un rôle de plus en plus important dans le domaine de la génétique médicale. Leur apport ainsi que l’importance de leur rôle sont aujourd’hui incontestables. Leur statut juridique, cependant, demeure incertain et requiert une analyse approfondie. En effet, n’étant pas reconnue par le Code des professions du Québec, la pratique du conseil génétique se trouve conséquemment privée de la protection octroyée par ce Code aux autres professionnels, notamment celle ayant trait au titre et à l’exclusivité des actes. Devant ce statu quo et dans l’optique de la protection du public, l’étude de la responsabilité civile du conseiller en génétique s’avère nécessaire. Trois obligations principales ressortent de cette analyse, soit les obligations de compétence, de renseignement et de confidentialité. En ce qui a trait aux conséquences juridiques de la non-reconnaissance, elles ne sont pas négligeables. En vérité, l’inertie du législateur québécois floue la relation qu’a le conseiller en génétique avec les autres membres de son équipe multidisciplinaire, et ce, surtout en ce qui a trait à la délimitation des actes qu’il peut prodiguer. En effet, ce dernier risque d’empiéter sur certains aspects de la pratique médicale et infirmière, engendrant ainsi sa responsabilité pénale. Finalement, il s’est avéré important de chercher des pistes de solutions étrangères pouvant se transposer au Québec. Le cas de la France se trouve à être un exemple pertinent, puisque le législateur français a reconnu législativement le conseiller en génétique en tant que professionnel et a protégé tant le titre que l’exclusivité des actes de ce dernier.<br>In recent decades, genetic counselors have played an increasingly important role in the field of medical genetics. Today, their contribution and the importance of their role are indisputable. Their legal status, however, remains uncertain and requires further analysis. Indeed, not being recognized by the Professional Code of Quebec, the practice of genetic counselors is consequently deprived of the protection granted by this Code to other professionals, notably the exclusivity of their titles and acts. Given this status quo and with the aim of protecting the public, a study of the civil liability of genetic counselors becomes necessary. Three main duties of genetic counselors emerge from this analysis: the duty to proficiency, the duty to inform, and the duty of confidentiality. Moreover, there are several legal consequences for non-recognition of this emerging profession. Indeed, the inaction of the Quebec legislator has resulted in a confusing relationship between the genetic counselor and the other members of the multidisciplinary team, especially with regard to the delimitation of services which the counselor can provide. Indeed, the latter may infringe on certain aspects of the medical practice and nursing, thereby engendering his penal liability. This situation leads us to foreign jurisdictions in an effort to find possible solutions which can be transposed in Quebec. The situation in France comes as a relevant example, since the French legislature has legally recognized the genetic counselor as a professional and has protected his title as well as the exclusivity of his practice.

Sous le régime du Code civil du Bas-Canada, le devoir d’exécuter le contrat de bonne foi était une condition implicite de tout contrat suivant l’article 1024 C.c.B.C. Le 1er janvier 1994, ce devoir a toutefois été codifié à l’article 1375 du Code civil du Québec. Parallèlement à ce changement, le contrat a subi plusieurs remises en question, principalement en raison des critiques émises contre la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté. En réponse à ces critiques, la doctrine a proposé deux théories qui supposent une importante coopération entre les contractants durant l’exécution du contrat, à savoir le solidarisme contractuel et le contrat relationnel. La notion de bonne foi a aussi évolué récemment, passant d’une obligation de loyauté, consistant généralement en une abstention ou en un devoir de ne pas nuire à autrui, à une obligation plus active d’agir ou de faciliter l’exécution du contrat, appelée devoir de coopération. Ce devoir a donné lieu à plusieurs applications, dont celles de renseignement et de conseil. Ce mémoire étudie la portée et les limites du devoir de coopération. Il en ressort que le contenu et l’intensité de ce devoir varient en fonction de critères tenant aux parties et au contrat. Une étude plus particulière des contrats de vente, d’entreprise et de franchise ainsi que des contrats conclus dans le domaine informatique indique que le devoir de coopération est plus exigeant lorsque le contrat s’apparente au contrat de type relationnel plutôt qu’au contrat transactionnel. Le créancier peut, entre autres choses, être obligé d’« aider » son débiteur défaillant et même de renégocier le contrat devenu déséquilibré en cours d’exécution, bien que cette dernière question demeure controversée. Le devoir de coopération n’est cependant pas illimité parce qu’il s’agit d’une obligation de moyens et non de résultat. Il est également limité, voire inexistant, lorsque le débiteur de cette obligation est tenu à d’autres obligations comme un devoir de réserve ou de non-ingérence, lorsque le cocontractant est de mauvaise foi ou qu’une partie résilie unilatéralement le contrat ou décide de ne pas le renouveler.<br>The duty of good faith in the performance of the contract was an implied condition of any contract under article 1024 of the Civil Code of Lower Canada. On January 1st 1994, however, this duty was codified at article 1375 of the Civil Code of Québec. In parallel to this change, the traditional understanding of “contract” based on the doctrine of the autonomy of the parties has come to be challenged. In response to this critique, two theories emphasizing the importance of collaboration between contractual parties during the performance of a contract have been suggested, namely, “contractual solidarism” and “relational contract” have been suggested. The notion of “good faith” has also recently evolved. It was originally limited to a duty of loyalty, consisting mainly in an abstention or in the duty not to harm anyone. Today, good faith also refers to a more active obligation which may require a party to act or to facilitate the performance of the contract. This general “duty to cooperate”, as it is called, has given rise to many applications, including the duty to inform or to advise. This paper examines the extent and limits of the duty of the contracting parties to cooperate during the performance of the contract. The content and intensity of this duty are influenced by factors pertaining to the characteristics of the contract or the contracting parties. Our study of the Québec jurisprudence focused on contracts of sale, contracts of enterprise, franchise agreements and contracts in the field of computers. It suggests that the duty of the parties to cooperate is greater in relational contracts than in transactional ones. For example, the creditor may, inter alia, be bound to “help” its defaulting debtor or to renegotiate the agreement when an unforeseen event has changed the initial contractual equilibrium. However, this last issue is still highly controversial. This duty to cooperate is not itself without limits. Firstly, it is an obligation of means, not one of result. It is also limited, even inexistent, when the debtor is bound by other duties such as a duty of “reserve” or of non-interference, when the other party is acting in bad faith or when a party unilaterally terminates a contract or does not renew it.

Celem pracy jest kompleksowa analiza i ocena przepisów Protokołu haskiego o prawie właściwym dla zobowiązań alimentacyjnych z 23 listopada 2007 r. pod kątem jego celów oraz przesłanek jego ratyfikacji przez Unię Europejską. Poprzez ratyfikację protokołu prawodawca unijny pragnął zapewnić jednolite stosowanie regulacji dotyczących statutu alimentacyjnego na jak największym obszarze. Celami protokołu są natomiast zwiększenie pewności prawnej oraz przewidywalności, a tym samym umożliwienie wierzycielom alimentacyjnym działania z pełną wiedzą o ich sytuacji i unikania problemów wynikających z różnorodności krajowych systemów prawnych, oraz sprawiedliwe wyważenie interesów wierzyciela i dłużnika alimentacyjnego poprzez przyjęcie nowej regulacji kolizyjnej. Praca opiera się na tezie, że konstrukcja postanowień protokołu haskiego nie zapewnia pełnej realizacji jego celów.<br>The goal of the dissertation is to scrutinise the Hague Protocol of 23 November 2007 on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations with regard to its aims and the reasons for its ratification by the European Union. The EU has adopted this new international instrument to ensure consistent application of regulations on the law applicable to maintenance cases in as many states as possible. The objectives of the Hague Protocol are: (i) to improve legal certainty and predictability by creating common provisions on the law applicable to maintenance obligations and, therefore, to enable creditors to act in full knowledge of their situation, without being subject to diverse national systems, and (ii) to create fair balance between the interests of the maintenance creditors and debtors by introducing new conflict rules. The thesis is that the construction of the provisions of the Hague Protocol does not let it achieve its objectives completely.

This thesis discusses the limits of statute of contractual obligations solely from the perspective of conflict of law rules. It is based primarily on the analysis of national conflict of law rules contained in Act No. 91/2012 Coll., On Private International Law. There are also analyzed relevant standards of the European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) No. 593/2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) and conflict of law rules in the German Initial Act to the Civil Code, as well as in the Swiss Act on Private International Law. The primary hypothesis of this work is the concept of a single contractual statute, which governes contractual relationship since the early beginning to the end. The secondary hypothesis follows the departure of German international private law from the principle of seat for the principle of incorporation. Another hypothesis explores the safeguarding of property rights once acquired, if the substantive legal facts are in the mode of the original substantive statute closed that no means no and yes means yes, but ... This work also examines the question of whether the European legislator through the unification of rules of conflict of law removed the deficiencies that resulted from the application of autonomous national conflict of law rules or...