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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Civil right's workers

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Academic literature on the topic 'Civil right's workers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Civil right's workers"

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Giroux, Susan Searls. "From the ‘Culture Wars’ to the Conservative Campaign for Campus Diversity: Or, How Inclusion Became the New Exclusion." Policy Futures in Education 3, no. 4 (December 2005): 314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2005.3.4.314.

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This article explores the new conservative assault on the university and the relative silence on the part of progressives in response to this challenge. In part, this apparent retreat is a consequence of the vulnerabilities and anxieties of workers in the academy that result from the ongoing corporatization of the university as well as the pervasive culture of fear that permeates the USA in the wake of 9/11, which tends to punish critique as anti-American. As important as such factors are, the current analysis focuses more inwardly on processes of internalization and normalization of the tenets of professionalism and (neo)liberalism in the post-civil rights American academy. Upon careful reexamination of the ‘culture wars’ of the 1980s and 1990s, it locates part of an explanation for such confounding quiet in the ideals that marked the university's ‘multicultural turn.’ The often limp endorsement and bland acceptance of principles such as ‘nondiscrimination,’ ‘diversity,’ and ‘openness’ in the abstract enabled the Right's ruthless appropriation of the vision and language of civil rights, turning fact and history on their heads.

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Lichtenstein, Nelson. "Workers' Rights Are Civil Rights." WorkingUSA 2, no. 6 (March 4, 1999): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-4580.1999.tb00134.x.

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Green, Llezlie L. "Erasing Race." SMU Law Review Forum 73, no. 1 (April 2020): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/slrf.73.1.8.

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Low-wage workers frequently experience exploitation, including wage theft, at the intersection of their racial identities and their economic vulnerabilities. Scholars, however, rarely consider the role of wage and hour exploitation in broader racial subordination frameworks. This Essay considers the narratives that have informed the detachment of racial justice from the worker exploitation narrative and the distancing of economic justice from the civil rights narrative. It then contends that social movements, like the Fight for $15, can disrupt narrow understandings of low-wage worker exploitation and proffer more nuanced narratives that connect race, economic justice, and civil rights to a broader anti-subordination campaign that can more effectively protect the most vulnerable workers.

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Septiyana, Iyan. "The Involvement of Indonesian Civil Society Organizations in the Policy-Making Process of Migrant Workers Protection in ASEAN." Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 9, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v9i1.72.

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Indonesia is biggest sending country of migrant worker in the region. half of the number of Indonesian worker is undocumented migrant workers that vulnerable to be a victim of worker rights or human rights violation. The absent of regional policy of migrant worker protection in ASEAN, makes the issue get less attention in ASEAN multilateral framework. Then in 2007 the first regional policy of migrant worker appeared in ASEAN, in the process it involves CSOs from all ASEAN member states. While ASEAN itself is regional organization that conduct state-centric system which position state as a leading actor. This condition bring up a question how the involvement of Indonesian CSO in the policy-making process of migrant workers protection in ASEAN. Through the perspective of critical theory of Habermas, there is a space in the public sphere that can be used by CSO to emancipate migrant workers by conducting dialogue by establish and join network that is HRWG and TFAMW, then CSO can involves in the ASEAN policy making process of migrant workers protection.

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Danaher, William F., and Marc Dixon. "FRAMING THE FIELD: THE CASE OF THE 1969 CHARLESTON HOSPITAL WORKERS' STRIKE*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-22-4-417.

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We investigate how union, employer and allied actors engage in framing contests and seek to gain the upper hand in a strike event by analyzing a historically significant labor and civil-rights struggle in the 1969 hospital workers' strike in Charleston, South Carolina against the Medical College of South Carolina (MCSC). Through an analysis of newspapers, interviews, and archival materials, we show how discursive tactics by multiple actors superseded worker messages over the 100-day event. Worker messages, dignity and union recognition, competed with their ally's, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), messages of poverty and civil rights as well as claims from MCSC. The workers' weakened position within this multi-actor field and limited salience of union claims served to gradually silence worker voices, shaping the protest campaign in important ways. Our findings underscore the importance of power and inequality in the framing of social conflict.

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Boyd, William. "The Color of Work: The Struggle for Civil Rights in the Southern Paper Industry, 1945–1980. By Timothy J. Minchin. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. Pp. x, 277. $24.95, paper." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (December 2001): 1143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701005800.

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This book documents efforts to integrate the southern paper industry during the post–World War II period. It makes an important contribution not only to the vast and growing literature on the civil-rights movement but also to economic and legal history. In contrast to the traditional focus of civil-rights historians on voting rights, school desegregation, and public accommodations, Timothy Minchin takes up the issue of fair employment and access to jobs as components of the broader civil-rights struggle. Building on his earlier research on the textile industry (Hiring the Black Worker: The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry, 1960–1980. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), Minchin focuses specifically on the role of black activists and civil-rights advocates in utilizing the legal machinery put in place by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (specifically, Title VII) as a vehicle for litigation against companies and unions seeking to deny black workers equal employment opportunities. Drawing on the vast record generated by Title VII litigation and oral interviews with key actors, Minchin provides considerable insight into the lived experiences and strategic thinking of those struggling to integrate the industry. The overall story provides powerful support for the efficacy of federal civil-rights legislation in opening up new opportunities for black workers.

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Oyer, Paul, and Scott Schaefer. "Litigation Costs and Returns to Experience." American Economic Review 92, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 683–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/00028280260136318.

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We develop a model linking maximum damage awards available to plaintiffs in wrongful termination lawsuits, workers' propensity to sue as a function of experience, and returns to experience. Using Equal Employment Opportunity Commission data on protected-worker discrimination complaints and labor-market data from the Current Population Survey, we examine how returns to experience among protected workers changed around the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1991. We show that employers' reactions to employment protections may induce redistributive effects. Furthermore, these effects operate not merely across groups of differing protected status, but also within groups of identical protected status.

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Nelson, Bruce, and Michael K. Honey. "Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers." Journal of American History 81, no. 2 (September 1994): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081357.

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Hahamovitch, Cindy, and Michael K. Honey. "Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers." Labour / Le Travail 34 (1994): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143880.

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Reed, Harry A., and Michael K. Honey. "Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers." African Economic History, no. 21 (1993): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601839.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Civil right's workers"

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Lambertson, Ross. "Activists in the age of rights the struggle for human rights in Canada, 1945-1960 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ37352.pdf.

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Vergara, Marshall Angela. "Legitimate workers' rights : Chilean copper workers in the mines of potrerillos and El Salvador, 1917-1973 /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3056922.

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Slaten, Kevin Richard. "Obscure Terrain: The Rights Defense of Qingdao Internal Migrant Workers." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337959111.

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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Corporate Rights." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/449.

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Book Summary: Spanning three volumes, this comprehensive encyclopedia of over six hundred entries covers the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the antecedents of the Bill of Rights through the most recent controversies over political and social issues, including abortion, free speech, religious liberty, voting rights, and the guarantees of equality. It also addresses the civil rights and liberties issues stemming from America's ongoing war on terrorism. Detailed entries include key concepts, historical events and developments, major trials and appellate court decisions, landmark legislation, legal doctrines, important personalities, and key organizations and agencies. Entries have an objective tone, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions. Designed as an up-to-date reference source for students, scholars, and citizens, the encyclopedia will help broaden and heighten understanding and appreciation for the wide range of issues associated with civil rights and liberties in the United States, and is the most sophisticated treatment available. The volumes of the encyclopedia consist of original entries, arranged alphabetically, on many current hot-button issues as well as in-depth coverage of the rights Americans hold sacred. Written by experts in the field, including attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, the encyclopedia takes a historical-legal approach, providing important information on the background and development of an issue or event. The third volume concludes with over three dozen essential primary documents, including landmark statutes, key court decisions, and influential essays.

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Pietersen, Sheri-Ann. "An Eriksonian psychobiography of Martin Luther King Junior." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021037.

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The aim of the current study was to conduct a psychobiography of the life of Martin Luther King Junior, who was born in 1929 and died in 1968. He was an American clergyman, husband, father, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement. King fought for civil rights for all people. His “I Have a Dream” speech raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established him as one of the greatest orators in the United States of America. His main legacy was to secure access to civil rights for all Americans, thereby empowering people of all racial and religious backgrounds, and promoting equality in the American nation. This is a psychobiographical research study which aimed to explore and describe the life of Martin Luther King junior’s psychological development according to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental Theory. King was selected through purposive sampling on the basis of interest, value, and uniqueness to the researcher. Alexander’s model of identifying salient themes was used to analyse the data which were then compared to Erikson’s theory through a process of analytical generalisation. Limitations of the current study were identified and certain recommendations for future research in this field are offered.

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Wiley, Lusharon. "An agent for change the story of Reverend H. K. Matthews /." [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000066.

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Cheung, Hui-kwan, and 張照群. "Participation in protest: a comparative studyof two protestant workers' organizations in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31208137.

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Harris, Tavon Antonio. "BELIEFS ABOUT SOCIAL WORKERS AMONG BLACK MALES." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/365.

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It’s been more than a decade since the National Institute of Mental Health (NAMI) initiated its public campaign, ‘Real Men Real Depression.’ Despite increased awareness, research and relevant studies indicate that African American / Black men continue to underutilize mental health treatment while still having the highest all-cause mortality rates of any racial/ ethnic group in the United States. When reading this statement, one must question what impact that the beliefs about ‘social workers’ through the lens of Black males in the United States, may play. This very simply, yet flammable, question not only seems pertinent but also seems to warrant further exploration due to the research that shows that service access and help-seeking by African-American males across the lifespan is significantly lower than that of their non-Black counterparts. That same research seems to make assumptions about why this is, however it is only responsible and ethical, given the National Association of Social workers’ (NASW) Code of Ethics calling for cultural competence in practice, that we challenge and test the rationales being offered. This study was exploratory in nature, employed a snowball sampling methodology, and utilized an electronic survey offered through social media and promoted by word of mouth, targeting Black males over the age of 18, to assess their overall knowledge about being a social worker, and their beliefs and perceptions about social workers and how they believe social workers perceive them. The goal of this study was to begin to explore the reasons for overwhelming statistics that speak to the fact that Black males do not access mental health services, especially those provided by social workers. A total of 59 were started, and 43 completed, by the target respondents, which included a 5-item scale, to assess basic knowledge about social workers, a 10-item scale to assess the general beliefs about social workers, and 13-item scale to assess the beliefs about the perceptions of social workers about Black males. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed using SPSS, and the results revealed that although there was a moderate level of general knowledge about social workers, the general belief of the respondents were primarily negative, with their beliefs about how social workers see Black males was just slightly more positive. These results seemed to be across the board and were not shown to be correlated with level of education, income, or whether they has received direct services provided by social workers or had no affiliation with such services. What did seem to have some relevance was an overall negative belief about social workers, and a level of suspicion and distrust for how their information would be used, as evidenced by 16 respondents who started the survey but would not completed it. In keeping with the NASW Code of Ethics, recommendation are provided to helps clinicians and those social workers providing direct service, be informed of the suspicions and apprehensions among this population, while encouraging the importance of continuous learning and increasing of cultural competence, awareness and humility. Lastly, recommendations for future research are also provided for the same purposes.

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Mdhluli, P. "A definition of an employee and the legal protection of sex workers in the workplace : a comparative study between South Africa and Germany." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1104.

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Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014
The discussion looks at the history of commercial sex and how it has evolved in South Africa. The discussion evaluates the challenges that commercial sex workers face in South Africa and argues that the dignity of sex workers as citizens of South Africa are infringed and it would seem that less is being done to protect these workers due to nature of their work. It is argued that sex workers are still entitled to the rights enshrined in the Constitution despite the illegality of sex work. This discussion argues further that sex work continues to exist in South Africa despite its illegality and it would be prudent to address the challenges that encourage sex work because the criminalization of this type of work does not seem to minimize sex work. The discussion further looks at the case of Kylie v CCMA which has been subject to much debate recently. The discussion also makes a comparative study with Germany and determines the lessons which South Africa can learn from this country regarding decriminalization of sex work.

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Ayers, Oliver. "Beyond the 'Proletarian turn' : Black workers, the rise of organized labour and the fragile foundations of civil rights protest in the urban North during the New Deal." Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.592020.

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Books on the topic "Civil right's workers"

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Kim, Man-su. Yi Yŏng-hŭi: Sara innŭn sinhwa. Sŏul: Nanam Chʻulpʻan, 2003.

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Civil-rights activists. New York: PowerKids Press, 2012.

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Civil rights leaders. New York: Facts on File, 1997.

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Shalini, Sinha. Rights of home-based workers. New Delhi: National Human Rights Commission, 2006.

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Rennert, Richard Scott. Civil rights leaders. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1993.

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Women civil rights leaders. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2012.

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Adler, David A. Heroes of civil rights. New York: Holiday House, 2007.

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Civil warrior: Memoirs of a civil rights attorney. Berkeley, Calif: Berkeley Hills Books, 2003.

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Saperstein, Guy T. Civil warrior: Memoirs of a civil rights attorney. Berkeley, Calif: Berkeley Hills Books, 2003.

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Shakoor, Jordana Y. Civil rights childhood. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Civil right's workers"

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Lee, Jungwhan. "Attitudes of Local Workers Towards Civil Rights of Migrant Workers in Korea." In Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context, 145–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19739-0_8.

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Scaramuzzino, Roberto, and Gabriella Scaramuzzino. "Sex Workers’ Rights Movement and the EU: Challenging the New European Prostitution Policy Model." In EU Civil Society, 137–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137500724_8.

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Pellissery, Sony, Saloni Jain, and Geo Varghese. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in India." In IMISCOE Research Series, 147–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_8.

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AbstractIndia has a segmented social protection system. About 92% of workers in India are in unorganised sector, deprived of formal social security provisions. Those who are in formal sector receive very generous social protection arrangements close to that of welfare states in Europe, primarily influenced by the colonial legacy. Those in the informal sector primarily meet their social security needs from their disposable income. With expansive private welfare providers, the rich segment in the informal segment is able to afford this. Indian unskilled migrants, mainly in the Gulf region, have a range of benefits that are primarily to meet the civil rights, rather than social rights. Compared to this, Indian migrants in Western Europe and the Americas mainly benefit from the social security system in those countries. On the other hand, foreigners coming to India have limited social security arrangements. Since 2000, India has entered into bilateral agreements with several countries, which also recognise a new category of workers called ‘international workers’. These workers have their social security benefits primarily protected as in source country.

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Ngai, Pun. "Incomplete Subjects: Circular Migration and the Life and Death Struggles of the Migrant Workers in China." In Impact of Circular Migration on Human, Political and Civil Rights, 175–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28896-3_9.

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Azeem, Muhammad. "The KiK Case: A Critical Perspective from the South." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 279–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_14.

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AbstractLabour in Global South countries often has meagre social security protections and almost no representation in domestic legislatures. To address this deficit, labour law’s clear orientation towards “distributive justice” and emphasis on constitutionally protected freedom of association and collective bargaining rights have been core values for workers and labour movements in the South. Over the course of the last century, labour law has increasingly sought to assure “distributive justice” by departing from the confines of “corrective justice” and the slippery “ethical” basis of private law in both civil and common law systems. This chapter asks how both multinational corporations’ (MNCs) recent turn toward the use of codes of conduct in regards to labour and working conditions (labour codes) and, correspondingly, activists’ increasing reliance on the private law doctrines of tort and damages to resolve labour disputes, dilutes labour law’s focus on “distributive justice.” What problems and challenges do these shifts cause for labour law practice and theory? Taking the KiK case as an example, this chapter applies a critical legal perspective to address these questions.

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Maurya, Suresh, Manish Gupta, and R. Chitra. "Engineered Anti-erosion Works Along the Right Bank of Jiabharali River in Assam." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 381–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0559-7_43.

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HONEY, MICHAEL KEITH. "Civil Rights Unionism." In Black Workers Remember, 237–85. University of California Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520217744.003.0009.

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"Mississippi’s Newest Civil Rights Worker." In White Lawyer, Black Power, 37–48. University of South Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv10tq36g.12.

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Rogers, Donald W. "Epilogue." In Workers against the City, 179–92. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043468.003.0007.

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This epilogue shows that Hague v. CIO had a legacy more complex than its reputation as a speech rights victory for workers and others over dictatorial city boss Frank Hague under the Bill of Rights. The American Civil Liberties Union and renamed Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) immediately split over the decision’s ramifications. Moreover, while the ruling enlarged constitutional protection for the right of public assembly to the benefit of Jehovah’s Witnesses, civil rights demonstrators, and others, it did little to enhance picketing and other “labor speech,” or to shield union organizers from police harassment. And while the decision freed the CIO to organize in Jersey City, it did not destroy Mayor Hague, who accommodated CIO unions and was ousted later due to city politics.

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"CHAPTER THREE. “Do You See the Light?”: Mexican American Workers and CIO Organizing." In Labor Rights Are Civil Rights, 114–57. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400849284.114.

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Conference papers on the topic "Civil right's workers"

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Cibulskienė, Renata, and Sigitas Mitkus. "The concept of builder and its liability for the quality of the construction works in lithuanian construction law." In Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.30.

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A construction process, from the issue of a document allowing construction to signing a transfer- acceptance deed, involves a number of entities for which the law provides for different rights and duties. One of such entities is a builder (customer). The article discusses issues related with the establishment of the builder’s duties during the construction process and application of liability for failure to perform them or improper performance thereof. The concept of the builder (customer) is disclosed, and the builder’s civil liability for incompliance of construction works with the laws or provisions of the works contract, as well as late performance of construction works are analysed. It is analysed how to identify correctly a builder as one of the main entities of construction and to separate him from other participants of the construction process, such as head of construction or construction technical supervisor. The builder’s duties are analysed which improper performance has an effect on the quality of works carried out by the contractor, also issues raised in the Lithuanian case-law are discussed.

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Glushkova, Svetlana. "Liberal Ideas of B.N. Chicherin: The Past and The Present." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-25.

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Russian liberal heritage, first of all, the scientific works of the famous Russian legal expert Boris Chicherin, is the fundamental basis for the developing science of human rights in modern Russia; it is from this position that this article examines Chicherin’s work. The main purpose of the study is to identify Chicherin’s priorities in shaping new progressive ideas for Russia and to examine the transformation of his views. In examining and analysing Chicherin’s liberal ideas, historical, logical and comparative methods were applied. It has been concluded that Chicherin set the foundation of the liberal theory of human rights, elaborated a set of progressive ideas and a blueprint of reforms, which determined the formation of several generations of liberals in autocratic Russia and are still relevant today. Defending the priority of private law over public law, Chicherin argued: a civil order based on private law must always be free from state absorption. He was among the first in Russia to develop the idea of a constitutional state in relation with the creation of free institutions and the formation of a high intellectual and moral level of society. By developing the new policy of ‘liberal measures and strong state authority’ as an optimal model for Russian state and society, Chicherin gave rise to the formation of political science in Russia. The author believes that the analysis and discussion of Chicherin’s academic writings in university classrooms and at academic conferences contribute to the formation of a culture of human rights, a liberal worldview, a new generation of reformers, and the advancement of the emerging science of human rights.

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Allameh, Seyed M., and Roger Miller. "On the Application of Biomimicked Composites in 3D Printed Artifacts." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70770.

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Application of 3D printing to works of art is not new. However, with the advent of larger and more affordable 3D printers, it is possible to fabricate works of art including statues, sculptures, and architectural structures from biomimicked composites. Made of hard ceramic and soft polymer with or without reinforcement, these composites have shown to be much tougher than their monolithic counterparts. The use of biomimicking will increase the durability and strength of such artifacts. In this study, a newly developed architectural 3D printer is used to create works of art using concrete, with and without reinforcement fibers. The challenge that face creating tough artistic display structures include durability, hardness and resistance to impact. To determine the right combination of hard ceramic and soft polymer, a series of experiments were conducted. These included the fabrication of biomimicked composites with different materials and testing them for fracture energy as well as maximum strength. Earlier published works demonstrate the effect of various parameters such as type of ceramic layer, layering, fiber reinforcement type, fiber length, and fiber loading. In this paper, the effect of hard layer thickness and the type of polymer on the mechanical properties of the biomimicked composites was investigated. Preliminary results show the highest fracture energy for composites made with concrete bonding adhesive (CBA) and Quikrete™ concrete, with a spacing of 5mm. The application of 3D printing to the educational activities of a museum in Newport KY will be explained and its implication in relation with civic engagement activities of Northern Kentucky University will be elucidated.

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Reports on the topic "Civil right's workers"

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.

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