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Journal articles on the topic 'Civil rights - african american history'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Peters, T. Ralph. "Finklebine, Sources Of The African-American Past - Primary Sources In American History; Thomas, Ed., Plessy C. Ferguson - A Bried History With Documents." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 23, no. 2 (1998): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.23.1.98-100.

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Two new works document the history of African-American struggle for equal rights in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finklebine's work, Sources of the African-American Past: Primary Sources in American History, is a welcome addition to the primary source literature on the perpuity of, and challenges to, the social positions African Americans inhabited from the slave trade through recent times. Organized chronologically along topical lines, the book covers the slave trade, the colonial experience, the Revolution, free blacks, slavery, black abolitionism, emancipation, Reconstruction, seg

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Singleton, D. "Book Review: Black Power Encyclopedia: From “Black Is Beautiful” to Urban Uprisings." Reference & User Services Quarterly 58, no. 3 (2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.3.7054.

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The Black Power Movement was largely a youth-led effort that broke from past thinking and methods of confronting American society and marked an important evolution in how African Americans continued their struggle in the wake of hard-fought landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts. There is no shortage of reference works on the Civil Rights Movement and African American history in general that include entries on facets of the Black Power Movement.

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Grisinger, Joanna L. "“South Africa is the Mississippi of the world”: Anti-Apartheid Activism through Domestic Civil Rights Law." Law and History Review 38, no. 4 (2019): 843–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248019000397.

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In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a small group of antiapartheid activists, led by the American Committee on Africa and chair of the House Subcommittee on Africa Rep. Charles Diggs Jr., launched a campaign against South African Airways' new flights into the United States. Using the legal and political strategies of the American civil rights movement, and the fragmentation of power within the American political system, activists tried to turn South African apartheid into an American civil rights problem that American government institutions could address. The strategy was indebted to the polit

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Lieberman, Robert C. "Race, Institutions, and the Administration of Social Policy." Social Science History 19, no. 4 (1995): 511–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017491.

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The New Deal marked a critical conjuncture of civil rights and welfare policy in American political development. During the Progressive Era, civil rights policy and social policy developed independently and often antithetically. While the American state expanded its reach in economic regulation and social welfare, laying the institutional and intellectual groundwork for the New Deal, policies aimed at protecting the rights of minorities progressed barely at all (McDonagh 1993). But with the Great Depression, the welfare and civil rights agendas came together powerfully. For African Americans,

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Waters, Rosanne. "African Canadian Anti-Discrimination Activism and the Transnational Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1965." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 24, no. 2 (2014): 386–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025083ar.

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Several recent historical works have challenged interpretations of the civil rights movement in the United States as a strictly domestic story by considering its connections to anti-racist struggles around the world. Adding a Canadian dimension to this approach, this article considers linkages between African Canadian anti-discrimination activism in the 1950s and early 1960s and African American civil rights organizing. It argues that Canadian anti-discrimination activists were interested in and influenced by the American movement. They followed American civil rights campaigns, adapted relevan

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Labode, Modupe. "“Defend Your Manhood and Womanhood Rights”." Pacific Historical Review 84, no. 2 (2014): 163–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2015.84.2.163.

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This article analyzes African Americans’ protest against the movie The Birth of a Nation in Denver in 1915 and the protest’s impact on the May 1916 municipal election, in which African Americans shifted their support from the Republican to the Democratic mayoral candidate. This essay contributes to the scholarship on African American activism during “the long civil rights movement” and the role of the idea of respectability in that activism. This essay first argues that protests against this film had political as well as cultural significance. African Americans’ political activism in the West

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7

Davis, Rebecca L. "Love, Marriage, and Civil Rights in African American History." Reviews in American History 48, no. 2 (2020): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2020.0028.

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8

Hong, Jane. "“A Cross-Fire between Minorities”." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 4 (2018): 667–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.4.667.

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This article examines the Japanese American Citizens League’s (JACL) postwar campaign to secure U.S. citizenship eligibility for first-generation Japanese (Issei) as a civil rights effort that brought Japanese Americans into contention with African American and Afro-Caribbean community leaders during the height of the U.S. Cold War in East Asia. At the same time, JACL’s disagreements with Chinese Americans and Japanese American liberals precluded any coherent Japanese or Asian American position on postwar immigration policy. The resulting 1952 McCarran-Walter Act formally ended Asians’ exclusi

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9

Shikha Sharma and Dr. Neetu Tyagi. "The Reflection of African American History and Culture in African American Literature." Innovative Research Thoughts 10, no. 3 (2024): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36676/irt.v10.i3.1528.

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This paper explores the intricate relationship between African American history, culture, and literature, highlighting how African American literary works serve as a profound reflection of the community's historical and cultural journey. By examining significant historical periods such as slavery, Reconstruction, the Civil Rights Movement, and contemporary issues, the paper delves into the impact of these events on African American identity and cultural expression. Additionally, it analyzes the representation of African American cultural elements like music, oral traditions, and religious prac

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Wilson, Steven H. "Brownover “Other White”: Mexican Americans' Legal Arguments and Litigation Strategy in School Desegregation Lawsuits." Law and History Review 21, no. 1 (2003): 145–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595071.

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The landmark 1954 decisionBrown v. Board of Educationhas shaped trial lawyers' approaches to litigating civil rights claims and law professors' approaches to teaching the law's powers and limitations. The court-ordered desegregation of the nation's schools, moreover, inspired subsequent lawsuits by African Americans aimed variously at ending racial distinctions in housing, employment, and voting rights. Litigation to enforce theBrowndecision and similar mandates brought slow but steady progress and inspired members of various other minorities to appropriate the rhetoric, organizing methods, an

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Schueneman, Mary K. "A Leavening Force: African American Women and Christian Mission in the Civil Rights Era." Church History 81, no. 4 (2012): 873–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964071200193x.

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After Josephine Beckwith and DeLaris Johnson broke the color barrier at two southern missionary training schools in the 1940s and 50s, their religious vocations led them and other African American women on a trajectory of missionary service resonate with what we recognize today as civil rights activism. While histories of African American women's mission organizing and those of their civil rights organizing typically are framed as separate endeavors, this article teases out the previously unexamined overlaps and connections between black women's missionary efforts and civil rights activism in

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Felker-Kantor, Max. "“A Pledge Is Not Self-Enforcing”:." Pacific Historical Review 82, no. 1 (2012): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2013.82.1.63.

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This article explores African American and Mexican American struggles for equal employment in Los Angeles after 1965. It argues that activists and workers used the mechanisms set up by Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to attack the barriers that restricted blacks and Mexican Americans to poor job prospects. It shows that implementation of fair employment law was part of a dialectic between policymakers and regulatory officials, on one hand, and grass-roots individuals and civil rights organizations, on the other. The bureaucratic mechanisms created by Title VII shaped who would benefit f

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Hall, Erika V., Sarah S. M. Townsend, and James T. Carter. "What’s in a Name? The Hidden Historical Ideologies Embedded in the Black and African American Racial Labels." Psychological Science 32, no. 11 (2021): 1720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09567976211018435.

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History can inconspicuously repeat itself through words and language. We explored the association between the “Black” and “African American” racial labels and the ideologies of the historical movements within which they gained prominence (Civil Rights and Black Power, respectively). Two content analyses and two preregistered experimental studies ( N = 1,204 White American adults) show that the associations between “Black” and “bias and discrimination” and between “African American” and “civil rights and equality” are evident in images, op-eds, and perceptions of organizations. Google Images se

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Gallon, Kim. "The Blood Demonstration: Teaching the History of the Philadelphia Welfare Rights Organization." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 139, no. 1 (2015): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pmh.2015.a923339.

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Abstract: Despite a growing body of scholarship that documents civil rights activism in the North during the 1950s and 1960s, college educators continue to rely on traditional understandings of African Americans' struggle for civil rights as being rooted in the South. Moreover, history professors continue to privilege a male-centered narrative that tends to define the civil rights movement through mass marches and protests. In an effort to challenge this pedagogy, this article describes a method for teaching the history of women's role in the struggle for social justice in the 1960s through th

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Gooding-Williams, Robert. "Dreaming Blackness: Black Nationalism and African American Public Opinion. By Melanye T. Price." Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 3 (2010): 897–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592710001350.

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This is a timely, engaging, and illuminating study of Black Nationalism. The book's “fundamental project,” Melanye T. Price writes, “is to systematically understand individual Black Nationalism adherence among African Americans in the post-Civil Rights era” (p. 60). Black Nationalism has a long history in African American politics, but with the demise of Jim Crow and the election of our first black president, we may reasonably wonder whether ordinary African American citizens are disposed to endorse it. Price's book is important because it addresses this question head-on, defending the thesis

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Shepherd, Donisha, and Suzanne Pritzker. "Political Advocacy Without a Choice." Advances in Social Work 21, no. 2/3 (2021): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24135.

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From social work’s early days, African American social workers were engaged in what today is termed as political social work, yet their work is often overlooked in both social work education and the broader retelling of our profession’s history. This article examines the early history of African American political social work, using Lane and Pritzker’s (2018) five domains of political social work. We outline ways in which African American social workers’ lived experiences led them to engage in political social work to support community survival and to challenge injustice during the Black Migra

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Crowe, Chris. "Young Adult Literature: Reading African American History and the Civil Rights Movement." English Journal 92, no. 3 (2003): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ej20031030.

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Newman, Richard. "Early Black Thought Leaders and the Reframing of American Intellectual History." Journal of the Early Republic 43, no. 4 (2023): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a915166.

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Abstract: This essay examines the broad impact of African American thought leadership on early American intellectual history. Though marginalized in many mainstream histories of American intellectual life–which often focus on the emergence of Black philosophers and Black professional historians later in the 19th century -- early national Black thinkers helped shape public understanding of critical ideas in American society and politics, including the meaning of citizenship and civil rights, emancipation and equality, and racial justice. African Americans also influenced public discourses on ot

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Vinson, Ben. "Introduction: African (Black) Diaspora History, Latin American History." Americas 63, no. 1 (2006): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500062507.

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Inspired in part by Paul Gilroy’s Black Atlantic paradigm, the past several years have witnessed a reinvigoration of Black Studies, with careful attention being paid to the approaches and methods of writing black history. The terms “African Diaspora” and “Black Diaspora” have become almost commonplace in scholarly discourse, emerging out of relative obscurity from their roots in the politically inspired Pan-Africanist and Civil Rights discourses of the 1950s and ’60s. Critiques of the Black Atlantic model and its overly narrow concentration on the English-speaking world have fueled new and imp

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Robinson, Aaron J. "Lisa M. Bowens, African American Readings of Paul: Reception, Resistance, & Transformation." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 32, no. 1 (2023): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455251-32010012.

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Abstract Reception history is gaining popularity as an interpretive approach to Scripture. The dearth of extant primary sources in biblical interpretation from the African American community before the Civil Rights Era can present challenges for hearing black voices in reception history. In her remarkable monograph, Lisa Bowens examines sermons, letters, public addresses, and essays from African Americans, as early as the eighteenth century, surveying their engagement and interpretation of Pauline texts and Paul as a biblical figure. Her work elevates the voices of African Americans, while pre

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Newman, Mark, and Johnny E. Williams. "African American Religion and the Civil Rights Movement in Arkansas." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 62, no. 4 (2003): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40023086.

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22

Kates, Susan. "Literacy, Voting Rights, and the Citizenship Schools in the South, 1957-70." College Composition & Communication 57, no. 3 (2006): 479–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ccc20065050.

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This essay examines the history of a massive literacy campaign called the Citizenship School Program that began as a response to the racist literacy tests that disenfranchised countless African American voters throughout the Southern United States between 1945 and 1965. The Citizenship Schools prepared thousands of African Americans to pass the literacy test by using materials that critiqued white supremacism and emphasized the twentieth-century struggle for civil rights.

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23

Fleming, John E. "The Impact of Social Movements on the Development of African American Museums." Public Historian 40, no. 3 (2018): 44–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2018.40.3.44.

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The effort to preserve African American history is firmly grounded in the struggle for freedom and equality. Black people understood the relationship between heritage and the freedom struggle. Such struggles in the pre and post Civil War eras spurred the preservation of African and African American culture first in libraries and archives and later museums. The civil rights, Black Power, Black Arts and Black Studies movements helped advance social and political change, which in turn spurred the development of Black museums as formal institutions for preserving African American culture.

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Karandeev, Ivan, and Valery Achkasov. "A HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SEPARATISM IN THE UNITED STATES." Political Expertise: POLITEX 19, no. 3 (2023): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2023.307.

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This article analyzes the history of the development of the phenomenon of radical African-American movements classified as separatist. The roots of the phenomenon go back to the abolitionist movement of the mid-19th century, but most of these movements appeared in the USA in the 1920s - 1960s, after the migration of African Americans from the southern states, referred to the «black belt» to the industrialized states of the North and their concentration in ethnically homogeneous ghettos of large cities with a disadvantaged socio-economic situation. Irredentist movements that appealed to the con

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Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe. "Building intellectual bridges: from African studies and African American studies to Africana studies in the United States." Afrika Focus 24, no. 2 (2011): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02402003.

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The study of Africa and its peoples in the United States has a complex history. It has involved the study of both an external and internal other, of social realities in Africa and the condition of people• of African descent in the United States. This paper traces and examines the complex intellectual, institutional, and ideological histories and intersections of African studies and African American studies. It argues that the two fields were founded by African American scholar activists as part of a Pan-African project before their divergence in the historically white universities after World

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Schlupp, Frank. "From Camp to Courtroom: The Civil Rights Activism of William Masaharu Marutani." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 149, no. 1 (2025): 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1353/pmh.2025.a964693.

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Abstract: History sometimes neglects the contributions of activists who drive social movements. This research seeks to fill a gap in Asian American and civil rights history by foregrounding the life and activism of William Marutani. Throughout his life, Marutani fought racism and discrimination through his advocacy journalism and legal activism. On the pages of Pacific Citizen , he called out racist attitudes within his own community. In southern courtrooms, he fearlessly stood up against African American voter suppression and school segregation. The recognition of Marutani’s extensive record

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Cox, Robynn. "Applying the Theory of Social Good to Mass Incarceration and Civil Rights." Research on Social Work Practice 30, no. 2 (2019): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731519872838.

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This article illustrates how the underproduction of social goods and services within the domain of diversity and inclusion bolstered mass incarceration in the United States and further marginalized historically oppressed groups, specifically African Americans. The article begins with a discussion of the importance of the social good framework and how it relates to the social problem of mass incarceration. Then, it provides a brief history of racial exclusion within the American context to demonstrate the centrality of race in the social exclusion of African Americans. This is followed by a dis

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Lang, Clarence. "The movement: the African American struggle for civil rights." Sixties 14, no. 2 (2021): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17541328.2021.1996785.

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Whatley, Warren C. "African-American Strikebreaking from the Civil War to the New Deal." Social Science History 17, no. 4 (1993): 525–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016904.

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When African-American workers broke labor strikes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they were acting in opposition to established social norms concerning race, class, community, and the state. Imagine platoons of African-American men who ordinarily lacked protection of their most basic civil rights escorted by police into a hostile European-American community to take the jobs of European-American workers who were expressing their working-class consciousness through a labor union that excluded their fellow African-American workers. Scholars have interpreted African-American

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Doster, Dennis A. "“This Independent Fight We Are Making Is Local”: The Election of 1920 and Electoral Politics in Black Baltimore." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 2 (2018): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217746163.

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In 1920, William Ashbie Hawkins, an esteemed lawyer and veteran of the struggle for civil rights, became the first African American to run for the U.S. Senate in Maryland. Hawkins’s independent campaign reflected a growing political insurgency among African Americans in the local Republican Party which built upon a longer tradition of independent political action with roots in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. For black Baltimoreans, this movement was part of a plan to force white Republicans to acquiesce to black demands revealing fluidity in political activity on the local leve

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Baker, Scott. "Pedagogies of Protest: African American Teachers and the History of the Civil Rights Movement, 1940–1963." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 113, no. 12 (2011): 2777–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811111301206.

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Background/Context Although the dominant narrative of the civil rights movement marginalizes the role of black educators, revisionist scholars have shown that a significant number of black teachers encouraged student protest and activism. There has, however, been little analysis of the work of black teachers inside segregated schools in the South. Purpose/Objective This study examines the courses that Southern African American teachers taught, the pedagogies they practiced, and the extracurricular programs they organized. Using Charleston's Burke Industrial School as a lens to illuminate pedag

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Zakirov, A. V. "FBI VS. AFRICAN AMERICANS (BASED ON COINTELPRO PROGRAM DOCUMENTS)." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 07, no. 02 (2023): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2023-07-02-67-78.

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Today we are witnessing how various US intelligence agencies are engaged in espionage activities around the world. However, US citizens have been subjected to the most sophisticated methods of persecution in history. Using the example of the FBI's COINTELPRO program (carried out from 1956 to 1971), directed against activists of the African-American civil rights movement, the article examines the FBI's activities to protect the socio-political foundations of American society, which cannot be called anything but segregational and racist. The author showed how the US government influenced key fig

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Romano, Renee. "Moving Beyond ““The Movement that Changed the World””: Bringing the History of the Cold War into Civil Rights Museums." Public Historian 31, no. 2 (2009): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2009.31.2.32.

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Abstract A growing body of historical scholarship has demonstrated that the Cold War had a profound impact on the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The rise of newly independent nations in African and Asia, coupled with Americas quest to lead the ““free world”” against the Soviet Union, made American racism an international liability and created conditions that fostered civil rights reforms at home. Yet the Cold War's influence on the movement is largely absent at the nation's leading civil rights museums. This article surveys the ways in which four civil rights museums present the

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Slate, Nico. "Beyond Cold War Civil Rights: Decolonization, The New World of Negro Americans , and the Intellectual History of Global Antiracist Solidarities." Global Black Thought 1, no. 1 (2025): 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1353/gbt.2025.a960147.

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Abstract: This article explores the intellectual history of global antiracist solidarities by examining an underutilized archive. In the late 1950s, the political scientist Harold Isaacs interviewed several dozen African American social, cultural, and political figures while gathering material for a book that would be published in 1964 as The New World of Negro Americans . The interview notes Isaacs kept offer a unique window on the way African American thinkers and activists saw decolonization as an opportunity to mobilize links with people of color throughout the world.

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Murray, Paul T., Charles D. Lowery, John F. Marszalek, Mark Grossman, and Meyer Weinberg. "Encyclopedia of African-American Civil Rights: From Emancipation to the Present." Journal of American History 81, no. 4 (1995): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081887.

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Kantrowitz, Stephen. "Jurisdiction, Civilization, and the Ends of Native American Citizenship: The View from 1866." Western Historical Quarterly 52, no. 2 (2021): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/whab003.

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Abstract Most nineteenth-century political debates over U.S. citizenship revolved around the claims of people, often African Americans or immigrants, who aspired to that status. But Native American citizenship’s genealogy began instead with the United States assertion of the right to purchase or conquer the territory of its Indigenous neighbors, to replace them as its sole or primary inhabitants, and to make policy for the people thereby dispossessed. These very different histories of citizenship collided in 1866, when the U.S. Senate considered how to codify that status in the Civil Rights Ac

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Denson, Andrew. "Native Americans in Cold War Public Diplomacy: Indian Politics, American History, and the US Information Agency." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 36, no. 2 (2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.36.2.mh593721537j1ug3.

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This essay examines the depiction of Native Americans by the US Information Agency (USIA), the bureau charged with explaining American politics to the international public during the Cold War. In the 1950s and 1960s, the USIA broadcast the message that Americans had begun to acknowledge their nation's history of conquest and were working to redress old wrongs through an activist government. That message echoed the agency's depiction of the African American Civil Rights Movement and allowed the USIA to recognize Indian resistance to assimilation. It offered little room for tribal nationhood, ho

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Crowe, Chris. "Young Adult Literature: Reading African American History and the Civil Rights Movement." English Journal 92, no. 3 (2003): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/822281.

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Burton, Orville Vernon, and Peter Eisenstadt. "Voting Rights in Georgia: A Short History." Southern Cultures 30, no. 1 (2024): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scu.2024.a922023.

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Abstract: This article is a brief history of the struggle for Black voting rights and against determined opposition in Georgia since the end of the Civil War. After a brief period during Reconstruction when there was significant Black voting and Black representation in the Georgia legislature, Black people were systematically denied both voting rights and representation in the state of Georgia. After 1944, when the US Supreme Court ruled against the all-white primary, and especially after 1965, with the passage of the Voting Rights Act, white Georgia politicians tried any number of strategies

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Zhu, Zixuan. "The Development of African American Education and The Causes and Effects of Racial Educational Inequality." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 36 (August 14, 2024): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/s5tj6a77.

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African Americans have been a highly visible race throughout history, and they have had a great impact on the United States throughout history. This race went from slavery to freedom, from segregation to the civil rights movement, and they gained legal equality. However, they continue to be treated unfairly in every aspect of society. Racial inequality continues to this day, divorced from the law, and relying only on ingrained ideas can create extremely visible and persistent inequality in many aspects of society. This also includes education, and the continuing inequality in education undoubt

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Quirke, Carol. "Imagining Racial Equality." Radical History Review 2018, no. 132 (2018): 96–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-6942440.

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Abstract Local 65 United Warehouse Workers Union (1933–1987), which became District 65 United Auto Workers, promoted photography with a camera club, and a member-edited newspaper New Voices, featuring photographs taken by members. This left-led, New York City distributive industry union began in 1933 on the Lower East Side, and it became the city’s second largest local. The union utilized photography to normalize the role of African American members within the union and to advance a civil rights and anti-racism agenda. This article includes photographs taken by member-photographers, and photo-

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Dickerson, Dennis C. "African American Religious Intellectuals and the Theological Foundations of the Civil Rights Movement, 1930–55." Church History 74, no. 2 (2005): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700110212.

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Among the innumerable warriors against legalized racial segregation and discrimination in American society, the iconic Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as a principal spokesman and symbol of the black freedom struggle. The many marches that he led and the crucial acts of civil disobedience that he spurred during the 1950s and 1960s established him and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference as rallying points for civil rights activities in several areas in the American South. King's charisma among African Americans drew from his sermonic rhetoric and its resonance with black audiences. Bra

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Graham, Hugh Davis. "Race, History, and Policy: African Americans and Civil Rights Since 1964." Journal of Policy History 6, no. 1 (1994): 12–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003614.

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Dwarfing all debates over civil rights policy and race relations during the three decades since 1964 has been the storm over affirmative action. Critics have argued that affirmative action in practice has meant requiring racial quotas, and hence practicing “reverse discrimination” against innocent (usually white male) third parties. This has been done, critics contend, in the name of a law, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that explicitly prohibited racial preferences. Proponents have countered that racism is so deeply rooted in American culture and institutions that mere nondiscrimination will p

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Aucoin, Brent J. "Thomas Goode Jones and African American Civil Rights in the New South." Historian 60, no. 2 (1997): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1998.tb01393.x.

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Clare, Rod. "Black Lives Matter." Transfers 6, no. 1 (2016): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2016.060112.

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It has been over forty years since the mostly successful conclusion of the Civil Rights movement in the United States. While some may have thought the election of an African-American president in 2008 heralded a “postracial” America, continued violence and oppression has brought about a rebirth of activism, embodied by the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. Now that nascent movement is preparing to be part of the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC). Due to open in fall 2016, the NMAAHC will be located at 1400 Constitution Avenue NW, in Washington DC.

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Bobo, Lawrence D. "Somewhere between Jim Crow & Post-Racialism: Reflections on the Racial Divide in America Today." Daedalus 140, no. 2 (2011): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00091.

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In 1965, when Dædalus published two issues on “The Negro American,” civil rights in the United States had experienced a series of triumphs and setbacks. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 extended basic citizenship rights to African Americans, and there was hope for further positive change. Yet 1965 also saw violent confrontations in Selma, Alabama, and the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles that were fueled by racial tensions. Against this backdrop of progress and retreat, the contributors to the Dædalus volumes of the mid-1960s considered how socioeconomic factors

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Wright, Gavin. "The Civil Rights Revolution as Economic History." Journal of Economic History 59, no. 2 (1999): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070002283x.

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This address urges Americanists to take the post–World War II era on board as economic history, using the Civil Rights Revolution to set an example. The speed and sweepof the movement's success illustrates the dynamics of an “unanticipated revolution” as analyzed by Timur Kuran, to be grouped with famous historical surprises such as the triumph of British antislavery and the fall of Soviet communism. The evidence confirms that the breakthroughs of the 1960s constituted an economic as well as a political revolution, in many respects an economic revolution for the entire southern region, as well

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Höhn, Maria. "“We Will Never Go Back to the Old Way Again”: Germany in the African-American Debate on Civil Rights." Central European History 41, no. 4 (2008): 605–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938908000861.

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This special edition of Central European History is concerned with how America viewed Germany, and my contribution focuses on how, beginning with Hitler's rise to power, Germany became a point of reference for the emerging American civil-rights movement. By looking at Crisis, published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and Opportunity, published by the National Urban League, as well as African-American newspapers, such as the Pittsburgh Courier, Chicago Defender, Amsterdam News, Afro-American, Negro Digest, Ebony, and Jet, I will show how the black comm

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Mello, Joseph. "Reluctant Radicals: How Moderates Shape Movements for Social Change." Law & Social Inquiry 41, no. 03 (2016): 720–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12214.

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This essay reviews three books within the southern history literature on the white moderate's response to the civil rights movement; Kevin Kruse's White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (2005), Matthew Lassiter's The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (2006), and Jason Sokol's There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights, 1945–1975 (2006). I examine how white moderates impacted the struggle for African American civil rights, and explore how this dynamic can help us understand the trajectory of the current debate over gay right

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Keene, Jennifer D. "DEEDS NOT WORDS: AMERICAN SOCIAL JUSTICE MOVEMENTS AND WORLD WAR I." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17, no. 4 (2018): 704–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781418000336.

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This essay investigates how the repressive wartime political and social environment in World War I encouraged three key American social justice movements to devise new tactics and strategies to advance their respective causes. For the African American civil rights, female suffrage, and civil liberties movements, the First World War unintentionally provided fresh opportunities for movement building, a process that included recruiting members, refining ideological messaging, devising innovative media strategies, negotiating with the government, and participating in nonviolent street demonstratio

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